J. Soc.Biblphy nat. Hist.(r968) 5 (r): 1-18.

Ammonites: Ammon's Horns into *

By CLIFFORD M. NELSON Departmentof Palaeontology, tJniversityof Califomia,Berkeley.

Ammonites, unlike the living pearly and papernautili, have yet to be gracedby the poerry of a Holmesl or a Pope2and are lesswidely known outsidepaleontological fields; how- ever, their esthetics,abundance, widespread distribution, and the legendsassociated with these geologically useful extinct cephalopodshave captured the literary attentions of Scott, Schiller, and Goethe. Ammonites, or more recently ammonoids,3 like many other long-known fossils, although not always understoodas to their nature and origins, have been associatedwith necromancy, myths, legends,and history sinceLate Paleolithic times. SixJurassicspeci- mensfrom SolutreanIII at Forneaudu Diable, Bourdeilles,France have perforatedcenters and may have formed a necklacesomewhat like one found in a Bronze Agelocality near Gravesendin Kent, fashionedbyjoining naturally vented Cretaceoussponges.a A number of markings which appearto be glyphs of some sort follow the curve of the ourer whorl of an ammonite from the French Magdaleniansand may have been usedin magic rituals similar to those of the North American Blackfoot Indians. As ammonires seemed to resemblesleeping bison to theseindians, they were called "iniskim" or buffalo stonesand hence were the central objectsin the sacredbundles used in the sympathetic magic for coiralling bison.6As talismans,they occur in the pouchesof Navajo shamans.TJurassic ammonoids from the Himalayas are used as amulets throughout India and as fetish symbols in Hindu temples where they are: . ._,rggarded as the embodimentof the god Vishnu,and spouse of the basilplant. They are called"salagrams" or "salagrama"[after the ancient village]. A draughtofthe waterin which oneofthe sacredammonites has been steeped is supposedto washaway sin and secure temporal weifare.8 'was " Ammonite" ,e literally " stoneof Ammon ", derived from the resemblanceof the crenulatedwhorls of thesefossils to the ram's horns sacredto the ancientEgyptian deity Amun, or to those worn by him on his ram-headedefiigies or rhose of Zeus(Jupiter)- Ammon, his Greek and Roman amalgams.l0The ". . . ites" sufiixis aremnatrt of th. ideasconcerning the non-organic nature of fossils,added to the namesof objectswhich were thought to only resembleliving organismsor rheir parrs and were not rheir actual remains. To the ancient Egyptians, Amun1l originally representedthe dynamic force "air" or "wind", the universalbreath oflife which animatedall things. From obscurebeginnings in Thebesduring the Old Kingdom, he achievednational prominenceby associationwith the successfulTheban dynasts,and by the Eighteenth Dynasty, universality, with all the attributesofthe previouscreator deities,when merged with solarRe asAmun-Re, "King of the Gods".12The bestknown ofhis many oraclesis that at OasisSiwa13 in the Western Desert some 35o miles west-south-west of modern Cairo. Through contact with the Cyrenian Hellenesbeginning in the sixth century n.c., Amun was merged with Zeus,and from the Museumof Palaeontology,University of California,Berkeley. ilontribution 7 2 AMMONITES: AMMON'S HORNS INTO CEPHALOPODS the Oracle of Zeus-Ammon becamefamous throughout the Greek world.la After that of at Delphi, Siwa and Dodona in Epirus were the leading authoritiesin Hellenic affairs for centuries.Siwa, however, was an Egyptian oracle for Greeks-the principal native augur being at Buto in the Delta.ls Demigods and heroes,kings and princes,all visited or consultedthe oracle during its prominence.l6First among thesewas Alexander the Great,who arrived at Siwa in 33 r n.c. a{ter amiraculousjourneyfrom the coast.l7As pharaohand "son of Ammon" he after wards wore the sacredram's horns tied to a {illet so that they appearedto grow from his hair. Diadochi coinageshows him thus; he becameknown to legendas "Alexander of the Two Horns."18 In time thesehorns were associatedwith the divine attributesof royalty in Successorkingdoms and the .tn By late Hellenistic times the fame of the "Horns of Ammon" ensured their associationwith the oddly crenulated curved fossilscommon in certain parts of the Mediterraneanbasin. reGrs to them as:

...'Hammonis cornu' or'horn of Ammon,'which is amongthe mostsacred stones of Ethiopia,has a goldenyellow colourand is shapedlike a ram'shorn. This stoneis guaranteed to ensurewithout fail dreamsthat r,villcome true.20

Pliny later treatsprecious stoneswhich derive their namesfrom ,by color or likencss(Chapter 7z). Although he was familiar with the argonaut, and presumably by reading with the nautilus, in view of the decline of the Ionian ideasof temporal perspectiveby this time, it is unrealisticto expect an analogy with the ammonites.These remainedCornu ammonis until the end ofthe controversyover the organic nature offossils. Solinus, obviously referring to Pliny's description, first mentions the occurrence of ammonitesat Siwa:

. . . Betweenthis Towne [Cyrene]and the Templeof Anmton,are fourehundred miles, harde by the Templeis a fountaincconsecrated to the Sunne,which with the moistureof his water byndeththe ground,and hardnethashes also into a clod, wherin (not without wonder)the placeglittreth rounde about none otherwysethan if it were the greenefields. There is also gatheredthe stone called Ammons horne. For it is sowarpped and crooked that it is shapedlike a Ramshorne. It is bright asgold. Beeing layde under a manneshead when he sleepeth,it is said to representunto him heavenlydreams.2l unfortunately the geology of the oasisdoes not support this association;all its outcrops are of Miocene or younger age.The nearestCretaceous exposures, the youngest rocks in which ammonites occur, are rio miles drstant.2zThis indicatesthat despitethe classical sourcesthe name originated in a generalcontext rather than through occurrencesof the fossilsat Siwa. No meaningful additions to the classicalknowledge of ammonites seem to have been 'Where made prior to the work of the sixteenth-centuryRenaissance naturalists. Ammonis cornu,or one of its variant names,occurs in the medieval lapidariesthe entriesare para- phrasesof Pliny.23Camillo Leonardi's The Mirror of Stones,which in one senserepresents a culmination of the lapidary tradition at the beginningscf the "geological" renaissarlce, contains a description that is strikingly Plinyesque:

. . . Hammonis,is a Stoneof a gold Colour,and is numberedamong the mostsacred Gems. It hasthe shapeof a Ram'sHorn, andis foundtnEthiopia.If a manputs himself in a Postureof Contemplation,it givesthe Mind a Representationof all divine Things.2a AMMONITES: AMMON'S HORNS INTO CEPHALOPODS 3 Agricola's De lt{aturaFossilium2s well illustratesthe effect of the Renaissanceon the geologicalsciences. His mineralogy,based on the physicalcharacters of "fossils",26is free of much of the magical and mythical propertiesand spuriousinformation that character- izesthe earlierlapidaries. Here Ammonisclrnufrom Marienburg is a mineral coveredwith golden armaturct,hard and striated, which imitates a horn.27 Agricola views theseand other stonesas the products of a lapidifying juice, although not necessarilyorganic in nature.28 The lavish useof woodcuts (which had beensupplemented by the useof etchingsafter the middle of the fifteenth century) characterizesmany of Agricola's works; there are some 3oo in De Re Metallicaalone. The use of illustrations for scientific description per- vadesthe treatisesof the sixteenth-centurynatural historians.2eThus the first iliustrations (of varying quality) of many fossils,including ammonires, occur in Konrad Gesner's30 celebratedmineralogical treatise De Rerum Fossilium.Therc is a curious mixture of the organic and inorganic in his rendering of amrnonites. The Cornu serpentisof the four- teenth chapterare describedas Concheaemarinae, stones that imitar. or r.r.rrrble marine animals, along with a fossil fish, a crab (" Pagaruslapideus"), and heart urchins (" Echini marini") that had easilyrecognizable living analogues.Another ammonire is figured and discussedin the following chapter: stoneswhich imitate serpentsand insects.This evolute ammonite,whose coiling type would now be termed "serpenticone",without its wider body whorl and with earlier whorls of rather equal height, must have seemeda perGct petrified serpent to Gesner, and unlike the other conchs which somewhat resembled I'Jautilus.Gesner also describesand illustrates a cidaroid echinoderm as a serpenregg (" auumanguinum"),31 although such".ggr " were correctiyidentified by his "orrt.-por- ary Palissy.32Gesner treats living cephalopodsin the fourth volume of Historia Anima- lium,tncluding in his discussioninformation from the studiesof the FrenchmenGuillaume Rondelet and Pierre Belon, whose ecological view of "poissons" includes these creatures.33l-Jnfortunately they did not discussfossil fish and seemto have hedged on the nature of the fossil invertebratesthey did consider. One of the seventreatises bound with Gesner'sDe Rerum Fossilir,tmis the catalogueof the personalcabinet of Johann Kentmann,34who actually edited the volume. The effect of cataioguesof this type and those of the museumsthat closely followed, nearly all of which included specimensof ammonites, was to popularize the study of lithology throughout Europe during the seventeenthcentury. Fossilscould be cataloguedand pre- servedwith relative easeby the virtuosi, discussedand exchangedwith their fellows, and used to impresstheir friends. Later the fame of ammonoids among the naturphilosophen was suchthat Goethementions them in his geologicaldiscourses and Schiller hashis hero Tell view flowers, rare birds, and ammonites on his pastoral walks (Act. III, iit. Many of the cataloguesof museumsinclude referencesto ophites3swhich were equated with Cornu ammonis.These occur in the literature as early as the fourth (?) century A.D. poem of "Orpheus" on gemsin which the fossilbecomes the vocal stone,the truthful Sideritisor Ophites,containing a soul, round and black, and:

. . . Around its face,in rnany ^ mazybend, Like wrinklesdeep the gravenfurrows trend.36

The poem relateshow the seerfasted and kept chastefor sevendays, then washed the stone, clothed and setit in the shrine,giving it life through incanrarions.Hearing its first 4 AMMONITES: AMMON'S HORNS INTO CEPHALOPODS stirrings, he castthe ophite down and it then gave truthful answersto ali questions,after which it was againbathed and its spirit departed. Ophitesalso are mentioned in the " snakestone" legendsand the name rx'asapplied with equal liberality in the lapidariesto marbles, serpentines,diabases, and basaltporphyries (the latter called tephrias,the modern tephrite), whose spotted surfaceswere so like the mottled skinsof serpents.3TThe ideathat ophitesorCornuammoniswerepetrifiedserpents, perpetuatedthrough British snakestonefolklore, was beginning to be recorded in the sixteenthcentury: ". . . Stonesfigurid like serpentes\,'ounde into circlesfound in the quarreisof stoneabout Cainshamfnear Bristol].":8 rverenoted byJoirn Leland during his travels through Somersetshire.The legends surrounding this occurrenceas related by 'William Camden, who viewed thesefossils as: "...little miraclesof sporting Nature . . . winded round like a serpent . . . But most of them want the head."3einvolve the conversionof a wood full of venomous serpentsby St Kenya'sprayers. Those of Whitby in Yorkshire have a similar expianation; snakesabounding near the cloisterin the seventh century until they were decapitatedand petrified by the efftcacyof the prayers of St 'W.alter Hilda, the Saxonabbess.ao Sir Scott relatestn Marmion(Canto Second,XIII): . . . How of a thousandsnakes, each one Was changedinto a coil of stone, 'When holy Hilda prayed. . . t*;rulJ holvboun d

Tl:rI:";TJ ;'JlHlT To lend the story authenticity, headswere carved on sone specimenswhich were then sold to the curious. One of these,a specimenof theJurassiceoderoceratacean Dactylioceras comnnme(Sowerby), has been in the possessionof the British Museum () sinceabout rBr5.a1This nefariouspractice was not restrictedto the English,for a similarly alteredJtrrassicpsiloceratacean rotiforme Sowerby was acquired by the Vienna in r88o.a2 Fancifui talesof the origin o{ Cornuammonis or ammonitesas they were beginning to be referred to with equal frequency, were popular among the English countryfolk through tire nineteenthcentury. James Parkinson was once shown a snakestoneby the orvner of an alehouscnear Oxford who told him it was originally one of the fairies: ". . . once the inhabitantsof theseparts, who for their crimes were changed,first into snakes,and then into stones."43Another fossilrepresented their petrifiednight-caps (one of the cap-shaped gastropods?).Parkinsorl quotes another curioustale from Richard Carew's Cornwallin which: . . . tlr.esnakes, by their breathingabout ahazellwand, doe make a stonering of blew colour,in whichthere appeareth the yellor,v figure of a snake;and that beasts which are stung, being given of the waterwherein this stonehas been soked; will therethroughrecover. There was such a onebesrowed on me, andthe giver avowedto haveseen part of the sticksticking in it; but Penesauthorem sit fdcs.aa

The real natllre of fossilscontinued to be under heated debate,especially anong that famed circle of learned and ingenious men of the Royal Society of London in the late seventeenthand early eighteenth centuries.Martin Lister commenting on the organic view of fossilsexpressed in Steno'sProdromus in a letter to the Societystates: ". . . these Cockle-like stonesever were, asthey areat Present,Lapides sui generis, and never any part AMMONITES: AMMON'S HORNS INTO CEPHALOPODS 5 of an ."as To Robert Plot, who inclined toward the ideasofhis friend Lisrer asto the production of fossilsin place by a plastic virtue latent in the earrh, rejecting both a diluvial origin and "animal molds", Oxfordshire Cornu ammonisor Ophiomorphitswere: ". . . most probably formed by two salrsshooting fcrystallizing]dift^erentways, which by thwarting one another make a helicalfigure . . .".46 Theseinorganic views of fossils,or " " '' formed " or figured stones (lapides_figurati) as they were most popularly known, drew the cansticcomments of the noted diluvialistJohn'W'oodward,aTProfessor of Physick at GreshamCollege, and the compelling arguments(especially to modern readers)of Robert Hookea8who acceptedfossils as the petrified remainsofpast liG and derided the ideasof a uis plastica and the like. Hooke described Portland ammonites ". . . of a prodigious bigness", discoveredthe suturesrepresented external boundariesof internal partitions, ". and concluded: . . that these Shells [from Keynsham] which are thus spirallied and separated with Diaphragnres,were some kind of Nautili . . ."4s probably exrinc, although they might yet be found in the limboes of oceanicdepths or distant seas.5oIn this Hooke was alluding to the uncertaintiesof Edward Lhwydsl and , who while supporting modified organic views, knew of no analoguesin European seas. Hooke's answer to this objection was detailed comparisonsof the fossilswith living externaily shelledcephalopods before the Royal Society in rd89. Two platesof realistil three-dimensionalfigures of examplesof eachof the above were drawn by F{ooke him- self to convince his audiencethe ammonites had once been alive: . . . Anyonethat will diligently andimpartially examine both the Sronesand Shells,and com- parethe onewith the other,rvill, I canassure him, find ' greaterreason to perswadehim of the Truth of my positionthan any I haveyet urgedor canwell producein Words;no Perswasions beingmore prevalent than those which thesedumb'Witneises do insinuate.s2 orary _Contemp continental virtuosi held at leastas wide a variety of ideason the origin of Conm amn'tonis.JohannReiskes3 believed them to be inorganic. Karl Nicolaus Lang modified Lhwyd's spermaticideas; he describes Ammonites as: " . . . coiled figured ,torr.q convoluted after the manner of serpents,so that their circlcs do not have any point of inception."S4Georg W'edelssand Georg Behrensembraced organic views somewhatlike thoseof Hooke; Behrenssupposing : ". . . the CornuaAmmoni.r, were once real which are now allow'd on all hands to be Stonesof a particular Kind."56 Behrensrelates how the Gandersheimfarmers usedas r,vitchbane: ...afossiieshapedlikeaRam'sHorncall'dDrake[Dragon]-stone...forwhentheCows losetheir milk, or void Blood insteadof it, they put thesi Stonesinto the Milk-pail, and by that meansexpect a due quantityof Milk from thosecows again.sT

The researchesof Behrens's contemporary Georg Rumpf on pearly nautilus, his "Nautilus Major", which he was able to observefirst-hand in EastInJianwaters, contains the earliestmodern descriptionsof its conch and internal anatomy.ssAlthough there are some inaccuraciesin the discussionof the soft parts, the work was unsurpasseduntil Richard Orven publishedhis detailedand beautifully illustrated treatiseon lqautilu5in the next century.seRumpf" " CornuAnrmonis", considered by him a small analogueof the major natttilus, is actually the living Spirula.60Added to the comparisonsof Hooke and Antoine de Jussieu,6lRumpf's studies ensured the acceptanceof ammonites as fossil cephalopodsby the closeof the first half of the eighteenthcenrury. There were of course dissentingconservatives, Voltaire being the most illustrious of these.Vigorously assailing 6 AMMONITES: AMMON'S HORNS INTO CEPHALOPODS the naturalistswho denied his orderly Newtonian world system,to him merely for the sakeof a few shells,Voitairc opposed geologic and biologic change by disputing their identity:

. . . As for the ammonites,known for agesas serpent stones, it wasobvious to him that they werecoiled snakes which hadbeen petrified, or stoneswhich hadfonned in sucha shape.62

Although acceptedas organic by rnost nautralists,the diluvial explanation of the occur- rence of fossilsprevailed until well into the nineteenth century, when the acceptanceof biological and geological uniformity made this and other explanationsLlnrenable. The fundamentalistrcaction to Darwin produced a general ofircer's defenseof Scripturc in which it was hoped that someof the 5oo-oddspecies of ammoniteswould prove to be: ". . . gigantic Planorbi of the primeval forests,they wouid speakvolumcs regarding the Deluge and the comparativelyrecent present garment of the earth. . .".63 During the eighteenth centrlry, with the organic nature of ammonites becoming in- creasinglywell-established, naturalists were giving greaterattention ro systematizingthe potpourri of specieswhich had by then been accumulated.Concepts of " species" varied considerably;estimates of the number of valid taxa varied from tens to hundreds,which resultedin a nurnber of complaints of taxonomic over-refinernentwhich have a curiously modern aspect.Elie Bertrand, after listing the ntrmber of speciesof the various authors (Scheuchzer'stotalled r49), observesthere seemsto be almost an infinite variety. To reducethe confusion,he limits himselfto threespecies based on ornamentation;smooth, striated,and tubercular.64Ideas as to which taxa were valid obviously dependedupon which of the physical charactersof the conch were emphasized.Although Linnaeus placedall of the vulgar Cornnammonis in a singlespecies, Hanrmonites, of the fossilgenus Helmintholithtts,6sone which contained a myriad of other shelledmolluscs and echino- derms, some 3oo taxa existedby the late eighteenthcentury. In proposing the genus 'uvith Ammonitesin 1789for Cormrammonis evolutewhorls, Jean-GuillaumeBruguidre66 was formalizing common practice which also used "nautilus" or "narltilites" for the involute forms. Parkinsonlater suggestedthis usageomitted the so-calledliving xr1r1o- nites (actually foraminifer$ discovered in Italy by Jacob Beccari and Johann Bianch. (JantrsPlancus) early in the eighteenthcentury. He thought Amnronautilusmight be appliedto theseto indicatethey sharedthe charactersof both genera.67 The researchesof Cuvier and Lamarck in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuriesbegan modern cephalopodstudies, briefy consideredhere to r865, the time of the first major fractionalization of the genusAnrmonite.s. Georges Baron Cuvier first used the term "Cephalopodes" at the ordinal level in r798 to join the living forms, then in- cluding the foraminifers, in one higher taxon.68Ammonites and othei fossilssimilar to I'{autilusare discussedunder that genusalthough their definite placein the order remained conjecturalat that time.6eJeande Monet, Chevalierde Lamarck,considered by somethe founder ofmodern conchology, included Bruguidre'sAmmonites arnonq his elevenmulti- ocular univalve "Mollusques Cephales" three years later.7oBy the end of the decade, Lamarck had rearrangedthese and additional taxa into sevenfamilies of polythalamous cephalopods,one of which was "Les Ammon6es";,t h" had early disiinguishedand emphasizedthe sutural differencesbetween ammonoids and nautiioids. Btth he and Cuvier viewed ammonoids asinternal shellsanalogous to Spirtla and not to Iiautilus,an idea later contestedby von Buch.72 AMMONITES: AMMON'S HORNS INTO CEPHALOPODS 7 Additional generawere establishedperiodically during the remainder of the first half of the nineteenthcentury. However, the next meaningful advancein the comprehension of cephalopodsystematics was the recognition offoraminifers asseparate biologic entities. This required the discovery of the presenceor absenceof a siphunclein the shell,or the test,noted by'Wilhelm de Haanand Alcide d'Orbigny in the rSzo's(it was the latter who first used "Foraminifdres"), the unicellular nature of the soft parts, recognized by "nd Felix Dujardin in r835.73 De Haanalso continued the study of suturelines emphasized by Lamarck, proposing a third family, the " Goniatitae" , for forms whose septaledges were simply undulated and angtilar.Ta Perhapsthe greatestcontributions to the study of fossil cephalopodsin the nineteenth century were thoseof Leopold von Buch,Tspublished during the r83o's,which provided inspiration for generationsof later workers. In these,von Buch emphasizedthe distinc- tion between the siphuncularpositions in nautiloids and ammonoids, estabiisheda defi- nite sutural terminology which aided in separatingthe ammonoids into three " sections" basedon sutural configuration, and further divided into fourteen families by conch shape and ornament-a seParationhe felt was gradational. Here are the beginnings of ideas that ammonoid phylogeniesbased on progressivecomplication of sutural patternsmight be usedin chronologies.T6Von Buch's work along with the researchesof Richard Owen, who gave the names "Dibranchiata" and "Tetrabranchiata" to the "naked" and "sheiled" orders,77and thoseof Frangois-julesPictetT8 provided the basicclassification of cephalopodsuntil the r86o's. Monographic treatmerltsof faunasduring the middle nineteenth century yielded a number of new genera, many derived from Ammonites,by then considered primarily a form genus.Yet evenwith all the systematicrevisions, Owen, writing in 186o, refers to more than 5oo speciesof the genus,a number he considersperfectly natural: ". . . The sectionsinto which, for the sakeof convenience,this extremely natural group has been broken up, are very ill-defined and have no pretensionto be considered 'S/hen sub- generic."Te Eduard Suessproposed Arcestes, Phylloceras, and Lytocerass0for someof thesesubgenera, retaining Anrmonitesin a stricter sense,he used conch featuressuch as body length and the nature of the aperturein addition to thosestressed by von Buch. This seemsto havc initiated a large scalerefinement, or splitting depending on one's taxo- nomic philosophf , that was also advocated by Suess'scontemporary Alpheus Hyam, a trend evident in the work of those they infuenced later in rhe century (it would be interesting to trace their "phylogenies"). Ar a result of thesestudies, the conceptsof many genera became increasingly more narrow and Arnmoniteswas no exception. Although it eventually was suppressedfor nomenclatural priority by the International Commission on Zoologrcal Nomenclature in 1954,81the original nomen remains as a prefix in severalsuprageneric taxa and is still the common name for thesefossils. This brief survey of the history of study and developmenrof ammonoid systemaricsto the beginning of the fractionalization of genusAmmonite.s in r865 containslittle material on the many nineteenth-century workers who made important contributions to the knowledge of ammonoids.szTaxonomic developmentsafter the r86o'sare so nunerous, complex, and sometimesslightly bewildering that they, with all posr-Linnaeansyste- matics, easily form the subject of a separatepaper. Pre- and contemporary Linnaean studiesaccomplished the important transition of ideason the nature of ammonites,from the classical-medievalvier,v of them as stones or minerals resembling the Horns of AMMONITES: AMMON'S HORNS INTO CEPHALOPODS

Ammon, with their supposed prophetic powers, through the dragon and snakestone legends and inorganic ideas of ammonites as lusus naturae prevalent in the seventeenth century, to their acceptance as organic remains by the middle of the eighteenth century, and finally, toward the close of that century, the adoption of the rnodern restricted usage of the term "ammonite" for coiled, complex-sutured, fossil cephalopods.

NOTES

1 Oliver'Wendell Holmes' "Ship of Pearl" is well known: This is the ship of pearl, which, poets feign, Sails the unshadowed main- The venturous bark that flinEs On the sweet summer wind its"purpled wings In gulfs enchanted, where the siren sings, And coral reefslie bare, 'Where the cold sea-maidsrise to sun their streaminghair... The remaining four versescomprise an allegoricalcomparison of the successivechambers to the lifestagesofman,untilbothare".. . wrecked. . ."and". . . free. . ."leavingth9'^'.. . oxtgrown shell by life's unresting sea." "The ChamberedNautilus", TheAutocrat of theBreakfast Table. Evcry Man His Own Boswell...The CompleteWritings tf ...Holmes...(New York: Houghton Mif,in Co., rBgz),l: 97-98. 2 The "Ship of Paper" is lessfamiliar: . . . Thus then to Man the views of Nature spake- Go, from the creaturesthy instructions take . . . Learn of the little nautilus to saii, Spread the thin oar, and catch the driving gale . . . Pope.Essay on Man. Ed. by A. H. Thompson (Cambridge: at the University Press,r9r_3), p. 30: Alexinder Pope (1688-rT4+) wrote Essayas a versified phiiosophy treating uneven distribution of happinesson earth. These couplets refer to nature as the only guide of man to deity. The rowing- derived from Oppian's Halieutica,written th" zoologist- sailing qualities of the argonaut were 'With by 'W.. poet in-the late second cenrury a,.o. Oppian . . . an English Translation by A. Mair. 'William (London:' Heinemann Ltd, r9z8), I: 34off Both Nautilus andArgonauta, the only living externally shelled cephalopods(females of the latter genussecrete temporary shellsas egg cases),were known to Atistorle(Historia Animalium,Book 4, Chapter r). 3 These'cephalopodscomprise the modern subclassAmmonoidea. ZrtteI, r884, as used in the Treatiseon InuerteEratePaleoitology. Part K. Mollusca3 . .. Directed urd Edited by Raymond C. Moore. (New Yolk: The Geological Society of America and the University of KansasPress, tg6!): Krz, and thus in l strict nomenclatural sensethe common name should now be "ammonoid". Flowever, the narne "ammonite" long antedates"ammonoid", which is an outgrowth of the recent tremendouselaboration of the classificationof the group. Use of "ammonoid" implies that "ammonite" is restrictedto a more limited grollp, the members of the order Ammonitidt Zittel, r884. As a collectiveterm for all ammonoids," ammonite" certainly haspriority, and at this level- at which the term originally was used-the modern distinction between ammonoid and ammonite is often inconsequential."Dinosaur" has a somewhat cornparablehistory, with certain differences (foseph'" T. Gregory, written communication,Juner967). n K.n r.th O'akley,1965, "Folklore ofFossili part I",Antiquity.AQuarterly Reuiewof Archaeology 39: pl. IIc,d. For the collecting activities of the "paleo"-pa^leontologists,see Raymond_Furon's "Th^e Dawn of Science:PrehiitoricBeginnings", History of Science.Ancient and MedievalScience From the Beginningsto 1450.Edited by Ren6 Taton. Translated by A.J. Pomerans.(New York: BasicBooks, Inc., 1963),pp. 6-7. s As describedin A. Ragout, 1934,"La Grotte de I'Ammonite. GisementMagdal6nien", Reuue Anthropologique r39 (fig. z: zt). The nature of the line drawing makes interpretatio^ndifti9{1. 44: 'An 6Thomis-F. Kehoe, r96s, "Buffalo Stones: Addendum to the Folklore of Fossils"', Antiquity. . . 39: 2rz-2r3. 'tr:i6r'sattg -ELgt'dd '(pr1 ''o3 pue urlprurcry :uopuol) '(assg uV 'suo[q!1 u]a$eg aqa 'pui '?qtf 'uowluy ntldn[ sls:O aqJ 'tz6r- cr.rg :(pl1 peag dapog oql uq_of:uopuol) {o _'om!S .a,ri:3iag '[ueSunlpurqqv edurdifq 2 |tav€irdd or{rsrrorsrgpun aqcsrSolopla] zggr anlv[ wap snv .uryag nz ua{oqtuasslA4rap_auuapziy ua4tuSruoS np uaiunlpuaflV'.,uoturuy saP asBO 'l9gr 'daqlre4 'g 'spnut.rd4 arp pun srq,, osleoes zlg orlt uo sorlrrtosersrr{ roJ IOIeTO ['C 1e1sng] 'orl€3Jo pJ1!\ouersr pur ilase(l ure]salf\ eqt uo s:eded3oJsglunu € ualllr.^&seq dlrs.renruneq] le 'sapmbyuy 'sxsoo inttr"*" -roisa3o:d'd.rq1e1 '(bepg 'sse:4tuourureloC : orrt3) puo,holsrg sU pMS '116r'f,np1eJ sIesarllJo luerer lsour i slooq bunsa.ralurJoraqunu t3o stralqnserll uoeqe^erl PeuIqV'(9tL'6r9ig19 alrero pu"'sseg saurl)sp4g aW'dpeuor sFI uI seuegdotsr.rydq pareclPulsV rr 'puores eql uo u,lf,ol tmr5 'qodo;ce 'rur.rnqSy '3uo1 auotsorurlo.^$ arlt auo uo tlng era/Kaloero put eldrua; sayu 5[ aurossose o Jo Jo 'd.rntue: 'saua1ic11 dno.r8r diienre srrlnrs qluoelxrsllt ol .ror:ds:aq:eg aqtJo rlelr?ruesoql sI PUB '(srup4yo aqr or runruoruruy sr purl) rue-ta1aSse suend,(3g eql o] u ^'ou>ls?.4 . I{8./\^.lS ro e^\rs rr aqtrotsaw'r ,sa1p!n aLrtwou,dnrl,-i!,,"forll'ilt:)i,",$'E Tulttli:+,3Ttl -"r oLItJo.rrIZIA,,se astn8 ffi?*:;Y"sILI suollulu ..r3y1lul_a:r_dsuoruvJI,, relnd-odaqi pr{o^a.irl{^ ,,r:o-.l 'eldoed eq] urelle pals""i[ aqr dq pa,ro1-11arwsE.^ . eri'srrrsgyo &r.rtlndod tou pry T*Y q3nory1Y 'tzt'd '(ssa.r43tl.4A, s.uorle{ aI{I :oPerolo3 's11t11ueipu1)'u13no41uraPory 'es?qrreqlltcsrpreloseql pua{arpguwfl,?g'956r'lcrrvr.uogsaurrf gt_I.^rlo5oseurnld fiel o.^.] dq der urplo8 e Sur.rrezw'eateo8cruoe.reqd 3uo1.aqr pu? qo€r?tld8uru8rar srrnttg eql feddot 'ueru 'Jlo.ro 'sru.ro3?rpJo qli^ rr*neruos ernl€ru u? se peluese-rdardlensn s€IA.unruy dleur 3o.Po8 V gotrcid'(ssar4 o8errq3 3o dtrs.ra,rruqa{I : o8t:rq3)'amty) 'fi,{8g '{6t 'uosir7y1'y arg drue11 wqd,6E Tuanuy{o-crsstlo uo4aptdta1ul uy {o uaptngaq1 uqof pur: PO}se seruef3o s>lro1!r aqt eeslsrsrSolordd8g dutru dq pecerr ueag s?q ern8g snlt Jo asrre{I zr 'utp.iof3o 'ugruruy ruopSury otrtueqstH eql Jo ltrrder urePou Jo ells 3I{l ,erqdlaptfir{d;alri 'uoruruy-qtegqe1 'urop8ur1 sr Ietldeo osoq^r f,I]rruas tuelfut u€ Jo eru€u 3t[1s?,rrr osl€ uoturuy Jo uotuy '(6PaleaJuo3,,Jo st sI pue uoruou _letlgig e ses.readde ,,uePPFL, Pel€lsutrl 'LH|] 'uor_u_Y.'uetuy'uttury arueur.lf qdd18o:arqor{t ruog iuoruruy uroJ rlsself,aql ro n '6zr-gzrdd'(Oggr'roiqunpl pue roprmq uo,r Srpen :8rzdre1)' ' ' arydofiolg aUrsflae auraanSllyeqt ul pagrrsrP ere.stserrttilOPr.^. ',(rnluef, srg .er-radorsofS S.rngaunl arlt uo osrlrarl u.^&orDl-raltagt€q.^latuos B etorl\ osp qtuael '8:nqaunl'.rerutery; -ualos erpJo .ralrrnb lirl eql Surrnp pu" tt ersturud3Jo roJ]e-[ ieltngua3io4[:Lzz-t'gr'dd '(699r 'FalPu[ pue rsqernieu'(rotr-tigli a1sre1 illrrnew r3ut331o4ysngrrdung ' ' 'sruu4dag 'II Mulso'lmJ aprnpN aaurypdoaT :ee3.req.ui.roN)" lssqi] luiv _snuuv aprm)ae xlorndru1 aznLnpwv uminruetutat unfir$,{q4-oryary wnyuawaqdEanls psolrn) pauulP)stw ul ' ' xipuedde .tr se per"edde qrrq-la.(.' tu?urruou ur3tsuaJerq o31n,ruranb.'aprdel srsuarulatlsraPut3 'lun:gcozr 'sruoturu?H le ru?snqsun:gr:3y seJala1ponb nrlro3 oP €tn^rld-oJrJolslH oIlEIfrJxE,, s.e1sia1rrueqof srsetruoururc aql Srnu.raruoospue8ei pue sa8esn'sut8r:oSuqte:l {.1^.roftru dpo 's.rotclcuetuou eqt-,sa:ua.rayeicrqdr-rSouoru troqs pelEosr pul? pue saueuorl3lPitcrSolorcdro ^\aJ 'selunlo^ € rII $rr]ue utrll Jar{lo Jerelar{]Jo eulos sezIJslseJ?IICleql uoIlElIJtISs?lJJo1\\3IA3J i?JlJolsnl '''aslpa.tl e3o de^,rnoqr uI eirrq sur"tuoo(/56r) arllJo (eeprouoruqV) I tto4 o, ?snllory_'-I',r.2] 'ntaqru?rl3 slnoT dg uouSr,ry tB serur. ur arvuuotqtcI Per{sqgnd [r '(i9f 'leuld er{t uortrpe €9lr taqroug 'psrantuSlanb6o1op,(t6 ailouuolplcI sTeltrt-Jl?rl aga t Jo ' 1a ,:onmf osso1;ar.rerd zaq3 :-edrg eT yL'. saflssoflsay ailpuuolqlo s.Puerlreg IeFr?C ' ' Psraolun iglE p"" (onLt ':' rregrer.lc5sruueqofeeuro{I srddt :ruepegl' rtlloPuautoNwruo1omfig ur,Plde7 :ii irtoin3 ot&oloqtyyorydofiar:gi.:ezqrnaqc5 goctfrrueqof ruo.rydp.ierur-rd pa,u.rap sr.sruduoul.s 's.radrl oqt ut sa\lpounuv ro etruorurrre3o lsrTsrqa ot raJel s1xa1dSolooz lelerperu pu€ Ief,Iss€ll ,si1rpowtuf,allpouttuy 'spodorqJ€rq surret aq-1, lrssoJe.rar\t apuuouo apqJu-o) is:1co.r cpgosrd .ro rllrToo 'sa1ruowury 'salnuwy 'sJer{lo or iryr, dierrunl:o3rm pu€ Jo sa\uuapH Suoure 4lFpZ prrc'utotynalg ,utoqtaaqtg'uratsualautltg 'utoqtaqaxz 'ua$u?xpotq's\odawnvag'nr1aq aPaurcJ'uotuuty,p autoS'auols 's1\uadns eurrued.rai'euo1s ruadjes 'auots aleus ndo-1's1ruadtasnuuoC'wnapldol nuroC'snapdq sndtag ,saplolqdo'satrlqdtoutotqd6'sallqdg'sa\ruoutwos,{n13'satlysthq3'saylolata3'aur1u.owluY':!iolstuottttuv ,nuowwoqonut'o)'pnuiot stuouuupH'nuJoisluou.nuv'stuotutt'te nutoJ ePnllur sruduouds aI{J 6 'Srd ''qt'do'Le11egI"".* , 'S :(z) Z9 :roruayq'(ts6r'err:auy3o 'tr&o1otaoap4'z t(,Eo1otgauupry uo asqoaq dtercos lrorSoloeg aql :IroI ^rN) ue(I'r("&o1onoap1puo .,,uortrnporr.ti,, 'S 'S s,ppe1ui peonpo.rdarppBT due11 ol uonef,runulruof,Ieto aPrsoo1 u{of z SCOdOfYHdAf, OINI SNUOH S.NOtrAtr}\trY:SAIINOWY{V 10 AMMONITES: AMMON'S HORNS INTO CEPI{ALOpODS Many are the miraculous tales of the origin of the oracle and the nearby Fons Solisfrom such heralds as Herodotus, Solinus, Servius,and-Diodorus Siculus.The earliestrecords from Siwa are from the sixth-century Twenty-sixth Dynasty, by which time the parent Theban oraclear Karnak had declined to such a degree that it possessedneither major religious nor political significance (Breasted,op. cit., p. 478). rs Fakhry, op. cit., p. 44. 16 Alist of thesereads iike a classical"'W-ho's-'Who" including Hcrcules, Perseus,Serniranris, Croesus,Pindar, Lysander,Pausanias, and Hannibal (Parthe;r,op. iit., pp. r56fi and Fakhry, op. cit., pp. 2s-4s)- 17Described by Flavius Arrianus, Anabasis.III 2ff. 18 For a discussionof the varied legends,including the Arabic Iskanderdhulcarnein, see Harold Lamb'shistorical novelAlexander of Macedon.(New York: BantamBooks, Inc., r955),pp. 2gt -2g4. 1e 'W.alters, H[enry] B. 1926,Catalogue of theEngraued Gems and Cameos creele riri'tri,i o,td-Ro,,,o,,, in theBritish Museum. (london: Oxford University Press),pp.J_3{, 34r. Seealso Charles'W.. King, fi66,The Handbooko-fEngraued Gems. (London: Bell er-Daidy),p. 366,fig.38. Horns of tlrl, sort continued to turn up -in variotts associationsand locations. the Sassanidiavairyof Shapur II, who opposedthe armiesof the FmperorJulian in the fourth cenrury A.n., bore them on theifielms (5i"*, op. cit.,p. 16z).One tradition tracesthem from the Kushite'Twenty-fifth Dynasty, throueh the Nubian Coptic kings, to the paraphernaliaof dre sixteenth- and sevenreenrir-cenlu.r'Fuis, Empire centeredatSennar on the glue Nile. A horn of the goat with whose milk the CreranLu-o[ Amilthea nursed Zeus,later broken by him, becamethe le"gendary Cornu copiae,and is t..;ll'.i 6y glttt Arnaltheasde Montfort, r8o8. Thomas Bulfinch, rg;4, . . .'Mythologi. The Age o_fFable . .'. (N.ry York: RandomHouse, Inc.), p.r46. Many gcnericnames bear the sufirx"cJrast'from the Greek root for "horn". Otlrer ammonoid.generic names also have Hellenic etymologics; 'Waagen, 1869 is derived from Aries, the Ram of the Zodiac. HoplitesNeumayr, r875 honors the formldable Gieek heavy.infantry. The brazen luster of pyritizedammonoids'gives them an armored appearance, termed armaturaby the medieval miners, a name also given to fault slickensidesas reibrded by Agricola. 20 Gaius Piinius lecun{us(ca. 7T ^.o), . . . Natural History. With an Inglish translation . . . by D. E. Eichholz . .. (Cambridge,Massachusetts: Harvard University Press,{962), ro: 3or (Book 3f, Chapter 6o). It seemsPliny is having his readerson here, as the nexr sentences'referio th" rvbiili. ability of hyena stoneswhen placedqtd.l a rnan's tongue ". . . if wc are foolish enotrsh to believe such a thing." He is more discerningthan he is sometiniesmade to appear;see his .o-ir.nt, on the origins and properties of glossopetraein Book 37, Chrpter 59. 21 GaiusJulius Solinus, The Excellentand PleasantWorke CollectanaaRerum Menorabiliutn. . . Translatdefrom the (t557) by Arthr Colding. (Gainsville, Fiorida: Scholars' Facsimilcs & Reprints, rgjj), Chapter39: "Of Affrick. . ." Soiinuscontinues: ". . . Also thereis a Tr6e called Metopsout of ylhich floweth a ciammy gumme, which of the placeit commedr fro, wc call Arn- moniack" (Golding, ibid.). Pliny (Book 3r, Chapter 39) mentions sal-hammoniacumnear rhe oracle,where its bulk increases yith.1,hewaxing moon. SeeHerbert Clark and Lou Henry Floover, tg5o, CeorgiusAgricola. De Re Metallica...(N.* York: Dover Publications,Inc.), p. i6o, nore 8, for theielatioln of thescto ammonium chloride. The De Natura Animalium of Polyhistor's contemporary Claudius Aelianus contains only dre living cephalopods. 22 In the Bahria [Baharia] Oasis.They alsocrop out near the FarafraOasis further south, and jurst west of the Giza Pyramids. Rushdi Said, 1962,-The Ceologyof Egypr. (Amsterdam-Nerv york: E-lsevierPublishing Company) ,ftg.?,facing p. z4.TheCarte_G6oiogiqtieInternationale de L'Afriquc (Echelle r: J.ooo.ooo,1278 195) shows only Miocene rocks on the-Libyan Plateaubcrrvecn Siiva and.Cyrene (now Shahhat). There are two smallish Cretaceousexposures shown some 5o miles southwestof Cyrene. 23 George.Slton, . 196r, in his Appreciationof Ancientand MedievalScience During the Rertaissance (tqSo: t6oo).(N.y York: A.S. Barnes& Co- Inc.),p. 78,views theNanral Histoiy as". . . one of the most influential books ever pubiished. It was tire favorite scientific of medieval tlmes.'- "n.yclop.iia 2a The Mirror of Stones:In Which the Nature,Ceneration, Properties, Virtues and uariousSpecies of '.(e3u?ssleueu ' ',, ' 'JBIoqJs rnn se.^a Jgrluarls Jr{fJo slutlS ei{l Jo ouo' sruJeluolJes PU8,,' IEsJO ' ',, 'q:\rIZ e lsoruF ' sll€f, sEog luorlff\-'sr?loqfs-lslueulnq Jo reqloue le dqdos IieH 1lr:W'(s99r-9isr) 3q1 -ollrldJo rossaJordpur u"ptsLqd [sn:auseg]reus3c (snperu_o3.'pt:uo3)P?ruox 0s 'Sg-t E'dd'(656r'sso:6 ursuorsr4f 'rle8elS dg pelrpE 'a:raztrs '{'rc1s19all u! swalqucl 3o'',,of,rrcssreue1 dtrs:a,rtull :uosrPery) IIBr{sr?W to lorqltJ f,rJrtuarrsoril ur ilY aloU eW,, t,",*il1l-*.S ep or3;org dq padolaa'ePsr serun Jo '95r-tSrdd'(t9Or ''ru1 'qoog esarltm ilcJo arurlrodrul erpJo /v\orlreqlouy rrs€g :lro1,1aeN) . . .'sueraruba.f.V Lq parrpuerl'uoleJ gue1 dg'''perpfl'009r ot oSbr utotg'iluaos uraPow .iluaDs 's1:ort eql oq,/!t rtql esoqr -[o s\uruu&agaqJ {o r(.rc1sg1ur .slsrFrnrcu P€ttrlsnlll Pe^\olloJ aql €.nziseqdur: ',,f,3o1oo7 UV,,.rePun dtuntleq pue r]rr^ €p pur relncJo suonnqr.rtuoJ lue 'ssr :d '(tsat 'ssai4 dlrs.ra,uull euerpul:uolSurutoolg)-' ' ' iluossffiuad i""a'dquorimxrp g-g "ql roJ arueuodur :rarp sasrseqdueuotres )qti1 iutrig {t hW'.s7uy14 rls q i.rrprr.r ur}ef-uou 6z 'ig.d ''7n'do)rfi:;lttt.il"Lil-r1'Jtt puesualsapdol swtnserrr Jo seoprs.?rocr:By ssnrsrp (r arou ('oo'd ,-p!q! ,rlpurg pur dpurg) 'etntxal pue Jolot euts oql ucla ruroJ aruts srll srq serurlouros Pue ' ' ' tr eprsurpur eor r{srJ ecue:eeddeoqt_srq 1r rcrlt retrueru e r{fns ur Purs ulo;3 PeruroJ Jo 'splouorurut : (6 erou ees) onrTosrdJo f,rlrloo ot tn9 ot reJerlou ssoPsefueluas 1co: 'sISsoJ Surpaecrnsr.p .tr sailuotuutoJouorssnf,slp eql Pirt s{lor,':l?rrultu PeroPlsuofzlr'ou spaho '66-96 'dd ''lts'rlo 'dpueg sepnlrur dpnroe ir-,q sossnrsrp>iooq r{Ug eqa pue dpueg ,, ..rr,rols,, '(€96r 'sser4

EruroJrTeCJodlrsre-tru6y : da1eryeB)'spuaSmqmtA4 aarydofioqt17 s1q 3u1ac1 ntuuaEl rupPVmawoPUitvg trito1giuiiT ar11"pui*a1;a8uriag aqtJo 8rn11a.r'erunInJrolstru s,Jlo^ol6'f ierueq pur "lrtoAiitq{o cql Suunp s^!el^ U .ui1.yq3o suoq€louueeqt q polunorer dlSurua.nrpare ds.raa.o.rtuo) PIeq "qripr'tr"ir,{i jo-d*W'd:nruer rp.r""lq€tr elpplru aql pa^loser tou st1s.I{rir{,ll uonsenb erlljo llun 'u1\t irp" qlo.ifauoddns uoru peuffel oprcuoe1Jo erull aql uorC ou>lIIrl\^' sI slrssoJJot]lttl crut8;o ..ii areqep Slol erlJ or.r5rsrqe.rd sart.rl ro suleruar.aqr or paqdde /puase:d Ai""irruof, "oJII 3o sr rurat er{t sr slrsso3tou p_ueslror ro sleraulurdlpnrre era^\ r{f,ll{1\\3o^.(ueruiqr.rea aqr uo:3 8np ratllo e1ocr.r8yfq pasn$ rcafqo'.i.rrgr.tnry) due or pSrnjr.r srriSopr5.ttrud:nlua>qlueexrs pu" ,,llsSoJ,,gz " ' ' ulzlpaw^yun ualtn4tsuasnnrnryNtap mprauT ailPryrsa.Jrnz al?J:ag t Uru Pun 'dd . .e1ocr:8y Sroag '_'_',,'gzfr, '.re1poelsrur?Clsulg osp 33s!(tx-,r "lp .,.Irr1K-pun uaQaT. :hr) ,10"t- .dd ;:ry .do) uoueg 'errogeeql punoJ eg Leru eloor:3y 'srrqd"rFoiq,'"i.fH p.r"'rr^n oo11 i,"r II 'Gt6t 'e "zi 'ert:auty dranog p:rSoioag er{J :lroA n\eN) 3o uo.1g ) nde4 prcad5 3o 1 . . .uffiltssol-plnJol{ ae se ,(pueg 'y ueaf p""^'O dq partput.rr (,{;loprtilia So'amoqtxaa) IrEW useg srq 1I . . . utw\aup.ualqnsslsngJ p ryto ,c' s? s>lrol\\r3lre3 s.?loJlrtsvJo .InoJsePnl3ul l?ql 'drnluar orunlol olloJ e ur r q pi.{{lg" d sentrurultssol oMtDN aq' rlfueelxrsagr Sur.lnpsuollrP,Erl 9iS 'duoxeg ursrue prrer?loqrs-rrrue*nq'"qi"lo 8ur8;aru tslg eqt sdeq:adsr ur:eeubua 'uenrsLgd]gr;o.eldsexa '(SSSt-t6tr) 3rlr{*'pue ,tsrBoloaS'lsr8o1e.r5unu raneg 3.roca tY4 r, Pautouer'('gLtrdd ''pn! .srurpy)l.3o1e.reunu '69r-5Sr eloq,^.er{iJo uorssnrsrP e Pu? IPrcuorf uo slueruruo3.ro3 l?^erpourJo 'stuans 'lS6t .dd '('cu1 'suorterqqndre^oq :{ro1 -,rleN) pt3o1oa3 ary{oNxdoPNQ PUDqulg aq1 .suepV 'xapry e dltnruc,ra qlrnl{f, aql o1 trueql8ue uos,^.?C {u€:g xS eqt ur aceld tI prrlrte Pue era/\\ arr;nlol 3lpq:elndod snlt ur saJrnoslrqcry ruory p3^rrrP slurrurlels Pue s"ePI3r,[]Josruos .sl?rrurul aq] uI eq ol suosssl Puc sre,^AoclIesIPOu PII8 f,Ilueul PunoJ 'aporslrylEroru -orfoeu qty!\ prllg ,r rorriy1,r1a't ir"ptde1tai1.d erll31If rau? sefroJ sl:npo:d l€IisolrlJo'ser-reptdtl urarll sr3prsuorpu? uoqseJ orll ur dlerrregeqdp sauotso8z etuos sl?3rl rH Iruorlrprrt -i.,tos 'rp:tuoa1 aql'jo Lz p3tltlsuof 'oresr4 uelcnLqd i?^erpaur pur lerrssell snourrJ tsour io '(n{ll9 ruePr^tc 13erlseues urnior?C pndv :srsr.rr4) 'spnuol(Ipo Mnpldo7 unnpaps utntdasro unrllPlayTy uraflag olqtodw'{S . . ' uonrpe orgr eql 'uolwlsutrl slrt uI sr zoSr Issarrv lnJ wnpldn-Iwnlntadg _sl Peilnuo Jo.uolllPa tsrg oqrJo piiql ur u€uleeu'f :oy peluud :uoPuof) [snour Tooq "qa"orrd'(ogl,i't-aa.rls-taa1g'o6ng 'ftnwoltto 'asS1 -driouyi'1t'liS,tfl ilut'prpjtrr4 t1t{ mo61 tasazJ oi toqtnv aqt ,{qPaw)ryaQ n ,[4rsorm3)oi nqlta waqi asoLprndo7m'r(1tu1C puv ,hyqoyl arytoi fiq'Lltaql u! aPou_oqmsluvq)nW-Puo ,sa)npd"p-I'itr11i*a[oTiptotor'asS154u{rl{oasiuatlV'CI'W^'snprouoaTsnlllwo.2,{g""4a'snuSoYy ':sn 'snto{orsi'r{.ur1d 'apotsrty 'rya{taymo3 snurqly ripur*)ly irys,{uorq {o sytofuI ary uol'yaporixg uto{pay ary qnn7uyslpoi yup'ssauaumua1naql anoil ol nrcq'PPgaqj utotJp.oo2 a4-1 nx0u4 ol saln}{ 'piqtusap an ;sauolsaro.t ptw snon;ud'slamaf ruatafiy ooz uvqt arow ,tttit -fu1f"i ulrlrrt otlv ,{.ptuus1p TI SCOdO'IVHdAS OJNI SNUOH S.NOWWV :SSIINOWIAIV 72 AMMONITES: AMMON'S HORNS INTO CEPHALOPODS primarily a botanist, but is best known for his momentous zoological compilation HistoriaAnima- lium,foarvolumes ofwhich were publishedtnZirich during r55r -r558 andihefifth, posthumously, in 1587. The-encyclopedisttraditions were continued by-the indefatigable Gesner]caled Plinius germanicus,who, together with the noted Ulisse Aldrovandift5zz-fiJ) provided a polyhistor of natural history, albeit somewhat fanciful, from Aristotle to iheir time.'th"ir partic- 'Willyvolurries ire ularly valued.for their observations outside the classicaland medieval texrs. Ley, 'Werk palionto- logist and rocketee_r,wrote a short biography ". . . Konrad Gesner,Leben und .' . .t' Brit ag, zur Ceschichteund Literatur der Naturwiisenschaften und Medizin . . . Heft, ryf fi (Mtinchen, r9z9). SEe also Sarton,Appreciation, p.ro6, and Henry Morley, 196r, "Conrad Gesne{', Toward iiodcrn Science.Studies in RenaissanceScience. Edited by Robert M. Paltner (New York: The Noonday Press),II: 9o-n4 31Conradi Gesneri, 1565,De Rerum Fossilium,Lapidum et Cemmarummaximi, fguris E simili- tudinibusLiber: non solumMedicis, sed omnibus rerum Nahtr(rc ac Philogiaestudiosis, ,tiTit to iucundus- fut.urus..(Tiguri:[Apud Gesnerum]),p. t6g verso.De Rerum Fossiliunrlsthelast of the eight works on mineralogy bound asDe Omni Rerui FossiliumGenere, Gemmis,Lapidibus, Metallis, et liuiusmodi . . . (Tiguri: 1565-1566).The fossil rendered on page 6r in the chapter speculating*p"e"on brontiae and cerauniaemay alsobe a seaurchin. The ammonitesin questionare illustiated on rO4 and paec t68 verso,resPectively. The figure on page 165may be-anautiloid or a large planisiiral gastr.p#. Nummulites from the Paris Basin are first describedhere; foraminifers weie considerJdmiirutc cephalopods until the early nineteenth century. tt.Fo.t Palissy's(r5ro?-r_5_9o) organic view of fossilssee Aurdle La Rocque's excellent amotated translation of the Adnirable Disiourses... [r58o] (Urbana: Universitybf t[itroi, Press, rgs1), especially his introduction. 33The ...Libri De Piscibus Marinis, in quibusue.rae Piscium ffigies expressaesunt... [zv. in rl (L^ugduni:Apud Matthiam Bonhomme, r5j4-r55s) of GuillaumeRondelet (r5o7-r566),'professor of anatomy at Montpellier,-includes excellent naturalistic illustrations of squids, o-topijand the argonaut, and one of the earliestfigures of a dissectedinvertebrate, ar." or.liin (Rondeiet, ibid., p. contemporary SzB):4s Pierre (Petrus)Belon [Rellonius]$5t7-r564), botanist and zooiogist, wlio worked with the noted (*hg 4ro taught Gesner),and travelled extensivJly in the serviceof FrancisI, publisheda number of"ichthyologiial" and ornithoiogical works b"t*..n r55r and r 557 -containingat times equally fine figures.' . . .-ne aquatilibus,Libri truo,cum eiconibus ad yii in ipsorumffigiem, quo/ eiusferipotuit, expreisis.(Parisiis: apud C["rolum]. Stephanum,r jJ3), p. :Br flnot seen,there is also a r55z editiol printed by Stephan]coot"ins a descripiion and itii"t."tio" of the conch of Nautilus,first illustratedby Belon tnL'histoiie naturelledes estrairyes poissons marins, auec uyie \ Tseinctu.re& descriptiondu Daulp,hin,E deplusieurs autres de son espece,ibtirrrc po, PierreBelon du Mans... . (Paris:De f imprimerie de R. Chaudiere,r55r) [not r..o]. - Sarton (op. cit.,pp. 55-60) emphasizesthe originality of Rondelet and Belon's observations,lisrs their works, and gives.shortbiographies. Their work much advancedthe narural history of thesc though 3tt1-?1t,_1yen their comprehinsion of order within the groups doesnot equalAldiovandi's. In Italy, Hippolito Salviani(t5t4-r572) was studying MediterraneariandAdriatichsh and published Arpa.tiliumAnimalium Historiae in r ss4. SeeEugene W. Godg" r, 1934," The five great natirralistsof the sixteenthcentury: Belon, Rondelet, Salviani,Gesner and Aldrovandi: a chaptErin the historv of ichthyology", Isis22: zr-4o. For additional detailsof their contributions seePaul Deiaunay, r;62, La zoologie-ause,iziime siicle. (Paris: Hermann) *d GeorgesPetit andJean Thiodoriddi, r9Oz, Histoirede-la zoologie d,es origines aI innd.(Paris: Hermann), pp. z53-275. Naturalism in the illustration of iiving cephalopodshad ippeared as early as the work of pier Candido_(Petrus_C_andidus)Decembrio [Decembrius] (r399-r+zz), *hore figure of the common squid Loligo published in r47o is shown in Alistair C. Crombie, t959, Medid,al andEarly Modern Scicnce.VolumeI. Scienceinthe MiddleAges:V-XIIICenturies.(NewYork: Doubleday &iompany, Inc.), pl. XUII.

loJoh"tttt I(entmann (r5r8-r574), physician of Torgau, \,vasauthor of two titles in Gesner's voiume; l{omenclaturaeRerum Fossilium, que in MisniapraTcipue, et in aliis quoqLteregionibus inueniuntur contains.the descriptionsof some r,6oo specimensin hf cabinet(Jahn and woolf, op. cit., pp. 166-167). 3s the Greek.tog! Qghis; {ot serpentor snake,suggests an associationwith the ancientEgyptian sacredfestival of Opet held during the Nile flood wf,en the image of Amun traveled upsrreail hom 'spuoserosaq'1 uorssnf srp ro "*:rT"; g; ..i 1i.l.]*jul"# ' ' ' 'V'W'aIqA4lr1i, ii", peiuird :uopuol) 'srar{to prre ' ' ' terruo€l'f 'Edg so]ouq]rdt TtaQ[D'na;gaqt ,{g 'autnoqlag.{o saqmbuuypuo ,{"rcqsry1f)rn:rrl\I aLIJ ot atou e uI pelreserd oslesr pue8al eLual4 rS erlJ '(6Ll 'd 'uosqr.g) 'idols "4t'do e.rrgsqorulf rn uogarls 3o a8ely,r erll r€3u .rt13ro a1l dn p,lloJ seuolsto'sa1rqdg dutru 1ea:3t ' ' ',, ttr{t sotouosl€ uspur?J '9zt :6 nuans ..'Sluad:as 'prtru.pooz1 '1-'d3o1oa3 spuuy',,gzLt-gtSr ol Puelaf ruoq I{sRIrg3o ssar3o.r4dpeg agl,, lb'€56r 'rouriler{f, u.lofdg petonb ar€ uorllpa srq] ruo5 spue8eldqti.l1n Pu€ u?qsuday eqr Surqr.rrs -ap saSessed 'aru ot olg€Ie^" tou se^rpu€lloH uoruallqd dq uonrpe url€f qtua^asal{tJo uolttl ",{J -srrert orgr or{I 'rarlss{l sarurf doqqqrllry papnlrur spuargJo elf,rlr asot{.^ 'd:tnbnue pue u?rrotsq 'd.reg^,rne51 ueqreqezTll1pol€rqalaf eqr '(tzgr-rSSr) uepurt3 rueqlldt dq (lSSr runqdppe11 :a4 :rurpuol) ' ' ' olldlnsapotqdofioroqJ aprulbyuootultur xa Mnquilolpewnnysu7 n'auutaqlH'apyns 'aoq&uy'wntouSatwnnw$sxtuatod amg 'ptuuotxtgs" paqsqqndts:5 s€./yrtI 'p{^.lf p:e,tpE1Lg dueru 'lxel '(SO9r'"'Pt"{ leurSuooril ot suortlppesnoreurnu suretuoJ uorlIPO s.uosqrg.doqslg'zL,'d -rprnr{C 'V 'J s.ln?dlSJo Pu3-lsal[t or{1w urof,rull eq] 1?ell"1(S roJ'surTIoC ^q Perqrd :uoPuoT) ' ' 'uosqrC ' 'tlslpuE 'aruuagug prmrupi1 dq peqsqqnd' oru! parylsupit ,(.1mau slapwa7 6t 'pu?lef uo s3lou ol uorlrppe q told puc uepru?J Jo sor{rte1suor{s srnetuof,osle ralr?l ar{t : (UUf asorulrrd tt srail€lft p.rempE1dg peqsqqn4 pue palurrd :uopuof) 'sam1ua3 qluaalqSlgyup qtuaaruanag'qrtaa$ts aqi sarnnbquy qsq7uE to (rerptelJ aq1 'lt6r':elp7y1 'g 'H pw (zt Lr'a8e11o3.uortrre 'aro4 gdesofpue '1.rn1rT q '[p"" '[ -rog'ssa.r4 uopuerel3 arlt te patuud :p.ro3xg) 'sauryoAomJ uI ' ' ' stado4pu6u6 tuotg'srtorln1gtl(I yuo stuuur1,7anlltadsat naql lo runonv ?pquaqflpuV ry!fu1!poo4y1 a ,{,uoqluVpuo'au.rvag sawotlJ 'pugp7 uqo[ salnnbryuVtuautwa asoqt {o sanrl aqJ [s.uoue4q seuro{J piie proJseppnH rut{[7y1] aes 'srolqep srq ar? told trego1 pue ueptue3 ruelllllx\ qtog :ser:enbqueSurpaeccns dutru pa:rdsur 'uoueru:o3rrr '>1.rorrt '6i'5 Jo ernru algetrra^ e srqa r ur epg rqof dg ,, pa8:e1uesuoda::tpep ,, qll^a pagsqqnd pue r ur d.rue11or ryr8 s(r?a1 ^\eN sepaluasa:d a:em 'passedaq gcrqn q8no:qi strurf, 9tg " -e:d erpyo d.rotsrg ar{luo suorlelresgoSunneluoc 'qc:ees slr{Jo stpsa, tqJ 'serlrnbrtue8q[d Iernleu '(" '{ '1on]71 -uror pue sxel tuerrueroJ sarrergrleql Surqrreasruop8ur{ eqr g8no;ql pelo^erl : [r 'udelog puo 'il '7 s1to4'rhonu1ryrryJ 'rprrus) .prig s,pre/\\p1[errrlrdJo uoISEf,f,oeql uo opo ue pue auuv uontuoJof, arll roJ ser$Ip sesral 3lor,^a 'll?Pn s?lotlJrN glr.nt 'oqm '111n druell jo Jo PrrE 'tord '(o16r 'pt1 'suog sarrergrf arltJo .radaa;4pue d:enbnuy s.8ury1(zSSr-29oSr)put1e1 pu? ileg '[a8roa]g :uopuol) 'qlFus rmxlnoJ donl dq parlpe 'l' ' ' sap714puo puapuE ur ,{nnur11sfuop'I ' ' ' g 3o S arunlo1] IX puo'X'XI s7to4'ef r-Se9r sna,(.atp ruoqo rc ffi puop'I uqofto ,(nnuq7 aqJ et '.ra11?laql roJ rryeeds :eprrt.red e Sureg souqdayaqt 'sarrgel?us pue sar{lep?atl alerlal or rqSnoqr il€ ero^\ d",{I'rr :ardeq3'9t >1oogur..s3lgJ?ru,, eSor{t seqlrJsep durld re 'Sgt e8edruo5 sI ereq pelonb a8tssedeq1 'g6t-SLt'dd'(dpleqpue 'sppry iieg :uopuol) snona+Iaqtrlo pua'suta1 prw sauotssnonat1{o'utapo1y 't{tolsrg '8ury '711.'O yup xuapuv p)n:rrN aql :q1'99gr dq dre:rrua s}r ur uenr8 q put d.rntuac 'u1!rom[un r{tJle/lu eqt ur poronb tsrrJ se/v\tI sr uor]rsodruoo s.rueod aqt Jo et€p tf,?xa a{I oe 'sttrqdnutor4doput 'saploqdo'sa1n1doperuJal eJa.ll.selruouiure d:nluef, rpuealualesaql uI'6rroJIepoFIdO,, poll€J a:e.t\ "aunuege 3ur:np slued.rasuolre of,uoal?q ol pasoddnseJe-l. oq.l.'sutlrtdg orll pu? ,.saue8orqdg,, '(ro9 'd ''p!U 'lasdoa) ara^\ se>ltusJourog uaur d1:rlruls ,,Htoot suo8e:q EJo s?ll€d,(g eptru aq or pTesse- . oq,ru.'saqaqJJo Jsplrnq? pue 'snrupe33o uorurdruo: r 'uorqdg ' ' ',, rol sreJsr's1sr1t:n1tu ' ' rarllo pu? reuse3 s8urlr.r.tnerll uoTpailor e '(p;e88ef ru?{lllN dq p.t.ttrd :uopuol) ' 3o Jo 'gogr 'gasdol samparJ Smau aaloogyueasa4a'tg'vuadng {o auo$tH aLlJ prtl\\p['ueru roJ PIeq {o 'prq.roru 'uorJtuIJSEJ ,,suo8t.rp,, pur se{€uslrqr seurrtaruos orll .^.oqsosle spua8el{eorC d1:tg '(ln11 'C :uopuol)'pnarpayaTyup lualuv'sutvwad nrtlJ pup slxtsou7aqa'Lggr '8154 'lA.'O eos 'u?nsurl3 pu€ ue8e6 qtoq's1eu-rrlxaur pa^lo^ur st.tr s8urql auIAIpJo a8palnoul enrl ruorl^\ o1 'e;rdurgu?uo)I.rat?l erlr ur relndod tJesf,Itsoug e'selrqdg aqr '(':u1 Jo ruopsT.^.aul^Ip ueppF{eq}Jo sloqruLsrnoJaqtJo euo eru?req:atel stued.ra5 s{oog uoei{}u€d :IroA^\eN) 'ruraqur14iqdlell.(gueru:agerlturo5pet?lsu€rl'arua$txgsuorns,(.q4atp{oa8arypd,h -aWrV 'sodaplsy'656r 'rdu9.ra; 'pu?.^ 'snecnpel [dio.rg]Caes . .sorurelf dgturSuo Jeis paSuua aql 'ralamoq 'sr 'lpr oql uo osorpJo raldrrl oqt tou dpua:rddr t1 erll Jo uoISreAueruo)f oqr q snorutJ 'eurcrparu 'snrdal:sy dllenba aur?req 3o po8 lruellrH Jo JEts aql lnoqe peulluua lucd.lasaqa 'lued.res 'unuy lerr.erur.rde pepnlJrn seruoSorusolerll Jo dutur pue ol peJf€s selt^snaptn aql 'sarlrutarpeldruar pue snseruopsr tdel aJO,l.se{€us 'Joxnf le oluoprseJs.qruoru € JoJ>FuJe)

tr SCIOdOfVHdSf OINI SNUOH S.NOWWV :SAIINOWIAIV 14 AMMONITES: AMMON'S HORNS INTO CEPHALOPODS 41It is figtrred in \Milfrid N. Edwards, r93r, Cuide to an Exhibition lllustratingthe Early History of Palaeontololy.Special Guide No. 8. (London: Printed by Order of the Trtistees of th" nrilish Museum), p. 16, fig. 4, and is also shown by Oakley (op. cit., pl. IIa). a2As illustratedin Friedrich Bachmayer, r9j8, "Ammoniten-die sonderbarstenBewohner der vorzeitlichen Meere l" Verffintlichungenl{aturhistorischen Museum Wien. I.{eueFolge t: 17. a3 JamesParkinson, t8o4, OrganicRemains of a Former World. An Examinationof the Mineralized RemainsoJ' the Vegetablesand Animals oJ'the AntediluuianWorld; ,qenerallytermed Extraneous Fossils. (London: Printed by'Whittingham and Rowland, Goswell Strect; and Published by Sherwood, Neely, and Jones, Paternoster-Row . . .), r: 4. The second and third volumes of this excellenr popular work were issuedby a number of London publishersin r8o8 and r8rr, respectively.The first volume of a secondedition was publishedin r8rr, printed by "C.Wittingham" for the samc houses. aaParkinson, iltid.,3: r34. Richard Carew (r555-16zo),antiquary, High Sheriffof 'W.illiam Cornwall and friend of Camden, dedicatedhis survey to Sir'Waiter Raleigh, then Lieutenant Generalof Cornwall. See Frank E. Halliday, r9i3, Richard Carew of Antony. The Survey of Cornwall . . . (London: Andrew Melrose Ltd). 4s Martin Lister, "A Letter . . . confirming the Observation in No 74. about Musk sented Insects;adding Some Notes . . . and on that of M. Stenoconcerning Petrify'd shells", Philosophical Transactions. . .VoI.VI,FortheYear 1671. [No. 76],p.zz8z.Lister(r638-r7rr)wasHousePhysician to Queen Anne and publisheda number ofimportant conchologicalworks; a list of theseand details of his ideason fossilsare to be found inJahn and'Woolf (op. cit., pp. r9z-ry4). a6R[obert] P[ot], 677, The Natural History of Oxford-Shire,Being an Essaytoward the Natural History oJ'England.(Oxford: Printed at the Theater in Oxford and are to be had there . . .), p. t"3. Plot (r 64o- t696), an intimate of SamuelPepys and John Evelyn, was first Keeper of the Ashmolean Museum, alsoProfessor of Chemistry at Oxford, Secretaryof the Royal Societyand later Mowbray HeraldExtraordinary. Plot's views are developedin detail and relatedto thoseofhis contemporaries 'Woolf by Jahn and (ibid., pp. r7o-r7r). a7SeeJahnand'Woolf's(ibid.,pp.t76-t78)commentson'Woodward's$66r-1727)ideasoffossil origin and conceptsof stratification.His ideaswere enthusiasticallysupported on the continent by 'Woodwardts rhielebratedJohannJacob Scheuchzer of Zirich$672-r73 3) who'trariiated many of works, being convertedby them from his original view of fossilsas /asas naturae. Scheuchzer enjoys a greaterfame than Woodward, principally due to the unfortunate Homo diluuii tesrrsepisode (Jahn and'Woolf, ibid., pp. t73-176). a8 The eminent Hooke (rQ5-r7o3) was first Curator of Experiments to tlle Royal Society and sometime Professor of Geometry at Gresham College. A recent biography is Margaret 'Espinasse, :1956 RobertHooke. (Berkeley: University of California Press.) aeR[obert] Hooke, t665, :or SomePhysiological Descriptions of Minute Bodiesmade by Magnifying Glasses.With Obseruationsand Inrpiriesthereupon.,(London: Jo. Martyn and Ja. Aliestry . . .),p. rrr. A facsimile of the first edition with the index from the later editions and the preface from Robert T. Gunther's r938 reprint was publishedby Dover Publications,Inc., at New York in r96r. The chamber(carnera) casts were known asspondylithes or spondylithosand at times had beencon- fused with fossil vertebrae. s0 The PosthumousWorks of RobertHooke . . . Containing His CutlerianLectures, and other Dis- courses,Read at the Meetings of the Illustrious Royal Society . . . To these Discoursesis prefxt the Author'sLife ... Publish'd By Richard'W'aller. . . (London: Printed by Sam. Smith and Benj. Walford .". ., r1os), pp. pZtr. The "Discourses of Earthquakes" is crammed with precocioris geological and biological ideas on climatic change,past biogeography, extinction of species,and fossilsas chronolosicai indicators. Hooke's views on earthquakeswere much influenced by the Mundus Subterraneu.s(1665) of the JesuitAthanasius Kircher (16oz-168o).Kircher's ideasseem to have had a greatereffect on the geo- iogical notions of the membersof the Societythan thoseof his contemporiry Steno(Niels Stenlen, rola-roao), whose Prodromuswas "english'd" by Henry Oldenburg in fi7r. Cecil Schneer,r9J4, deveiopsthis ideain "The Rise ofHistorical Geology in tlre SeventeenthCentury",Isis 45: 256-268. He argues persuasivelyand elegantly for recognition of the importance of the fusion of the anti- Quarylffirlo'rian and naturalist trlditions and the fossil controversj' inEngland in the late seventeenth J.nrory, centered in the Royal Society, in forming a considerablepa.iof the background of ideas uaPuonaSuaPryUI aPuaSEaluoaTrwwoz ua 'aqtsurorlwv.pu! alp 'apnv upn uaqoosua 'ua1uaa1sa3 'ua1vonury41 aStwwozuanauaq JooCI :lputn aaz aq)sutoqLuv,pw uawary'uadlnqtg ua safiutoog apuot1tt11, a\aw sP'uatarpaaTary{,p8tary u,t'ua{aaty'uaqqaty anot ualaam51 'uaqtsitrtlpotlrsaptoq sp ayaddr o0z aPuoqtalPuvn adutnl'tqssag 'nu.niqailfid 'SoLt auaaapuazlaqag aq)swoqwv,CI Jdurnll ,, '(06'd ''p1rt'rp.rtuoel) ' ' ' ' ',, .,' alglrur^urpur ploq rossessod:reqrporapuar pue suosrod lsutebe scgnads erelv\saixuoroJe lrerp$qo uaeg a,reqdeu Leqr stseSSnsrolof rrar{t qtr^t qlFI/!\ ' ' ' ' ',,s? 1tqq sttuo$qoJo^sntuoaqJQ Jo'sa1r4uaq to'sa\ruotoJCl ruar{lo] sJaJaJ(56 'd "p 'do)rpJ?uoef .;'slued.ras .ro suo8t.rp Surdaals speatleqr tuo5 ua>lelsruots isnpn4xa"tuto)rrpaildot a ttdol ttti 'sar.rep1de1 Jo qrlqnA I?AeIPeu aql ro (/S -rerdeq3lZe loog) durl6 go sailuuotp erp lou ole pue setru -ourruedlpetgnoprm are al?rp 'd',.p!q!,turtt1o$ (seuots tou'uo3e:p)rnolsueqceiqeseria'6S; zE 'tz 'd'(u.rnog1o11'rru1-s,.(erg ur 'aruogs6 .J roJ uosread .1y! ' ' ' 'nunnl 'surogunoy4'sna6 dg Pttrtltd :uopuol) [aa:puy uqof {cl pal€lsuer{ saUSS;l 's7uudg'saqa'7'sutanaS "r1to4 aqt{o runonapwisns i Euag'suoruiuoq uautn7-s,a|iorg tury ,{1sifawslLI i 'gatog - .(€olr .rq".l zltof{ aqllo ,hotsrg lpmpN a41 :ot LrJo uonrpo qsq8ug aqr tuog sralonb aql -ueleN 'rr{3 :uesn?qProN)' ' ' psottnl '(zrLr-zggr) Ir?3 orurbng suarqeg 3rmru5p1Sroag ni :RrnJuorueu,? aersdrl) .[zLsr] snv,al ,ruu,f'?]r':i,;t:i:i ,r;r:Yffi;!rw;;;?Xt',fr;& 'wntosounJ anrg aomlpN aorutapptVo4*{qcl-olyal4l 'DsounJ Dauzlpisttrry'.,sraprdel nassngr1rt?xrs slr{JuoJ ' ' ',, oC w slleqsqlnsJo suolpeJr-rladlenne oqt elo^\ iuroJ r{sgileqsur sauolstrq} sa^rasqo 'euef aurrrpow rossoJord '(rzLr-Sl9r) re Jo pue tsruetog fsnqapa7yt]lrpr16.8ue8g1o7yyS:oag e. '(r€ :r "p'do) uosur{redruo{ '6 'd '6Lgr ''A'N ,e8ole:eg . . . Pe rreP eg ol sueesuolssnlslp eqt Jo aruos lsn8ny gz te ef,uerJs Jo luauefu"^PY erll roJ uolt€Itossy u?frreruy eqt aroJaqpora^rleq sserppeue .,,LraAocsrq -oluoceltdJo 'f, 's1ers,{:rJo 1eor3o1 sPoq_l3wpue dtorsrg,, ur tlsreW larui{rO dq p:urpno e.re teqt or iep-ri uorla:cce-l.g zlLa.r8sl€rernur Pue sllssoJJarpo pue snrcuiluv nuroOJo (.spoas,,rlJii{arr ur.saturl6 sepurp;ef orll te rosseJord'(So4r-999r)i.rogeu.rholep uotlrd gdesoiyoi"'"pr,,a,rn"ia8an,,a{I' '(3ue1 Jo uonelsuerrpaqsqqndun '/96r 'uorlecr-unur ue Pue rezl{lnoqls ol Pr?.1r\Poolxtruog sJellelpaqsqqndun uo peseq tsnSny z -Yot 'uqef 'E 1e:o ur,r1ery)a.rnstald s.razrlJnoqrs t" ruiq pueuiuof,ar ot paroJo pr?1\rpoolytSzLr ut ''S'U'c g8noqlp eptru ral€ s?./KSuel reqt ef,uaprleou sroraql'lerrsuesuou r"rpt r,pd^gi1.1S"oqi oq.i\& or elqerdecle Pre^\Poola. (;.razgcneqls qli r suoBesre^uo: qSno.rqr) rrrer,rIBr^nIp perlporu e ol punor aruec drnluele all .d.rorolpcrluof,pue SursnyuoJrre r{trFl,r,r'3oeuroj.(o/i-.d ,.i1i.do1 .nL .d.1 JIoolA. pue uqef ur palr?leparc qamS{ sapldnlJosuortou rireru:ads (-ftLt-oLgr) s,Bue1 . . . rurseuroJ rqocef :srUeuen)' ' ' pxtotstH'goLr_'[snr8uel] apyanpH wnto\am\rg umpda-y 3ue1 o. '9oz'd ''t1t'do'e1sra1 ,, esoq.r(a.)pFryr",,,",^;t"'r:':liT;'Hil::,"..{ir{::".ur;'"n',f,1il?i;ilfiT1"#:'"ffi:*H ' ' ' runp8n1) Lunxpn{lty wvnbwffiloJruoN urol'wntorJpd ruruavutotstH flag'wntwnluolAwnasnry '4t'do ':aqtung '((snlun?N (nSgr-ggSr)[uuna1]s.rurolf! (e1g)oe1g'g9r :?r EotstuoxutupHDtluto7 - dur pa:edruol l?ql tsrg aqt s"1r\snrrurodt sn?lo ' ' ',, tq8noqt'(269r)',{rX ot re}tel e.ur ,pl^qf 'sesJoJrr,^ ou{url ]J^ Aq qlJpe aql 'reqr '8ur,rq ur pefnpord te seuo:ood pur aqt 30-crurS.rour suortetrrur dle.reru a.rj,nr. sqouor yrro3 a,ro:d or 'spsso3yo ,.rJrsr1"qi .esuarpne uosr.redtuof,.relrurs € Pesnpeq ur8rro eql tresseol tseloqtJo eub ''p!Q! 'slrolA 3lelPerrrrurslr{Jo.'ug,fua,r Perrnluor (gtt-ttn'dd ees)sluerun8.rr-s,a1oog snowtlq -tsod'ul saleid 'd ''g II pur 1 pur 5gz ruo:g sarrld pue zrL :L pnlx6 ur atuabg ,(.yog,iarTtun3zs ''tt 'rlo)31oo4y 'arnr?u (tLt-z:1,dd pueuqef urrrue8.ro orrr;frT:'j:f:t#;""TTtllt1""il1l srq iur8rro ISSoJJouoneutldxa ue s€ stlpuuuasptnp ro aldnur:4 ineur.iadg aili pasnodir p,fuq1' '89r- L9r 'dd '(ssa-r6 .(1rs-ra,rru11proJxo :p.ro3xg) 'p[.mq7-ptompfl{osnila'I puo ajl :AIX aLunloA'pt*o 'J 'N 'suonreJrrlad fi aruaxrst{.1tog'516r'.reqtung a.rarlrd5qr peepur;r sairedseqr aruolrg per{ ' ' ' ' ',, 'runesnw IIEJo lsll,\:t'PeJ3Puo.A . lnq sn[]ngu eqr Jo tueqt pe^e]laQ aql ur seuotsparnSg '(669r)'.,,' .puDI ' ' 'uealouqtV aql J? onSolettr e orydot&ouqrlpluuotug wa1,(,qdoqil-J" ror1lne pue r.li :edeay se .pdnqf] 3o puof,as told rotnt srq pepoorf,nsoq.,rn (6ol,r-099r) [prn1 pd^,{f pre.^lp[ rs (d'o1ouo:q,Iepro;iil1H,T'::A:Hiiff:trfJr11:H:f"{,"'#]:'Li,"Jil:::l;ltrJl"s:",i]

SI SCIOdO]YHdAC OJNI SNUOH S.NOWhIV :SAIINOhiWV IO AMMONITES: AMMON'S HORNS INTO CEPHALOPODS worden . . . (T'Amsterdam: Gedrukt by Frangois Halma, Boekverkoper in Konstantijn den Grooten),p.6z andpl. XV[. Georg Eberhard Rumpf [Rumph, Rumphius] ft628-t7oz), soldier, merchant, naturalist, called the Plinius indicus.was primarilv a botanist who first describedin detail the "Cocos-noo!" while employed on Amboin" (tro* Ceram) by the Dutch East India Company. A secondedition of the "Cabinet of Curiosities" was published in Amsterdam in r74rbyJ. R. deJonge. 'Willy See Ley, 1959,Exotic Zoology.(New York: The Viking Press),pp. z;+ff., for the story of 's the description of the coconut and a short sketch of Rumpf career.llis accomplishmentsin the 's faceof a tragic personallife are outlined by Sarton(tglZ),who reproducesthe title pagesof Rurnpf major works, in "Rumphius, Plinius Indicus (1628-17oz)", Iri, 27: 242-257. se Owen, t832, Memoir on the Pearlyl{autilus (Nautilus Pompilius Linn.) with Illustrationsof its ExternalForm andInternal Structure. Published by the Council of the Royal College of Surgeons. . . (London:' Printed by Richard Taylor . . .). 60 Rumpf, ibid., pp. 67-68.The argonaut, "Nautilus tenuis", 'wasalso the subject of an earlier PaPer. 6lJussieu(1686-1758), of the noted French family of botanists,wrote "De I'Origine er de la Formation d'une sorte de Pierre figurde que I'on nomme Corne d'Ammon" . Histoirede l'Acad{nie Royaldes Sciences. Annde t7zz. Auecles Mdmoires de Mathdmatique & dePhysirpe, pour la memeArutde (A Paris, de I'Imprimerie Royale, r7z4), pp. z3S-2$, in which the resemblanceof thesefossils to the horns ofJupiter Ammon is noted, the notations in Pliny and Solinus are cited, and the French specimenscompared to the living nautilus.KarlA. vonZittelin his Hrsroryof Ceologyand Palaeonto- logy to the End o-fthe NineteenthCentury. Translated by Maria M. Ogilvie-Gordon . . . (London: 'W'alter Scott, PaternosterSquare, rgor), p. zt, indicatesJussieuwas lesssuccessful in accountingfor their occurrencein France; he thought marine transgressionshad carried them acrossthe Mediter- raneanfrom Siwa. This ideais not included in the abovepaper; perhapsit was publishedelsewhere. 62Francis C. Haber, r9j9, "Fossilsand the Idea of a Processof Time in Natural History", Fore- 'William rilnnersof Darwin: t745-t85q. Edited by Bentley Glass,Owsei Temkin, [and] L. Straus, Jr. . . (Baltimore: TheJohns Hopkins Press),pp.227ff. 63 Major GeneralGeorge Twemlow [1367], Factsand FossikAdduced to Prouethe Dehge of Noah, and Modify the TransmutationSystenr of Darwin. . . [rr.in r] (London: Simpkin, Marshall & Co.), p. 28.His apoloey includeswhat are probably the earliestphotographic illustrationsof ammonoids (Twemlow, ibid., unnumbered plate facing p. rzo). 6aBertrand, op. cit.,p. r57. 6s Caroli a (Karl von) Linn6 [Linnaeus], SystemaNaturae per Regna Tria Naturae, Secundum Classes,Ordines,Genera,species,cumCharacteribus,Dffirentiis,Synonymis,Locis...EditioDuodecima, Reformata[3v.in a]. (Holmiae: ImpensisDirect. Laurentii Salvii, t766-t768),ll[ t6z.Legai nomen- clature datesfrom the tenth (rZS8) edition; however its third volume was not published.The MS is now in the possessionof the Linnean Sociery of London. Of the living cephalopodsknown to Linn6, Sepia,including the cuttlefish, squid, and octopus, is placed in Vermes ; Argonautaand lJautilu.s in Vermes Testacea.Of the eighteenspecies of fuautilus given in the twelfth .iitiott, only three are cephalopods, the remainder"are forr'-inifers (Linn6, op. cit.I: r16r-r165). SeeHenry Dodge, r9J3, "A Historical Review of the Mollusks of Liruraeus.Part z. The ClassCephalopoda and the Genera Conus ar.tdCypraea of the Class Gastro- poda", AmericanMuseum of Narural HistoryBulletin ro3 (r)i g-r1, for a discussionof Linn6's cepha- lopod systematics. 66Bruguidre(r75o-r708), physician,naturalist and Levantinetraveler for the Directory, proposed this genusrnEncyclopddie Mdthodique. desVers. Tome Premier... (a Paris; chez Panckoueke,Imprimeur-Libraire . . . rTgz),p. 39 and pl. r. Brugut\re (ibid., pp. z8-29) disdnguishes two groups of species;nine striated and fourteen unstriated forms. BesidesAmmonites, his multi- locular univalvesinclude Nautilus, Orthocerasand Camerina.Dodge (tg+Z) discussesthe validity of BruguiBreanmolluscan genera in "The Molluscan Generaof Bruguidre",Jourfial of Paleontologyzt: 484-492. 67ParkinsorL, op. cit. 3: ro7-ro8. 6s TableauEldmentaire de l'Histoire Naturelle des Animaux. (A Paris:Baudouin, Imprimeur du Corps legislatif et de I'Institut national . . . An 6 [tzq8]), p. 2fi. The American Treatise$964), Part k. Mollusca3: Ktz acceptsClass Cephalopoda Cuvier, r7g7 asits legal form. "Gasteropodes" is also used for the first time in this classfication. AMMONITES: AMMON,S HORNS INTO CEPHALOPODS 17 -.6e Cuvier, op. cit., pp. 382-383. They were given definite statusin the second volume of Le RigneAnimal in r8r7. 7.0 Syrt|m desAnimaux sansVertbbres, ou Tableaug.6nhal desclasses, des ordres et desgenres de ces animaux. . . (A Paris: Chez L'Auteur, au Mus6um dffist. Naturelle . . . AnlX-r8or).-table facins P..tt.Lamarck-formallyproposed three of thesegenera, orbulites,Baculites, and Turriii'trt ^tiii;E a "Prodrome" of his new classification. 71 It containsAmmonites, Orbulites, Ammonoceras, Turrilites, andBaculites. Nautilus and Oriltoceras ale in separatefamilies; some of the foraminifers are grouped in others.Arponautaitself comprises the monothalamousdivision and the remainder of the irtern"llyshelledandsfiell-lessgene."Arilit . third divisi:3_9jpl"ty. of Lamarck'sArrangement'of 4f_!ti,ome .TestaceaB,eing a Frle Translationof thatPart oJ His WorksDe L'Histoire Naturelledes Animai* sansVdrtebres with lilustratiueObseruations, and Comparaliye.an!,Srytopticfal:lg of the Systemsof Linnaeus & Lamarcle.By Chari"r O"t.ir. (London: PublishedbyLongman, Hurir, Reeq orme, Browne, and Greene, tgz'5),pp. rh. Histoirewas published in sevenvolumes during r8r5-r8zz. ""rn 72 YonBuch, 1832," Uber die Ammoniten t d.n literen Gebirgs-Schichren".Abhandlurrye, der Kiiniglichender Akademie der wissenschaften.zuBerlin. Aus demJahi ta3o. , ., pp. 46-47. Dodge tracesthese developments "A ,73 in Historicd Revielw of the Mollusis ofii""".us. part 2 r2-r3. , Pp. -WiiieT) ra Guilielmo (Wilhelm, - d. Haan, t82.5, Specimenphilosophicum inaugurale, exhiltens MonographiamAmmoniteorum et Goniatiteorum.. . (Leidin: Lugiuni $atavorum)-fnot seenl. De Flaan (r8or-r855), Cutator of Invertebratesin the Leiden Rijklmuseum of Nat*ai Hirtorv', b.rt known for his work on crustaceansand insects,proposes th" [errera Cotiatites*d Crrotiti; ,hi, ;;o",h; work, o^rigirylly.his doctoral thesis.See- the biographic"l noi6 by L. B. Holthufu, tqji, 'W. 'Fauna Dates of the Publication of de Haan's Volume on the Crustaiea of p. F. von Si.LLid's - Tp ,h, Bi.bliog.raphy Japon19a"' J2yn,Il,?{ }oci.ety.for.the of Natural History 3: 4s-46. Specimenisdis- cussedin von Buch's " Uber Goniatiien " . Abhani'luigi,t it, Kt;niglichenA[odiiir'du iltirrr,,rrhoftin zu Berlin. Aus demlahre tSjo . . . rU?,.pp. ri94t #h.r" de Hi'an's conceptsof the rr"o" viewed and modified on chara.t.rr of th. r.tt"."l iob.s. "r.'r.- ?,sCfrristial Lgopold.Freiherr von 'Werner_atBuch (r774-r8y), renowned naturalist, traveler, geologist" and,paleontologist,student of Freiburg and intimate of Aiexander von Humb'oldt.hls brilliance, wide inte_re_sts, accomplishments "W. 1nd have been the subject of many biographies; see Lambrechtand'W. and A. Quenstedt,r938, "Palaeonrologi.Catalogus biolbibliSgirphi.or;i Foss,ilium Catalogus,l:Animalia. (Pars 7z) Editus a'W[erner] Qn.nrt.df ('s-Gravenhr!",'o, W. Jtrnk), p. 65, for a list of authors. 76 Von Buch, "Uber de Ammoniten. . .", pp.r37-r3g. tt op. cit.,PP. 9.y:l' s6-sz. owen liststhe synonymousraxa oflamarck, de Blainville, de Haan, and d'Orbigny. 78 Frangois-Jules_Pictetdc la Rive (r8o9 -t872),ProGssorof Zoology and ComparativeAnaromv at thc GenevaAcademy and National Councilor in Bern, who studiei urd.r Curr'ie.,Sr'flif."" *i de Blainville among others,published a number of paperson fossii molluscs,br".hlopJffi*r, echinoderms, and reptiles.His tw-o greatestworkJ aie the seriesof researcheswhlch form t6e P.al4ontologie Suisseand the four volume Traitd Eldmentairede Paldontologie ou Histoire Naturelledes Animaux Fossiles....,(Gendve:Imprimerie de Jules-Guilllume Fick,'r844-tg46). In the l;r." cephalopods are divided into two orders, "Acdiabulifdres" and "Tent".odf6r.r", ,lr. t"i,.. .;;: t"P-8. five families, one of which is "Ammonitides" (Pictet, ibid.II:3o9fl). fh. hrg; of speciesinAmmonites aregrouped-into twenty subg.ner" after Cre of?on"";L;, Buch and "rl"ig";"nts d'orbigny (Pictet,ibid.ll.: 313ff ). In the second"editionof the Trlit! (?s53-ra57)th" species are,placedin twentygrougs..in six sec-tions. general Th. discussionof the'g.tror i, to include a brief discussionof "Ammon" and a long-list of eighteenth-century"workers."*p"nd'ediio"r includes a statement that,Belon in 1553 compaied .o.rr.ri'Ammon to ih. nautilus. Traitd"fr" de Pal{ontologie. .. Seconder.li1i9n. . . (A Paris:ehezJ.-8. Baillidre. . . r8J4), II:664. As Belon's De aquatilibarwas not availableto me, I have not bJen able to verify thisio-parison. ^!'.Pal.aelntology_t: 4 fl:?yatic -Summaryof Extinct Animals and Their ceologicalRelations. By Richard owen, F.\,1_ (Edinburgh: Adam and charles Black, r86o), p.82. 80 Suess,1866, "Uber Ammoniten", Sitzungsb_eryhyder mathim)Usch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Classeder KaiserlichenAkademie der Wissenschafjri. rU. payd I, Abtheilung.Jahrgang tsOs.-ftrfi Vi bis X, PP.7r-89. Sarton (tqtq) gives a brief personalsketch of Suesi"la Tirtt--o.-. a"i"l.J 18 AMMONITES: AMMON'S HORNS INTO CEPHALOPODS biographiesas part of his discussionof Das Antlitz derErde in"La SynthdseGdologique dery75 L r918",Isis z:38rff 81 "Opioion 3oJ. Suppressionunder the Plenary Powers, of the generic name Ammonites Bruguidre, r78g . . ." Opinionsand Declarations Rendered by theInternational Commission on Zoological Nomenclature,rg14,S(zz):2g71rz.WilliamJ. Arkell discoveredthe lectotype on which Ammonites Bruguitre, 1789 rested,based on a specimenfigured by Martin Lister in 1685,was unidentifiable 'W.aagen, generically from the original illustration. It had greater affinities for Arietite.s 1869 than Ammonitesas revived by Buckman in t923. 82 'W'illiam Those not mentioned include Friedrich August von Quenstedt, Carl Albert Oppel, Buckland, Alphonse Milne-Edwards, Rudolf Richter, Emil Philippi, Carl Eduard von Eichwald, and Fridolin Sandbergeramong others prior to 1865, and'Wilhelm Heinrich'Waagen, Melchior Ne-umayr, Johann Mojsisovics, Hyatt, von Zittei, and the Buckmans, James and Sydney Savory, before the end of the century. 83 'W'yatt I sincerelythank DrsJ. Durham, JosephT. Gregory, Donald E. Savage,and William A. Clemens,Jr. of the Department of Paleontology, University of California, Berkeley for their comments and criticisms.Dr D. Bryan Biake of the Department of Geology, IJniversity of Illinois, Urbana read the manuscript in an earlier version: thanks are also due his wife Martha Abel Blake for bibliographic assistance.I thank Dr Kenneth P. Oakley of the Department of Anthropology, British Museum (Natural History) for his encouragement.MelvinE.Jahn, M"ry Fellow in the Department of the History of the Health Sciencesat the San Francisco Medical Center of the University of California, provided stimulus, encouragement and criticism through the later stagesof manuscript preparation; accessto his personal library proved invaluable. 8a(Note added in proof) Willy Ley, 1968, Dawn of Zoology (Englewood Cliffs, NewJersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc.), p. r98 suggestsdistractions and Gesner'sill-health while writing De Rerunr Fossilium (he died a Gw months after its completion) explain its uneven quality (seenote 3r) when compared to his earlier works. Dr Ley has also recently written an introduction for the Da Capo Press's(New York, ry67) handsome facsimile of the 1658London edition of Topsell's The History of Four-FootedBeasts and Serpentsand Insects(see note 3j) to which Thomas Mouffet's [Muffet, MouGt] (1553-16o4) The Theaterof Insects(t6t+) was appendedas the third volume. The British Museum (Natural History) published last year as No. 658 The Early History of Palaeontology,a significantly revised and expanded version of Edwards'spopular Guide (seenote +r) by Dr Xrrol l. W'hite, former Keeper of the Department of Palaeontology.