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Protest and State–Society Relations in the Middle East and North Africa
SIPRI Policy Paper PROTEST AND STATE– 56 SOCIETY RELATIONS IN October 2020 THE MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA dylan o’driscoll, amal bourhrous, meray maddah and shivan fazil STOCKHOLM INTERNATIONAL PEACE RESEARCH INSTITUTE SIPRI is an independent international institute dedicated to research into conflict, armaments, arms control and disarmament. Established in 1966, SIPRI provides data, analysis and recommendations, based on open sources, to policymakers, researchers, media and the interested public. The Governing Board is not responsible for the views expressed in the publications of the Institute. GOVERNING BOARD Ambassador Jan Eliasson, Chair (Sweden) Dr Vladimir Baranovsky (Russia) Espen Barth Eide (Norway) Jean-Marie Guéhenno (France) Dr Radha Kumar (India) Ambassador Ramtane Lamamra (Algeria) Dr Patricia Lewis (Ireland/United Kingdom) Dr Jessica Tuchman Mathews (United States) DIRECTOR Dan Smith (United Kingdom) Signalistgatan 9 SE-169 72 Solna, Sweden Telephone: + 46 8 655 9700 Email: [email protected] Internet: www.sipri.org Protest and State– Society Relations in the Middle East and North Africa SIPRI Policy Paper No. 56 dylan o’driscoll, amal bourhrous, meray maddah and shivan fazil October 2020 © SIPRI 2020 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of SIPRI or as expressly permitted by law. Contents Preface v Acknowledgements vi Summary vii Abbreviations ix 1. Introduction 1 Figure 1.1. Classification of countries in the Middle East and North Africa by 2 protest intensity 2. State–society relations in the Middle East and North Africa 5 Mass protests 5 Sporadic protests 16 Scarce protests 31 Highly suppressed protests 37 Figure 2.1. -
Libya: Unrest and U.S. Policy
Libya: Unrest and U.S. Policy Christopher M. Blanchard Acting Section Research Manager June 6, 2011 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov RL33142 CRS Report for Congress Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress Libya: Unrest and U.S. Policy Summary Over 40 years ago, Muammar al Qadhafi led a revolt against the Libyan monarchy in the name of nationalism, self-determination, and popular sovereignty. Opposition groups citing the same principles are now revolting against Qadhafi to bring an end to the authoritarian political system he has controlled in Libya for the last four decades. The Libyan government’s use of force against civilians and opposition forces seeking Qadhafi’s overthrow sparked an international outcry and led the United Nations Security Council to adopt Resolution 1973, which authorizes “all necessary measures” to protect Libyan civilians. The United States military is participating in Operation Unified Protector, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) military operation to enforce the resolution. Qatar, the United Arab Emirates, Jordan and other partner governments also are participating. Qadhafi and his supporters have described the uprising as a foreign and Islamist conspiracy and are attempting to outlast their opponents. Qadhafi remains defiant amid coalition air strikes and defections. His forces continue to attack opposition-held areas. Some opposition figures have formed an Interim Transitional National Council (TNC), which claims to represent all areas of the country. They seek foreign political recognition and material support. Resolution 1973 calls for an immediate cease-fire and dialogue, declares a no-fly zone in Libyan airspace, and authorizes robust enforcement measures for the arms embargo on Libya established by Resolution 1970 of February 26. -
Journal Du Qatar Dossier N° 1 Du 25.12.11
PALESTINE – SOLIDARITÉ http://www.palestine-solidarite.org Journal du Qatar Dossier N° 1 du 25.12.11 Par C.De Broeder & M.Lemaire a) Le "Journal d'Iran " est visible sur les blogs : http://journaldeguerre.blogs.dhnet.be/ http://journauxdeguerre.blogs.lalibre.be/ b) sur le site de Eva Resis : no-war.over-blog.com c) sur le site de Robert Bibeau : http://www.robertbibeau.ca/palestine.html d) Et sur le site Palestine Solidarité : NB : Si vous voulez-me contacter ou obtenir le Journal par mail une seule adresse : [email protected] Sommaire. Tiré à part Badis Guettaf : Libye : la «victoire occidentale» du Qatar. Sami Kleib : La vérité sur les visées inquiétantes du Qatar et des puissances occidentales. 1 Médias & Manipulation de l’opinion / Vidéos 1-1 H. Z : Al-Jazeera n’est pas une voix indépendante de l’Amérique ! 2 Les dosser & point de vue 2-1 Mounir Abi : Les manœuvres du Qatar en Algérie. 3 Courrier des lecteurs & trouvé sur le net & témoignage. 3-1 France: un fonds qatari de 50 millions d’euros pour les entrepreneurs de banlieue… 3-2 Parti Anti Sioniste : Le Qatar lorgne sur les banlieues françaises... Pourquoi ? 4 Analyse - Géopolitique et stratégie – Réflexion 4-1 Fatma Benmosbah : Les pérégrinations Qataries en Afrique du Nord. 5 Annexe 5-1 Rappel : Arnaud Castaignet : Libye: après l'OTAN le Qatar. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Tiré à part Badis Guettaf : Libye : la «victoire occidentale» du Qatar. Si l’on en croit les médias, (car quand il ne s’agit pas de faire la guerre il leur arrive de donner de l’information), le Qatar ferait cavalier seul en Libye. -
United Nations A/HRC/17/44
United Nations A/HRC/17/44 General Assembly Distr.: General 12 January 2012 Original: English Human Rights Council Seventeenth session Agenda item 4 Human rights situation that require the Council’s attention Report of the International Commission of Inquiry to investigate all alleged violations of international human rights law in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya* Summary Pursuant to Human Rights Council resolution S-15/1 of 25 February 2011, entitled “Situation of human rights in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya”, the President of the Human Rights Council established the International Commission of Inquiry, and appointed M. Cherif Bassiouni as the Chairperson of the Commission, and Asma Khader and Philippe Kirsch as the two other members. In paragraph 11 of resolution S-15/1, the Human Rights Council requested the Commission to investigate all alleged violations of international human rights law in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, to establish the facts and circumstances of such violations and of the crimes perpetrated and, where possible, to identify those responsible, to make recommendations, in particular, on accountability measures, all with a view to ensuring that those individuals responsible are held accountable. The Commission decided to consider actions by all parties that might have constituted human rights violations throughout Libya. It also considered violations committed before, during and after the demonstrations witnessed in a number of cities in the country in February 2011. In the light of the armed conflict that developed in late February 2011 in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya and continued during the Commission‟s operations, the Commission looked into both violations of international human rights law and relevant provisions of international humanitarian law, the lex specialis that applies during armed conflict. -
FORUM: Security Council QUESTION OF: Finding a Long-Term Solution
FORUM: Security Council QUESTION OF: Finding a Long-Term Solution to the Libyan Conflict STUDENT OFFICER: Anna Hatzius Sarramona POSITION: President INTRODUCTION “The whole Arab world will move quickly for freedom […] in one year you will have another Arab world.” 1 - Abdel Rahman Shalgham This was the hope of revolutionaries fighting against the Gaddafi government in 2011, another world. A democratic Libya with a right to free speech and security. But instead of achieving those things the Libyan Revolution 2011 led to chaos and multiple rebel groups turning against each other. Two governments were established, which both claimed to have complete power over Libya. The conflict was followed by the First Civil War in 2011/12 and the Second Civil War still enduring today. Today Libya is in strong need of sovereignty and unity in order to being able to manage wealth, security and public services for the benefit of all its citizens. DEFINITION OF KEY TERMS Sovereignty the quality of having a “supreme rank, power or authority” 2 BACKGROUND INFORMATION In August 2009 the Arab Spring arrived in Libya. Thousands of people joined protests against the governance of Muammar Gaddafi, who had been leading the country since 1969. The number of protests increased through the next years leading to an escalation in Benghazi on 15 February 2011. Security forces attacked anti-Gaddafi protesters during a protest demonstration. 1 https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/2011_Libyan_civil_war 2 https://www.dictionary.com/browse/sovereign Page 1 of 4 AMUN 2019 – Research Report for the Security Council This event led to a UN resolution on “freezing the assets of Gaddafi and his inner circle” 3 and shortly afterwards to an intervention of NATO into the conflict. -
The Political Role of Libyan Youth During and After the Revolution
Youth, Revolt, Recognition The Young Generation during and after the “Arab Spring” Edited by Isabel Schäfer From The Core To The Fringe? The Political Role of Libyan Youth During And After The Revolution by Anna Lührmann MIB-Edited Volume Berlin 2015 Projekt „Mittelmeer Institut Berlin (MIB)“ Project „Mediterranean Institute Berlin (MIB)“ Institut für Sozialwissenschaften Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin Unter den Linden 6, 10099 Berlin Dr. Isabel Schäfer Mail: [email protected] The MIB publication series is available online at https://www.mib.hu-berlin.de/ © 2015, MIB/HU, the author(s): Inken Bartels Charlotte Biegler-König Gözde Böcu Daniel Farrell Bachir Hamdouch Valeska Henze Wai Mun Hong Anna Lührmann Isabel Schäfer Carolina Silveira Layout: Jannis Grimm Maher El-Zayat Schäfer, Isabel, ed. (2015): Youth, Revolt, Recognition – The Young Generation during and after the "Arab Spring". Berlin: Mediterranean Institute Berlin (MIB)/HU Berlin. MIB Edited Volume | March 2015 Project “Mediterranean Institute Berlin”, Humboldt University Berlin; www.mib.hu-berlin.de HU Online Publikation, Open Access Programm der HU. To link to this article: urn:nbn:de:kobv:11-100228053 www.mib.hu-berlin.de/publikationen Table of Contents Introduction - Isabel Schäfer 1 Part I – Theoretical Perspectives 5 On the Concept of Youth – Some Reflections on Theory - Valeska Henze 5 Part II – Youth and Politics in the Southern and Eastern Mediterranean 17 Youth as Political Actors after the “Arab Spring”: The Case of Tunisia - Carolina Silveira 17 From The Core -
A Strategy for Success in Libya
A Strategy for Success in Libya Emily Estelle NOVEMBER 2017 A Strategy for Success in Libya Emily Estelle NOVEMBER 2017 AMERICAN ENTERPRISE INSTITUTE © 2017 by the American Enterprise Institute. All rights reserved. The American Enterprise Institute (AEI) is a nonpartisan, nonprofit, 501(c)(3) educational organization and does not take institutional positions on any issues. The views expressed here are those of the author(s). Contents Executive Summary ......................................................................................................................1 Why the US Must Act in Libya Now ............................................................................................................................1 Wrong Problem, Wrong Strategy ............................................................................................................................... 2 What to Do ........................................................................................................................................................................ 2 Reframing US Policy in Libya .................................................................................................. 5 America’s Opportunity in Libya ................................................................................................................................. 6 The US Approach in Libya ............................................................................................................................................ 6 The Current Situation -
After Gaddafi 01 0 0.Pdf
Benghazi in an individual capacity and the group it- ures such as Zahi Mogherbi and Amal al-Obeidi. They self does not seem to be reforming. Al-Qaeda in the found an echo in the administrative elites, which, al- Islamic Maghreb has also been cited as a potential though they may have served the regime for years, spoiler in Libya. In fact, an early attempt to infiltrate did not necessarily accept its values or projects. Both the country was foiled and since then the group has groups represent an essential resource for the future, been taking arms and weapons out of Libya instead. and will certainly take part in a future government. It is unlikely to play any role at all. Scenarios for the future The position of the Union of Free Officers is unknown and, although they may form a pressure group, their membership is elderly and many of them – such as the Three scenarios have been proposed for Libya in the rijal al-khima (‘the men of the tent’ – Colonel Gaddafi’s future: (1) the Gaddafi regime is restored to power; closest confidants) – too compromised by their as- (2) Libya becomes a failing state; and (3) some kind sociation with the Gaddafi regime. The exiled groups of pluralistic government emerges in a reunified state. will undoubtedly seek roles in any new regime but The possibility that Libya remains, as at present, a they suffer from the fact that they have been abroad divided state between East and West has been ex- for up to thirty years or more. -
Violent Extremism and Insurgency in Libya: a Risk Assessment
VIOLENT EXTREMISM AND INSURGENCY IN LIBYA: A RISK ASSESSMENT JULY 1, 2013 This publication was produced for review by the United States Agency for International Development. It was prepared by Guilain Denoeux, Management Systems International. VIOLENT EXTREMISM AND INSURGENCY IN LIBYA: A RISK ASSESSMENT Contracted under AID-OAA-TO-11-00051 Democracy and Governance and Peace and Security in the Asia and Middle East This paper was written by Dr. Guilain Denoeux, Professor of Government at Colby College and Senior Associate at Management Systems International. Dr. Denoeux is an expert on the comparative politics of the Middle East, democratization and violent extremism, and co-authored (with Dr. Lynn Carter) the USAID Guide to the Drivers of Violent Extremism (2009). DISCLAIMER The author’s views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of the United States Agency for International Development or the United States Government. CONTENTS Acronyms .................................................................................................................................... i Map ........................................................................................................................................... iii Executive Summary....................................................................................................................1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................... 4 Spring 2012-Spring 2013 VE Highlights -
Current Trends in Islamist Ideology JANUARY, 2013
Current Trends in Islamist Ideology JANUARY, 2013 VOLUME 14 ■ WHAT IS A CONSTITUTION ANYWAY? / Samuel Tadros ■ EGYPT’S LOOMING COMPETITIVE THEOCRACY / Eric Trager ■ THE JORDANIAN BROTHERHOOD IN THE ARAB SPRING / Jacob Amis ■ ANSAR AL-SHARIA IN SOUTHERN YEMEN / Robin Simcox AFTER AL-SHABAAB / Ioannis Gatsiounis ■ THE GÜLEN MOVEMENT IN AZERBAIJAN / Fuad Aliyev HUDSON INSTITUTE Center on Islam, Democracy, and the Future of the Muslim World Current Trends in Islamist Ideology VOLUME 14 Edited by Hillel Fradkin, Husain Haqqani, Eric Brown, and Hassan Mneimneh hudson institute Center on Islam, Democracy, and the Future of the Muslim World ©2013 Hudson Institute, Inc. All rights reserved. ISSN: 1940-834X For more information about obtaining additional copies of this or other Hudson Institute publica- tions, please visit Hudson’s website at www.hudson.org/bookstore or call toll free: 1-888-554-1325. ABOUT HUDSON INSTITUTE Hudson Institute is a nonpartisan, independent policy research organization dedicated to innovative research and analysis that promotes global security, prosperity, and freedom. Founded in 1961 by strategist Herman Kahn, Hudson Institute challenges conventional thinking and helps manage strate- gic transitions to the future through interdisciplinary studies in defense, international relations, eco- nomics, health care, technology, culture, and law. With offices in Washington and New York, Hud son seeks to guide public policymakers and global leaders in government and business through a vigor- ous program of publications, conferences, policy briefings, and recommendations. Hudson Institute is a 501(c)(3) organization financed by tax-deductible contributions from private individuals, corpo- rations, foundations, and by government grants. Visit www.hudson.org for more information. -
Misrata 1. Introduction Misrata Is the Third Largest City in Libya, With
CHAPTER NINE MISRATA 1. Introduction Misrata is the third largest city in Libya, with a population of approxi- mately 517,000 inhabitants before the conflict.1 It is a port city located on the far western edge of the Gulf of Sidra along the Mediterranean Coast, 187 kilometers (116 miles) east of Tripoli and 825 kilometers (512 miles) west of Benghazi.2 The city center lies just off the coast, with the seaport to the east and the airport to the south. The center is connected by a num- ber of major roads, including Tripoli Street, the main commercial boule- vard in downtown Misrata that connects to the Libyan Coastal Highway. A number of suburbs, including Al-Ghayran and Al-Shawati, extend out from the city center.3 Misrata is traditionally regarded as the country’s business capital, serv- ing as a central locale for the exchange of commodities and materials with other cities. The city’s steel mill industry is one of its principal sources of income and employment, and the industry has been able to expand throughout the years with its owners holding considerable influence in the city. Misrata is one of the country’s most modern cities, with infra- structure that includes new roads, electricity and communication centers, 1 United Nations Inter-Agency Mission, Misrata: 10 to 14 July 2011, UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs 4 (2011), available at http://reliefweb .int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/Full_report_157.pdf. Other estimates put Misrata’s population closer to 380,000 people before the conflict. See Misratah, WolframAlpha, available at http://www.wolframalpha.com/input/?i=Misratah&lk=1&a=ClashPrefs_*City .*Misratah.Misratah.Libya--. -
Crisis Committee
CRISIS COMMITTEE Lyon Model United Nations 2018 Study Guide Libyan Civil War !1 LyonMUN 2018 – Libyan Civil War Director: Thomas Ron Deputy Director: Malte Westphal Chairs: Laurence Turner and Carine Karaki Backroom: Ben Bolton, Camille Saikali, Margaux Da Silva, and Antoine Gaudim !2 Director’s Welcome Dear Delegates, On behalf of the whole team I would like to welcome you to LyonMUN 2018 and this simulation of the Libyan Civil War. It is strange to feel that such an important topic that we all remember happening is already over 7 years old. Therefore, we felt it would be a good time to simulate it and think about the ways it could have gone. As delegates you will each be given characters to play in this crisis. These were real people who made a difference within the actual Civil War and have their own objectives and goals. You are tasked with advancing the goals of your character and making sure that they end up doing well out of this crisis. Every action will have consequences, everything you do will have ramifications, and mistakes can be deadly. Your chairs will be there to help but they will also be representing characters and have their own interests, meaning they may not be fully trustworthy. Behind the scenes you will have a backroom which will interpret your directives and move the plot forward. We will be there to read what you say and put it into action. However, a word to the wise, the way your wish may be interpreted may not be ideal.