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The Routledge Handbook of

Pauliina Remes, Svetla Slaveva-Griffin

The Alexandrian classrooms excavated and sixth-century teaching

Publication details https://www.routledgehandbooks.com/doi/10.4324/9781315744186.ch3 Richard Sorabji Published online on: 30 Apr 2014

How to cite :- Richard Sorabji. 30 Apr 2014, The Alexandrian classrooms excavated and sixth-century philosophy teaching from: The Routledge Handbook of Neoplatonism Routledge Accessed on: 25 Sep 2021 https://www.routledgehandbooks.com/doi/10.4324/9781315744186.ch3

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The publisher does not give any warranty express or implied or make any representation that the contents will be complete or accurate or up to date. The publisher shall not be liable for an loss, actions, claims, proceedings, demand or costs or damages whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with or arising out of the use of this material. Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 08:14 25 Sep 2021; For: 9781315744186, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315744186.ch3 more than twenty. reported by atwelft possible. By 2008, twenty rooms excavated. hadbeen Twenty number isthe of rooms rooms excavated hadbeen twenty-fi could have accommodated four hundred to fi inserted. Th horseshoe. Onestandthe hasahole in it, Majcherek which for to to be takes be alectern elevated up sixsteps at back the of horseshoe, and the astone stand out at front the of that a speaker mightthat there. perform a speaker Th to interrogation from professor and students. We can imagine many also diff ofus asense extent the to speaker, the which oft one tierof Figure seats (see 3.1). rooms tiers the are rectangular rather than horseshoe shaped, and some rooms have only took form the of one step, or ablock covered with plaster or inone marble. case In most in mostrooms, but thethrone waseventually recognized inall, although it sometimes a horseshoe, enoughto accommodate students, thirty with aprofessor’s throne ( cement of one room. ment late inthe early seventh tocenturies sixth very issuggested by ceramic the inthe may aguideto structure the be of earlier the ones. Further reconstruction or refurbish- late fi would they so have there only been inPhiloponus’ later years. But others are dated to the . had identifi It wasannounced in2004that Polish the archaeological team underGrzegorz Majcherek Some ofSome rooms the rebuilt hadbeen aft Th of specimen aroom, good isillustrated which One very here, hasthree tiers of seats in The Alexandrianclassrooms excavated and sixth-centuryphilosophyteaching eposition of stone the stand for isolated alectern front inthe of room the gives ft h century, belong so to timeof the histeacher, Ammonius. Even later the rooms e speaker would espeaker have there. stood Twenty rooms of similar or smallersize surprisinglyed the well-preserved lecture rooms of sixth-century the 3 h-century source writing inArabic, Abd but el-Latif, there may be 1 Th iswasamajor archaeological discovery. Richard Sorabji ve years earlier, identifi e diff er an earthquake, presumed that to be of 535, erent environment of ’ didnot 3 30 ve hundred students. Th en astudent, would have exposed been cation hasonly now become 2 Although the fi estand isnot found erent tasks thronos rst few ) Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 08:14 25 Sep 2021; For: 9781315744186, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315744186.ch3 with of permission Grzegorz Majcherek). Majcherek, with professor’s the raised throne at back the and stand alectern (photo: M.Krawczyk, PCMA, is written by one of hisChristian students, Ammonius Zacharias. ispresented asbeing it wasactually wasasked who to read aloud ’s essay (Porphyry, his view. We might picture astudent reading out essay hisrevised at stand, the although fromface criticism another research student, Amelius, until to hewaspersuaded change at Plotinus’ third seminar in the century. He hadto rewrite hisessay three times,and rooms could have put been to we of when use, think Porphyry, arrived asastudent newly havenecessarily aroom of same the structure. But we can imaginehow Alexandrian the Figure 3.1 a student. by18.19). Plotinus hisclasses having started also commentaries and texts read to himby beginning ofbeginning next,and the criticized himfor getting it wrong (Philodemus, of Platonic head the the , hadastudent summarize hisprevious lecture at the has explained throne the or Western position modern than the exposed professor tends to have. Raff (Herculaneum papyrus) col. xxii(35)–xxiii(2)). X] 796D–E).Ammonius iscaricatured work inthe named aft did not a use with listeners sitting round himon ( benches the go hehasSocrates to315c, when see of holding Elis forth on a Th eprofessor’s throne or 4 Th At much avery earlier date, inAthens of century second the ehorseshoe lecture rooms of ,recently sixth-century excavated by Grzegorz thronos nor out set (, benches ALEXANDRIAN thronos thronos very well. very , by contrast, at being back, the gave himamuch less

CLASSROOMS 5 caricatures the at bathra An seni respublica gerenda sit ). Plutarch comments that

EXCAVATED er him,

Ammonius bce aella Cribiore aella , , , Carneades, Acad.Ind. [ thronos Moralia , which , which Plot. 31 ,

Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 08:14 25 Sep 2021; For: 9781315744186, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315744186.ch3 Alexandrian philosopher later century, sixth inthe explains its purpose. a later thefl period, Alexandrian excavation Comparison issixsteps madewith high. minbar the hasbeen of (Libanius, vol. 8, his composition infront of teacher the sits who frowning “on place ( ahigh century rhetorician Libanius describing terror the of arhetoric student required to deliver Nikiu of Bishop forced off forced earlier inAlexandria,, woman the mathematician murdered in415,hadbeen Protagoras understood. attachesalso importance students’ to the seeing faces,to tell or whether not have they ( pictures of disorderly seating. shape was still inIslamic used teaching, and Yahya Michot has drawn attention to Islamic introduction inthe school this to Sorabji (1990).Iknow of that noevidence curved the toby either sideof colleagues inacurve him.Ihave interpreted another of mosaics the in pagan philosopher, . on Amosaic preserved site the shows Socrates surrounded now inSyria, by , Roman Emperor from 361to 363,to commemorate hisfavourite tion. Th sitting on step or ahigh seat ( on question the of universe the whether Ammonius hadabeginning. isrepresented as interrupted inalecture on ’s physics by hisChristian students refute who him 32 made asimilar provision. sophistic and swaggeringway,very suggeststhat which Ammonius’ lecture arrangements (Watt 1972). sor to sit nextto him,demoting himifnextyear’s contained entry an evenbetter student for it which isreported that Islamic the professor put pupil hisbest and aspirant succes- Hadrian from excavated 123,newly near Santa Pudenziana, include one room with the surrounded by disciples inahorseshoe. Ihave told that been performance rooms the of to 410–17from apse the of Santa Pudenziana inRome shows on Christ agildedthrone pagansboth and Christiansfor asuseful teaching. AChristian mosaic that dated hasbeen itI think more likely that seating the pattern arose familiar the when by shape wasseen cited for asamodel been later Romanesque churches inProvence (Mullins 2011: 157). was well known from other Roman buildings, and baths the of Constantine inArleshave varied seating arrangements (deAngelis 2010:index).Th now appears that Roman judicial courts were housed invarious shapes of building with shape of apse the from Roman apse judicial of courts sited abasilica. But curved inthe it rooms of Alexandria.It sixth-century wasonce thought that Christians took curved the for presbyters the to sit on. Th wall, and to eithercurved sideand alittle lower isahorseshoe of benches sixtiers of curved Th Mediterranean world at Torcello, off a Christian building similar with structure avery waserected inanother part of the diatribai ebishop’s throne iselevated up steep steps at back the of apse the middleof inthe its ( As regards rounded the shape, pointed it hasbeen out that aprominent Elias, In 639,alittle aft e curved student ecurved seating may already refl be a high seat or ahigh chair before dragged being away to herdeath ( ) are rounded that so students eachother can and see teacher. the Philoponus . Mossman Roueché haspointed out to mean Ethiopic text, reports which that 8 Th elayout to seems have designedto ensure been alot of student participa- , ch. 84).Cribiore and Majcherek have drawn attention to fourth- the Chreia RE er the last-knowner the professor of pa ight of steps leading up inIslamic to speaker the mosques. ) SOURCES 3.7 [Foerster]). Th 6 Cribiore suggests that caricature the ispartlydrawn from Plato’s earrangement isextraordinarily like that seminar inthe 9 But some orderly arrangement would fi hypsilon bēma hypsilon , INSTRUCTION coastof the what Venice became Figure (see 3.2). e tallest set of set professorial etallest inthe steps surviving ) and expounding Aristotle’s ina doctrine

AND ected inamosaicected installed inApamea, gan Greek philosophy inAlexandria,

INTERACTION eshape, without seating, the t with those cases t with cases those Chronicle of John, 7 Seminar rooms Seminar hupsilou tinos hupsilou )” Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 08:14 25 Sep 2021; For: 9781315744186, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315744186.ch3

Masolino daPanicale, 1425(photo: Florence). Scala, throne apse, inthe although structure. Painting choir curved conceal the stalls by room, portrayed of Basilica inthe St Clement, Rome, itself which retains its bishop’s Figure 3.3 known commentator inAlexandria. same structure for teaching inTorcel Figure 3.2 Th St Catherine refuting Neoplatonists the of seminar Alexandriaintheir e tiered curved benches of benches apse the and bishop’s the etiered curved throne retain the ALEXANDRIAN

CLASSROOMS lo Cathedral, founded in639just aft

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er the last- er the 33 Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 08:14 25 Sep 2021; For: 9781315744186, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315744186.ch3 Scala, Florence/MinisteroScala, eAtt. Beni Culturali). avoid corrupted; being from detail by fresco (1477–1549)inMonte Sodoma Olivetto Maggiore (photo: Figure 3.4 Clement and separated from it by acanopied altar. straight-sidedthe choir by which stalls, hisday installed outside hadbeen apse the inSt infront benches the of throne the asstraight. He may have straight the on benches based clue?him the Th bishop’s the Could throne apsebasilicathat inthe of hewasadorning very the have given accurately Alexandrian seminar rooms of only atype now brought to light by ? hapless students might normally put be through paces.How their didMasolino depict so arranged like students on to benches either side. Catherineopen isinthe spacewhere sixteenth century, and isinMonte Olivetto Maggiore. It shows asimilar structure ina Panicale shows St Catherine of Alexandriafrom third the century structurethe of Alexandrian sixth-century the lecture rooms. Th St Clement inRome. basilicathat But contains very isthe this of afresco 1425depicting throne centre inthe of apse, the dated by an inscription to acardinal of 1108,isthat of called “the place” high churches. inEastern have infl emperor ispictured seated professor’s inthe elevated throne, counting off emperorthe Maximinus to answer but them, shehadturned tables the on She them. is generation of Alexandrian philosophers Figure (see summoned 3.3).She hadbeen by same horseshoe shape, central dais and tiered seats on alarger scale. 34 ( Another depiction, reproduced inFigure 3.4,isby from Sodoma, fi the Th ere isan evenmore continuity unexpected of design.Oneof basilicaswith the a uenced later mosaic. Iam also told that the bishop’s throne inthe apse is still St Benedict (529, MonteSt Benedict tiptoeing Cassino) out of pagan asixth-century seminar room to points the against on them herfi echief diff RE ) SOURCES erence from Alexandriaand Torcello isthat hehasportrayed , INSTRUCTION 11 refuted.ngers, look very they while Th

AND

INTERACTION 12 e fresco by efresco Masolino da while the professors the while are ce 10 refuting an earlier Th issurely might rst halfof the e Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 08:14 25 Sep 2021; For: 9781315744186, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315744186.ch3 up alive. up have beenneeded aft place to stowa dry animal the before In vivisection. the ’s stowage dry would case, Galen’s dramatic demonstrations of animal might which vivisection, well have required signs of having hadalinedbottom capable of holding water. Iwasat fi astronomers at and sunset. sunrise inobserving right plane, swivel its ruler, and mark your fi by its shut ring, one eyeto make sure you are looking through holes, both angle it to the astrolabe. In that how treatise, delicately hedescribes you have to hoist instrument the the previousthe hundred years. the “fi Ammonius, that helooked through athree-dimensional “astrolabe” and confi needed roofi open to skyfor the stars. the viewing Only two the banks of student would benches have inclination isto wonder ifthere could have an aperture been roof inthe leaving apse the visible from of closest student the the seats. Th only afew people, and isseparated off where we might have professor’s the expected throne to Th be. student tiers are facing other, each but instead of acomplete there horseshoe isan apse, newly identifinewly that were ashaving reported found by Rodziewicz been Elizabeth at asite to close the dents to . It that suggested it hasbeen may burnt the be idols from incident this studyinghad possiblybeen at of time, converting and this wasaccused who stu- with imprecations against Alexandrian the professor Horapollo, with whom Menuthis and, before being burnt, were paraded by the Christians inAlexandria, together camel-loads of pagan idols were transported aft inSyriac. Hesurvives there gives an eye-witness account of how mid-480stwenty inthe rooms. But wrote healso about hisfellow student inthe Severus, more and elementary to easier record inwriting than vivisections. descriptivethe were classes ones the mostoft . onlysuggest thattoo described classes the other hand, Onthe it may that be not “anatomical procedures”. Only thelatter would have involved vivisection.Th is again at back the on an elevated throne, listeners the while are seated to either side. tiptoeing out of aseminar, asto avoid so corrupted being by pagan the professor, who lecture room of Philoponus’ Here period. Philoponus’ contemporary Saint is Benedict and Majcherek tells methat alone they faceeast–west. Th of Ammonius’true of Arcturus. Th observation inPhiloponus’described chapter 5[Segonds] day, isheldinthe but that would not be matter. Nor would it matter inthose that classes were heldat night. Th sight from student the tiers across queuing to those apse inthe to would alook take not apsethe would have supplied one. Only one stable platform, and low the front wallinthe of apse the or ground the centre inthe of You could not have done ifhoisting allthis it by hand. It must have required avery Another anomaly infour of lecture the rooms isatrench, only which inone shows case One of excavated the lecture rooms at Kom-El-Dikka hasaunique structure. Four I have mentioned above caricature Zacharias’ of Ammonius’ lecture seminar inthese xed” starArcturus hadmoved one degree from its supposedly fi 16 But Iam told expound only medical texts that of anatomy, period the surviving ng. Th ed lecture rooms (Haas 1997:ch. 9,note 109;Athanassiadi 1999:27–9). ere isareport by Simplicius about hisformer teacher inAlexandria, erwards aswell,erwards sinceheprided himself on stitching animals the back ALEXANDRIAN 14 Philoponus wrote theonly extant ancient treatise on the by a low, wallinfront, that curved so it isnot easily

CLASSROOMS earea cut off en represented were they because inbooks, ndings with charcoal or waxon its face. student could at look lineof the atime, so ere are two excavated rooms with an apse, er araid on asecrettemple of at

EXCAVATED at would fi isroughly circular. My present eapse would accommodate Life of Severus of Life t with theinterest of

xed position over rst reminded of rmed that is could , which , which e one 13 35 15

Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 08:14 25 Sep 2021; For: 9781315744186, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315744186.ch3 his successors. Ammonius’ reticence about religious practice diff Christian authorities would have willing to been pay for teaching the of Ammonius and in 529. Athenian Neoplatonist school, only to have it by closed Christian the emperor Justinian head, Marinus. It waseventually around of 515Damascius head himself became the who insuccession both to and, at sible earlier occasions up to 489.Isidore wasoff authorities there. Although later dates have suggested, there been would have pos- been Th astronomy back underAmmonius inAlexandria and Ammonius’ brother Heliodorus. perhaps around 492.But at some unknown timehestudied Plato’s philosophy along with Isidore, Damascius turned from rhetoric to philosophy and studied philosophy inAthens, presumably aft persecution of 488–9wasAmmonius, and himof Damascius doing accused asordid deal, their side funded histeaching. sidefunded their Neoplatonism without emphasizing religious practice, theChristian while authorities on what was,but deal the Ihave argued that on hissideAmmonius agreed to teach pagan kept philosophy going inAlexandria much longer than inAthens. It amystery hasbeen of school’s the rebuilding aft proselytized. But how wasAmmonius to continue without funding? Th to remain aworld centre for pagan long learning, so asChristian students were not being at pagan the Neoplatonist inAthens. school Th widow philosophical tothe fund training of Ammonius, went who to study with Proclus father, Hermeias, and on father’s the death hadmadean unparalleled off is not direct. Th Egyptian priest, Dousareios. As regards funding the of Ammonius’ teaching, evidence the names, and that opinion asthe not of any Neoplatonist philosophers, but of an obscure omits allmention of divine names and mentions only natural the force inmagicof human by of correct the names. use their Ammonius, at corresponding the point inhisaccount, character of divine names, by claiming power the of pagan priests to motivate the Proclus. But strange the thing isthat Proclus hadargued, page aft on commentary Aristotle, which hemaywhich have fl may nonetheless have back inAlexandriaduring been persecution of the 488–9,from of Proclus in485,and some have that suggested hewasteaching hisrhetoric there. He he delivered oration. funeral the He to have seems inAthens been before shortly death the wherecircleAlexandria, inthe hewasalso of Proclus’ pupil Ammonius for mother whose from practice. said to come to from Islam (Watt may idea the 1972),Ithink have reached Islam whom Iwillnow turn. Th 36 gown common, isvery rhetorician’sthe (not philosopher’s) the gown ( islikely to have before been hisdissent from Ammonius’ political with deal the isincident of persecution of wasto Alexandrian lead aperiod the philosophers, to ( Th Damascius studied and taught rhetoric for nineyears. His rhetorical studies were in When young the Damascius fi eonly notable pagan Neoplatonist hadstayed who inAlexandriaaft behind eChristian authorities of philosophy the Alexandriahadfunded chair of his er that date, with theChristian authorities. RE ) ed with Isidore, according to one reconstruction. SOURCES 17 and, although practice the of wearing academicrobes hasbeen in Int.in earthquakeer the of to 535seems meto confi 20 As regards fi the , 1.6–11, where he claims to follow hisAthenian teacher aswearingrst studied inAlexandria,heisdescribed INSTRUCTION Damascius’ urging, insuccession tonext the eChristian authorities wanted Alexandria ered and declined thephilosophy chair in rst sideof bargain, the Icited Ammonius’ tribōn

AND ). Talk of wearing philosopher’s the

INTERACTION 19 I believe the deal may deal the Ibelieve have erentiated himfrom the er page, for natural the elavish character er to hisesteemed 18 Infl rm that the uenced by uenced er the Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 08:14 25 Sep 2021; For: 9781315744186, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315744186.ch3 of the exact wordingof exact the of passage( the statement ( of doctrine the into lectures ( in common. Th similar structure indiff Th astronomy and , awiderrange than three the provided for inConstantinople by it. Th astronomical treatise on astrolabe the isdirected which at students, telling how them to use treatise on Greek accents, but two also commentaries on Nicomachus’ arithmetic, and the writings. Th Damascius’which inAthens, school where Proclus hadtaught, wasclosed. and hewasleft own. He would not have fulfi process presenting Aristotle inamore and more unconventional way, withof ideas his Aristotle’s physics. Philoponus by contrast wasnot only aChristian, but wasby agradual Christian Creation, inGod’s belief students the have to interrupt Ammonius’ lecture on of other the subjects either. In fi Zacharias’ authorities wanted off by far mostbrilliant the mind. But it waspagan philosophy teaching that Christian the and Aristotle, Olympiodorus when followed Eutocius chair inthe (Watts 2006:244–5). Edward Watts hassuggested that hemay have delivered dissent hispolemical from Proclus philosophy too. He would have likely been underAmmonius to doso and Eutocius, and Simplicius liked to emphasize, but that would not have prevented himfrom teaching philosophy. Philoponus hadprobably asateacher started of , ashispagan enemy in Alexandria,although only Eutocius and Olympiodorus heldan Alexandrian chair of his immediate successor. Two of went these on to edit Ammonius’ lectures, three to teach Simplicius, Damascius, Asclepius, Olympiodorus, aswell mathematician asthe Eutocius, Alexandria. He taught Philoponus, leading allthe philosophers of century: sixth the in grammar, eight inrhetoric and two inlaw. emperor Th alleled for time. the It pointed hasbeen out that capital inthe at Constantinople, the provision for philosophy inAlexandria and therange of subjects willhave unpar- been diff and gives this Ibelieve to truth controversial the claim that Alexandrian the was school devotional enthusiasm of Iamblichus, and of Athenian the notably school underProclus, Roueché 1999). Already inZacharias’ required to study logicand medicalteachers taught some philosophy (Westerink 1964;M. students master. the writing up seminar “from the voice the of” defi prolegomena, cover which astandard number of frequently asked questions, and discuss as inphilosophy, at of beginning the acourse before fi the eodosius. Th erent incharacter from Athenian. the Philoponus taught more subjects than philosophy and grammar, to judge from his When Ammonius diedsome timebefore 526,Philoponus didnot succeedhim.His was Oft Evidence assembled for hasbeen atwo-way interaction medicalstudents inwhich were nitions of discipline. the Th esubjects taught included school in the philosophy, grammar, rhetoric, , en philosophy teaching wasprivately arranged inantiquity. Th ese include ese not only amassive philosophical output along with agrammatical eodosius II set up eodosius IIset only one public philosophy in425,against post twenty praxeis usinlaw and medicine, asinphilosophy, commentaries the candivided be free to publish hisattack on pagan the of beliefs Proclus year in529,the in ewritten commentaries, refl which ALEXANDRIAN ) about atext, isquoted which inlemmata or excerpts, and a inwhich ered, wasnot and Christian inphilosophy curriculum the or inany erent disciplines, suggests which that lectures the hadpatterns also protheōria rolelled the of continuing heritage the of pagan learning, e practice is also followed epractice isalso disciplines inboth of advanced lexis ,

Ammonius CLASSROOMS theōria inphilosophy, ctional work, inorder to get of adiscussion the ) of apassageis separated from adiscussion 21 , the doctor, the Gessius istreated asstudying Ammonius wasinabetter position in lecturesect on standard texts, have a

EXCAVATED paragraphē rst text isbroached, there are in law).

eextent of public 22 In medicine, 37 Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 08:14 25 Sep 2021; For: 9781315744186, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315744186.ch3 6. Zacharias Scholasticus, pagan Neoplatonist of ideal mystical union with divine the world of intelligibles. 7. Elias, In herpaper “Th 5. 2. muchI am very indebted to Roger and Bagnall to Grzegorz Majcherek for making it for possible me Arab invasions of 615/16and archaeological 640,the isnot evidence at present decisive. the lecture rooms were still even inuse inthe late seventh century, despite the Persian and open intoschool seventh the century, much longer than one the at Athens. As to whether via Persian and Syriac, Arabic the tradition. Ammonius’ skillhadkept Alexandrian the Greek-speaking Christians Maximus Confessor the and John of and Damascus, eventually, introductions to philosophy and to Aristotle, atradition that strongly infl or notwhether Stephanus didalso. Th and Pseudo-Elias, confi pagan professor and to have succeededby been asanalogousbeliefs to Christian ones (Westerink 1990:328–36). Westerink hasshown himgoing to great lengths to present to hisChristian students pagan Asclepius says on inhiscommentary Aristotle’s universe the issuewhether andthe hadabeginning, Ammonius’ philosophical pupil 38 4. Iowe information this to Judith Mckenzie. Porphyry,3. Majcherek &Kolataj (2003);Majcherek (2004).Th 1. Elias’ was hisfellow student. At endof the century, sixth the Westerink hascommented, Pseudo- for example, in still extant not only on Aristotle’s logicaltexts, but on also Aristotle’s Eutocius wasfollowed by Olympiodorus, who, more enterprisingly, wrote commentaries on mathematics, wasequally which safe astrong and hadbeen Alexandrian tradition. writing on logicalworks the of Aristotle, a po competence inmedicinethan inphilosophy (Westerink 1967). Plato’s ( Olympiodorus was still teaching in565,but he is widely thought to have the last been Th e person who inherited eperson who Ammonius’ chair of philosophy, Eutocius, isrecorded as Philosophy Ammonius”. and Zacharias’ (1973) lines92–9,trans. Gertz. Sebastian London, and published to be inadiff at conferences on excavation the inAlexandria,Budapest and at Institute the of ClassicalStudies in from whom Idraw examples. these of Alexandriaconference the are published inDerda as drawing on Majcherek’s report and personal communication and my own impressions. Th March 2008.Ishallinclude with acknowledgement points from aconference addressedby Majcherek, and hosted by Oxford the Centre for Late Antiquity on 8 and Charlotte Roueché at Institute the of ClassicalStudies inLondon on 26–27April 2005.Ilearnt more Majcherek at aconference to speak on classrooms the ingeneral and of use the classrooms heldby myself to attend conference the heldon 16–18March 2005at and near site the inAlexandria,and to invite January 2005at http://weekly.ahram.org. eg by Jill Kamil. in Prolegomena to Philosophy to Prolegomena Histmag in Porph. Plot. for 19May 2004by Lord Lothar at www.histmag.org and inEnglish inAl-Ahram for 20–26 , First Alcibiades 14.10. Th 21.30: Majchrek acknowledges ElzbietaSzabat ashaving pointed out. this e School of Alexandria and the Rivalry Between Rhetoric and of Between Philosophy”, eSchool Alexandriaand Rivalry the delivered RE ) SOURCES ned themselves extant intheir writings to Aristotle’s logicalworks, is is the interpretation isthe of passive the voice of Ammonius hesaid that pagan priestcraft and and , or , with INSTRUCTION de Mundi Opifi erent paper inpreparation, “Th Phaedo ey continued ey Ammonius’ tradition of providing Commentary on Porphyry’s Isagōgē NOTE . He was lesscautious than Ammonius when, ere are web reports on Majcherek’s excavation inPolish litically safe subject. Most of hisworks were cio et al. et Christians of whom three, Elias, David

Metaphysics ( AND Patrologia Graeca made by others at three the conferences, aswell (2007). or could or bring theurgy you to the

INTERACTION aneginōsketo autōi aneginōsketo e Confl that themedicalAsclepius vol. 85,cols 1028–9);Colonna between Rhetoricict and Meteorology inSnyder (2000), shows more uenced the the uenced e proceedings 23 and and But But 24 Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 08:14 25 Sep 2021; For: 9781315744186, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315744186.ch3 . Th 24. Sorabji (2005)and more briefl 20. . Olympiodorus, 23. Iam indebted for law to paper the by Simon Corcoran (2005),“Learning Law”,22. and for medicineto the 21 Damascius, 19. Athanassiadi agrees (1999:34–5),who on dating with Tardieu (1990:27–31). 18. . Simplicius, 14. Ithank Maurice Pope for showing reproduction methe and its relevance, Ihadnot which foreseen13. on Ithank Tony Kenny for identifi the 12. historian art Ithank the Verzar Christine for information. this 11. Ithank Susan Walker, Keeper of Antiquities Ashmolean inthe 10. Museum, Oxford, for information. this Yahya Michot’s at talk Oxford the conference9. of March 2008(above, note 2). 8. Philoponus, . Damascius, 17. Von Staden (1995).Von Staden tells my mehethinks 16. suggestion isnot impossible. Chapter 5in Hase’s text, reproduced by Segonds with French15. translation (1981);chapter 4inGreen’s . Cod. Th (2010). in the magisterialintroductionin the to Westerink (1990:328–36). whose proceedingswhose were not published. paper by Flemming (2005),“Learning Rebecca Medicine 1”, at London the conference cited innote 2, Alexandriaconferencethe (above, note 2). have congenial been to Ammonius. (2010: 659–60)and Blank (2011).Van (2004:1999)addsareason why denBerg on deal the ritual would “Th Palaestinae ex Inimicis Utilitate my pre-excavation visit to frescos. the translation (1932). ischapter from isrevised edition second the of my ecommentators and ”. Iplan to respond to David elsewhere disagreement Blank’s inBlank eod. 52. in Cael in Isid XIV.9.3, isrepeated which inthe Isid in Ph. in Phd. in .118B [Athanassiadi], referring (1991). to Rodiewicz . 122D[Athanassiadi]; , also see . 462.12–31,trans. Müller inSimplicius, 7, 771.21–772.3,trans. from Arabic Lettinck, repr. inSorabji (2004:vol. 1,ch. 6,a54). ( ALEXANDRIAN Moralia 8,2.1–20[Westerink]. examples Other of his II)87a; y in the introductionsy inthe to eachvolume of Sorabji heading (2004),underthe cation. de Tranquilitate Animi

CLASSROOMS Cod.Iust Philoponus and the Rejection of Aristotelian . as11.19.1,cited by Feissel Dennis in hispaper at On Aristotle Onthe Heavens Dissertationes (

Moralia EXCAVATED less compromising position are given VI)467d;, 4.8.12;Plutarch,

2.1–9. de Martyribus de Capienda 39