DOCSLIB.ORG

After the Fall: Libya's Evolving Armed Groups

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
After the Fall: Libya's Evolving Armed Groups 12 After the Fall Libya’s Evolving Armed Groups By Brian McQuinn A Working Paper of the Small Arms Survey Copyright Published in Switzerland by the Small Arms Survey © Small Arms Survey, Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva 2012 First published in October 2012 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of the Small Arms Survey, or as expressly permitted by law, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organi- zation. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Publications Manager, Small Arms Survey, at the address below. Small Arms Survey Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies 47 Avenue Blanc, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland Copyedited by Tania Inowlocki Proofread by Donald Strachan Cartography by MAPgrafix Typeset in Optima and Palatino by Richard Jones ([email protected]), Exile: Design & Editorial Services Printed in France by GPS ISBN 978-2-9700816-6-1 2 Small Arms Survey Working Paper 12 McQuinn After the Fall 3 About the Small Arms Survey The Small Arms Survey is an independent research project located at the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies in Geneva, Swit- zerland. Established in 1999, the project is supported by the Swiss Federal Department of Foreign Affairs and current contributions from the Governments of Australia, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland, Germany, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, the United Kingdom, and the United States. The Survey is grateful for past support received from the Governments of France, New Zealand, and Spain. The Survey also wishes to acknowledge the financial assistance it has received over the years from different United Nations agencies, programmes, and institutes. The objectives of the Small Arms Survey are: to be the principal source of public information on all aspects of small arms and armed violence; to serve as a resource centre for governments, policy-makers, researchers, and activ- ists; to monitor national and international initiatives (governmental and non- governmental) on small arms; to support efforts to address the effects of small arms proliferation and misuse; and to act as a clearinghouse for the sharing of information and the dissemination of best practices. The Survey also spon- sors field research and information-gathering efforts, especially in affected states and regions. The project has an international staff with expertise in security studies, political science, law, economics, development studies, sociology, and criminology, and collaborates with a network of researchers, partner institutions, non-governmental organizations, and governments in more than 50 countries. Small Arms Survey Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies 47 Avenue Blanc, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland p +41 22 908 5777 f +41 22 732 2738 e [email protected] w www.smallarmssurvey.org 2 Small Arms Survey Working Paper 12 McQuinn After the Fall 3 Contents List of boxes, tables, and illustrations .................................................................................................................................... 5 List of abbreviations .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 6 About the author .......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 7 Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 8 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 10 Background 10 Research objectives and findings 12 Methodology 13 Report structure 13 Typology of non-state armed groups in Libya ................................................................................................. 15 Three defining characteristics 15 The four types of armed group 17 The development of armed groups in Misrata ................................................................................................. 33 Stage 1: initial success 34 Stage 2: the occupation of Tripoli Street 37 Stage 3: the emergence of brigade structures 39 Weapons proliferation .................................................................................................................................................................................... 43 Small arms and light weapons 43 Conventional weapons 48 Internal regulation 49 Inspection visits 50 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 56 Endnotes .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 58 Bibliography ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 62 4 Small Arms Survey Working Paper 12 McQuinn After the Fall 5 List of boxes, tables, and illustrations Map Libya, 2012 Box 1 Security provision during municipal elections in Misrata Box 2 Controlling the al-Swehli Brigade Table 1 The 236 brigades by size of membership Table 2 Anti-aircraft machine guns in Misrata based on brigade size Figure 1 MoI and MMC document assigning brigades responsibility for spe- cific polling stations and checkpoints Figure 2 Weapon sign-out form and pledge of good conduct Figure 3 Number of small arms in Misrata during the first and second stages of fighting, 2011 Figure 4 Number of combatants in Misrata Figure 5 Number of small arms vs. number of fighters, 2011 Figure 6 Assault rifle individually labelled with brigade member’s name 4 Small Arms Survey Working Paper 12 McQuinn After the Fall 5 List of abbreviations MMC Misratan Military Council MoD Ministry of Defence MoI Ministry of Interior MUR Misratan Union of Revolutionaries NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization NTC National Transitional Council RPG Rocket-propelled grenade (launcher) 6 Small Arms Survey Working Paper 12 McQuinn After the Fall 7 About the author Brian McQuinn is a research associate at the Geneva-based Centre on Conflict, Development and Peacebuilding and a doctoral candidate at the University of Oxford. His research investigates how organizational rituals shape the social structure and cohesion of non-state armed groups in civil wars. Prior to return- ing to academia, he worked as a dialogue specialist for more than 14 years in conflict-affected countries, with the UN and other international organizations. He serves as a lead trainer for the UN System Staff College course on applied conflict analysis for prevention and peacebuilding. 6 Small Arms Survey Working Paper 12 McQuinn After the Fall 7 Acknowledgements The author is grateful to the Berghof Foundation for its generous support of his doctoral fieldwork, which serves as the basis for this report. He is particu- larly thankful for the intellectual support provided by Véronique Dudouet at Berghof Conflict Research. He is indebted to Mohamed Amer, Peter Cole, Nicolas Florquin, Tania Inowlocki, Tanja Kuchenmüller, Ingrid Pederson, and Harvey Whitehouse for their invaluable contributions; he also extends special thanks to three anonymous reviewers for their insight. The German Ministry of Foreign Affairs funded the field research on arms control, publication of the report, and translation into Arabic. The author dedicates this report to Prof. John Darby for his humble bril- liance and unwavering support. He is missed. This report is also dedicated to the journalists and photographers who lost their lives bringing us images and stories of the Libyan uprising. They approached their work with dedication and professionalism, demonstrating integrity and bravery amid violence. 8 Small Arms Survey Working Paper 12 McQuinn After the Fall 9 Map Libya, 2012 ITALY K Sicily Tunis GREECE M e d TUNISIA i t e r r a n e a n S e a Tripoli Zlitan Zuwara Naima ReghdReghdalinalin Dafniya N al-Jumail afusa Misrata M Benghazi Zintan ts Tawergha Bani Sirte Walid LIBYA EGYPT Sabha Kufra ALGERIA NIGER International boundary National capital CHAD Regional town Other settlement 0 300km 8 Small Arms Survey Working Paper 12 McQuinn After the Fall 9 Introduction Background The ‘February 17th Revolution’—as it is called in Libya—was preceded by small- scale protests throughout the country. Then, on 17 February 2011, mass dem- onstrations in Benghazi, Libya’s second-largest city, ushered in the uprising that would attract international media attention. In response, the government of Col. Muammar Qaddafi began a brutal crackdown that was reminiscent of the bloody tactics of the 1980s (Kirkpatrick, 2011). Demonstrations quickly devolved into
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The United Nations Response to the Libyan Crisis
    Report No: 201, August 2015 THE UNITED NATIONS RESPONSE TO THE LIBYAN CRISIS ORTADOĞU STRATEJİK ARAŞTIRMALAR MERKEZİ CENTER FOR MIDDLE EASTERN STRATEGIC STUDIES ORSAM Süleyman Nazif Sokak No: 12-B Çankaya / Ankara Tel: 0 (312) 430 26 09 Fax: 0 (312) 430 39 48 www.orsam.org.tr, [email protected] THE UNITED NATIONS RESPONSE TO THE LIBYAN CRISIS ORSAM Report No: 201 August 2015 ISBN: 978-605-9157-05-6 Ankara - TURKEY ORSAM © 2015 Content of this report is copyrighted to ORSAM. Except reasonable and partial quotation and use under the Act No. 5846, Law on Intellectual and Artistic Works, via proper citation, the content may not be used or republished without prior permission by ORSAM. The views expressed in this report reflect only the opinions of its authors and do not represent the institutional opinion of ORSAM. Prepared by: Nebahat Tanrıverdi Yaşar, Research Assistant, ORSAM ORSAM 2 Report No: 201, August 2015 Contents Preface.................................................................................................................................................................. 5 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................................... 7 I. UN-BROKERED PEACE NEGOTIATIONS AND THE UN’S POLICY SHIFT .......................... 9 II. WHAT DOES THE UN AIM TO DO IN LIBYA? ............................................................................ 13 a. Government of National Accord ...................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Country Information and Guidance Libya: Prison Conditions 5 September 2014
    Country Information and Guidance Libya: Prison conditions 5 September 2014 Preface This document provides guidance to Home Office decision makers on handling claims made by nationals/residents of Libya as well as country of origin information (COI) about Libya. This includes whether claims are likely to justify the granting of asylum, humanitarian protection or discretionary leave and whether - in the event of a claim being refused - it is likely to be certifiable as ‘clearly unfounded’ under s94 of the Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Act 2002. Decision makers must consider claims on an individual basis, taking into account the case specific facts and all relevant evidence, including: the guidance contained with this document; the available COI; any applicable caselaw; and the Home Office casework guidance in relation to relevant policies. Within this instruction, links to specific guidance are those on the Home Office’s internal system. Public versions of these documents are available at https://www.gov.uk/immigration- operational-guidance/asylum-policy. Country Information The COI within this document has been compiled from a wide range of external information sources (usually) published in English. Consideration has been given to the relevance, reliability, accuracy, objectivity, currency, transparency and traceability of the information and wherever possible attempts have been made to corroborate the information used across independent sources, to ensure accuracy. All sources cited have been referenced in footnotes. It has been researched and presented with reference to the Common EU [European Union] Guidelines for Processing Country of Origin Information (COI), dated April 2008, and the European Asylum Support Office’s research guidelines, Country of Origin Information report methodology, dated July 2012.
    [Show full text]
  • Politics by Other Means: Conflicting Interests in Libya's Security Sector
    20 Politics by Other Means Conflicting Interests in Libya’s Security Sector by Wolfram Lacher and Peter Cole A Working Paper of the Small Arms Survey/Security Assessment in North Africa project, with support from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Netherlands, the Royal Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Swiss Federal Department of Foreign Affairs, and the Danish Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Copyright Published in Switzerland by the Small Arms Survey © Small Arms Survey, Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva 2014 Published in October 2014 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of the Small Arms Survey, or as expressly permitted by law, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organization. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Publications Manager, Small Arms Survey, at the address below. Small Arms Survey Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies 47 Avenue Blanc, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland Series editor: Matthew Johnson Copy-edited by Tania Inowlocki Proofread by Stephanie Huitson Typeset in Optima and Palatino by Frank Benno Junghanns Printed in France by GPS ISBN 978-2-940548-07-1 2 Small Arms Survey Working Paper 20 Lacher and Cole Politics by Other Means 3 The Small Arms Survey The Small Arms Survey is an independent research project located at the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies in Geneva, Switzerland. Established in 1999, the project is supported by the Swiss Federal Department of Foreign Affairs and current contributions from the Govern- ments of Australia, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland, Germany, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, the United Kingdom, and the United States.
    [Show full text]
  • The Battle for Libya
    THE BATTLE FOR LIBYA KILLINGS, DISAPPEARANCES AND TORTURE Amnesty International is a global movement of more than 3 million supporters, members and activists in more than 150 countries and territories who campaign to end grave abuses of human rights. Our vision is for every person to enjoy all the rights enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and other international human rights standards. We are independent of any government, political ideology, economic interest or religion and are funded mainly by our membership and public donations. First published in 2011 by Amnesty International Ltd Peter Benenson House 1 Easton Street London WC1X 0DW United Kingdom © Amnesty International 2011 Index: MDE 19/025/2011 English Original language: English Printed by Amnesty International, International Secretariat, United Kingdom All rights reserved. This publication is copyright, but may be reproduced by any method without fee for advocacy, campaigning and teaching purposes, but not for resale. The copyright holders request that all such use be registered with them for impact assessment purposes. For copying in any other circumstances, or for reuse in other publications, or for translation or adaptation, prior written permission must be obtained from the publishers, and a fee may be payable. To request permission, or for any other inquiries, please contact [email protected] Cover photo : Misratah, Libya, May 2011 © Amnesty International amnesty.org CONTENTS Abbreviations and glossary .............................................................................................5 Introduction .................................................................................................................7 1. From the “El-Fateh Revolution” to the “17 February Revolution”.................................13 2. International law and the situation in Libya ...............................................................23 3. Unlawful killings: From protests to armed conflict ......................................................34 4.
    [Show full text]
  • O Rigin Al a Rticle
    International Journal of Political Science, Law and International Relations (IJPSLIR) ISSN (P): 2278-8832; ISSN (E): 2278-8840 Vol. 7, Issue 4, Aug 2017, 1-18 © TJPRC Pvt. Ltd. LIBYA: RELAPSE IN TO CRISIS AFTER MUAMMAR GADDAFI (SINCE 2011) ABEBE TIGIRE JALU Department of Philosophy, Dire Dawa University, Dire Dawa Institute of Technology (DDIT), Pre-Engineering, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia ABSTRACT The world saw a great revolution sparked in Tunisia, anchored in deep rooted political, economic and social factors as well as the emergence of social media networks, ultimately igniting the Arab Revolution of 2011. At the end of the year, three long tenured undemocratic rulers, Ben Ali, Hosni Mubarak, and Muammar Gaddafi were removed from power in Tunisia, Egypt, and Libya respectively. In Libya, a full scale eight months of civil war, the intervention of the international community, the death of a dictator in the Libyan ‘February 17 Revolution’ of 2011, followed, unlike states in the region that have been in a similar pattern, by long lasting instability which is still unsolved. The UN has been following the case of Libya closely, since the outbreak and its attempt to mediate for peace among different factions in the post-revolution crisis was commendable in the midst of the problem of inclusiveness. Lack of inclusiveness in the establishment of the Government of National Accord in 2015/16 is boosting the current threat of Libya called ISIS/L. Those who were disappointed with the establishment of the government and power division are joining the terrorist Article Original groups. So, composition of the new governments should be reconsidered.
    [Show full text]
  • Pdf | 406.21 Kb
    JOINT MINE ACTION COORDINATION TEAM – LIBYA Weekly Report # 21 17 October 2011 Deadly Explosive Remnants of War in Libya Libya faces a significant Mine and Explosive Remnants of War (ERW) threat following the recent conflict, there are serious humanitarian challenges due to a wide range of threats which include; Unexploded and Abandoned Ordnance; Landmines; Ammunitions Management; the use of Cluster Munitions and the high number of Small Arms and Light Weapons amongst the civilian population. These issues are an ongoing threat to the Libyan population as well as hindering lifesaving humanitarian aid reaching those in need. During this week the conflict has continued in the towns of Bani Walid and Sirte, fighting in these areas has been intensive with Revolutionary Forces pushing further forward. The resultant ERW contamination from the fighting continues to be a major threat to the populations that live in these areas. There has been increasing international concern over the large amount of ammunition that is freely accessible and in poor storage conditions that has the potential to be illegally proliferated to various terrorist groups present in the region. Ammunition has been found in residential areas in Tripoli and there are large unsecured ammunition stores in many other towns and cities in Libya, these unsecured storage areas are a danger to the civilian population who may come across these sites and there have been reports of civilians tampering with weaponry and even firing weapons at the munitions. The JMACT and its partners are working with the NTC in dealing with this issue, but further resources are urgently needed in order to deal with this immediate threat.
    [Show full text]
  • Report of the Secretary-General Ban Ki-Moon on the United
    United Nations S/2013/104 Security Council Distr.: General 21 February 2013 Original: English Report of the Secretary-General on the United Nations Support Mission in Libya I. Introduction 1. The present report is submitted pursuant to Security Council resolution 2040 (2012) and covers major developments since the issuance of my previous report, dated 30 August 2012 (S/2012/675). It covers key political and security developments and outlines the activities undertaken by the United Nations Support Mission in Libya (UNSMIL) to implement its mandate under Security Council resolutions 2009 (2011), 2017 (2011), 2022 (2011) and 2040 (2012). The report also provides an overview of the humanitarian situation and an assessment of the progress and challenges that continue to face Libya in its democratic transition. II. Political and security developments in Libya 2. Political and security developments in Libya during the reporting period reveal the complexities of the post-conflict democratic transition. While there has been notable progress in the country’s political transformation, including the swearing in on 14 November of Libya’s first democratically constituted Government, many difficulties and problems continue to illustrate the volatility and precariousness of the transition process. 3. The challenges facing Libya are further compounded by the 42-year legacy of dysfunctional State institutions, which were purposely undermined over decades of authoritarian rule. Tribal and regional tensions, the absence of political norms and the suppression of independent elites and civil society also resulted in insufficient capacity to foster the type of far-reaching changes that are required. The economic structures and policies of the former regime hindered the development of a private sector and increased the dependence of much of Libya’s workforce on an ever- expanding and inefficient public sector.
    [Show full text]
  • Interculturalism in Sam Najjair's Account of the Battle for Tripoli
    Estudios Irlandeses, Number 11, 2016, pp. 82-92 __________________________________________________________________________________________ AEDEI Interculturalism in Sam Najjair’s account of the battle for Tripoli: Soldier for a Summer Marie-Violaine Louvet Toulouse 1 - Capitole University, France Copyright (c) 2016 by Marie-Violaine Louvet. This text may be archived and redistributed both in electronic form and in hard copy, provided that the author and journal are properly cited and no fee is charged for access. Abstract. Interculturalism is the result of an interaction between different cultures and the possibility of the emergence of a new form of cultural expression and identity. This article studies the process of conciliation or re-conciliation of two cultures in Sam Najjair’s book Soldier for a Summer. This is the diary of an Irish Libyan citizen who participated in the liberation of Tripoli from Gaddafi’s rule in the Summer of 2011, during the Libyan civil war. The reader follows the main character from Dublin to Tripoli and then back to Dublin at the end of the war. In the book, which is first and foremost targeted at the Irish public to try to gather support for the revolution, Sam Najjair outlines an intercultural space between Ireland and Libya, opening ‘an Irish angle’ on the Libyan conflict, directly connected to his dual identity of a Libyan second generation immigrant living in Ireland. Key Words. Ireland, Libya, Interculturalism, Autobiography, Tripoli Brigade, Sam Najjair. Resumen. La interculturalidad es el resultado de una interacción entre diferentes culturas y la posibilidad de la aparición de una nueva forma de expresión e identidad cultural.
    [Show full text]
  • After the Fall: Libya's
    12 16 16 After the Fall TheLibya’s HeadstampThe Evolving12 Headstamp Armed Trail Groups Trail An AssessmentAn Assessment of Small-calibre of Small-calibre AmmunitionBy Brian McQuinnAmmunitionAfter Found the in Found FallLibya in Libya Libya’s Evolving Armed Groups by N.R. Jenzen-Jonesby N.R. Jenzen-Jones By Brian McQuinn A Working Paper of the A Working Paper ofSmall the Arms Survey Small Arms Survey A Working Working Paper PaperA of of Working thethe SmallSmall Paper Arms Arms of Survey theSurvey Small // Security SecurityArms Survey Assessment Assessment / Security in in North North Assessment Africa Africa project, project,in North Africa project, with supportsupport fromfromwith the the support Federal Swiss Federalfrom Foreign the Department OfficeSwiss Federalof Germany. of ForeignDepartment Affairs of Foreignand the AffairsNetherlands and the Netherlands Ministry of ForeignMinistry Affairs. of Foreign Affairs. Copyright Published in Switzerland by the Small Arms Survey © Small Arms Survey, Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva 2012 First published in October 2012 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of the Small Arms Survey, or as expressly permitted by law, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organi- zation. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Publications Manager, Small Arms
    [Show full text]
  • Holding Libya Together: Security Challenges After Qadhafi
    HOLDING LIBYA TOGETHER: SECURITY CHALLENGES AFTER QADHAFI Middle East/North Africa Report N°115 – 14 December 2011 TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS ............................................... i I. INTRODUCTION: THE ROAD TO POST-QADHAFI LIBYA ................................ 1 II. THE ORIGINS OF SECURITY FRAGMENTATION ............................................... 6 A. WHO SPEAKS FOR LIBYA ? ........................................................................................................... 6 1. Regional divisions ........................................................................................................................ 8 2. The question of Islamism ............................................................................................................. 9 3. Old versus new order ................................................................................................................. 13 B. THE QUESTION OF GOVERNMENT CAPACITY ............................................................................. 15 III. SECURITY FRAGMENTATION .............................................................................. 18 A. WHO ’S WHO ? ............................................................................................................................ 19 B. A TALE OF COMPETING NARRATIVES ........................................................................................ 23 C. THE CONSEQUENCES OF SECURITY FRAGMENTATION ..............................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Stalemate & Siege
    October 2011 Anthony Bell & David Witter THE LIBYAN REVOLUTION STALEMATE & SIEGE PART 3 Photo Credit: February 2011—Rebel celebration in Al Bayda, Libya. Courtesy Wikimedia Commons. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. ©2011 by the Institute for the Study of War. Published in 2011 in the United States of America by the Institute for the Study of War. 1400 16th Street NW, Suite 515 Washington, DC 20036. http://www.understandingwar.org Anthony Bell & David Witter THE LIBYAN REVOLUTION STALEMATE & SIEGE PART 3 ABOUT THE AUTHORS Anthony Bell is a Research Assistant at ISW, where he conducts research on political and security dynamics on Libya. He has previously studied the conflicts in Afghanistan and Iraq, and published the ISW report Reversing the Northeastern Insurgency. Anthony holds a bachelor’s degree from the George Washington University in International Affairs with a concentration in Conflict and Security. He graduated magna cum laude and received special honors for his senior thesis on the history of U.S. policy towards Afghanistan. He is currently a graduate student in the Security Studies Program at Georgetown University. David Witter is a Research Assistant at ISW, where he studies the NATO intervention in Libya as well as security dynamics in Afghanistan. He has previously published the ISW report Reversing the Northeastern Insurgency, the backgrounder Uzbek Militancy in Pakistan’s Tribal Region, as well as briefs on the Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan and the Libyan Islamic Fighting Group.
    [Show full text]
  • Precision and Purpose: Airpower in the Libyan Civil War
    PRECISION and PURPOSE Airpower in the Libyan Civil War Edited by Karl P. Mueller C O R P O R A T I O N For more information on this publication, visit www.rand.org/t/RR676 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Mueller, Karl P. Precision and purpose : airpower in the Libyan Civil War / Karl P. Mueller [and thirteen others]. pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-8330-8793-5 (pbk. : alk. paper) 1. Libya—History—Civil War, 2011---Aerial operations. 2. Libya—History--Civil War, 2011---Campaigns. 3. Air power—History—21st century. I. Title. DT236.M74 2015 961.205—dc23 2015012120 Published by the RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, Calif. © Copyright 2015 RAND Corporation R® is a registered trademark. Cover image: Belgian Air Force F-16 over Ghardabiya Air Base, Libya, on April 29, 2011; courtesy of the Belgian Air Force, photo by Vador. Limited Print and Electronic Distribution Rights This document and trademark(s) contained herein are protected by law. This representation of RAND intellectual property is provided for noncommercial use only. Unauthorized posting of this publication online is prohibited. Permission is given to duplicate this document for personal use only, as long as it is unaltered and complete. Permission is required from RAND to reproduce, or reuse in another form, any of its research documents for commercial use. For information on reprint and linking permissions, please visit www.rand.org/pubs/permissions.html. The RAND Corporation is a research organization that develops solutions to public policy challenges to help make communities throughout the world safer and more secure, healthier and more prosperous.
    [Show full text]