Catherine De' Medici: the Crafting of an Evil Legend
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Metos, Merik the Vanishing Pope.Pdf
WASHINGTON STATE UNIVERSITY THE VANISHING POPE MERIK HUNTER METOS SPRING 2009 ADVISOR: DR. SPOHNHOLZ DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY COLLEGE OF LIBERAL ARTS Honors Thesis ************************* PASS WITH DISTINCTION JOSI~~ s eLf" \\)J I \%\1 )10 dW JOJ JOS!Ape S!SalH· S\;/ :383110J S~ONOH A.1IS~31\INn 3H.1 0.1 PRECIS Pope Benoit XIII (1328-1423), although an influential advocate for reforms within the Catholic Church in the middle ages, receives little attention from modem historians. Historians rarely offer more than a brief biography and often neglect to mention at all his key role in the Great Schism. Yet, the very absence ofPope Benoit XIU from most historical narratives of medieval history itself highlights the active role that historians play in determining what gets recorded. In some cases, the choices that people make in determining what does, and what does not, get included in historical accounts reveals as much about the motivations and intentions of the people recording that past as it does about their subjects. This essay studies one example of this problem, in this case Europeans during the Reformation era who self-consciously manipulated sources from medieval history to promote their own agendas. We can see this in the sixteenth-century translation ofa treatise written by the medieval theologian Nicholas de Clamanges (1363-1437. Clamanges was a university professor and served as Benoit XIII's secretary during the Great Schism in Avignon, France. The treatise, entitled La Traite de fa Ruine de f'Eglise, was written in Latin in 1398 and was first distributed after Clamanges' death in 1437. -
Royal Government in Guyenne During the First War of Religion
ROYAL GOVERNMENT IN GUYENNE DURING THE FIRST WAR OF RELIGION: 1561 - 1563 by DANIEL RICHARD BIRCH B.R.E., Northwest Baptist Theological College, i960 B.A., University of British Columbia, 1963 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS in the Department of History We accept this thesis as conforming to the required standard THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA March, 1968 In presenting this thesis in partial fulfilment of the requirements for an advanced degree at the University of British Columbia, I agree that the Library shall make it freely available for reference and study. I further agree that permission for extensive copying of this thesis for scholarly purposes may be granted by the Head of my Department or by his represen• tatives. It is understood that copying or publication of this thesis for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. Department of History The University of British Columbia Vancouver 8, Canada Date March 21, 1968 - ABSTRACT - The purpose of this thesis was to investigate the principal challenges to royal authority and the means by which royal authority was maintained in France during the first War of Religion (1561-1563). The latter half of the sixteenth century was a critical period for the French monarchy. Great noble families attempted to re-establish their feudal power at the expense of the crown. Francis II and Charles IX, kings who were merely boys, succeeded strong monarchs on the throne. The kingdom was im• poverished by foreign wars and overrun by veteran soldiers, ill- absorbed into civil life. -
Mary, Queen of Scots at the Palace of Holyroodhouse Information for Teachers
PALACE OF HOLYROODHOUSE Mary, Queen of Scots at the Palace of Holyroodhouse Information for Teachers Planning Your Visit We hope you enjoy your visit to the Palace of Holyroodhouse. Before you arrive, please read this information to help you make the most of your time here. Frequently Asked Questions Is my booking confirmed? The attached letter is your confirmation. Please read it carefully and if the details are not correct please telephone us on 0131 557 2500. If there are any fees due on your booking, your letter will confirm the date by which full payment must be received. All bookings are made subject to our terms and conditions, which are available on request. Can I make changes to the size of my group? You can confirm any increase in the number of your group up to 24 hours in advance of your visit. Please note, if you would like to book additional accompanying adults, above the stated ratios, a reduced-rate admission fee of £3 per adult will be payable. How do I arrange a complimentary planning visit? If you and a colleague would like to make a planning trip before your group visit, please contact the Learning Bookings Team to arrange this. Two complimentary tickets will be booked for you, for collection on the day. If you would like to meet a member of the Learning Team or see the Learning Rooms during your planning visit, please advise us during booking. Is there a lunch room at the Palace? There is limited space for eating packed lunches in the Learning Rooms. -
Mary Stuart and Elizabeth 1 Notes for a CE Source Question Introduction
Mary Stuart and Elizabeth 1 Notes for a CE Source Question Introduction Mary Queen of Scots (1542-1587) Mary was the daughter of James V of Scotland and Mary of Guise. She became Queen of Scotland when she was six days old after her father died at the Battle of Solway Moss. A marriage was arranged between Mary and Edward, only son of Henry VIII but was broken when the Scots decided they preferred an alliance with France. Mary spent a happy childhood in France and in 1558 married Francis, heir to the French throne. They became king and queen of France in 1559. Francis died in 1560 of an ear infection and Mary returned to Scotland a widow in 1561. During Mary's absence, Scotland had become a Protestant country. The Protestants did not want Mary, a Catholic and their official queen, to have any influence. In 1565 Mary married her cousin and heir to the English throne, Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley. The marriage was not a happy one. Darnley was jealous of Mary's close friendship with her secretary, David Rizzio and in March 1566 had him murdered in front of Mary who was six months pregnant with the future James VI and I. Darnley made many enemies among the Scottish nobles and in 1567 his house was blown up. Darnley's body was found outside in the garden, he had been strangled. Three months later Mary married the chief suspect in Darnley’s murder, the Earl of Bothwell. The people of Scotland were outraged and turned against her. -
Jeanne D'albret Was the Most Illustrious Woman of Her Time, and Perhaps One of the Most Illustrious Women in All History
Jeanne D’Albret (1528 – 1572) Jeanne d'Albret was the most illustrious woman of her time, and perhaps one of the most illustrious women in all history. She was the only daughter of Margaret of Valois, Queen of Navarre (and sister of King Francois 1st), whose genius Jeanne inherited, and whom she surpassed in her gifts of governing, and in her more consistent attachment to the Reformation. Her first husband Germany’s Duke of Cleves, to whom she was forced to wed at the age of 12 in 1541, no more consummated the marriage than placing his foot in her bed. Her fine intellect, elevated soul, and deep piety were unequally yoked with Anthony de Bourbon, her second husband in 1549, a man of humane dispositions, but of low tastes, indolent habits, and of paltry character. His marriage with Jeanne d'Albret brought him the title of King of Arragon, whose usurpation was confirmed by Pope Julius II, so King of Navarre; but his wife was a woman of too much sense, and her dominions were restricted to that portion of the ancient Navarre cherished too enlightened a regard for the welfare of her subjects, to which lay on the French side of the Pyrenees. give him more than the title. She took care not to entrust him with the reins of government. "Unstable as water," he spent his life in traveling In 1560, we have said, Jeanne d'Albret made open profession of the between the two camps, the Protestant and the Popish, unable long Protestant faith. In 1563 came her famous edict, dated from her to adhere to either, and heartily despised by both. -
Charles IX (R
ATROCITY AND RELIGION IN EUROPEAN MEMORY How to Survive a Massacre in Europe’s Wars of Religion Alec Ryrie The Dutch Revolt, or Eighty Years’ War • ‘Wonderyear’, summer 1566 • Repression under the duke of Alba, 1566-72 • The ‘Beggar’ fleet seizes Den Briel, 1572: open revolt begins • Sack of Antwerp, 1576 • Twelve Years’ True, 1609-21 • Peace of Westphalia establishes Dutch independence, 1648 The French Wars of Religion • Protestant (Huguenot) surge, 1560-2 • Charles IX (r. 1560-74) and Queen Mother Catherine de Medici attempt compromise • The duke of Guise leads the hardline Catholic party The massacre at Vassy, 1 March 1562 The French Wars of Religion • Protestant (Huguenot) surge, 1560-2 • Charles IX (r. 1560-74) and Queen Mother Catherine de Medici attempt compromise • The duke of Guise leads the hardline Catholic party • Intermittent warfare 1562-95 The French Wars of Religion • Protestant (Huguenot) surge, 1560-2 • Charles IX (r. 1560-74) and Queen Mother Catherine de Medici attempt compromise • The duke of Guise leads the hardline Catholic party • Intermittent warfare 1562-95 • Edict of Nantes provided limited rights for Protestants, 1598 Braunschweig cathedral interior, 1941 The siege of Leiden, 1573-4 Bones, chewed first by the dogs, were sucked dry by boys, and when a piece of meat fell on the floor at the place where they handed out the meat, they leaped at it and wolfed it down raw. The blood was scooped out of the gutters and slurped down. Pieter Cornelisz Hooft, Nederlandsche Historien (1642) The French crisis • 1570: Peace of Saint-Germain ends the third religious war • 18 August 1572: marriage between Henry of Navarre and Margaret of Valois, Notre Dame de Paris, • 22 August: failed assassination of Gaspard de Coligny: duke of Guise implicated • 23 August: crisis meetings • 24 August (St Bartholomew’s Day), early morning: murder of Coligny: ‘le roi le veult’ .. -
Mary, Queen of Scots: Fact Sheet for Teachers
MARY, QUEEN OF SCOTS: FACT SHEET FOR TEACHERS Mary, Queen of Scots is one of the most famous figures WHO’S WHO? in history. Her life was full of drama – from becoming queen at just six days old to her execution at the age of 44. Plots, JAMES V – Mary, Queen of Scots’ father. bloodshed, abdication, high politics, religious strife, romance He built the great tower which still survives and rivalry, Mary was a renaissance monarch who was at the Palace of Holyroodhouse. affected by and contributed to a momentous period of upheaval and uncertainty in the British Isles. MARY OF GUISE – Mary, Queen of Scots’ mother. She was French and became the regent (effectively The Palace of Holyroodhouse was one of her most the ruler) when Mary was a child and living in France. important homes, with many of the most significant events of her reign taking place within its walls. FRANCIS II – Mary, Queen of Scots’ first husband. Mary married him in 1558 when he was the Dauphin, heir to the French throne. After they married Mary gave him the title of King of Scots. He died in 1560, a year after he became King of France. WHY WAS MARY, QUEEN OF SCOTS JOHN KNOX – a Protestant preacher who helped lead SO IMPORTANT? the Scottish Reformation and who was a fierce opponent of Mary because she was a Catholic and a woman ruler. She was Queen of Scots from 6 days old, and when she was an adult she became the first woman to HENRY, LORD DARNLEY – Darnely was a cousin of rule Scotland in her own right. -
Elizabethan Propaganda How Did England Try to Show Spain Planned to Invade in 1588?
The National Archives Education Service Elizabethan Propaganda How did England try to show Spain planned to invade in 1588? Court of King’s Bench Coram Rege Rolls 1589 (KB27/1309/2) Elizabethan Propaganda How did England try to show Spain planned to invade in 1588? Introduction Lesson at a Glance Preparing for the Armada Suitable For: KS3 In the 1580s, relations between England and Spain had been getting worse and worse. By May 1588, King Philip II of Spain had finished Time Period: preparing a fleet, the Spanish Armada, to invade England. His plan was for the fleet of 130 ships, carrying 30,000 sailors and soldiers, to sail up Early Modern 1485-1750 the English Channel. They would link up with the Spanish army based Curriculum Link: in the Low Countries, and together they would invade England. The Protestant Queen Elizabeth I would be removed from the throne and The development of replaced with a Catholic ruler. The Catholic religion would be restored Church, state and society in England. in Britain 1509-1745 The arrival of the Armada on 29 July 1588 was no surprise. The English The Elizabethan religious had known about its preparation for several years and had been settlement and conflict with making their own preparations to face the attack. The government had Catholics (including Scotland, been building new ships, forts and warning beacons. They made efforts Spain and Ireland) to disrupt the Spanish preparations. Francis Drake attacked the Spanish fleet in Cadiz harbour in 1587. They had also been trying to win the Learning Objective: war of words – the propaganda battle between the two countries. -
Heroes of Modern Europe
Conditions and Terms of Use TABLE OF CONTENTS Copyright © Heritage History 2010 Some rights reserved THE TWO SWORDS—PAPACY AND EMPIRE ..................................... 3 This text was produced and distributed by Heritage History, an organization dedicated to the preservation of classical juvenile history DANTE—THE DIVINE POET .............................................................. 7 books, and to the promotion of the works of traditional history authors. LORENZO THE MAGNIFICENT......................................................... 13 The books which Heritage History republishes are in the public domain and are no longer protected by the original copyright. They may SAVONAROLA—THE PRIOR OF SAN MARCO ................................. 17 therefore be reproduced within the United States without paying a royalty to the author. MARTIN LUTHER—REFORMER OF THE CHURCH ......................... 22 The text and pictures used to produce this version of the work, CHARLES V—HOLY ROMAN EMPEROR ........................................ 27 however, are the property of Heritage History and are subject to certain restrictions. These restrictions are imposed for the purpose of protecting the THE BEGGARS OF THE SEA ............................................................. 32 integrity of the work, for preventing plagiarism, and for helping to assure WILLIAM THE SILENT—FATHER OF HIS COUNTRY ...................... 38 that compromised versions of the work are not widely disseminated. In order to preserve information regarding the origin of this -
Humanism and the Middle Way in the French Wars of Religion Thomas E
University of New Mexico UNM Digital Repository History ETDs Electronic Theses and Dissertations Summer 5-12-2017 Refuge, Resistance, and Rebellion: Humanism and the Middle Way in the French Wars of Religion Thomas E. Shumaker University of New Mexico, Albuquerque Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/hist_etds Part of the History Commons Recommended Citation Shumaker, Thomas E.. "Refuge, Resistance, and Rebellion: Humanism and the Middle Way in the French Wars of Religion." (2017). https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/hist_etds/176 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Electronic Theses and Dissertations at UNM Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in History ETDs by an authorized administrator of UNM Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Thomas Shumaker Candidate Graduate Unit (Department): History Department This dissertation is approved, and it is acceptable in quality and form for publication: Approved by the Dissertation Committee: Dr. Charlie R. Steen, Chairperson Dr. Patricia Risso________________ Dr. Linda Biesele Hall____________ Dr. Marina Peters-Newell_________ i Refuge, Resistance, and Rebellion: Humanism and the Middle Way in the French Wars of Religion BY Thomas Shumaker B.A. magna cum laude, Ohio University, 1998 M.Div., Concordia Theological Seminary, 2004 DISSERTATION Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy History The University of New Mexico Albuquerque, New Mexico July, 2017 ii Refuge, Resistance, and Rebellion: Humanism and the Middle Way in the French Wars of Religion By Thomas Shumaker B.A. magna cum laude, Ohio University, 1998 M.Div. -
Memory Before Modernity Studies in Medieval and Reformation Traditions
Memory before Modernity Studies in Medieval and Reformation Traditions Edited by Andrew Colin Gow, Edmonton, Alberta In cooperation with Sylvia Brown, Edmonton, Alberta Falk Eisermann, Berlin Berndt Hamm, Erlangen Johannes Heil, Heidelberg Susan C. Karant-Nunn, Tucson, Arizona Martin Kaufhold, Augsburg Erik Kwakkel, Leiden Jürgen Miethke, Heidelberg Christopher Ocker, San Anselmo and Berkeley, California Founding Editor Heiko A. Oberman † VOLUME 176 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/smrt Memory before Modernity Practices of Memory in Early Modern Europe Edited by Erika Kuijpers Judith Pollmann Johannes Müller Jasper van der Steen LEIDEN • BOSTON 2013 The digital edition of this title is published in Open Access. Cover illustration: Memorial tablet in the façade of the so-called ‘Spanish House’ in the Holland town of Naarden, located on the spot of the former town hall. In 1572 during the Dutch Revolt, 700 men from Naarden were gathered here and killed by Habsburg troops. The town hall was burnt down and rebuilt in 1615. (Photo Ralf Akemann). Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Memory before modernity : practices of memory in early modern Europe / edited by Erika Kuijpers, Judith Pollmann, Johannes Müller, Jasper van der Steen. pages cm. — (Studies in medieval and Reformation traditions, ISSN 1573-4188; volume 176) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-90-04-26124-2 (hardback : acid-free paper) — ISBN 978-90-04-26125-9 (e-book) 1. Memory—Social aspects—Europe—History—16th century. 2. Memory—Social aspects— Europe—History—17th century. 3. Loss (Psychology)—Social aspects—Europe—History. 4. Social conflict—Europe—History. -
AHR Roundtable Ending the French Wars of Religion
AHR Roundtable Ending the French Wars of Religion ALLAN A. TULCHIN ONE OF THE STRIKING PECULIARITIES ABOUT early modern wars is how intractable they were. Designations like “the Thirty Years’ War” and “the Eighty Years’ War” surely makethepointadequately.Oneofthemostextremecasesinthisregardisthe French Wars of Religion (1562–1598), in which the later Valois kings fought Protes- tants and radical Catholics.1 Historians have struggled to find a conceptual frame- work to clarify this complex narrative. The wars have traditionally been divided into eight numbered conflicts, which can be mind-numbing even for specialists.2 The wars are also famous for their horrifying massacres and assassinations, including the Saint Bartholomew’s Day Massacre (1572), the most iconic act of religious violence in early modern Europe.3 Some of the older scholarship has portrayed the wars as a series of largely identi- cal clashes that continued to reignite because France’s Catholics simply refused to accept the existence of an organized Protestant movement in the country. As Pierre Miquel put it, “The Wars of Religion were not a civil war ...[Theconflict] was mer- ciless, pitting man against man. Its goal was not to dominate the adversary, but to This article began as a paper delivered at the 2012 Western Society for French History conference in Banff, Alberta. My thanks to Jill Fehleison and Amanda Eurich, who invited me to be on the panel; to Bill Sewell for some bibliographic suggestions; and to Paul Cohen (especially), Phil Hoffman, Brian Sand- berg, Rob Schneider, and the AHR’s anonymous referees for reading and commenting on the manuscript at various stages.