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Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-60397-3 - A History of Portugal and the Portuguese Empire: From Beginnings to 1807, Volume I: Portugal A. R. Disney Index More information Index Abbasids, the 54 encourages trade 110 Abd al-Aziz 51, 53 Afonso V (1438–81) 128, 141, 158, 170 Abd al-Rahman I (756–88) 54 attains majority 129 Abd al-Rahman III (912–61) 54, 61, 68 crushes ex-regent Prince Pedro 130 Abrantes 80, 101 generous grants to nobility 132, 135 Abrantes, marquis of 272, 332 invades Castile 133 absolutism 239, 242, 250, 264–268 nurtures leading nobility 128 Academia Real das Cieˆncias 318 patronises education and learning 163, Academia Real de Histo´ria see Royal 164 Academy of History, the unusually long reign 131–133 academies 277, 278, 317 Afonso VI (1656-68) Acapulco 206, 209 and Castelo Melhor 229, 232 Achila 52 conspiracy to restore 233 acorns 14 and the cortes 240 administration see royal government marriage 231–233 Adoptionism 64 physical and mental handicaps 228 Aegean colonists 8 relinquishes power to Prince Pedro 232 Aeminium 24 see also Coimbra Afonso (bastard son of Joa˜oI) Afonso I Henriques (count 1128-43; king as count of Barcelos 128 1143–85) 73, 82, 85, 88, 90, 91 as duke of Braganc¸a129, 131 achieves autonomy 74–75 exempted from Lei Mental 128 and Augustinian canons 89 generous grants to 132 captured by Fernando II 78 opposition to regent Prince Pedro 130 and the church 88 Afonso (son of Joa˜o II) 135, 136, 143 delegates responsibility to son Sancho marriage and death of 136 78 Afonso (son of Manuel I) 159 expands realm southwards 77–79 Afonso, Jorge 169 grants seigneuries 84 Afonso Raimundes 73 and later Reconquest 79–82 Afonso Sanches 111 proclaims himself king 75 Africa 1, 58 recognised by Alfonso VII 75–76 agriculture recognised by the pope 76–77 commercial 257–259 warrior reputation 78 in Copper and Bronze Ages 9 Afonso II (1211–23) 81, 90, 91, 92, 93 in early eighteenth century 257–259 Afonso III (1248–79) 81, 84, 93 in Germanic kingdoms 45 Afonso IV (1325–57) 99, 103, 106 in Gharb al-Andalus 59–60 character and foreign policy 111–112 in Golden Age 145–146 356 © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-60397-3 - A History of Portugal and the Portuguese Empire: From Beginnings to 1807, Volume I: Portugal A. R. Disney Index More information Index 357 under Habsburgs 205–206 Algarve, the 1, 2, 4, 7, 9, 11, 12, 14, 17, in Iron Age 14, 15, 16, 18 19, 21, 33, 53, 57, 146, 215, 258, in Medieval period 97 263, 283 in Neolithic period 7, 8 Muslim settlers in 57 in Pombaline period 291 re-incorporation of into Eastern Roman in Roman period 26–27 Empire 41 Ajax 46 reconquered by Christian Portuguese Alandroal 19 79 Alans 34, 35, 38 Algeciras 51 crushed by Visigoths 35 Aljustrel 27 origin as Iranian nomads 36 Almada 81 Alarca˜o, Jorge 18, 25, 30 Almeida, Jorge Filipe de 168 Alaric II (Visigothic king) (484-507) 41 Almeida, Miguel de 220 Alba, duke of 195–196 Almeida, Teodoro de 275 albergarias 108, 162 Almohads 64, 65, 78–79, 79, 80, 81, 87, Alberto, Mestre 90 21 Alberto of Austria, Cardinal Archduke Almoravids 57, 64, 65, 72, 78 200 Alorna, marchioness of 312 Albuquerque, Maria Manuela Barroso de Alorna, marquis of 284, 295, 330 168 Alpedrinha, Cardinal 159 Albuquerque, Matias de 226 A´lvares, Mateus Alca´cer do Sal10, 17, 19, 25, 55, 61 see ‘king of Ericeira’ taken by Afonso Henriques 78 A´lvarez, Fernando Bouza 217 Alcac¸ova, Peˆro158 de Alvito, baron of 158 Alca´ntara196, 271 Amazon, the 289 Alca´ntara, Order of81 Amazonia 300–301 Alcobac¸ a abbey85, 87, 89, 93, 99, 236, Ameal, Joa˜o 180 317 American War of Independence (1776– Alegrete, marquis of 259, 266 83) see War of the American Alenquer 83 Revolution Alentejo 1, 3, 4, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, Amerindians, the 300–301 21, 26, 53, 78, 79, 256, 292 amma 58, 59 landholdings in 45, 85, 97 Amsterdam 207 Alexander I, Tsar (1777–1825) 328 Ana of Austria 174 Alexander III, Pope (1159–81) 77 al-Andalus 53, 54, 69, 77, 81, 170 Alexandre, Valentim 325 frontier marches of 55 alferes 90 Andalusia 1, 3, 16, 17, 21, 22, 25, 30, 41 Alfonso V of Aragon (1416–58) 125 rebellion of (1641) 225 Alfonso I of Asturias (739–57) 66 Andeiro, Joa˜o Fernandes 114, 117, 122 Alfonso III of Asturias (866–910) Anes, Esteva˜o 90, 93 66, 67 Anes, Gonc¸alosee Bandarra Alfonso VI of Leon-Castile (1065–1109) Angeja, marquis of 314 71–73, Anglicanism 275, 303 Alfonso VII of Leon-Castile (1126–57) Anglo-French wars of 1793–1815 see 74, 75, 76 Napoleonic Wars as king-emperor 76 Anglo-Portuguese alliance 120, 262, 316 Alfonso IX of Leon (1188–1230) 92 at Aljubarrota 121 Alfonso X of Castile (1252–84) 96 after Aljubarrota 125 © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-60397-3 - A History of Portugal and the Portuguese Empire: From Beginnings to 1807, Volume I: Portugal A. R. Disney Index More information 358 Index after Braganc¸a Restoration226, 229, architecture, school of 285 230 Arcos, count of 280 during Napoleonic Wars 324–328, 331 Arianism 39, 40, 42, 46–47 and Pombal 286, 305 Aristotelianism 277 and Portuguese dependency 248, 254, Armada, the ‘invincible’ 210 272, 280, 315 Arnaud, J M 10 in Seven Years War 288 Arruda, Diogo de 167 Anglo-Portuguese trade 115, 211, 230, Arruda, Francisco de 167 243–248, 247, 253 art of war see technology, military and British factories 288 Arundel, earl of 125 imbalance in 262–263, 282, 286, 314 asceticism 46 role of gold in 262–263 Asia 208, 212, 227, 228, 243 in wine 247, 248, 259, 261, 262, 286 Asia Minor 33 in woollens and other textiles 247, 248, asientos 262 for loans to crown 208 Angola 177 Assyrian Empire 17 Angra 240 Astarte 17 Annunciada Palace 284 Astorga 76 ano tormentoso, the (1807) 328–333 Asturias 49, 53, 65, 66, 67 Antonelli, Giovanni Batista 204 Asturica 39 Anto´nio, prior of Crato (pretender) Ategina 19 192–193, 330 Atlantic, the 1, 3, 194, 209, 227, 243 abortive attempt to seize crown Atougeia, count of 295 195–196 Audeca 39 aided by English 210–211 Augustinian canons, the 75, 89 in exile 196 Augustus, Emperor (27BC–AD14) 23, recognised by Dutch 211 24, 28, 30, 32 Anto´nio (son of Pedro II)234 aula do come´rcio 306, 309 Anto´nio, St.316 auroch 6 Antwerp 147, 169, 177, 207 Austria 250, 280 Anunciac¸a˜o, Miguel de 304–305 autos da fe´183–184, 189, 268, 273, Appian 21 304 apples 99 Aveiro, eighth duke of (Dom Jose´ de apricots 60 Mascarenhas) 294, 295, 296, 313 aqueduct, the Lisbon 263, 267, 270–271 Avienus, Rufus Festus 13, 14 Arabic 62, 63, 64, 83, 95 Avis, royal house of 121, 125, 131 Arabisation 64 Avis, mastership of Order of 136, 160 Arabs 52, 54, 58 Avis, Order of 81, 85, 155 in Gharb al-Andalus 57 Azevedo, Joa˜oLu´ cio de253 Aragon 129, 151, 194, 220 Azores, the 210, 211, 233 Arau´jo e Azevedo, Anto´nio de (count of azulejos 170, 272 Barca) 327, 329, 331 Mude´jar170 archbishoprics see sees, metrolpolitan architecture Bacaudae 37, 38 in Golden Age 166–168 Badajoz 55, 57, 62, 79, 325 Gothic 87 Afonso Henriques and 78 Mannerist 192 taifa of 56 Romanesque 87 Baec¸a, Pedro de223 © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-60397-3 - A History of Portugal and the Portuguese Empire: From Beginnings to 1807, Volume I: Portugal A. R. Disney Index More information Index 359 Baetica 30, 35, 36, 37, 41 beans 14 allotted to Siling Vandals 35 Beatriz (daughter of King Fernando) occupied by Visigoths 39 116–117, 119, 127 Baghdad 54 Beatriz (daughter of Manuel I) 150 Bahia, 212, 214, 225 beaver hats 245, 246, 290 Baldino, Justo 133 Beckford, William 316–317 Banda 16, 32 beer 14 Bandarra (Gonc¸alo Anes)203 Beira Alta 1, 3, 6, 11, 12, 54, 71, 203, bandits 109 256 Banu al-Aftas 56 Beira Baixa 85 Banu Ubaid 54 Beira Litoral 2 Barani 57 Beja 25, 30, 55, 56, 58, 60, 61, 65 barbarians as centre of Muslim settlement 60 destruction caused by 45 as centre of Islamic art 62 distribution of Iberian provinces taken by Afonso Henriques 78 among 35 Bele´m284 invade Hispania 34–37 Bele´m, tower of166, 167 Barcelona 41 Belver, castle of 80 Barcids 18 Benedictines 85, 103, 160 barley 146 ‘benefit of clergy’ 91 Baroque culture 249, 268 Bensafrim 13 Barros, Joa˜ode166, 191 Berberophobia 56 Basque country, the 66 Berbers 52, 53, 56, 57, 58, 68, 81 Basto, count of 216 Bible, the Batalha, abbey of 121, 166, 167 Arabic translation of 64 battles Portuguese translations of 160–161, Alca´ntara1580 ( ) 196 303 Alfarrobeira (1449) 130, 141 bishoprics Aljubarrota (1385) 120–121, 127, creation of overseas 161 140–141 courts of 236 Al-Ksar al-Kabir (1578) 174, 175, 189 in Germanic kingdoms 46 Ameixial (1663) 230 in Medieval Portugal 87–88 Atoleiros (1384) 119 bishops 48 Austerlitz (1805) 328 of Coimbra 63, 74, 304 Covadonga (c.722) 65, 66 of Elvas 224 the Downs (1639) 219 in Gharb al-Andalus 63, 87 Friedland (1806) 328 of Lisbon 63 Jena (1806) 328 non-consecration of after Restoration Las Navas de Tolosa (1212) 79, 81, 92 224 the Lines of Elvas (1659) 228 under Pombal 304 Montes Claros (1665) 230 of Porto 74 Montijo (1644) 226 in Roman period 33, 37 Ourique (1139) 75 and Visigothic crown 42, 47 Rio Salado (1340) 111 Black Death 107, 145 Sa˜o Mamede (1128) 74, 76 disorders following 110 Toro (1476) 133 economic crisis following 109–110, Trafalgar (1805) 328 112 Trancoso (1385) 120 impact on countryside 109 © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-60397-3 - A History of Portugal and the Portuguese Empire: From Beginnings to 1807, Volume I: Portugal A.
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    DOCUMENTA & INSTRUMENTA, 1 (2004), PP. 179-201 _______________________________________________________________________________ EN TORNO A LA MONEDA VISIGODA ABOUT VISIGHOTIC COINAGE MARÍA RUIZ TRAPERO Universidad Complutense de Madrid Resumen: En este artículo se intenta contribuir a través de la investigación de fuentes monetarias al conocimiento actual de la moneda visigoda. Se parte de las series monetarias emitidas en Hispania de patrón ponderal romano de base duodecimal, ajustado a la reforma constantiniana acuñadas por los visigodos durante la Edad Media, con organización jurídico-administrativa también romana y con tipos montéales que incluso nacen de la imitación del arte imperial. Imitación seguida desde Leovigildo por todos sus sucesores hasta el final de sus emisiones, al establecer la moneda propiamente nacional sobre la base de las provincias romanas. Palabras clave: Investigación numismática, fuentes de información histórica. Abstract: This article tries to contribute to the knowledge of visighotic coinage, through monetary sources. The beginning are the coins that were coined in Hispania by Visigoths; these were of roman system, fit to reform of Constantine. Its juridical-administrative organisation is also roman and its types born of imitation of imperial art. This imitation is followed to Leovigild, when the properly national coinage is established on the base of Roman provinces. Keywords: Numismatic investigation, sources of historic information. Las emisiones visigodas son emisiones hispánicas y su moneda es documento vivo de su historia que desde Leovigildo define, sin apartarse del patrón ponderal y del sistema romano al que pertenecen; reflejo de ese nuevo Estado, a la romana, sí, pero jurídicamente independiente, con personalidad política propia. Leovigildo aprovecha la impronta de sus monedas para transmitir y propagar, a través de un proceso perfectamente programado, su profundo sentido político.
  • Jeanne D'albret Was the Most Illustrious Woman of Her Time, and Perhaps One of the Most Illustrious Women in All History

    Jeanne D'albret Was the Most Illustrious Woman of Her Time, and Perhaps One of the Most Illustrious Women in All History

    Jeanne D’Albret (1528 – 1572) Jeanne d'Albret was the most illustrious woman of her time, and perhaps one of the most illustrious women in all history. She was the only daughter of Margaret of Valois, Queen of Navarre (and sister of King Francois 1st), whose genius Jeanne inherited, and whom she surpassed in her gifts of governing, and in her more consistent attachment to the Reformation. Her first husband Germany’s Duke of Cleves, to whom she was forced to wed at the age of 12 in 1541, no more consummated the marriage than placing his foot in her bed. Her fine intellect, elevated soul, and deep piety were unequally yoked with Anthony de Bourbon, her second husband in 1549, a man of humane dispositions, but of low tastes, indolent habits, and of paltry character. His marriage with Jeanne d'Albret brought him the title of King of Arragon, whose usurpation was confirmed by Pope Julius II, so King of Navarre; but his wife was a woman of too much sense, and her dominions were restricted to that portion of the ancient Navarre cherished too enlightened a regard for the welfare of her subjects, to which lay on the French side of the Pyrenees. give him more than the title. She took care not to entrust him with the reins of government. "Unstable as water," he spent his life in traveling In 1560, we have said, Jeanne d'Albret made open profession of the between the two camps, the Protestant and the Popish, unable long Protestant faith. In 1563 came her famous edict, dated from her to adhere to either, and heartily despised by both.
  • El Nombre De La Diosa Lusitana Nabia Y Elproblema Del Betacismo En Las Lenguas Indígenas Del Occidente Peninsular

    El Nombre De La Diosa Lusitana Nabia Y Elproblema Del Betacismo En Las Lenguas Indígenas Del Occidente Peninsular

    El nombre de la diosa lusitana Nabia y elproblema del betacismo en las lenguas indígenas del Occidente Peninsular. Blanca Présper Universidad de Salamanca RESUMEN: La diosa Navia, nombre cuyo significado original era valle, fue objeto de adoración por parte de los habitantes del occidente peninsular en los primeros siglos de nuestra era. Este trabajo tiene como fin esclarecer algunos puntos oscuros de su denominación y expansión. SUMMAMY: A goddess Navia, wbose name is reminiscent of the lE word for valley, was adored by the Lusitania.n inhabitants ofthe westem Iberian Península. TUs workaims to clarifS¿ some previously unexplained questions about the goddes names formation and diffusion. O. El nombre de la divinidad Navia, de abundante documentación en el extremo occidente de la Península Ibérica, ha sido ya objeto de una serie de trabajos, algunos de ellos de carácter meramente epigráfico, otros con aspiración a la clasificación etimológica’. En este trabajo me limitaré a tres cuestiones básicas, a saber, la de la etimología, ¡amenos estudiada de laformación de palabras, y, sobre todo, la de la expansión geográfica del culto a Navia sobre los indicios que proporciona la alternancia entre las grafias <b> y <y>. En cambio dejaré en general de lado lo que concierne a los epítetos de esta divinidad, a menos que afecte a alguno de los apartados anteriores. Lo concerniente al contexto epigráfico de la documentación de Navia puede encontrarse en los trabajos reseñados en n. 1 y no se repetirá aquí. 1. La atribución etimológica más frecuente para el teónimo Navia es la que lo ‘N. Ares Vázquez, “Exvotos lucensesaladiosaNavia”, BCHLugo9(1985-1986) Pp.
  • UNIVERSITY of CALIFORNIA Los Angeles Marvelous Generations: Lancastrian Genealogies and Translation in Late Medieval and Early M

    UNIVERSITY of CALIFORNIA Los Angeles Marvelous Generations: Lancastrian Genealogies and Translation in Late Medieval and Early M

    UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Los Angeles Marvelous Generations: Lancastrian Genealogies and Translation in Late Medieval and Early Modern England and Iberia A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in English by Sara Victoria Torres 2014 © Copyright by Sara Victoria Torres 2014 ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION Marvelous Generations: Lancastrian Genealogies and Translation in Late Medieval and Early Modern England and Iberia by Sara Victoria Torres Doctor of Philosophy in English University of California, Los Angeles, 2014 Professor Christine Chism, Co-chair Professor Lowell Gallagher, Co-chair My dissertation, “Marvelous Generations: Lancastrian Genealogies and Translation in Late Medieval and Early Modern England and Iberia,” traces the legacy of dynastic internationalism in the fifteenth, sixteenth, and early-seventeenth centuries. I argue that the situated tactics of courtly literature use genealogical and geographical paradigms to redefine national sovereignty. Before the defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588, before the divorce trials of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon in the 1530s, a rich and complex network of dynastic, economic, and political alliances existed between medieval England and the Iberian kingdoms. The marriages of John of Gaunt’s two daughters to the Castilian and Portuguese kings created a legacy of Anglo-Iberian cultural exchange ii that is evident in the literature and manuscript culture of both England and Iberia. Because England, Castile, and Portugal all saw the rise of new dynastic lines at the end of the fourteenth century, the subsequent literature produced at their courts is preoccupied with issues of genealogy, just rule, and political consent. Dynastic foundation narratives compensate for the uncertainties of succession by evoking the longue durée of national histories—of Trojan diaspora narratives, of Roman rule, of apostolic foundation—and situating them within universalizing historical modes.