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Home , Agila, Alaric II, Alfonso XI of Castile, Antonine Itinerary, Athanagild, Audeca

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Achila, Visigothic king, 34 Almodóvar del Río, , 123–24 Acisclus, Córdoban martyr, 158 Almonacid de la Cuba, Spain, 150. See Adams, Robert, 21 also Dams Aemilian, St., 160 Alonso de la Sierra, Juan, 97 Aerial photography, 40, 82 Amalaric, Visigothic king, 29–30, 132, Aetius, Roman general, 173–75 157 , 4, 21–23; and amphorae, 116, Amber, 114 137, 187, 196; and ARS, 46, 56, 90, Ammianus Marcellinus, Roman histo- 99, 187; and Byzantine reconquest, rian, 166, 168 30; and ‹shing, 103; and olive oil, Amphorae, 43, 80, 199–200; exported 88, 188; and , 114, 127, from Spain, 44, 97–98, 113, 115–16, 166; and trade, 105, 141; and Van- 172; kilns, 61–62, 87–90, 184; from dals, 27–28, 97, 127, 174 North Africa, 129, 187. See also African Red Slip (ARS) pottery, 101, Kilns 147, 186–87, 191, 197; de‹nition, 41, Anderson, Perry, 5 43, 44, 46; and site survival, 90, Andujar, Spain, 38, 47, 63 92–95, 98–99; and trade, 105–6, 110, Annales, 8, 12, 39 114, 116, 129, 183 Annona: disruption by , 97, , council of, 29, 36, 41 174; to Roman army, 44, 81, 114–17; Agglomeration, 40–42, 59, 92 to Rome, 23, 27, 44, 81, 113; under , Visigothic king, 158–59. See , 29, 133. See also Army also , Syria, 126 Agrippa, Roman general, 118 Anti-Semitism, 12, 33. See also , 24, 26, 27, 34, 126, 175 Antonine Itinerary, 152 Alaric, Visigothic king, 2, 5, 26–27 , Roman writer, 75–76, 122 Alaric II, Visigothic king, 29–30 Aqueducts, 119, 130, 134, 174–75 Alcalá del Río, Spain, 40, 44, 93, 123, , , 2, 27, 45, 102 148 , 33–34, 132–33, 137. See also Alcantarilla, Puente de, 173 Islamic rule in Spain Alcaudete, Spain, 186 Arbogastus, Roman general, 33 Alcock, Susan, 13, 120 Arcadius, , 23, 29 Alesia, France, 115 Ardabastus, Visigothic king, 132 Alexandria, Egypt, 115 Arians, 26, 31–32, 135 , Spain, 55 , France, 24–26, 131

233 234 Index

Army, 20, 22, 24–25, 112; Byzantine, Batomsky, Saul J., 187 127; Roman, 114–18, 164–68, 180, Baynes, Norman, 9 201, 125–26; Vandal, 127, 133, Beaucamp, Joelle, 70 174–75; Visigothic, 127, 133–34, 158, Begastri, Spain, 59 161, 163, 177–81 Belgium, 126, 137 Arrat, France, 142, 196 , Roman general, 157 Arriba, Spain, 43 Ben Abed, Aïcha, 51–58 Arthur, legendary king of Britain, 126 Benedict, St., 37 Arva, Spain, 78, 81 Benedict II, Pope, 132 Asding Vandals. See Vandals Benghazi, Libya, 51 Ashlar masonry, 42, 61, 184, 187, 198, Berry, Walter, 96 202 Bintliff, John, 18 Asia Minor, 75 Bishops, 120, 135, 153; and adminis- Asidona, Spain, 159 tration, 152, 177, 188–89; and intel- Aspidia, Spain, 159 lectual inquiry, 17; and trade, 106; Aspidius, Visigothic aristocrat, 136 and travel, 160–62 Astigi. See Ecija Bithynia, 151, 173 , Spain, 107 Blackburn, Mark, 136 Ataulf, Visigothic king, 27 Black Death, 191. See also Plague Athalaric, Visigothic king, 30 Blázquez, José-Maria, 7, 9, 124, Athanagild, Visigothic king, 30, 34, 170 159 Bloch, Marc, 12 Athenian Agora, Greece, 51, 54, 56 Boak, Arthur, 190 , Sueve king, 136 Bonifay, Michel, 51–58 Augustine, bishop of Hippo, 5, 36, 150 Bonsor, Georges, 38 Autun, France, 96 , France, 133 Avars, 132 , Spain, 3, 28, 36, 135, 151 , Roman emperor, 28 Braudel, Fernand, 8–9, 12, 121, 151, Aznalcollar, Spain, 123. See also 191 Mines Braulio, bishop of , 106, 109, 135, 151, 153, 160, 182 Baebelo, Spain, 123 , 29, 33, 156 Baelo, Spain, 49, 100, 103–4 Bridges: over Guadalquivir, 72–73, Baleares, Spain, 125, 128, 137 113; over Guadiana, 131, 152; Balil, Alberto, 7, 144 Roman, 113, 147, 171–73, 176; Visi- Bandits, 160–61, 163–64. See also gothic, 152, 163, 181, 183, 203 Brigands Brigands, 132, 154–55, 169. See also Ban‹eld, Edward C., 74 Bandits , Spain, 49, 153 Britain, 24, 72, 81–82, 114–16, 126–27, Barcino, Spain, 170 164, 172. See also Barnish, Sam, 10, 114 Brown, Peter, 6, 19 Basetania, Spain, 159 Brunt, P. A., 107 Basilica, 195 Bulajance, Spain, 83, 86, 89, 94 Basins, 40, 42, 60, 85–86, 199–200 Burgundy, France, 96, 164, 175 , 31–32, 158 Byzantine: invasion of Spain, 30–31, Baths, 59–60, 119, 134, 183, 185, 187, 34, 177; piracy, 133; rule in North 198, 202 Africa, 129 index 235

Cádiz, Spain, 146. See also Gades , Roman aristocrat, 142, 187 Calpurniana, Spain, 147 Circus games, 114 Cameron, Averil, 10 Cisterns, 41 Canals: construction of, 140, 173; Claudius, Roman emperor, 173 identi‹cation of, 64; repairs to, 20, Climate change, 18, 149 147–51, 163, 176, 181–82, 201 Clodius Albinus, Roman usurper, 172 Canania, Spain, 119 Clovis, Merovingian king, 7, 29–30 , Spain, 132 Code of , 29, 33, 36 Carandini, Andreas, 17, 44, 50–58, 92 Codex Revisus, 31, 160, 180. See also Carmona, Puente de, , 172 Liber Iudicorum Carmona, Spain, 40, 119, 172 , 29, 35, 130, 197; Carreras Monfort, César, 114 and the army, 114–15, 166, 168; and Carreté, Josep-Maria, 96, 187 public works, 170–71; and the rural Cartagena, Spain, 3, 32, 49–58, 126, poor, 70, 76, 107, 155–56; and trade, 128, 132, 177 113–14 Carteia, Spain, 103 Coinage, 41, 43, 91, 120, 131, 136–38, , Tunisia, 50–58, 99, 105, 126, coin hoards, 153, 161 129 Collins, Roger, 4, 141, 146 Carthaginensis, Spain, 27, 30, 59, 128 Cologne, Germany, 116 Castile, Spain, 70, 73 Coloni, 70, 155–56, 168. See also Ten- Castinus, Roman general, 27, 127 ants Castulo, Spain: and coinage, 121, 131; Columella, Hispano-Roman agricul- excavations of, 37; and mining, 109, tural writer, 36, 72, 76, 125 123; and river, 104; and roads, 107, Conimbriga, , 50–58, 101 147; and urban amenities, 119–20, Conscription, 167–68. See also Army 169; and urban decline, 100, 104, Constans, Roman emperor, 22–23 186 Constans II, son of Constantine III, 25 Cato, Roman agricultural writer, 72, Constantine, Roman emperor, 22, 120, 77, 191, 193 122, 170–71 Celti, 100. See also Peña›or Constantine II, Roman emperor, 22 Cemeteries, 186, 194 Constantine III, Roman usurper, Censurius, Spanish aristocrat, 173 24–26, 155, 179 Centuriation, 40, 82 , 17, 19, 29, 33, 35, Cerro da Vila, Portugal, 150 105–6, 181–82. See also Greece Cerro del Trigo, Spain, 103 Constantius, Roman general under , Morocco, 166 , 25–26 Charles Martel, Merovingian leader, 7 Constantius Chlorus, Roman Chayanov, Alexander, 77 emperor, 22 Chindaswinth, Visigothic king, 33, Constantius II, Roman emperor, 23, 132, 159, 189 155, 170 Chronicle of Alfonso III, 37, 132 Córdoba, Spain, 3, 15–16, 31, 37–38; Chronicle of 754, 37, 135 administration, 119; Byzantine inva- Chronicle of Zaragoza, 29, 36 sion, 157; oil production, 80–84, 110, Church councils: of Toledo II, 181; of 141, 199–200; rebellion, 135, 158, Toledo III, 135; of Toledo VIII, 135, 179; trade, 104, 123, 137, 186, 191; 160; of Toledo IX, 188; of Toledo urbanism, 78, 100, 107, 118–20, 129, XII, 37, 135, 178; of Toledo XVII, 33 153; water management, 150, 172 236 Index

Coronada, Spain, 123 Etruria, , 196 Cosa, Italy, 77 Euric, Visigothic king, 28–29 Craco-Ruggini, Lellia, 117 Crassus, Roman aristocrat, 187, 189 Famine, 20, 36, 74, 127, 149 Curchin, Leonard, 70, 103, 107 Farms, 41–42, 59, 92, 184, 200 Cursus publicus, 152–53 Fear, Andrew, 112 Fernández Gómez, Fernando, 120, 186 D’Abadal, Ramon, 159 Fidelis, bishop of Mérida, 106 Dacia, 108 Finley, Sir Moses, 8–9, 113 Dams, 131, 140, 147–51, 176, 183, 201 Fishing, 79, 110, 124–25 Danube, river, 114, 164, 175 Floods, 161, 201; management of, Demographic collapse, 64, 183, 20–21, 163, 176, 190, 192; naturally 190–98, 202 occurring, 60, 74; and settlement Dio Cassius, Roman historian, 118 patterns, 148–52, 172 Dio Chrysostom, Roman historian, , 164. See also Army 139 Forti‹cations, 140, 161, 169–70, 176, , Roman emperor, 3, 21–22, 182 103, 107, 116, 164 France, 126, 132, 164. See also Dos Hermanas, Spain, 89, 148 Frank, Tenney, 9 Dressel forms 20, 23 amphorae, 81, : invade France, 21, 28–29, 196; 115, 126. See also Amphorae kingdom, 31–32, 81, 126, 157, Dridi, F., 55–58 164–65, 196; third-century invasions, Drinkwater, John, 161 9, 22, 154, 164–65 Drought, 20, 74, 77 Fredegarius, Gallic historian, 159 Duby, Georges, 13, 69 Fresh water, 40, 42, 63–64, 192–93, Duero valley, Spain, 188 198, 202 Dyson, Stephen, 9, 39, 72, 75, 77, 122 Frier, Bruce, 194 Frisia, 137 Ecija, Spain, 118, 146; and oil produc- Fructuosus, St., of Braga, 37, 104, 106, tion, 82–83, 86, 89, 110, 199–200; 109, 135, 151, 156 and trade, 94, 113, 115 Fulford, Michael, 51–58, 129 Edict of Maximum Prices, 103, 107 Edmondson, Jonathan C., 124 Gades, 36. See also Cádiz , Visigothic king, 33, 159 , Vandal king, 27, 127, 174 Egypt, 35, 56, 101, 109, 130, 169 , Spain, 26, 31, 125, 130, El Cristo de San Esteban (Zamora, 135–36, 158 Spain), 131 García Moreno, Luis, 7, 106; and Elevation, 42, 62–64, 93, 144–45, 149, colonate, 156, 179, 188–89; and pas- 198 toralism, 13, 128, 134; and violence, El Tejarillo, Spain, 78 157, 160, 178 Elvira, council of, 35, 120 Garnsey, Peter, 6, 70, 73, 77, 139, 141 Émerita. See Mérida Garonne, river in France, 133, 153 Empúries, Spain, 164 Garrota del Moro, Spain, 44 England, 137. See also Britain (‹sh-sauce), 62, 79, 103, 125. Epifanius, bishop of Seville, Spain, 130 See also Fishing Epora, Spain, 147 Gatcombe, Britain, 72 Ervig, Visigothic king, 33, 178 Gaul, 11, 14, 77, 130, 161, 172; and index 237

annona, 115–16, 146; and army, Hayes, John, 44–46, 50–58 164–66, 173, 188; and demographic Health care, 17, 120, 134, 150–51. See collapse, 196; invasions of, 2, 7–9, also Malaria; Plague 24–27, 157; and latifundia, 78, 188; Herdade de Carrão, Portugal, 51 and Vouillé, 29–31 , Visigothic prince, 31, Genil, river in Spain, 15, 64–65 135, 158–59, 179–80 , Spain, 123, 169, 194–95 , Sueve king, 130 Germany, 82, 115–16 Herodotus, Greek historian, 100 Gerontius, Roman usurper, 25–26, 34, , 28, 156 155 Hills: ›ight to, 18, 64, 141–46, 153–54; Gesalic, Visigothic king, 30 settlement pattern, 42, 63, 66, Gibbon, Edward, 2, 16, 29, 141 141–46; view from, 193, 198; and Glass, 107 violence, 118, 149, 175, 179, 201, 203 Goffart, Walter, 8 Hispalis. See Seville Goldsmith, Raymond, 122 Hitchner, Bruce, 97, 145, 150, 154 Goswintha, Visigothic queen, 135 Hodges, Richard, 3–4, 17, 105, 154, . See Ostrogoths; 196 Greece, 97, 99, 120, 132. See also Con- Honorius, Roman emperor, 23–27, stantinople 168, 173 Greene, Kevin, 72, 77, 122 Hopkins, Keith, 3, 6, 117, 122, 129 , Gallic historian, 26 Houses, 174; construction of, 161, 183, Gregory I, Pope, 19, 32, 132 191, 198, 202; and army, 166, 180 Grierson, Philip, 136 Hübner, Aemilius, 194 Guadaira river, Spain, 15 river, Spain, 15, 64 Guadalimir, tributary of Guadalquivir Huns, 174 river, 147 , chronicler and bishop of Guadalquivir river, Spain: navigabil- , Portugal, 20, 105, ity, 104, 106; trade on, 162–63, 202 109, 130, 151, 173; and invasions, 1, Guadalquivir valley, Spain, 182, 189, 5, 36; and Sueves, 99; and Vandals, 200–202; and coinage, 121, 131, 136; 125, 127–28, 155, 174, 201 and defense, 164, 169–70, 177, 180; Hypocaust tiles, 40, 42, 60, 62, 185 description, 14–16, 73, 184; excava- tion and survey, 38, 40, 62; and Iberian (pre-Roman) occupation of ›ooding, 64, 148–49, 151, 192; and Spain, 59, 118, 142–44, 169, 201 invasions, 28, 127, 142, 157, 164, Idalio, bishop of Barcelona, 153 176; and pottery, 43, 46–48, 98–99; Iliberis. See Elvira, council of and rebellions, 158–59, 172, 179; and Iliturgi, Spain, 147 roads, 152, 171–72; and trade, 60, Ingundis, Merovingian princess, 31 77, 79–91, 101, 110, 114–15, 124, 126, Iraq, 114 133; and urbanization, 131 Iron smelting, 102, 145, 192 Guadiana, tributary of Guadalquivir Isidore, bishop of Seville, 14, 16, 37, river, 131, 148, 151–52 104, 177; and bishopric, 31–33; and , Vandal king, 128, 130 climate, 18; and mining, 138; and olives, 106; and violence, 136–37, Hadrian’s Wall, Britain, 164 153, 158, 160, 182 Halai, Greece, 99 Islamic rule in Spain, 10, 17, 37, 84, Hannibal, Punic general, 123 138, 158, 172. See also Arabs 238 Index

Itálica, Spain, 59, 100, 119, 153, 165, , 26, 36, 150–51, 154. See also 172, 180 Portugal Italy, 4, 9, 26, 36, 46; in ‹fth century, Lyons, France, 131, 172 125, 154, 186, 196; managing wet- lands, 150–51; Ostrogothic, 30, 133, Mackensen, Michael, 51 157. See also Rome MacMullen, Ramsey, 9, 76, 161 Magnus Magnentius, Roman usurper, Jaén, Spain, 186 22–23, 155 Javea, Spain, 103 , Roman usurper, , Christian writer, 2, 107, 182 23, 155 Jews, 132, 153. See also Anti-Semitism , Roman emperor, 28 John of Biclar, Visigothic chronicler, Malacitana, Spain, 159 36, 132, 135, 158–59, 180, 182 Malaria, 148–51, 198. See also Health Jones, A. H. M., 6, 8–9, 69, 75, 156, care 165, 168, 174 , Sueve rebel, 135 Jovian, Roman emperor, 23 Marble, 102, 123; in construction, 40, Julian, bishop of Toledo, 33, 132, 135, 42, 59, 90, 183, 185–86, 198, 202; 153 imported, 91, 114, 126 Julian, Roman emperor, 23, 166, 170 Marcus Aurelius, Roman emperor, 19, Justinian, Roman emperor, 19, 30, 140 129, 132, 154, 168, 178 Marginal land, 64, 120, 191–93, 202 Justus, Roman general, 25 Marseilles, France, 19, 52 Marsh. See Wetlands Kasserine survey, Tunisia, 97, 150 , Spanish poet, 107, 140 Kaufman, Herbert, 147 Martín-Consuegra, Enriqueta, 98, 149 Keay, Simon, 9, 38, 41, 59, 87, 96–97, Martin of Braga, 109–10, 130 100–103, 125, 131, 143, 169, 175, 187, Marx, Karl, 6 195 Maslow, Abraham, 140 Kilns, 40, 42, 59, 61, 184, 199–200 Masona, bishop of Mérida, 135 Mauretania, 128 Las Huertas, Spain, 113 Maxentius, Roman emperor, 22 Léon, Spain, 25, 166 Maximian, Roman emperor, 154 Leovigild, Visigothic king, 31–32, 36, Maximus, Roman usurper, 25 106, 135–37, 160, 179–81 Méndez Ortiz, R., 49–55 Leptiminus, Tunisia, 39, 129, 196 Mercenarii, 108, 110, 197. See also Lerida, Spain, 170 Operarii Le Veau, Claude, 18 Mérida, Spain, 3; and army, 166, 170; Lex Irnitana, 170. See also Municipal and Sueves, 28; and trade, 17, 105–6, law codes 137; and urbanism, 119, 131, 135, Liber Iudicorum (Lex Visigothorum), 152 33, 37, 104, 180; and trade, 106, 132, Merovingians, 7, 132, 137, 178 152; and violence, 157, 189 Milestones, 23, 152, 201 Linares, 100. See also Castulo Millán, St., 110 Liuva, Visigothic king, 31 Millar, Fergus, 122 , Roman writer, 118 Millett, Martin, 96, 187 Lombards, 186 Mines, 151, 164; economic impetus, Luni, Italy, 150 123–24, 131, 137, 183; survey for, 40, index 239

59; working in, 79, 102, 107–8, 110, Ostrogoths, 9, 30, 150; ruling Spain, 173 36, 157–58, 186, 195 , Sueve king, 158 Mommsen, Theodor, 77, 80 Palestine, 107, 137 Monasteries, 104, 109, 135, 156 Palladius, Roman agricultural writer, Monica, mother of Augustine, 150 36, 80–81, 148, 192 Monte Testaccio, Italy, 44–45, 61, 81 Palma del Rio, Spain, 93 Montoro, Spain, 172 Panella, Clementina, 100–101 , 21, 103, 141, 154, 164–66. See Parkin, Tim, 167 also Africa; Arabs; Islamic rule in Pastoralism, 126–28, 134, 163, 193 Spain Patronage, 155, 161 Moosberg, Germany, 53 Paul, bishop of Mérida, 17, 106 Morocco, 132 Paul, Visigothic aristocrat, 136, 159 Mosaics, 40, 42, 102; in churches, 120; Paulinus of Pella, France, 24 and luxury, 60, 91, 135, 183, 185, Pedrera, Spain, 136, 186, 195 198, 202 Peña de la Sal, 81. See Arva Mud-brick, 60, 184, 198, 202 Peña›or, Spain, 38, 100 Municipal law codes, 107, 119, 170–71 Pepper, 126 Munigua, Spain, 97 Petit, Catherine, 41, 102, 142, 196 Piazza Armerina, Sicily, 50 Nabeul, Tunisia, 99 Picts, 164 Negotiators, 132 Pirenne, Henri, 10, 17, 122 Nerva, Roman emperor, 172 Pisoes, Portugal, 150 Netherlands, 137 Plague, 19, 34, 36, 151, 154. See also Norsemen, 132 Black Death; Health care North Africa. See Africa; Moors , Roman writer, 76, Notitia Dignitatum, 164 104, 107, 108, 123, 125 Numidia, 168 , Roman writer, 74, 151, 173, 187 Oberaden form 83 amphorae, 115. See Ponsich, Michel, 14, 38, and passim also Amphorae Portugal, 70, 101, 132, 150, 164, 173. Olive oil, 141, 199–200, 202–3; and See also Lusitania amphorae, 97–98; for army, 17, 20, Posadas, Spain, 93, 148 44, 126; for export, 114–16, 133, 175, Postumus, Roman usurper, 116 183; harvesting, 77, 110; presses, Priscillianists, 130 41–42, 61–62, 199; production, 104, Procopius, Roman writer, 105 106, 128; and settlement patterns, Prudentius, Spanish poet, 5 80–85 Puente Romano, Córdoba, 172 Operarii (day laborers), 70–71, 73, 80, Punic Wars, 123 183, 188, 193, 195 Pyrenees, 5, 25, 141, 158, 164 Orippo, Spain, 120 Orlandis, José, 110, 133, 156, 188 Reccared, Visigothic king, 32, 135 , Spanish writer, 5, 7, 36, 155 Recceswinth, Visigothic king, 33, 106, Orospeda, Spain, 159 134, 160, 176 Ortygius, Spanish bishop, 130 Reccopolis, Spain, 180 Ossius of Córdoba, 22, 120, 189 , Sueve king 99 Ostia, Italy, 50, 53, 81, 113, 150, 173 Remesal, J. J., 81 240 Index

Renfrew, Colin, 39 Vandals, 27, 128, 130, 155; and Reynolds, P., 51–58, 98 Visigoths, 152, 180; and urbanism, Rhine river, Germany, 20–21, 24, 81, 118–20, 129, 135, 146, 172; and 114–16, 127, 137, 164–65, 174–75 water, 104, 149 Rhodes, 115 Sewers, 119–20, 130 Rhône river, France, 115, 137, 153 Sharecroppers, 16, 25, 197. See also Riotinto, Spain, 109, 124. See also Tenants Mines Shelters, 41–42, 59, 92, 184 Roads, 40, 72, 192; construction, 107, , Gallic bishop, 2 152–53, 171; decline of, 63, 65–66; Sierra Morena mountains, Spain, 15, repair, 20, 113, 146–47, 149, 161, 63–64, 79, 93, 102, 109, 123–24, 137, 163, 172, 176, 181–83, 201–3. See 149, 151 also Siling Vandals. See Vandals , Visigothic king, 34 Sisapo, Spain, 107–8, 147 Rome, 26, 35, 126, 132, 182; attacks on , Visigothic king, 136 Spain, 182; government, 126; and Sisenand, Visigothic king, 33, 159 olive oil, 44, 81, 115. See also Byzan- Slaves: and army, 167, 178; and coloni, tine 155–56; emancipated, 197–98; and Rostovzeff, Michael, 3, 13, 15, 108 household production, 75–76; impe- Rouche, Michel, 7 rial, 117; in mines, 109; on large Runnels, Chris, 13 estates, 78, 88, 128, 160, 188; owned Russia, 114 by peasants, 71; sold, 132–33, 136 Rutilius Namatianus, Gallic poet, 2 Slavs, 132 Sozomen, Christian historian, 2 Sabinus, bishop of Seville, 130 Spengler, Oswald, 11 Sallares, Richard, 97 Ste. Croix, G. E. M. de, 6 Salvian, Roman writer, 2, 156 Stone, , 39 Sánchez-Albornoz, Claudio, 7 Strabo, Roman geographer, 15, 103–4, San Giovanni di Ruoti, Italy, 51 123, 125, 151–52, 173 Sanlucar de Barrameda, Spain, 38 Stucco, 42, 60, 62, 91, 185 San Vicenzo, Italy, 154 Sueves: invasion, 24–28, 36, 126–28, Saône river, France, 137 155, 173; kingdom, 31, 99, 130, 136, Sardinia, 36 152, 158, 175, 178 Saxons, 133 Sunna, bishop, 135 Scotland, 164 Swinthila, Visigothic king, 33, 159 Segga, Arian rebel, 135 , Roman ruler, 28, 126 Sen, Amartya, 140 Syria, 35, 114, 132 , Roman emperor, 172, 174 , Roman writer, 75 Servitanum, monastery, 135 Taio, bishop of Zaragoza, 132 Seville, Spain, 3, 14–16, 38, 40, 42–43, Tarraconensis, Spain, 7, 9, 29, 81, 96, 47, 160, 194; bishopric, 31–33; and 126, 175, 187, 195 Byzantines, 157, 159, 177; and olive Tarradell, Miquel, 103 production, 80–85, 110, 141, , Spain, 3, 25, 49, 96, 126 199–200; and Sueves, 28, 155, 158; Taxes, 112–16, 129, 141, 154, 171; and taxes, 113; and trade, 79, 100, Byzantine, 154; Ostrogothic, 133; 105, 126, 132, 137, 172, 191; and Roman, 5–6, 22, 69, 117, 120–21, index 241

167–69, 171; Vandal, 130, 175–76; , 173 Visigothic, 133, 180, 188. See also Annona , Spain, 49–58, 98 Tenants, 19, 69–70, 88, 117, 133, Valens, Roman emperor, 23, 170 155–56, 168, 176, 178, 197. See also Valentinian, Roman emperor, 23, 170 Coloni; Sharecroppers Valentinian II, Roman emperor, 28 Terra Sigillata Chiara (TSC), 43–44, Valentinus, bishop in Spain, 160 47. See also African Red Slip pot- Van Andel, Tjeerd, 13 tery Vandals, 3–5, 9, 48; Asdings, 26–28, Terra Sigillata Hispanica (TSH), 155; conquest of North Africa, 97, 43–44, 101 129, 131; government, 20, 127, Textiles, 101, 110 173–77; invasions, 24–27, 36, 52, 79, Thebes, Greece, 99 82, 84, 94, 99, 112, 125–26, 141, 144, Theodegisel, Visigothic king, 30, 157 146–47, 164, 173, 199, 201; piracy, Theoderic, Visigothic king, 28–29 125, 132–33; Silings, 26–27, 127, 155; Theoderic the Ostrogoth, 30, 133, 137, trade, 126, 137; time period, 93, 105, 157 109, 152, 182, 202. See also Africa Theodosius, Roman emperor, 23, 155, Van Dam, Raymond, 8, 14 189 Varro, Roman agricultural writer, Theodosius II, Roman emperor, 29, 71–72, 78, 148, 151, 154, 192–93 35, 51 Vega de Carmona, Spain, 73, 145–46 , Visigothic king, 30, 179 Vegetation, 42, 62–63, 66, 86–87 Third-century crisis, 9, 21 Via Augusta, 40, 200–201; and ARS, Thompson, Edward, 9 94–95, 99; route, 152; and settlement Thrace, 132 pattern, 65, 80, 82, 86, 146–47, 152, Tiber river, Italy, 150 171–72, 176. See also Roads Tiles, 41–42, 60–61, 88, 101, 110, 184. Via Heraklea, Spain, 147 See also Hypocaust tiles Via Salaria, Spain, 151 Tingitania, Morocco, 88, 103 Vicarello cups, 152 Toledo, Spain, 16, 31–32, 130, 132, Victor Vitensis, African bishop, 174 134–35, 137, 150, 153, 177, 181. See Villa del Río, Puente de, 172 also Church councils Villas, 40–42, 59, 92, 184–86, 201 Tolls, 113. See also Taxes Villavieja, Spain, 103 Tortorella, Stefano, 50 Vineyards, 76, 80, 104, 193. See also , France, 28, 116, 126, 177 Wine Trajan, Roman emperor, 151 Violence, 135, 141, 145, 149, 154–62, Trimalchio, Roman ‹ctional charac- 165, 190 ter, 71 Vipsaca, Spain, 108–9. See also Mines Tunisia, 51, 150 Visigoths, 4, 6, 31, 48, 100–101, Turdetania, Spain, 173 200–201; expand to Spain, 29, 84, Turonium, Spain, 125 131, 155–56, 175; government, 16, 20, 154, 161, 176–82, 187; invasion, 23, Uciensi, Spain, 147 26–27; Ostrogothic supremacy, 30; Uldrida, Arian bishop, 135 production, 101, 106, 188; settlement Urbanism, 117–18, 129–30, 134, 154, patterns, 91, 93; taxes, 180, 182, 188; 163, 183 in Toulouse, 28, 126, 131, 174; trade, Urgaone, Spain, 147 88, 109, 137; urbanism, 100, 134 242 Index

Vitae Patres Emeritensum, 36, 105–6, Wickham, Chris, 10, 113, 196 151 Wine, 17, 62, 71, 80, 126. See also Vita-Finzi, Claudio, 17 Vineyards Vitus, Roman general, 128 Wittiza, Visigothic king, 34 Vouillé, France, 29, 157, 177 Wolfram, Herwig, 7 Wood, Ian, 11 Wagstaff, Malcolm, 17, 39 Woods, 193, 202 , Visigothic king, 27, 127 Woolf, Greg, 141 , Visigothic king, 33, 37, 136, 159, 177–78 Yoon, David, 41 Ward-Perkins, Bryan, 10, 150, 196 Wetlands, 150–51, 163, 190, 192–93, Zamora, Spain, 131 198, 202 Zaragoza, Spain, 132, 135, 150, 160, Whitehouse, David, 3–4, 17, 105, 170 196 Zosimus, Christian historian, 25