DOCSLIB.ORG

Chinese Clay Figures

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Chinese Clay Figures Field Museum of Natural History Publication 177 Anthropological Series Vol. XIII, No. 2 CHINESE CLAY FIGURES PART I PROLEGOMENA ON THE HISTORY OF DEFENSIVE ARMOR BY Berthold Laufer Associate Curator of Asiatic Ethnology 64 Plates and 55 Text-figures The Mrs. T. B. Blackstone Expedition Chicago 1914 CONTENTS PAGE I. History of the Rhinoceros 73 II. Defensive Armor of the Archaic Period . i?4 III. Defensive Armor of the Han Period 201 IV. History of Chain Mail and Ring Mail 237 V. The Problem of Plate Armor 258 VI. Defensive Armor of the T'ang Period 292 VII. Horse Armor and Clay Figures of Horses .... 306 CHINESE CLAY FIGURES PART I PROLEGOMENA ON THE HISTORY OF DEFENSIVE ARMOR I. HISTORY OF THE RHINOCEROS. An extensive collection of ancient clay figures gathered in the provinces of Shen-si and Ho-nan during the period from 1908 to 19 10 is the basis of the present investigation. As the character of this material gives rise to research of manifold kinds, it has been thought advisable to publish it in two separate parts. Many of the clay statu- ettes which form the nucleus of our study are characterized by the wear of defensive armor, hence this first part is devoted to an inquiry into the history of defensive armor,—a task of great interest, and one which here- tofore has not been attempted. It will be recognized that this subject sheds new light on the ancient culture of China and her relations to other culture zones of Asia. The second part of this publication will deal in detail with the history of clay figures, the practice of interring them, the religious significance underlying the various types, and the culture phase of the nation from which they have emanated. Before embarking on our subject proper, a preliminary question must be decided. It is the tradition of the Chou period that the cuirasses l employed at that time were manufactured from the hides of two animals designated by the words se (No. 10,298) and si (No. 2 4218). It is imperative to have a clear understanding of what these two animals were in the early antiquity of China. As this problem is still pending, and as a close and coherent investigation of the matter has never been made, I have decided to treat it from the very beginning by means of all accessible methods, with the possible hope of a final solution. 3 The present state of the problem is as follows: Edouard Biot, 1 "Cuirass" or "cuirbouilly" is the right term for this kind of armor, as these words (like French cuirasse, Italian corazza) go back to Latin coratium ("a breast- plate of leather"), derived from the word corium ("leather"). 2 These figures refer to the numbers of the Chinese characters in the Chinese- English Dictionary of H. A. Giles. 3 Le Tcheou-li, ou Rites des Tcheou, Vol. II, p. 507 (Paris, 1851). 73 74 Chinese Clay Figures the ingenious translator of the Chou li, has expressed his opinion in these words: "I translate by buffalo the character si, and by rhinoceros the character se. These two characters x denote in the Shi king a rhinoceros or a wild buffalo, without the possibility of distinguishing between them. The skin of the rhinoceros being very thick, it seems difficult to believe that it could have been sliced, and that the pieces were sewed together, 2 in order to make cuirasses. In this case the two characters of the text 3 would designate here two species of buffalo." Palladius, in his Chinese-Russian Dictionary, treats the matter in the opposite way, and renders se by (i) "an animal resembling a wild ox," (2) "Malayan rhi- noceros," and si by "rhinoceros." Couvreur credits the word se first 4, with the latter meaning, secondly with that of bceuf sauvage. 6 Chavannes has clearly and sensibly expressed the opinion that 1 It should properly read, "words." 2 Referring to the passage of the Chou li where the hide cuirasses are mentioned. 3 In his essay on the Manners of the Ancient Chinese (in Legge, Chinese Classics, Vol. IV, Prolegomena, p. 148), Biot says that "they hunted also herds of deer, of boars, of wild oxen," on which Legge annotates, "These wild oxen would seem to be rhinoceroses." But in his original article {Journal asiatique, 1843, p. 321), Biot has added the following comment: "Le caractere si est traduit ordinairement par rhino- ceros, et c'est, en effet, son sens actuel. Lacharme a traduit, tantdt bos sylvestris, tant6t rhinoceros. II me semble que les grandes chasses devaient Stre dirig£es surtout contre des troupeaux de bceufs sauvages ou buffles." The objections raised by Biot in the above passage are not valid; it is certainly possible to slice rhinoceros-hide, and to sew the pieces together. Cuirasses and shields have been made from it, as may be seen from many specimens in the collections of our museums. A shield of rhinoceros- hide is illustrated in Plate XXVII. In accordance with the above definition, Biot, likewise in his translation of the Annals of the Bamboo Books (Extrait du Journal asiatique 1841 and 1842, pp. 41, 46), rendered se by "rhinoceros" and si by "bceuf- si (rhinoceros)," while Legge (Chinese Classics, Vol. Ill, Prolegomena, pp. 149, 153) in both cases has "rhinoceros." It will be seen in the course of this investigation how Biot's error was caused, and that his opinion is untenable. W. R. Gingell (The Ceremonial Usages of the Chinese, p. 81, London, 1852) treated the two words in a way opposite to that of Biot, translating in the passage of Chou li the term si kia by "rhinoceros-hide armor" and se kia by "wild buffalo 's-hide armor." No one of those who from purely philological points of view proposed the rendering "wild buffalo" has ever taken the trouble to raise the question whether anything like wild buffalo exists in China, anciently or in modern times. Bushell (The Stone Drums of the Chou Dynasty, Journal China Branch R. As. Soc, Vol. VIII, 1874, P- l 5A) was of the opinion that the ancient Chinese hunted the rhinoceros in the low swamps. 4 The passage in Lun yu (xvi, 7) is translated by Couvreur (Les quatre livres, p. 250), "Si un tigre ou un bceuf sauvage s'^chappe de sa cage." Nevertheless in the glossary (p. 664) the;,word se is rendered by "rhinoceros." Legge (Chinese Classics, Vol. I, p. 307) translates here "rhinoceros," despite Chu Hi's (undoubtedly wrong) interpretation of se being a ye niu (" wild bull ") . In his first edition of Lun yu (which is not accessible to me, but this may be gleaned from Plath, Die Beschaftigungen der alten Chinesen, p. 56), Legge translated se by "wild ox." In the text of Ming-tse in (III, 2, ix, 6), Legge (Classics, Vol. II, p. 281) and Couvreur (/. c, p. 452) are mutual accord in translating the word si by "rhinoceros," and this is likewise the case with reference to the word se in Li ki, II, 1, in, 40 (Legge in Sacred Books of the East, Vol. XXVII, p. 158; Couvreur, Li ki, Vol. I, p. 181). In Tso chuan,\n, 2, Legge (Classics, Vol. V, p. 289) renders si se by "rhinoceroses and wild bulls." 6 Les M6moires historiques de Se-ma Ts'ien, Vol. Ill, p. 502. History of the Rhinoceros 75 se niu and si appear to be two different species of rhinoceros. Also G. Deveria 1 has translated se and si by "rhinoceros." Bretschneider, both a naturalist and an eminent sinologue, upheld the opinion that the rhinoceros, and goblets made from rhinoceros-horn, are repeatedly mentioned in the Chinese classics, and that the latter has been reputed from time immemorial for its antipoisonous virtues. He refers the saying that rhinoceros-horn cures all poisons, to the Shen-nung pen ts'ao king, attributed by tradition to the mythical Emperor Shen-nung, 2 at all events the most ancient Chinese materia medica in existence. In the first edition of his Chinese-English Dictionary, Professor Giles, the eminent sinologue at the University of Cambridge, Eng- land, attributed to both se and si the meaning of "rhinoceros," with- out establishing a distinction between the two. In the second edition, however, we read under se (No. 10,298), "A bovine animal, figured as a buffalo with one horn, known as the se niu. Another name for the si 4128; see 8346 for its confusion with the rhinoceros." Under the last- named heading it is said that the term si niu is "a bovine animal, figured as a buffalo with a single horn;" with the addition that the traditional "rhinoceros" of foreigners seems to be wholly wrong. Further, the reader is requested to correct No. 4128 si, where the meanings "tapir" and "rhinoceros" had been given. In his "Adver- saria Sinica" (p. 394), Mr. Giles has expounded more in detail the reasons which induced him to make these alterations. The arguments advanced by him are briefly three: 1. The rhinoceros is known to the Chinese as pi kio, "nose-horn." 2. In two passages of Chao Ju-kua (translation of Hirth and Rockhill, pp. 118, 233), rhinoceroses are spoken of as being shot with arrows, while Giles finds it stated in the T'u shu tsi ch'eng that arrows cannot pierce the hide of the rhinoceros. 3. The si and the se are figured in the latter work as slightly differing 1 Histoire des relations de la Chine avec l'Annam, p. 88 (Paris, 1880).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Myth and Reality in the Battle Between the Pygmies and the Cranes in the Greek and Roman Worlds
    ARTÍCULOS Gerión. Revista de historia Antigua ISSN: 0213-0181 http://dx.doi.org/10.5209/GERI.56960 Myth and Reality in the Battle between the Pygmies and the Cranes in the Greek and Roman Worlds Asher Ovadiah1; Sonia Mucznik2 Recibido: 19 de septiembre de 2016 / Aceptado: 23 de marzo de 2017 Abstract. Ancient writers, such as Homer, Aesop, Hecataeus of Miletus, Herodotus, Aristotle, Philostratus, Pliny the Elder, Juvenal and others have often referred to the enmity and struggle between the Pygmies and the Cranes. It seems that this folk-tale was conveyed to the Greeks through Egyptian sources. Greek and Roman visual works of art depict the Pygmies fighting against the vigorous and violent attack of the birds, which in some cases was vicious. This article sets out to examine the reasons for the literary and artistic portrayals of the Battle between the Pygmies and the Cranes (Geranomachy) in the context of the migration of the cranes in the autumn from the Caucasus (Scythian plains) to Central (Equatorial) Africa. In addition, an attempt will be made to clarify whether the literary sources and visual works of art reflect myth and/or reality. Keywords: Egypt; Ethiopia; Geranomachy; Migration; Nile; Scythia; Trojans. [en] Mito y realidad en la batalla entre los pigmeos y las grullas en el mundo griego y romano Resumen. Escritores antiguos, tales como Homero, Esopo, Hecateo de Mileto, Herodoto, Aristóteles, Filóstrato, Plinio el Viejo, Juvenal y otros se refirieron frecuentemente a la enemistad y guerra entre los pigmeos y las grullas. Es posible que este cuento popular fuese transmitido a los griegos a través de fuentes egipcias.
    [Show full text]
  • Parte Seconda Bibliotheca Collinsiana, Seu Catalogus Librorum Antonji Collins Armigeri Ordine Alphabetico Digestus
    Parte seconda Bibliotheca Collinsiana, seu Catalogus Librorum Antonji Collins Armigeri ordine alphabetico digestus Avvertenza La biblioteca non è solo il luogo della tua memoria, dove conservi quel che hai letto, ma il luogo della memoria universale, dove un giorno, nel momento fata- le, potrai trovare quello che altri hanno letto prima di te. Umberto Eco, La memoria vegetale e altri scritti di bibliografia, Milano, Rovello, 2006 Si propone qui un’edizione del catalogo manoscritto della collezione libra- ria di Anthony Collins,1 la cui prima compilazione egli completò nel 1720.2 Nei nove anni successivi tuttavia Collins ampliò enormemente la sua biblioteca, sin quasi a raddoppiarne il numero delle opere. Annotò i nuovi titoli sulle pagine pari del suo catalogo che aveva accortamente riservato a successive integrazio- ni. Dispose le nuove inserzioni in corrispondenza degli autori già schedati, attento a preservare il più possibile l’ordine alfabetico. Questo tuttavia è talora impreciso e discontinuo.3 Le inesattezze, che ricorrono più frequentemente fra i titoli di inclusione più tarda, devono imputarsi alla difficoltà crescente di annotare nel giusto ordine le ingenti e continue acquisizioni. Sono altresì rico- noscibili abrasioni e cancellature ed in alcuni casi, forse per esigenze di spazio, oppure per sostituire i titoli espunti, i lemmi della prima stesura sono frammez- zati da titoli pubblicati in date successive al 1720.4 In appendice al catalogo, due liste confuse di titoli, per la più parte anonimi, si svolgono l’una nelle pagi- ne dispari e l’altra in quelle pari del volume.5 Agli anonimi seguono sparsi altri 1 Sono molto grato a Francesca Gallori e Barbara Maria Graf per aver contribuito alla revi- sione della mia trascrizione con dedizione e generosità.
    [Show full text]
  • General Index
    Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-03398-6 - Man and Animal in Severan Rome: The Literary Imagination of Claudius Aelianus Steven D. Smith Index More information General index Achilles Tatius 5, 6, 31, 47, 49, 56, 95, 213, Atalante 10, 253, 254, 261, 262, 263, 265, 266, 265 267, 268 Aeneas 69, 92, 94, 95, 97 Atargatis 135 Aeschylus 91, 227 Athena 107, 125, 155 Aesop 6, 260 Athenaeus 47, 49, 58, 150, 207, 212, 254 aitnaios 108, 109, 181 Athenians 8, 16, 29, 30, 31, 33, 34, 35, 41, 45, 58, akolasia 41, 43, 183, 279 77, 79, 109, 176, 199, 200, 202, 205, 206, 207, Alciphron 30, 33, 41, 45, 213 210, 227, 251, 252, 253 Alexander of Mundos 129 Athens 55, 60, 79 Alexander Severus 22, 72, 160, 216, 250, 251 Augustus 18, 75, 76, 77, 86, 98, 126, 139, 156, 161, Alexander the Great 58, 79, 109, 162, 165, 168, 170, 215, 216, 234, 238 170, 171, 177, 215, 217, 221, 241, 249 Aulus Gellius 47, 59, 203, 224, 229 Alexandria 23, 47, 48, 49, 149, 160, 162, 163, 164, Aurelian 127 168, 203 Anacreon 20 baboons 151 Androkles 81, 229, 230, 231, 232, 235, 236, 237, Bakhtin, Mikhail 136 247 Barthes, Roland 6 anthias 163, 164 bears 128, 191, 220, 234, 252, 261 ants 96, 250 bees 10, 33, 34, 36, 38, 45, 109, 113, 181, 186, 217, apes 181 218, 219, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225, 242, 246 apheleia 20 beetles 14, 44 Aphrodite 34, 55, 122, 123, 125, 141, 150, 180, 207, Bhabha, Homi 85 210, 255, 256, 259, 260, 263, 267 boars 2, 40, 46, 250, 263 Apion 22, 118, 130, 149, 229, 231, 232 Brisson, Luc 194, 196 Apollo 38, 122, 123, 124, 125, 131, 140, 144, 155, 157, 175, 242, 272
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter in Fish Conservation Was Born
    A Dissertation Flies Only: Early Sport Fishing Conservation on Michigan’s Au Sable River By Bryon Borgelt Submitted as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Doctoral of Philosophy in History _________________________________ Advisor: Diane F. Britton _________________________________ College of Graduate Studies The University of Toledo May 2009 An Abstract of Flies Only: Early Sport Fishing Conservation on Michigan’s Au Sable River Bryon Borgelt Submitted as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Doctoral of Philosophy in History The University of Toledo May 2009 This dissertation focuses on the earliest stage of fish conservation on the Au Sable River of Michigan. It begins with the popularization of the grayling fishery in the nation’s sporting journals, such as Forest and Stream and Scribner’s Monthly where Thad Norris and others wrote of the adventure and abundance of fly fishing on the Au Sable. By the 1890s the grayling were all but gone due in part to over fishing, commercial lumbering and the introduction of non-native brook trout. Despite the absence of the grayling, a sustainable sport fishing industry had risen from the ashes of the cut over lands of the Michigan High Plains. Early sport fishers had recognized man’s role in the loss of grayling and began their own versions of fish and stream conservation centered in the towns of Grayling and Lovells. Early fish conservation looked directly at protecting the resource itself, and not the modern holistic approach that encompasses the entire ecosystem. The first focus was to create state laws that closed seasons and promoted more sporting methods of capture such as the use of a hook and line.
    [Show full text]
  • Dinosaurs and Pterosaurs in Greek and Roman Art and Literature? an Investigation of Young-Earth Creationist Claims
    Palaeontologia Electronica palaeo-electronica.org Dinosaurs and pterosaurs in Greek and Roman art and literature? An investigation of young-earth creationist claims Phil Senter ABSTRACT Many young-Earth creationist (YEC) authors claim that ancient Greek and Roman writings describe dinosaurs and pterosaurs, and that Greco-Roman art illustrates Mesozoic reptiles. Such claims are used as “evidence” against evolutionary theory in an attempt to cast doubt on the separation of humans and such animals by millions of years. However, examination of the Greco-Roman materials in question reveals that none of them actually depict Mesozoic reptiles. In descriptions of “dragons” (Greek drakōn; Latin draco) in Greco-Roman literature—which YEC authors claim are dino- saurs—coils and the epithets ophis, serpens, and anguis reveal that the ancient authors are describing snakes, often large constrictors. This is the case for the draco described by Pliny. Phrygian dragons described by Aelian, the Vatican Hill child-eater mentioned by Pliny, the Bagradas River dragon, the legendary dragons that Alexander the Great supposedly encountered, and dragons in Greek mythology. An alleged thero- pod dinosaur in the Nile Mosaic of Palestrina is a mammal, possibly an otter. An alleged dinosaur in a Pompeii fresco is a crocodile. Herodotus’ description of winged snakes is anatomically incompatible with pterosaurs and possibly refers to cobras. Alleged pterosaurs on an Alexandrian coin are winged snakes. An alleged Etruscan pterosaur head sculpture depicts a mammal. Two alleged Tanystropheus in a Roman mosaic from Lydney Park, England are mythical sea monsters. These YEC claims now join the ranks of discredited “evidence” against evolutionary theory.
    [Show full text]
  • Trojan Horse of Western History
    Anatoly V. Belyakov, Ph.D. Oleg A. Matveychev, Ph.D. Scientific readers: Victor V. Kondrashin, Doctor of Historical Sciences Vladimir B. Kulikov, Doctor of Philosophy Special thanks: This book was published thanks to the Russian philanthropists Artem Suetin and Gennadiy Chernushkin 1 Dedicated to children: Lidia, Maria, Elizaveta, Svetlana, Gleb, Platon. You must be kind, cultivate your talents and love the truth! 2 Table of contents Alternative Introduction ................................................................................. 5 Chapter 1. Mega-mall to megaron. Pilgramage to the land of Homer ............. 7 Chapter 2. The Adventurer Toppled Troy ...................................................... 22 Chapter 3. The War for Troy, twentieth century ............................................. 43 Chapter 4. They came back ignominiously ..................................................... 64 Chapter 5. The Poet who composed Greece ................................................... 87 In lieu of an afterword. Two hours of Turkish tea .......................................... 119 Authors of Antiquity ...................................................................................... 149 Bibliography selection ................................................................................... 151 3 4 Alternative Introduction We decided not to write a traditional foreword, but instead offer ten phrases with different answers to the question: what kind of book have we produced? Here are these ten phrases: 1. This book is
    [Show full text]
  • DEVELOPMENT of a MINIMALLY DESTRUCTIVE METHOD of ANCIENT DNA EXTRACTION from NARWHAL (MONODON MONOCEROS) TUSK MATERIAL By
    DEVELOPMENT OF A MINIMALLY DESTRUCTIVE METHOD OF ANCIENT DNA EXTRACTION FROM NARWHAL (MONODON MONOCEROS) TUSK MATERIAL by K.M.C. Smith A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of George Mason University in Partial Fulfillment of The Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science Environmental Science and Policy Committee: ___________________________________ Dr. Lorelei Crerar, Thesis Chair ______________________________________ Dr. E.C.M Parsons, Committee Member ______________________________________ Dr. Larry Rockwood, Committee Member ______________________________________ Dr. Dann Sklarew, Committee Member ______________________________________ Dr. R. Christian Jones, Graduate Program Director ______________________________________ Dr. A. Alonso Aguirre, Department Chairperson ______________________________________ Dr. Donna Fox, Associate Dean, Student Affairs & Special Programs, College of Science ______________________________________ Dr. Ali Andalibi, Interim Dean, College of Science Date: _________________________________ Fall Semester 2019 George Mason University Fairfax, VA Development of a Minimally Destructive Method of Ancient DNA Extraction from Narwhal (Monodon monoceros) Tusk Material A Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science at George Mason University by K.M.C. Smith Bachelor of Science Coastal Carolina University, 2012 Directors: Lorelei Crerar Department of Biology and E.C.M. Parsons Department of Environmental Science and Policy Fall Semester 2019 George Mason University Fairfax, VA Copyright 2019 K.M.C. Smith All Rights Reserved ii DEDICATION First, this is dedicated to my wonderful husband, Iain. Four years ago, we began our marriage almost a year after my brain surgery complications and enrolled in graduate school together. What on earth were we thinking? Life has definitely thrown us some curveballs along the way, but I thank God every day for the life we have together and the warrior He has given me.
    [Show full text]
  • BIBLIA AMERICANA America’S First Bible Commentary
    Cotton Mather BIBLIA AMERICANA America’s First Bible Commentary A Synoptic Commentary on the Old and New Testaments Volume 1 GENESIS Edited, with an Introduction and Annotations, by Reiner Smolinski Mohr Siebeck Baker Academic Cotton Mather, Biblia Americana, Volume 1: Genesis, Baker Academic, a division of Baker Publishing Group, © 2010. Used by permission. Table of Contents Acknowledgments . IX List of Illustrations . XVII List of Abbreviations . XIX Par t 1: Edit or ’s Intr oduction Section 1: “Biblia Americana”: America’s First Bible Commentary 3 Section 2: “Biblia Americana” in the Context of Early Enlightenment Science . 77 Section 3: Cotton Mather: Theologian,Exegete, Controversialist 113 Works Cited in Sections 1–3 . 175 Section 4: Note on the Text and Editorial Principles . 191 Par t 2: The Text The OLD TESTAMENT, in the Order of the History . 213 The NEW TESTAMENT, in the true Order of the History . 242 The Introduction . 269 The ldO Testament . 277 Genesis. Chap. 1. 302 Genesis. Chap. 1. 307 Genesis. Chap. 2. 420 Genesis. Chap. 3. 477 Genesis. Chap. 4. 510 Genesis. Chap. 5. 533 Cotton Mather, Biblia Americana, Volume 1: Genesis, Baker Academic, a division of Baker Publishing Group, © 2010. Used by permission. XIV Table of Contents Genesis. Chap. 6. 579 Genesis. Chap. 7. 625 Genesis. Chap. 8. 641 Genesis. Chap. 9. 667 Genesis. Chap. 10. 693 Genesis. Chap. 11. 805 Genesis. Chap. 12. 838 Genesis. Chap. 13. 884 Genesis. Chap. 14. 886 Genesis. Chap. 15. 909 Genesis. Chap. 16. 919 Genesis. Chap. 17. 922 Genesis. Chap. 18. 943 Genesis. Chap. 19. 952 Genesis. Chap. 20.
    [Show full text]
  • Pleasure in Ancient Greek Philosophy David Wolfsdorf Index More Information
    Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-76130-7 - Pleasure in Ancient Greek Philosophy David Wolfsdorf Index More information General Index Note that the entries for ancient and contemporary authors and their texts in this index refer to instances where the author or text is mentioned or discussed, but not quoted. For quotations from authors and texts, see the Index of Quotations from Ancient Authors and the Index of Quotations from Contemporary Authors. activation (energeia) 106, 114–138, 163–167, 272 On the Generation of Animals 103, 136, 139 actuality 114, 115 On the Parts of Animals 127, 135 Aelian (Claudius Aelianus) 21 On the Soul 50, 103, 116 Ae¨tius 37 Physics 103 affect, affective 67, 85 Posterior Analytics 103, 109–114 affection 50, 51, 67 Problems 139, 141–143 Alcmaeon of Croton 31 Protrepticus 104, 114, 165–166 Alexander of Aphrodisias 36, 177, 274 Rhetoric 103, 108–109, 111–114, 124 Ethical Problems 36, 274 Topics 103, 109–114, 120, 123, 124, 129 Alston, William 221, 225–227, 229, 232, 233, Arius Didymus 186 253–255, 256, 269 Arnold, Magda 214, 218 Anaxagoras of Clazomenae 31 Artemisia, wife of Mausolus 205, 277 Andronicus of Rhodes 203, 205 Aspasius 18, 20 Anscombe, G. E. M. 1–3 attending see attention Antisthenes of Athens 18–20, 21, 25, 272 attention 179–181, 220, 222, 223, 224, 227, 236, On Pleasure 18 238, 239, 270 Aphrodite 9, 18, 19, 38 attitude, hedonic compare intentional, appearance aspect (of pleasure) 64, 65–68, 70, intentionality 9, 82, 132–133, 168, 170, 74, 89, 96, 100, 101, 178, 226, 246, 271, 175, 176, 178–179, 217, 220, 270, 271, 273 272, 273 Aristippus the Elder 20–23, 25, 28, 145, 154 awareness compare attention; heed 58, 65, 68, Aristippus the Younger 145, 153, 158 152, 229, 233, 236, 239, 270, 274, 44 Aristotle 8, 12, 26, 34, 35, 43, 103–139, 150, Aydede, Murat 215, 246–248, 251, 253, 254, 255, 163–166, 175, 179, 182, 183, 184, 187, 194, 258, 265 209, 211, 218, 220, 224, 245, 269, 271, 272, 273 276 277 278 Bedford, Errol 239 , – , 214 Categories 103, 120 Beebe-Center, J.
    [Show full text]
  • Front Matter
    Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-49393-2 — Literature and Culture in the Roman Empire, 96–235 Edited by Alice König , Rebecca Langlands , James Uden Frontmatter More Information LITERATURE AND CULTURE IN THE ROMAN EMPIRE, 96–235 This book explores new ways of analysing interactions between different linguis- tic, cultural and religious communities across the Roman Empire from the reign of Nerva to the Severans (96–235 ce). Bringing together leading scholars in Classics with experts in the history of Judaism, Christianity and the Near East, it looks beyond the Greco-Roman binary that has dominated many studies of the period, and moves beyond traditional approaches to intertextuality in its study of the circulation of knowledge across languages and cultures. Its sixteen chapters explore shared ideas about aspects of Imperial experience – law, patronage, architecture, the army – as well as the movement of ideas about history, exempla, documents and marvels. As the second volume in the Literary Interactions series, it offers a new and expansive vision of cross-cultural interaction in the Roman world, shedding light on connections that have previously gone unnoticed among the subcultures of a vast and evolving Empire. alice ko¨ nig is a Senior Lecturer in Classics at the University of St Andrews. She works on ancient technical literature and the history of science, and the relationship between politics, society and literature in the early principate. These two interests come together in a monograph she is preparing on the author and statesman, Sextus Julius Frontinus, and in a series of articles she has published on Vitruvius, Frontinus, Pliny the Younger and Tacitus.
    [Show full text]
  • Chrysippus and the First Known Description of Cataract Surgery
    medicines Review Chrysippus and the First Known Description of Cataract Surgery Juliusz Grzybowski 1 and Andrzej Grzybowski 2,3,* 1 Faculty of Fine Arts and Pedagogy, Adam Mickiewicz University Pozna´n,Nowy Swiat´ 28-30 Street, 62-800 Kalisz, Poland; [email protected] 2 Department of Ophthalmology, University of Warmia and Mazury, 10-561 Olsztyn, Poland 3 Institute for Research in Ophthalmology, Foundation for Ophthalmology Development, 60-554 Poznan, Poland * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 1 June 2020; Accepted: 19 June 2020; Published: 22 June 2020 Abstract: Although the origin of cataract surgery is unknown, the earliest identified mention of cataract surgery comes from Chrysippus in the 3rd century B.C.E. This historical review analyses this first description of cataract surgery from both philosophical and linguistic perspectives, within the original context in which early cataract surgeries were performed, as well as within the context of contemporary medical knowledge. Keywords: history of ophthalmology; cataract surgery; Chrysippus 1. Introduction The place and time in which cataract surgery originated are uncertain. It is often stated that the earliest description of cataract surgery comes from Sushruta, who probably lived in the 6th century B.C.E. However, the earliest surviving manuscripts of his work, “Sushruta Samhita: Uttara Tantra” date from the Common Era [1]. Thus, the earliest available description of cataract surgery comes from Chrysippus and was written in the 3rd century B.C.E. Interestingly, Chrysippus was known as a philosopher rather than as a physician. The aim of this study is to analyse the first mention of cataract surgery from both philosophical and linguistic perspectives within the original context in which early cataract surgeries were performed, as well as within the context of contemporary medical knowledge.
    [Show full text]
  • Posoni Kert (1664) C
    GÉCZI JÁNOS I r 5 G ÉCZI J ÁNOS A rózsa és jelképei Fejezetek a 17- 18. századból w i i Gondolat GÉCZI JÁNOS A RÓZSA ÉS JELKÉPEI FEJEZETEK A 17–18. SZÁZADBÓL GONDOLAT KIADÓ BUDAPEST, 2016 GÉCZI JÁNOS A RÓZSA ÉS JELKÉPEI FEJEZETEK A 17–18. SZÁZADBÓL GONDOLAT KIADÓ BUDAPEST, 2016 TARTALOM Bevezetés. A kertbe kerülő A képvers mint iskolai műfaj 123 rózsafajok 7 A barokk rózsajelképek előzményei 127 A 16–17. századi magyar rózsahasználat A humorálpatológia szemlélet és az irodalom rózsajelképei 129 továbbélése 23 A rózsa-képversek 137 Botanikai illusztrációk 39 Gyöngyösi István és a rózsahagyományok 155 A reneszánsz örökség és a barokk Márssal társolkodó Murányi Vénus 155 kertek. 17–18. század 45 Porábúl megéledett Főnix 161 Thököly Imre és Zrínyi Ilona A rózsajelképek festészeti házassága 166 és grafikai megjelenései 53 Palinódia – Kesergő Nimfa 171 Az ismert rózsák 55 A Rózsakoszorú 172 A jelképek rendszere 56 A rózsajelképek a Rózsakoszorúban 177 Emblematikus törekvések 63 Embléma 188 A táblafestészet rózsajelképei 69 Összefoglalás 190 A mitologikus témakör 69 A katolikus vallásosság Lippay János Posoni kert (1664) c. témakörei 71 © Géczi János, 2015 kertészeti munkájának rózsái 193 © Gondolat Kiadó, 2016 Portrék 76 Lippay rózsaváltozatai 195 A zsánerképek 80 Egy kortárs mű: a Hortus Eystettensis Minden jog fenntartva. Bármilyen másolás, sokszorosítás, A csendéletek 83 rózsái 196 illetve adatfeldolgozó rendszerben való tárolás Öt érzék- és vanitas-ábrázolás 91 Besler rózsái 197 a kiadó előzetes írásbeli hozzájárulásához van kötve. A virágképek
    [Show full text]