Chrysippus and the First Known Description of Cataract Surgery
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Chrysippus's Dog As a Case Study in Non-Linguistic Cognition
Chrysippus’s Dog as a Case Study in Non-Linguistic Cognition Michael Rescorla Abstract: I critique an ancient argument for the possibility of non-linguistic deductive inference. The argument, attributed to Chrysippus, describes a dog whose behavior supposedly reflects disjunctive syllogistic reasoning. Drawing on contemporary robotics, I urge that we can equally well explain the dog’s behavior by citing probabilistic reasoning over cognitive maps. I then critique various experimentally-based arguments from scientific psychology that echo Chrysippus’s anecdotal presentation. §1. Language and thought Do non-linguistic creatures think? Debate over this question tends to calcify into two extreme doctrines. The first, espoused by Descartes, regards language as necessary for cognition. Modern proponents include Brandom (1994, pp. 145-157), Davidson (1984, pp. 155-170), McDowell (1996), and Sellars (1963, pp. 177-189). Cartesians may grant that ascribing cognitive activity to non-linguistic creatures is instrumentally useful, but they regard such ascriptions as strictly speaking false. The second extreme doctrine, espoused by Gassendi, Hume, and Locke, maintains that linguistic and non-linguistic cognition are fundamentally the same. Modern proponents include Fodor (2003), Peacocke (1997), Stalnaker (1984), and many others. Proponents may grant that non- linguistic creatures entertain a narrower range of thoughts than us, but they deny any principled difference in kind.1 2 An intermediate position holds that non-linguistic creatures display cognitive activity of a fundamentally different kind than human thought. Hobbes and Leibniz favored this intermediate position. Modern advocates include Bermudez (2003), Carruthers (2002, 2004), Dummett (1993, pp. 147-149), Malcolm (1972), and Putnam (1992, pp. 28-30). -
Commentary on Englert Martha Nussbaum I Admire Englert's
Commentary on Englert Martha Nussbaum I admire Englert's paper. I find its major conclusions entirely convincing: (1) the analysis of the difference between Epicurean and Stoic attitudes to suicide; (2) the account of the original Stoic position; (3) the argument that Seneca is an orthodox Stoic about suicide; and (4) the very interesting claims about the role of dif- ferent sorts of freedom in Seneca's arguments. Although I am persuaded by his analysis, I am inclined to be somewhat more critical of the Stoic position than he seems inclined to be: for I think that in a crucial way it is internally incoherent. In what follows, therefore, I want to focus on a problem in the Stoic account itself, with respect to the ambivalence the suicide theory reveals toward the importance of externals. I shall do this by focusing on one line of argument leading to suicide, in Seneca's De Ira.l 1. The Stoics famously hold that only virtue is worth choosing for its own sake. And virtue all by itself suffices for a complete- ly fulfilled and fulfilling human life, that is, for eudaimonia. Virtue is something unaffected by external contingency—both, apparently, as to its acquisition and as to its maintenance once acquired? Items that are not fully under the control of the 1. My interpretation of this work is developed at greater length in Nussbaum 1994. My general account of Stoic virtue theory and its relationship to the call for the extirpation of passion is in chapter 10, my detailed analysis of the argu- ments about anger in the De Ira in chapter 11. -
The Hymn of Cleanthes Greek Text Translated Into English
UC-NRLF 557 C29 ^ 033 TDt. 3 + 1921 3• MAIN ^ ft (9 -- " EXTS FOR STUDENTS, No. 26 THE YMN OF CLEANTHES GREEK TEXT TRANSLATED INTO ENGLISH WITH BRIEF INTRODUCTION AND NOTES BY E. H. BLAKENEY, M.A. ce 6d. net. HELPS FOR STUDENTS OF HISTORY. 1. EPISCOPAL REGISTERS OF ENGLAND AND WALES. By R. C. Fowler, B.A., F.S.A. 6d. net. 2. MUNICIPAL RECORDS. By F. J. C. Hearnsuaw, M.A. Gd. net. 3. MEDIEVAL RECKONINGS OF TIME. ' By Reginald L. Poole, LL.D., Litt.D. 6d. net. % 4. THE PUBLIC RECORD OFFICE. By Charles Johnson. 6d. net. 5. THE CARE OF DOCUMENTS. By Charles Johnson. 6d.net. 6. THE LOGIC OF HISTORY. By C. G. Cramp. 8d.net. 7. DOCUMENTS IN THE PUBUC RECORD OFFICE, DUBLIN. By B. H. Murray, Litt.D. 8d. net. 8. THE FRENCH WARS OF RELIGION. By Arthur A. TiUey» M.A. 6d. net. By Sir A. W. WARD, Litt.D., F.B.A. 9. THE PERIOD OF CONGRESSES, I. Introductory. 8d.net. 10. THE PERIOD OF CONGRESSES, II. Vienna and the Second Peace of Paris. Is. net. 11. THE PERIOD OF CONGRESSES, IH. Aix-la-ChapeUe to Verona. Is. net. (Nos. 9, 10, and 11 in one volume, cloth, 3s. Gd. net.) 12. SECURITIES OF PEACE. A Retrospect (1848-1914). Paper, 2s. ; cloth, 3s. net. 13. THE FRENCH RENAISSANCE. By Arthur A. TiUey, M.A* 8d. net. 14. HINTS ON THE STUDY OF ENGUSH ECONOMIC HISTORY. By W. Cunningham, D.D., F.B.A., F.S.A. 8d. net. 1 5. PARISH HISTORY AND RECORDS. -
KEIMPE ALGRA 155-184.Qxd
Ο Ζήνων ο Κιτιέας και η Στωική κοσμολογία: μερικές σημειώσεις και δυο συγκεκριμένες περιπτώσεις. KEIMPE ALGRA Η έκταση και η φύση της συμβολής του Ζήνωνα στη Στωική φυσική και κοσμολογία είναι δύσκολο να θεμελιωθούν. Η ανακοίνωση αυτή μελετά μερικά από τα σχετικά προβλήματα. Η χρήση της ονομαστικής ετικέτας "Ζήνων" από τις αρχαίες μας πηγές δε θα πρέπει πάντα να αξιολογείται επιφανειακά, και η απόδοση καθώς και η διευθέτηση του υλικού του Hans Von Arnim στο Stoicorum Veterum Fragmenta (SVF) δε θα πρέπει να γίνεται αποδεκτή χωρίς κριτική, για λόγους που περιγράφονται σ’ αυτή την εργασία. Παρέχονται δύο συγκεκριμένες περιπτώσεις αποσπασμάτων, οι οποίες, με μια πιο προσεκτική ματιά, δε θα πρέπει να αποδοθούν στο Ζήνωνα. Τελικά, υποστηρίζεται ότι ο Ζήνων δεν ήταν παραγωγικός συγγραφέας σε θέματα φυσικής, και ότι έτυχε στους διαδόχους του ( σε μερικούς από αυτούς) – πιο συγκεκριμένα στον Σφαίρο, στον Κλεάνθη και στον Χρύσιππο – να επεξεργαστούν περαιτέρω και να συγκροτήσουν λεπτομερειακά την φυσική κοσμοεικόνα της Στωικής σχολής. Αυτό σημαίνει πως υπάρχουν περιθώρια ανάπτυξης της φυσικής και της κοσμολογίας στα πλαίσια του αρχαίου Στωικισμού, και πως, συνακόλουθα, είναι ζωτικής σημασίας να διακρίνουμε πιο ξεκάθαρα, απ’ ότι συνήθως, τι πρέπει με ασφάλεια να αποδοθεί στο Ζήνωνα και ότι τέτοιου είδους "κοινά στωικά" δόγματα πρέπεί μόνο πιθανά, ή μερικά, να ανιχνευτούν σ΄αυτόν. Zeno of Citium and Stoic Cosmology: some notes and two case studies KEIMPE ALGRA 1 Zeno of Citium, as indeed the early Stoics in general, conceived of philosophy as consisting of three interrelated parts: logic, physics and ethics.1 But although Zeno’s foundational work covered all three areas, he appears to have had his preferences. -
Stoic Enlightenments
Copyright © 2011 Margaret Felice Wald All rights reserved STOIC ENLIGHTENMENTS By MARGARET FELICE WALD A Dissertation submitted to the Graduate School-New Brunswick Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Graduate Program in English written under the direction of Michael McKeon and approved by ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ New Brunswick, New Jersey October 2011 ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION Stoic Enlightenments By MARGARET FELICE WALD Dissertation Director: Michael McKeon Stoic ideals infused seventeenth- and eighteenth-century thought, not only in the figure of the ascetic sage who grins and bears all, but also in a myriad of other constructions, shaping the way the period imagined ethical, political, linguistic, epistemological, and social reform. My dissertation examines the literary manifestation of Stoicism’s legacy, in particular regarding the institution and danger of autonomy, the foundation and limitation of virtue, the nature of the passions, the difference between good and evil, and the referentiality of language. Alongside the standard satirical responses to the ancient creed’s rigor and rationalism, seventeenth- and eighteenth-century poetry, drama, and prose developed Stoic formulations that made the most demanding of philosophical ideals tenable within the framework of common experience. Instead of serving as hallmarks for hypocrisy, the literary stoics I investigate uphold a brand of stoicism fit for the post-regicidal, post- Protestant Reformation, post-scientific revolutionary world. My project reveals how writers used Stoicism to determine the viability of philosophical precept and establish ways of compensating for human fallibility. The ambivalent status of the Stoic sage, staged and restaged in countless texts, exemplified the period’s anxiety about measuring up to its ideals, its efforts to discover the plenitude of ii natural laws and to live by them. -
Calcidius's Commentary on Plato's Timaeus in Latin Astronomy of the Ninth to Eleventh Centuries
BRUCE S. EASTWOOD CALCIDIUS'S COMMENTARY ON PLATO'S TIMAEUS IN LATIN ASTRONOMY OF THE NINTH TO ELEVENTH CENTURIES Prior to the twelfth-century recovery of Greek and discovery of Arabic astronomical (and astrological) texts, the character of European astronomy derived from three traditions: computus, classical texts, and observation (including instruments). By the ninth century each of these was involved with the others, producing an increasing variety of ideas and investigations. While the computistical and observational traditions combined in certain ways to bring about more practical and mathematical understanding of solar, lunar, and occasionally stellar motions, generally in the context of reckoning time intervals, the classical tradition led scholars to expand their frameworks for understanding the order and regularity of the heavens created by God.1 More speculative or theoretical and quite unmathematical in nature, the classical Latin materials that offered astronomical information and doctrines tested the wits of early medieval investigators in quite different ways than did the problems of the other traditions. Among these Roman astronomical works—the writings of Aratus (in translation), Pliny the Elder, Calcidius, Macrobius, and Martianus Capella were predominant—the translation of and commentary upon Plato's Timaeus by Calcidius has received the least attention by modern students of early medieval astronomy. Yet the work of Calcidius, especially his commentary, offers us a revealing field for the display of bold exploration, limits of comprehension, and successful innovation in medieval astronomical study more than half a century before the influx of Greco-Arabic works from ca. 1100 onward. Here I present examples of the boldness, the limits, and the successes from three manuscripts of Calcidius from the ninth to early eleventh centuries. -
The Place of Zeno's Paradox
Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 2011, volume 29, pages 924 ^ 937 doi:10.1068/d10010 The place of Zeno's paradox Laurence Paul Hemming Department of Organisation, Work and Technology, Lancaster University Management School, Lancaster LA1 4YX, England; e-mail: [email protected] Received 22 June 2010; in revised form 24 December 2010 Abstract. This paper begins by examining the recent history of interpretations of one of Zeno's paradoxes of motion, the paradox of dichotomy. It then returns to the record of antiquity to ask how Aristotle `solved' the paradox and what decisions about place and motion were assumed in that solution. After appealing to Heidegger's readings of the Aristotelian text, the paper then proceeds to offer an entirely original interpretation of Zeno's paradox of dichotomy, which has important implica- tions for a contemporary understanding of motion and place (rather than space). Instead, the paradox is read as a provocation to `see' something which Zeno, it would appear, believed was `missing', or had been forgotten and had disappeared, and to review all over again what Parmenides might have meant in his claim that being is one, singular, and indivisible. Introduction Zeno, disciple of the Eleatic philosopher Parmenides, leaves to history a series of paradoxes that have either perplexed or excited the disdain of philosophers ever since. No text of Zeno's survives for us to consult: our knowledge of the paradoxes them- selves is drawn almost entirely from Aristotle's Physics and Metaphysics and from the writings of Simplicius. Hermann Diels summarises the fragmentary discussions of Zeno, together with references to lost works and extant citations from Aristotle, Simplicius, Diogenes Laertius, and others in Diels (1922). -
Chapter Two Democritus and the Different Limits to Divisibility
CHAPTER TWO DEMOCRITUS AND THE DIFFERENT LIMITS TO DIVISIBILITY § 0. Introduction In the previous chapter I tried to give an extensive analysis of the reasoning in and behind the first arguments in the history of philosophy in which problems of continuity and infinite divisibility emerged. The impact of these arguments must have been enormous. Designed to show that rationally speaking one was better off with an Eleatic universe without plurality and without motion, Zeno’s paradoxes were a challenge to everyone who wanted to salvage at least those two basic features of the world of common sense. On the other hand, sceptics, for whatever reason weary of common sense, could employ Zeno-style arguments to keep up the pressure. The most notable representative of the latter group is Gorgias, who in his book On not-being or On nature referred to ‘Zeno’s argument’, presumably in a demonstration that what is without body and does not have parts, is not. It is possible that this followed an earlier argument of his that whatever is one, must be without body.1 We recognize here what Aristotle calls Zeno’s principle, that what does not have bulk or size, is not. Also in the following we meet familiar Zenonian themes: Further, if it moves and shifts [as] one, what is, is divided, not being continuous, and there [it is] not something. Hence, if it moves everywhere, it is divided everywhere. But if that is the case, then everywhere it is not. For it is there deprived of being, he says, where it is divided, instead of ‘void’ using ‘being divided’.2 Gorgias is talking here about the situation that there is motion within what is. -
Myth and Reality in the Battle Between the Pygmies and the Cranes in the Greek and Roman Worlds
ARTÍCULOS Gerión. Revista de historia Antigua ISSN: 0213-0181 http://dx.doi.org/10.5209/GERI.56960 Myth and Reality in the Battle between the Pygmies and the Cranes in the Greek and Roman Worlds Asher Ovadiah1; Sonia Mucznik2 Recibido: 19 de septiembre de 2016 / Aceptado: 23 de marzo de 2017 Abstract. Ancient writers, such as Homer, Aesop, Hecataeus of Miletus, Herodotus, Aristotle, Philostratus, Pliny the Elder, Juvenal and others have often referred to the enmity and struggle between the Pygmies and the Cranes. It seems that this folk-tale was conveyed to the Greeks through Egyptian sources. Greek and Roman visual works of art depict the Pygmies fighting against the vigorous and violent attack of the birds, which in some cases was vicious. This article sets out to examine the reasons for the literary and artistic portrayals of the Battle between the Pygmies and the Cranes (Geranomachy) in the context of the migration of the cranes in the autumn from the Caucasus (Scythian plains) to Central (Equatorial) Africa. In addition, an attempt will be made to clarify whether the literary sources and visual works of art reflect myth and/or reality. Keywords: Egypt; Ethiopia; Geranomachy; Migration; Nile; Scythia; Trojans. [en] Mito y realidad en la batalla entre los pigmeos y las grullas en el mundo griego y romano Resumen. Escritores antiguos, tales como Homero, Esopo, Hecateo de Mileto, Herodoto, Aristóteles, Filóstrato, Plinio el Viejo, Juvenal y otros se refirieron frecuentemente a la enemistad y guerra entre los pigmeos y las grullas. Es posible que este cuento popular fuese transmitido a los griegos a través de fuentes egipcias. -
Constantine the Great and Christian Imperial Theocracy Charles Matson Odahl Boise State University
Boise State University ScholarWorks History Faculty Publications and Presentations Department of History 1-1-2007 Constantine the Great and Christian Imperial Theocracy Charles Matson Odahl Boise State University Publication Information Odahl, Charles Matson. (2007). "Constantine the Great and Christian Imperial Theocracy". Connections: European Studies Annual Review, 3, 89-113. This document was originally published in Connections: European Studies Annual Review by Rocky Mountain European Scholars Consortium. Copyright restrictions may apply. Coda: Recovering Constantine's European Legacy 111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 Constantine the Great and Christian Imperial Theocracy Charles Matson Odahl, Boise State University1 rom his Christian conversion under the influence of cept of imperial theocracy was conveyed in contemporary art Frevelatory experiences outside Rome in A.D. 312 until (Illustration I). his burial as the thirteenth Apostle at Constantinople in Although Constantine had been raised as a tolerant 337, Constantine the Great, pagan polytheist and had the first Christian emperor propagated several Olympian of the Roman world, initiated divinities, particularly Jupiter, the role of and set the model Hercules, Mars, and Sol, as for Christian imperial theoc di vine patrons during the early racy. Through his relationship years of his reign as emperor -
Parte Seconda Bibliotheca Collinsiana, Seu Catalogus Librorum Antonji Collins Armigeri Ordine Alphabetico Digestus
Parte seconda Bibliotheca Collinsiana, seu Catalogus Librorum Antonji Collins Armigeri ordine alphabetico digestus Avvertenza La biblioteca non è solo il luogo della tua memoria, dove conservi quel che hai letto, ma il luogo della memoria universale, dove un giorno, nel momento fata- le, potrai trovare quello che altri hanno letto prima di te. Umberto Eco, La memoria vegetale e altri scritti di bibliografia, Milano, Rovello, 2006 Si propone qui un’edizione del catalogo manoscritto della collezione libra- ria di Anthony Collins,1 la cui prima compilazione egli completò nel 1720.2 Nei nove anni successivi tuttavia Collins ampliò enormemente la sua biblioteca, sin quasi a raddoppiarne il numero delle opere. Annotò i nuovi titoli sulle pagine pari del suo catalogo che aveva accortamente riservato a successive integrazio- ni. Dispose le nuove inserzioni in corrispondenza degli autori già schedati, attento a preservare il più possibile l’ordine alfabetico. Questo tuttavia è talora impreciso e discontinuo.3 Le inesattezze, che ricorrono più frequentemente fra i titoli di inclusione più tarda, devono imputarsi alla difficoltà crescente di annotare nel giusto ordine le ingenti e continue acquisizioni. Sono altresì rico- noscibili abrasioni e cancellature ed in alcuni casi, forse per esigenze di spazio, oppure per sostituire i titoli espunti, i lemmi della prima stesura sono frammez- zati da titoli pubblicati in date successive al 1720.4 In appendice al catalogo, due liste confuse di titoli, per la più parte anonimi, si svolgono l’una nelle pagi- ne dispari e l’altra in quelle pari del volume.5 Agli anonimi seguono sparsi altri 1 Sono molto grato a Francesca Gallori e Barbara Maria Graf per aver contribuito alla revi- sione della mia trascrizione con dedizione e generosità. -
Greek Word Index
Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-76517-6 - Galen: Psychological Writings Edited by P. N. Singer Index More information Greek word index Comprehensive word indexes are available in the modern editions of the Greek texts translated in this volume (though in the case of Capacities of the Soul, only in the recent edition of Bazou, not in that of Müller). The present index contains a selection of terms with their translations, referenced by page and line numbers of the edition used, and is intended to be of help in finding both the translation and the occurrences of technical or otherwise interesting terminology. For certain very commonly used terms (e.g. agathos, anthrōpos, psuchē), where no problem of translation arises, only a few passages are given by way of example; for terms of particular importance to the argument of the texts, most or all occur- rences have been listed. Compound verbs are listed under the main verbal form and adverbs under the corresponding adjective. ἀγαθός good Ind. 18,19; 20,13; 21,6 QAM ἀδιανόητος incomprehensible QAM 48,18 40,22 (Hesiod); 73,14; 74,5-11; τὰ ἀγαθά ἀδικεῖν harm QAM 74,15.17 (matters of) good Aff. Pecc. Dig. 42,11-19; ἀερώδης airy (substance) QAM 45,10 44,13 (with note); τὸ ἀγαθόν the good Ind. ἀήρ air QAM 45,11.23; 66,11 20,1.4 Aff. Pecc. Dig. 42,21; 43,9 QAM 73,17; ἀθάνατος immortal QAM 36,14; 38,4; 42,14 what someone enjoys Aff. Pecc. Dig. 24,14 ἀθυμεῖν be dispirited Aff.