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Aspects of the Principate of Tiberius : Historical Comments on the Colonial

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Aspects of the Principate of Tiberius : Historical Comments on the Colonial ASPECTS OF THE PRINCIPATE OF TIBERIUS HISTORICAL COMMENTS ON THE COLONIAL COINAGE ISSUED OUTSIDE SPAIN BY MICHAEL GRANT THE AMERICAN NUMISMATIC SOCIETY BROADwAY AT 156TH STREET NEW YORK 1950 Generated on 2015-10-15 10:15 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.$b460939 Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#cc-by-nc-sa-4.0 COPYRIGHT, 1950, BY THE AMERICAN NUMISMATIC SOCIETY THE ANTHOENSEN PRESS, PORTLAND, MAINE Generated on 2015-10-15 10:15 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.$b460939 Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#cc-by-nc-sa-4.0 NUMISMATIC NOTES AND MONOGRAPHS Number 116 Generated on 2015-10-15 10:15 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.$b460939 Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#cc-by-nc-sa-4.0 NUMISMATIC NOTES AND MONOGRAPHS is devoted to essays and treatises on subjects relat ing to coins, paper money, medals and decorations. PUBLICATION COMMITTEE HERBERT E. IvEs, Chairman ALFREDR. BELLINGER AGNES BALDwiN BRETT THOMAS O. MABBOTT SAwYER MCA. MossER, Editor Generated on 2015-10-15 10:15 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.$b460939 Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#cc-by-nc-sa-4.0 CONTENTS PREFACE ABBREVIATIONS CHAPTER I. THE COINS AND THE COLONIES (i) Description of the Coinage A. Western Europe B. Africa |xiiivii C. Macedonia 11 D. Epirus and Achaia 14 E. Eastern provinces 16 (ii) Character of the Coinage 19 A. Metrology 19 B. Occasions of Issue 23 C. Signatories and Formulas 25 D. Extent of the Coinage CHAPTER II. TIBERIUS AS PRINCEPs 41 (i) The names and titles of Tiberius 41 (ii) Tiberius and the Proconsuls of Africa 50 A. Amicitia principis and c. A.D. 21 50 B. The Auspices of Tiberius 59 (iii) Mars, Victoria, Felicitas 72 (iv) Pax Perpetua A. Pax 77 B. Perpetuitas (v) Old and new types 87 CHAPTER III. THE FAMILY OF TIBERIUS 92 (i) The Gens Iulia 92 (ii) The younger Julio-Claudians 98 V Generated on 2015-10-15 10:15 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.$b460939 Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#cc-by-nc-sa-4.0 Vi Contents (iii) Divus Augustus 103 (iv) Julia Augusta 108 A. As Goddess and “Virtue" 108 B. As Priestess 115 C. Position in the State 125 CONCLUSION 130 APPENDICES 135 . Some non-Spanish colonial coins of uncertain princeps 135 . The municipia civium Romanorum 139 . Spectrographic analyses 143 . Weights and denominations 145 . Colonial foundations and their coinages under Tiberius 149 . Local and imperial jubilees under Tiberius 155 . Some case-usages in ethnics 158 . The alleged suppression of “Altar” coinage in c. A.D. 21 160 . Non-imperial Romans at peregrine cities under Tiberius 162 . The eastern command of Germanicus 165 ::. The Augustan origins of the auspices of Tiberius 167 12. The Augustan origins of the Victory of Tiberius 170 LIST OF SOME WORKS CITED 173 ADDENDA 189 INDICES 1. Persons 191 2. Places 194 3. General 196 KEY TO PLATES 201 PLATES 207 Generated on 2015-10-15 10:15 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.$b460939 Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#cc-by-nc-sa-4.0 PREFACE ROBLEMS concerning the principate of Tiberius have received much attention during the last hundred years, and not least during the decade now ending.” The studies undertaken recently have brought a number of these problems appreciably nearer to solution. But at the same time these studies have underlined the need for a general survey of the reign, which will be cognisant of all the material that has now been collected and studied—and of other material which has not yet received this attention. The present work is far from being designed to provide any such comprehensive survey. Instead its modest aim is to set out, and dis cuss, certain numismatic evidence which the writer of such an even tual survey should take into consideration. For any serious esti mate of this principate will need to devote some attention (how ever cursory) to all the main branches of contemporary coinage. Our principal literary authorities for the period, Tacitus," Suetoni us' and Dio Cassius," wrote nearly a century—in the last instance two centuries—after the rule of Tiberius. They saw him through a thick haze of prejudices and misconceptions." As regards this peri 1 Good bibliographies, though not up to date as regards continental literature, are given by Smith, pp. 257 ff., and (supplementing it) Scramuzza, AJP, 1944, pp. 404 ff.; that of Charlesworth, CAH, X, pp. 960 ff., is excellent for the years before 1934. 2 Important studies during this period are those of Pippidi, AT (some of this, like most of RCI, was first published somewhat earlier); Kornemann, parts of GFA and GR; Smith; and Rogers (see Abbreviations). 8 Among many recent studies see H. Drexler, Tacitus: Grundzüge einer politischen 8; Pathologie, Auf dem Wege zum Nationalpolitischen Gymnasium, 1939, Heft E. Ciaceri, Tacito (I grandi Italiani, iii), 1945; W. Theiler, Tacitus und die Antike Schicksalslehre (Phyllobolia für P. von der Mühll), 1945—all reviewed by A. Momigli ano, JRS, 1946, pp. 225 f.—and especially D. M. Pippidi, Tacite et Tibëre, ED, 1938 = AT, pp. 11 ff., reviewed by Balsdon, JRS, 1946, pp. 168 ff. Pippidi's work has a good bibliography, as has Koestermann, Bursians Jahresbericht, 1943, pp. 156 ff. * A recent study of his Tiberius (concentrating on the years before A.D. 14) is that of M. J. Du Four (see Abbreviations). * See Andersen, Dio Cassius und die Begründung des Prinzipats, Neue Deutsche Forschungen, CXCVI, 1938; Snyder, Klio, 1940, pp. 39 ff. * This is one of the very few points on which the present writer perhaps diverges from the masterly study of Tiberius by Charlesworth, CAH, X, pp. 607 ff. (Ch. XIX), p. who describes Tacitus in more favourable terms (but see 128 n. 277). Vii Generated on 2015-10-15 10:15 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.$b460939 Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#cc-by-nc-sa-4.0 viii Preface od at least, they owe their reputation as primary sources of informa tion to the accident that contemporary histories, other than that of the useful but second-rate Velleius, have not survived. We are a little better off as regards the visual arts under Tiberius; but diff culties of chronology make the evidence of sculpture and cameos so enigmatic that it is of limited value for historical purposes. The same applies, in some degree, to the Tiberian inscriptions (cf. papyri) that have come down to us. They are relatively abundant, but fragmentary and fortuitous; and just as the case against Tiberi by us is presented writers too late to be reliable, so too there is no counterpart of the Monumentum Ancyranum to present the case on his behalf. But in addition to these categories of information there are the coins. A great many coins were issued during the principate of Ti berius; and all of them deserve examination, for they may perhaps by fill some of the numerous gaps left our information from other sources. Their types cannot be expected to tell us how things real ly were, but they will at least tell us how the princeps and his gov ernment, and the cities of the empire, wanted them to seem; and evidence of this kind is particularly necessary for a period re is, garding which the literary tradition as here, predominantly un friendly. However, the task of extorting information from the coins of Tiberius is a long one. They are various but often uncommon-la conic and conventional, but complicated and obscure." Each sub division of them will need separate treatment before a synthesis can be attempted. In Roman Anniversary Issues (Chapter III), I have tried to indicate certain features of his official mintages." Sec 7 For his greater utility than has usually been believed, see Pippidi, ED, 1938 = AT, p. 2; p. 67, n. for his aim, cf. W. John, Hermes, 1943, 109. f., p. 8 Cf. Sutherland, Numismatic Review, II, 1944, pp. 9 A.JP, 1947, 57, JRS, I, p. 1938, 129. Compare the utterances of Tiberius himself (Tac., Ann., 11): suspensa p. semper et obscura verba; cf. Pippidi, ED, 1938 = AT, 37. 9 For an attempted definition of this category, considered to include issues such as those of Alexandria, Caesarea in Cappadocia, Antioch, etc. (where no city ethnic ap p. pears), see FITA, 1 and n. 1. Generated on 2015-10-15 10:15 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.$b460939 Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#cc-by-nc-sa-4.0 Preface ix ondly, as regards the coinage of peregrine cities during the same period, I have made some tentative and preliminary observations in From Imperium to Auctoritas. But fundamental treatment of these two subjects is needed; and it will not be attempted here. The third main category of coinage comprises the issues of Ro man cities, oppida civium Romanorum. They are divided by sta tus into coloniae and municipia. If, however, we classify these cities by geography rather than status, they again fall into two divisions —the mintages of Spain and those outside Spain. These two divi sions are differentiated not only by geographical location but also by the following further characteristics. First, the Spanish division provides, at this period, as many mints as the whole of the non Spanish division. Secondly, the Spanish coinages are mostly com mon or at least not very rare, whereas the non-Spanish issues are almost without exception of the greatest rarity.
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