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NH NG CÂY THU C CHÂU Á THÁI BÌNH DƯƠNG 218 17. Tiwawech

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NH NG CÂY THU C CHÂU Á THÁI BÌNH DƯƠNG 218 17. Tiwawech PHAN TẤT HOÀ --- NHỮNG CÂY THUỐC CHÂU Á THÁI BÌNH DƯƠNG 218 17. Tiwawech, D., Hirose, M., Futakuchi, M., Lin, C., Thamavit, W., Ito, N., and Shirai, T. 2000. Enhancing effects of Thai edible plants on 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo(4,5-f)quinoxaline- hepatocarcinogenesis in a rat medium-term bioassay, Cancer Lett ., 158, 195. 18. Sunthitikawinsakul, A., Kongkathip, N., Kongkathip, B., Phonnakhu, S., Daly, J. W., Spande, T. F., Nimit, Y., Napaswat, C., Kasisit, J., and Yoosook, C. 2003. Anti-HIV-1 limonoid: first isolation from Clausena excavata . Phytother. Res. , 17, 1101. 19. Sunthitikawinsakul, A., Kongkathip, N., Kongkathip, B., Phonnakhu, S., Daly, J. W., Spande, T. F., Nimit, Y., and Rochanaruangrai, S. 2003. Coumarins and carbazoles from Clausena excavata exhibited antimycobacterial and antifungal activities. Planta Med. , 69, 155. 20. Sunthitikawinsakul, A., Kongkathip, N., Kongkathip, B., Phonnakhu, S., Daly, J. W., Spande, T. F., Nimit, Y., and Rochanaruangrai, S. 2003. Coumarins and carbazoles from Clausena excavata exhibited antimycobacterial and antifungal activities. Planta Med. , 69, 155. 21. Hirata, K., Ito, C., Furukawa, H., Itoigawa, M., Cosentino, L. M., and Lee, K. H. 1999. Substituted 7H-pyrido[4,3-c]carbazoles with potent anti-HIV activity. Biorg. Med. Chem. Lett. , 9, 119. 22. Li, W. S., McChesney, J. D., and El-Feraly, F. S. 1991. Carbazole alkaloids from Clausena lansium . Phytochemistry , 30, 343. 23. Kumar, V., Vallipuram, K., Adebajo, A. C., and Reisch, J. 1995. 2,7-Dihydroxy-3-formyl-1- (3′-methyl2′-butenyl)carbazole from Clausena lansium . Phytochemistry , 40, 1563. 24. Yang, M. H., Chen, Y. Y., and Huang, L. 1988. Three novel cyclic amides from Clausena lansium . Phytochemistry , 27, 445. 25. Zhang, J. T., Duan, W., Jiang, X. Y., Liu, S. L., and Zhao, M. R. 2000. Effect of (– )clausenamide on impairment of memory and apoptosis. Neurobiol. Aging, 21, Suppl., 1, 243. 26. Tang, K. and Zhang, J. T. 2004. Mechanism of (–)clausenamide induced calcium transient in primary culture of rat cortical neurons. Life Sci. , 74, 1427. 27. Khan, M. R., Kihara, M., and Omoloso, A. D. 2000. Antimicrobial activity of Evodia elleryana . Fitoterapia , 71, 72. 28. Huang, Y. C., Guh, J. H., and Teng, C. M. 2004. Induction of mitotic arrest and apoptosis by evodiamine in human leukemic T-lymphocytes. Life Sci. , 75, 35. 29. Zhang, Y., Zhang, Q. H., Wu, L. J., Tashiro, S., Onodera, S., and Ikejima, T. 2004. Atypical apoptosis in L929 cells induced by evodiamine isolated from Evodia rutaecarpa . J. Asian Nat. Prod. Res. , 6, 19. 30. Bowman, R. M., Gray, G. A., and Grundon, M. F. 1973. Quinoline alkaloids. XV. Reactions of a quinoline isoprenyl epoxide with hydride reagents. Asymmetric synthesis and stereochemistry of lunacridine and related Lunasia alkaloids. J. Chem. Soc. , 10, 1051. 31. Roy, M. K., Thalang, V. N., Trakoontivakorn, G., and Nakahara, K. 2004. Mechanism of mahanineinduced apoptosis in human leukemia cells (HL-60). Biochem. Pharmacol. , 67, 41. 32. Ma, C., Case, R. J., Wang, Y., Zhang, H. J., Tan, G. T., Van Hung, N., Cuong, N. M., Franzblau, S. G., Soejarto, D. D., Fong, H. H., and Pauli, G. F. 2005. Anti-tuberculosis constituents from the stem bark of Micromelum hirsutum . Planta Med. , 71, 261. 33. Hao, X. Y., Peng, L., Ye, L., Huang, N. H., and Shen, Y. M. 2004. A study on anti- inflammatory and analgesic effects of alkaloids of Toddalia asiatica . Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Xue Bao , 2, 450. 34. Guo, S., Li, S., Peng, Z., and Ren, X. 1998. Isolation and identification of active constituent of Toddalia asiatica in cardiovascular system. Zhong Yao Cai , 21, 515. 35. Oketch-Rabah, H. A., Mwangi, J. W., Lisgarten, J., and Mberu, E. K. 2000. A new antiplasmodial coumarin from Toddalia asiatica roots(Buy now from http://www.drugswell.com ). Fitoter. , 71, 636. 36. Tsai, I. L., Wun, M. F., Teng, C. M., Ishikawa, T., and Chen, I. S. 1998. Anti-platelet aggregation constituents from formosan Toddalia asiatica . Phytochemistry , 48, 1377. 37. Fish, F., Gray, A. I., and Waterman, P. G. 1975. Coumarin, alkaloid and flavonoid constituents from the root and stem barks of Zanthoxylum avicennae . Phytochemistry , 14, 841. 38. Ng, K. M., Gray, A. G., and Waterman, P. G. 1987. Benzophenanthridine alkaloids from the stem bark of a Z anthoxylum species. Phytochemistry , 26, 325. PHAN TẤT HOÀ --- NHỮNG CÂY THUỐC CHÂU Á THÁI BÌNH DƯƠNG 219 39. Yang, Y. P., Cheng, M. J., Teng, C. M., Chang, Y. L., Tsai, I. L., and Chen, I. S. 2002. Chemical and anti-platelet constituents from Formosan Zanthoxylum simulans . Phytochemistry , 61, 567. 40. Martin, M. T., Rasoanaivo, L. H., and Raharisololalao, A. 2005. Phenanthridine alkaloids from Zanthoxylum madagascariense . Fitoterapia , 76, 590. 41. Bongui, J.B., Blanckaert, A., Elomri, A., and Seguin, E. 2005. Constituents of Zanthoxylum heitzii (Rutaceae), Biochem. System. Ecol ., 33, 845. 42. Li, D., Zhao, B., Sim, S. P., Li, T. K., Liu, A., Liu, L. F., and LaVoie, E. J. 2003. 2,3- Dimethoxybenzo[i]phenanthridines: topoisomerase I-targeting anticancer agents. Bioorg. Med. Chem. , 11, 521. 43. Holden, J. A., Wall, M. E., Wani, M. C., and Manikumar, G. 1999. Human DNA topoisomerase I: quantitative analysis of the effects of camptothecin analogs and the benzophenanthridine alkaloids nitidine and 6-ethoxydihydronitidine on DNA topoisomerase I- induced DNA strand breakage. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. , 370, 66. 44. Cheng, M. J., Lee, K. H., Tsai, I. L., and Chen, I. S. 2005. Two new sesquiterpenoids and anti- HIV principles from the root bark of Zanthoxylum ailanthoides . Bioorg. Med. Chem. , in press. 45. Waterman, P. G. 1975. Alkaloids from the root bark of Zanthoxylum myriacanthum . Phytochemistry , 14, 2530. 46. Sukari, M. A., Salim, W. S. W., Ibrahim, N. H., Rahmani, M., Aimi, N., and Kitajima, M. 1999. Phenantridine alkaloids from Zanthoxylum myriacanthum . Fitoterapia , 70, 197. CHAPTER 32 Medicinal Plants Classified in the Family Loganiaceae 32.1 GENERAL CONCEPT The family Loganiaceae (Martius, 1827 nom. conserv., the Logania Family) consists of approximately 20 genera and 500 species of tropical trees, shrubs, and climbers that commonly produce iridoids and monoterpenoid indole alkaloids that are formed by the condensation of tryptamine and secologanin (an iridoid). Look H2N ing for Loganiaceae in the field might not be a very easy task; it is advised to look for trees or O dichotomous climb- O OH ers with opposite simple leaves, interpetiolar stipules, no Strychnine Glycine latex, and tubular flowers which are whitish with five lobes, a 2-celled gynaecium, and fruits which are always superior capsules, berries, or drupes. Classical examples of pharmaceutical products of Loganiaceous origin are the dried ripe seeds of Strychnos nux-vomica L., a plant of India, Ceylon, Thailand, Cam-H3CO bodia, Laos, Vietnam, and North Malaysia. Nux vomica (British Pharmacopoeia , 1963) and Strychnos ignatii H3CO (Ignatia, PHAN TẤT HOÀ --- NHỮNG CÂY THUỐC CHÂU Á THÁI BÌNH DƯƠNG 220 British Pharmaceutical Codex , 1934) consist of the dried ripe seeds containing not less than 1.2% of strychnine (Figure 32.1). It was used as a bitter and as Brucine an ingredient of purgative pills and tablets. Strychnine Figure 32.1 Examples of bioactive alka( British Pharmaceutical Codex , 1959) was formerly used loids from the family Logato stimulate blood circulation during surgical shock, but niaceae. its use is now more limited to invigorating breathing during poisoning. Strychnine given in a small dose to humans and animals binds to the glycinergic receptor and enhances the motor response of the spinal reflex. Large doses cause tremors and slight twitching of the limbs, followed by sudden convulsions of all muscles. The body becomes arched backwards in hyperextension with the legs and arms extended and the feet turned inward. The facial muscles produce a characteristic grinning expression known as risus sardonicus. Death from medullary paralysis usually follows the second or fifth seizure. The convulsions are mediated spinally and believed to result from a blockade of inhibitory glycinergic sites. Antidotes for strychnine poisoning are short-acting barbiturates and muscle-relaxing drugs. The seeds of Strychnos nux-vomica L. are used to treat eye diseases because strychnine instilled locally increases the ability to discriminate colors and intensities of illumination, particularly in the area of the blue visual field. Strychnos nux-vomica L. was once used to treat amblyopia. The dried rhizome and roots(Buy now from http://www.drugswell.com ) of Gelsenium sempervirens (Gelsenium , British Pharmaceutical Codex , 1963) contain no less than 0.32% of gelsemine, which has been used as a tincture to treat migraine (Gelsenium Tincture, British Pharmaceutical Codex , 1963). Note that Gelsemium sempervirens (L.) Ait. f. (Evening Trumpet Flower) is a common ornamental garden plant in North America. Another example of medicinal Loganiaceae is Gelsemium nitidum (American Yellow Jasmine), the roots(Buy now from http://www.drugswell.com ) of which are occasionally used to reduce headache. While the genus Strychnos has attracted a great deal of interest, very little is known about the pharmacological potential of the remaining genera, a gap that is worth investigating further. 1–10 An exciting reserve of potentially active Loganiaceae is in the medicinal plants of the Pacific Rim, where about 20 species are used to invigorate, to counteract putrefaction, to treat eye diseases, and to expel worms from the intestines. Among these are Fagraea auriculata Jack, Fagraea blumei G. Don., Fagraea obovata (non Wall.) King, and Neuburgia corynocarpa (A. Gray) Leenh. PHAN TẤT HOÀ --- NHỮNG CÂY THUỐC CHÂU Á THÁI BÌNH DƯƠNG 221 32.2 FAGRAEA AURICULATA JACK [After J. T. Fagraeus (1729–1747), a Swedish naturalist, and from Latin auriculata = with ears.] 32.2.1 Botany Fagraea auriculata Jack is a climber or small tree that grows from sea level to 1200m in Burma, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, and throughout the Malay Archipelago.
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