Network Analysis of Transport Vectors in Roman Baetica Network Analysis of Transport Vectors in Roman Baetica Table of Contents T able of Contents .......................................................................................................... 1 Ac knowledgments .......................................................................................................... 3 Ch apter 1: Introduction ................................................................................................ 4 T he Project ............................................................................................................................ 4 S oftware ................................................................................................................................. 7 T he Database .................................................................................................................................... 8 T he Geographical Information System ............................................................................................ 8 N etwork Analysis Software .............................................................................................................. 9 N etwork Analysis ................................................................................................................ 10 Ch apter 2: Background .............................................................................................. 13 B aetica ................................................................................................................................. 13 T he Baetican Economy ....................................................................................................... 16 Ch apter 3: Sources ...................................................................................................... 19 H istorical Sources ............................................................................................................... 19 I tineraries ........................................................................................................................................ 19 C lassical Texts ................................................................................................................................ 22 A rchaeological Sources ...................................................................................................... 23 A erial Photography ......................................................................................................................... 23 A rchaeological Sites ....................................................................................................................... 23 M iliari and Bridges ......................................................................................................................... 23 S econdary Sources .............................................................................................................. 24 T he Database Structure ..................................................................................................... 24 Ch apter 4: The River Network ................................................................................... 27 T he Baetis ............................................................................................................................ 30 T he “Harbour of Seville” ................................................................................................... 34 T he Singilis .......................................................................................................................... 36 T he River Transport Network .......................................................................................... 37 Ch apter 5: The Land Network .................................................................................... 41 T he Via Augusta ................................................................................................................. 41 Leif Isaksen 1 Network Analysis of Transport Vectors in Roman Baetica T he Antonine Itineraries .................................................................................................... 43 T he Ravenna Cosmography .............................................................................................. 47 A Combined Network ......................................................................................................... 49 Ch apter 6: Visualization: Space and Epistemic Transparency ................................. 54 S patial Representation ....................................................................................................... 55 S oftware Integration .......................................................................................................... 56 A n Initial Analysis .............................................................................................................. 59 Ch apter 7: Conclusion ................................................................................................ 63 C ritique of the Methodology .............................................................................................. 63 F uture Directions ................................................................................................................ 65 Re ference Cited ........................................................................................................... 69 Appe ndix A: Figures ................................................................................................... 74 Appe ndix B: Maps ....................................................................................................... 77 Appe ndix C: Node Network Diagrams ....................................................................... 90 Appe ndix D: Tables ................................................................................................... 100 Appe ndix E: River Profiles ....................................................................................... 106 Appe ndix F: Database Information ......................................................................... 110 S oftware Diagrams ........................................................................................................... 110 T able Diagrams ................................................................................................................. 111 F orms ................................................................................................................................. 112 I mport/Export Module Code ........................................................................................... 113 I mport Code .................................................................................................................................. 113 E xport Code .................................................................................................................................. 114 Appe ndix G: The CD-ROM ...................................................................................... 121 Leif Isaksen 2 Network Analysis of Transport Vectors in Roman Baetica Acknowledgments This study could not have been accomplished without the help and support of numerous friends, family and colleagues but a few deserve to be named especially: Various attendees of CAA ’05 in Faro, Portugal and a seminar on Network Analysis at Southampton University were kind enough to give me feedback on papers I presented related to this project. I thank them all and particularly Brian Rahn at the University of York for some enlightening discussions on multimodal transport. Jan Bill of the Roskilde Viking Ship Museum and Tom Evans of Oxford Archaeology have both given me invaluable advice on Transport Geography and node networks for which I am very grateful. A number of people kindly aided me with my (very) rudimentary Ancient Greek, namely Jenny Kilgour, Amy Smith of Reading University, and Hugh Elton, Director of the BIA at Ankara. I sincerely hope I have not confounded their efforts. David Lock helped me with both hardware and software problems when they were most pressing - I hope I can repay the favour some day. My employer, Oxford Archaeology was kind enough to give me time off when I needed it, for which I am very thankful. Tom Evans, Anne Kilgour, David Lock and Elizabeth de Gaetano all proof-read a version of this document, long before it should have been seen the light of day. All their comments were greatly appreciated - naturally, any errors that remain are entirely my own. Sean Elan-Gaston read two versions and, remarkably, survived to talk to me about them. His help in restructuring is particularly valued. Thanks must also go to all my colleagues and lecturers on the MSc course, be they ArchComps, Romanists or Maritimers, as well as the assorted drifters who hang around the UoS Archaeological Computing Lab. You made all the work seem like fun. Finally, I am especially indebted to David Wheatley, Graeme Earl and Simon Keay for their continual support, advice and encouragement and infinite patience... Leif Isaksen 3 Network Analysis of Transport Vectors in Roman Baetica Chapter 1: Introduction The Project In many ways the Roman province of Baetica is an ideal subject for exploring new approaches to historic transport geography. Perhaps surprisingly, this is not due to the completeness of its record (for it is not), but because it provides a remarkable breadth of pertinent data1. It is only by approaching this variegate jigsaw