Biodiversity Assessment Study for New

Home , Apayao, Barred rail, Benguet bush warbler, Bucas Grande, Canarium hirsutum, Capparis micracantha

Technical Assistance Consultant’s Report

Project Number: 50159-001 July 2019

Technical Assistance Number: 9461

Regional: Protecting and Investing in Natural Capital in Asia and the Pacific (Cofinanced by the Climate Change Fund and the Global Environment Facility)

Prepared by: Lorenzo V. Cordova, Jr. M.A., Prof. Pastor L. Malabrigo, Jr. Prof. Cristino L. Tiburan, Jr., Prof. Anna Pauline O. de Guia, Bonifacio V. Labatos, Jr., Prof. Juancho B. Balatibat, Prof. Arthur Glenn A. Umali, Khryss V. Pantua, Gerald T. Eduarte, Adriane B. Tobias, Joresa Marie J. Evasco, and Angelica N. Divina.

PRO-SEEDS DEVELOPMENT ASSOCIATION, INC. Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines

Asian Development Bank is the executing and implementing agency.

This consultant’s report does not necessarily reflect the views of ADB or the Government concerned, and ADB and the Government cannot be held liable for its contents. (For project preparatory technical assistance: All the views expressed herein may not be incorporated into the proposed project’s design. Biodiversity Assessment Study for New Clark City New scientiﬁc information on the ﬂora, fauna, and ecosystems in New Clark City Full Biodiversity Assessment Study for New Clark City Project Pro-Seeds Development Association, Inc. Final Report

Biodiversity Assessment Study for New Clark City Project

Contract No.: 149285-S53389

Final Report July 2019

Prepared for:

ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK 6 ADB Avenue, Mandaluyong City 1550, Metro Manila, Philippines T +63 2 632 4444

Prepared by:

PRO-SEEDS DEVELOPMENT ASSOCIATION, INC C2A Sandrose Place, Ruby St., Umali Subdivision Brgy. Batong Malake, Los Banos, Laguna T (049) 525-1609

The information contained in this document produced by Pro-Seeds Development Association, Inc. is solely for the use of the Client identified on the cover sheet for the purpose for which it has been prepared and Pro-Seeds undertakes no duty to or accepts any responsibility to any third party who may rely upon this document.

All rights reserved. No section or element of this document may be removed from this document, reproduced, electronically stored or transmitted in any form without the written permission of Pro-Seeds Development Association, Inc..

Full Biodiversity Assessment Study for New Clark City Project Pro-Seeds Development Association, Inc. Final Report

BIODIVERSITY ASESSMENT STUDY CORE TEAM

Lorenzo V. Cordova, Jr., MA, EnP Urban Biodiversity Specialist / Project Leader

Pastor L. Malabrigo, Jr. Senior Botanist

Prof. Cristino L. Tiburan, Jr. PhD Remote Sensing and GIS Specialist

Prof. Anna Pauline O. de Guia, PhD Senior Fauna Specialist

Bonifacio V. Labatos, Jr., MSc, EnP Freshwater Ecologist

Prof. Juancho B. Balatibat, MSc Entomologist

Prof. Arthur Glenn A. Umali, MSc Junior Botanist

Khryss V. Pantua, BSc Junior Fauna Specialist

For. Gerald T. Eduarte, BSc Project Coordinator

For. Adriane B. Tobias, BSc Junior Science Research Specialist

For. Joresa Marie J. Evasco, Bsc For. Angelica N. Divina, Bsc Project Research Associates

Full Biodiversity Assessment Study for New Clark City Project Pro-Seeds Development Association, Inc. Final Report

TABLE OF CONTENTS

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...... 2

1. INTRODUCTION ...... 4

1.1. Background of the Study ...... 4

1.2. Objectives ...... 5

1.3. Significance of the Study ...... 5

1.4. Scope and Limitations of the Study ...... 6

2. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY AREA ...... 8

2.1. Geographic Location of New Clark City ...... 8

2.2. Overview and Condition of Watershed ...... 8

2.3. Physical Characteristics of New Clark City ...... 11 2.3.1. Elevation...... 11 2.3.2. Slope ...... 13 2.3.3. Land Cover ...... 14

2.4. Overview of Socio-economic Activities of Barangays within NCCC ...... 16

2.5. Climate and Climate Change ...... 17

2.6. Brief Overview of the Proposed Development of NCC ...... 20

3. BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT FRAMEWORK AND DESIGN ...... 22

3.1. Framework for the Study ...... 22

3.2. Methodology ...... 23 3.2.1. Terrestrial Flora ...... 23 3.2.1.1. Vegetation Survey ...... 23 3.2.1.2. Species Identification ...... 27 3.2.1.3. Data Analysis ...... 28 3.2.2. Vertebrate Fauna ...... 28 3.2.2.1. Area Description ...... 28 3.2.2.2. Faunal Survey ...... 29

Full Biodiversity Assessment Study for New Clark City Project Pro-Seeds Development Association, Inc. Final Report

3.2.2.2.1. Herpetofauna ...... 30 3.2.2.2.2. Avifauna ...... 30 3.2.2.2.2.1. Transect Walk ...... 30 3.2.2.2.2.2. Netting ...... 31 3.2.2.2.2.3. Data Analysis for Transect Walk Data ...... 34 3.2.2.2.3. Mammals ...... 34 3.2.2.2.3.1. Bats ...... 34 3.2.2.2.3.2. Non-volant Mammals ...... 34 3.2.2.3. Identification of Species ...... 35 3.2.2.4. Conservation Status ...... 35 3.2.3. Invertebrate Fauna ...... 36 3.2.3.1. Sampling Sites ...... 36 3.2.3.2. Sampling Method ...... 36 3.2.3.3. Data Analysis ...... 38 3.2.4. Freshwater Ecology ...... 38 3.2.4.1. Sampling Station ...... 38 3.2.4.2. Sampling Protocol ...... 39 3.2.4.2.1. Periphyton ...... 39 3.2.4.2.2. Macrobenthos ...... 40 3.2.4.2.3. Fish ...... 41 3.2.4.3. Conservation Status ...... 42

4. RESULTS OF THE STUDY ...... 43

4.1. Terrestrial Flora ...... 43 4.1.1. Vegetation Structure ...... 43 4.1.2. Floristic Composition...... 52 4.1.2.1. Tree Flora ...... 55 4.1.2.2. Intermediate and Understorey ...... 56 4.1.2.3. Ground Cover ...... 57 4.1.3. Diversity Indices ...... 58 4.1.4. Noteworthy Species ...... 62 4.1.4.1. Endemic Species ...... 62 4.1.4.2. Threatened Species ...... 66 4.1.4.3. New Province Records ...... 69 4.1.4.4. Economically Important Species ...... 70

4.2. Vertebrate Fauna ...... 72 4.2.1. Amphibians ...... 72 4.2.2. Reptiles ...... 73 4.2.3. Avifauna ...... 75 4.2.3.1. Species Composition ...... 75 4.2.3.2. Biodiversity Parameters: Species Richness, Abundance and Diversity Indices ...... 77 4.2.4. Mammals ...... 81

Full Biodiversity Assessment Study for New Clark City Project Pro-Seeds Development Association, Inc. Final Report

4.2.5. Noteworthy Species ...... 84

4.3. Invertebrate Fauna ...... 89 4.3.1. Arthropod Composition and Abundance ...... 89 4.3.2. Arthropod Diversity Indices ...... 98

4.4. Freshwater Ecology ...... 103 4.4.1. Site Description ...... 103 4.4.2. Periphyton ...... 106 4.4.3. Macrobenthos ...... 108 4.4.4. Fish ...... 111 4.4.5. Reptile ...... 117 4.4.6. Noteworthy Species ...... 118

5. LAND COVER CHANGE ANALYSIS AND PREDICTIVE MODELING OF URBAN AREAS IN NCC AND ITS SURROUNDING ENVIRONMENT ...... 121

5.1. Land Cover Change ...... 121

5.2. Predictive Modeling of Future Urban Scenarios ...... 125

6. SUMMARY OF PRESSURES AND IMPACTS TO BIODIVERSITY IN NEW CLARK CITY ...... 132

6.1. Forest Land Degradation ...... 132

6.2. Habitat Loss and Fragmentation ...... 132

6.3. Greenhouse Gas Emission ...... 133

6.4. Pollution and Local Disturbance ...... 133

7. LEVERAGING BIODIVERSITY: INITIAL IDEAS FOR NATURE-BASED SOLUTIONS ...... 134

7.1. Establishment of Priority Conservation Sites ...... 136 7.1.1. Important Plant Areas ...... 137 7.1.2. Important Wildlife Areas ...... 138 7.1.3. Important Riverine Ecosystem ...... 138

7.2. Mitigating measures to address the pressures to biodiversity ...... 139

7.3. Promoting the use of indigenous, native, and endemic species in NCC ...... 141

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Full Biodiversity Assessment Study for New Clark City Project Pro-Seeds Development Association, Inc. Final Report

7.4. Engaging Communities as Contract Growers of Native, Indigenous, and Endemic Seedlings ”or even instant trees) ...... 163

7.5. Establish Payment for Ecosystem Services ...... 164

7.6. Working with LGUs to achieve synergy in development plans ...... 167

7.7. Promote Biodiversity-friendly Technology ...... 167

7.8. Science-Based Biodiversity Assessment & Monitoring ...... 168

8. RECOMMENDATIONS AND WAYS FORWARD ...... 169

9. REFERENCES ...... 172

10. APPENDICES ...... 175

Appendix 1. Summary of plants recorded within the NCC project site ...... 175

Appendix 2. List of amphibians and reptiles recorded in NCC ...... 213

Appendix 4. Bird transect results and biodiversity indices in Site 1 of NCC ...... 237

Appendix 5. Bird transect results and biodiversity indices in Site 2 of NCC ...... 239

Appendix 6. Bird transect results and biodiversity indices in Site 3 of NCC ...... 240

Appendix 7. List of mammals recorded in NCC ...... 243

Appendix 8. Indicative cost and timeline of activities for NCC ...... 246

Full Biodiversity Assessment Study for New Clark City Project Pro-Seeds Development Association, Inc. Final Report

ACRONYMS and ABBREVIATIONS

ADB Asian Development Bank BAMS Biodiversity Assessment and Monitoring System BCDA Bases for Conversion and Development Authority BMB Biodiversity Management Bureau CDP Comprehensive Development Plan Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and CITES Flora CLUP Comprehensive Land Use Plan CR Critically Endangered DAO DENR Administrative Order DAO 2004-15 DENR Administrative Order No. 2004-15 – Establishing the List of Terrestrial Threatened Species and their Categories, and the List of Other Wildlife Species Pursuant to Republic Act No. 9147, Otherwise Known as the Wildlife Resources Conservation and Protection Act of 2001 DAO 2017-11 DENR Administrative Order No. 2017-11 – Updated National List of Threatened Philippine Plants and their Categories DBH Diameter at Breast-Height DENR Department of Environment and Natural Resources EN Endangered EO 247 Executive Order 247 – Prescribing Guidelines and Establishing a Regulatory Framework for the Prospecting of Biological and Genetic Resources, Their By Product and Derivatives, for Scientific and Commercial Purposes; and for Other Purposes EPT Orders Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Trichoptera ETG Environmental Thematic Group EX Exotic GIS Geographic Information System ha hectares HBW Handbook of the Birds of the World IAS Invasive Alien Species IPA Important Plant Area IRE Important Riverine Ecosystem IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature

Full Biodiversity Assessment Study for New Clark City Project Pro-Seeds Development Association, Inc. Final Report

IV Importance Value IWA Important Wildlife Areas KBA Key Biodiversity Area LC Least Concern LGU Local Government Unit masl meters above sea level MH Merchantable Height MLP Multi-Layer Perception NA Not Assessed NbS Nature-based Solutions NCC New Clark City NE Non-Endemic NOx Nitrogen oxide OPPP Office of Public-Private Partnership OTS Other Threatened Species PE Philippine Endemic PES Payment for Ecosystem Services PPCC Philippine Plants Conservation Committee RS Remote Sensing SDA Spoil Disposal Areas SPADE Spatial Data Analysis Explorer SOx Sulfur Oxide TH Total Height TSS Total Suspended Solid UNDP United Nations Development Programme UPLB University of the Philippines Los Banos VU Vulnerable WBCP Wild Bird Club of the Philippines

Full Biodiversity Assessment Study for New Clark City Project Pro-Seeds Development Association, Inc. Final Report

DEFINITION OF TERMS

A Amphibians a cold-blooded vertebrate animal of a class that comprises the frogs, toads, newts, and salamanders. B Biodiversity variability among living organisms from all sources, including terrestrial, marine, and other aquatic ecosystems and the ecological complexes of which they are part; this includes diversity within species, between species, and of ecosystems. C CITES Appendix I species threatened with extinction, which are or may be affected by trade. International (commercial) trade in wild- taken specimens is generally prohibited. CITES Appendix II species not necessarily threatened with extinction, but for which trade must be controlled to avoid their becoming so, and species that resemble species already included in Appendix II. International trade is permitted but regulated through appropriate permits/certificates. CITES Appendix III species included at the request of a Party that already regulates trade in the species and that needs the cooperation of other countries to prevent unsustainable or illegal exploitation. International trade in specimens of species listed in this Appendix is allowed only upon presentation of the appropriate permits or certificates. D Diversity number of different items and their relative frequency E Endemic plants and animals that exist only in one geographic region. Evenness (J) represents the degree to which individuals are split among species with low values indicating that one or a few species dominate, and high values indicating that relatively equal numbers of individuals belong to each species. Exotic also known as alien species, invasive species, non-indigenous species, and bioinvaders, are species of plants or animals that are growing in a non-native environment. I Indigenous species and communities that occur naturally, not as accidental or deliberate introductions, in an area Introduced (also known as an exotic species) is an organism that is not native to the place or area where it is considered introduced and instead has been accidentally or deliberately transported to the new location by human activity. vii

Full Biodiversity Assessment Study for New Clark City Project Pro-Seeds Development Association, Inc. Final Report

M Mammals warm-blooded higher vertebrates (such as placentals, marsupials, or monotremes) that nourish their young with milk secreted by mammary glands, have the skin usually more or less covered with hair, and include humans

Margalef simple measure of species richness (for fauna)

N Native species that normally or naturally lives and thrives in an ecosystem without the influence of humans R Reptiles any of a class (Reptilia) of cold-blooded, air-breathing, usually egg-laying vertebrates that include the alligators and crocodiles, lizards, snakes, turtles, and extinct related forms (such as dinosaurs and pterosaurs) and that have a body typically covered with scales or bony plates and a bony skeleton with a single occipital condyle, a distinct quadrate bone usually immovably articulated with the skull, and ribs attached to the sternum S Secondary Begins in areas previously covered by vegetation Succession Shannon-Weiner characterize species diversity in a community, provides Index ”H’) estimate of species richness and distribution Simpson Index (D) a measure of diversity which takes into account the number of species present, as well as the relative abundance of each species; gives the probability of getting different species when two individuals were drawn (without replacement) inside a plot Species of species, usually listed as threatened, that requires attention Conservation and immediate action for conservation Concern Species Richness total number of species present in a given area or sample whereas diversity considers how individuals are distributed amongst those species T Threatened considered as critically endangered, endangered, vulnerable or other accepted categories of wildlife whose populations are at risk of extinction. X Xerosere succession that initiates on a dry, bare land LIST OF TABLES

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Full Biodiversity Assessment Study for New Clark City Project Pro-Seeds Development Association, Inc. Final Report

Table 1. Land Classification of O’Donnell Watershed ...... 10 Table 2. Elevation classes of O’Donnell and Cutcut Watersheds ...... 10 Table 3. Slope of O’Donnell and Cutcut Watersheds ...... 10 Table 4. Land cover categories of O’Donnell and Cutcut Watersheds ...... 11 Table 5. List of barangays and corresponding socio-economic activities covering NCC ...... 16 Table 6. Projected seasonal change in total rainfall (mm) in the mid-21st century for Pampanga and Tarlac in Region III ...... 19 Table 7. Projected seasonal change in mean temperature (0C) in the mid-21st century for Pampanga and Tarlac in Region III ...... 19 Table 8. General description of transect established for vegetation survey ...... 25 Table 9. Coordinates with corresponding elevation of selected sites for herpetofauna survey ...... 30 Table 10. Coordinates with corresponding elevation of selected sites for avifauna survey ...... 30 Table 11. Coordinates with corresponding elevation of netting areas for avifauna survey ...... 32 Table 12. Coordinates of the traplines ...... 34 Table 13. Number of individuals per endemism and growth habit ...... 55 Table 14. Top ten trees with highest Importance Value (IV) ...... 56 Table 15. Ten most abundant understorey species ...... 57 Table 16. Ten ground cover species with highest relative cover ...... 58 Table 17. Diversity indices of each transect with number of species and individuals ...... 59 Table 18. Computed diversity indices of each transect excluding exotic species recorded ...... 59 Table 19. Percentage abundance of Philippine endemic, native and exotic species per transect ...... 60 Table 20. Summary of species with highest relative density per transect ...... 60 Table 21. Summary of species listed as endemic to the Philippines ...... 63 Table 22. Summary of species listed as threatened ...... 67 Table 23. Summary of species that are most probably new records in province of Pampanga-Tarlac . 69 Table 24. List of noteworthy vertebrate fauna recorded within the study sites ...... 85 Table 25. Summary of arthropod composition and abundance in NCC ...... 89 Table 26. Summary of arthropod composition with information on abundance and feeding guild ...... 90 Table 27. Computed index of similarities (Whittaker’s index) of species composition between and among the various plots ...... 93 Table 28. Computed diversity parameters and indices for insects in New Clark City using PAST ver. 3.23 ...... 98 Table 29. Computed diversity parameters and indices for spiders in New Clark City using PAST ver. 3.23 ...... 100 Table 30. Site description of freshwater ecology sampling stations ...... 103 Table 31. Number of individuals of fish fauna recorded from the nine sampling stations ...... 112 Table 32. Status of fish species documented in the study area ...... 115 Table 33. Feeding habit and habitat of species recorded in the study area ...... 115 Table 34. Relative change between 2010 and 2015 land cover maps ...... 121 Table 35. Land cover change analysis between 2010 and 2015 for Cutcut Watershed ...... 123 Table 36. Land cover change analysis between 2010 and 2015 for O’Donnell Watershed ...... 123 Table 37. Sensitivity of the model to forcing a single independent variable to be constant ...... 125 Table 38. Sensitivity of the model to forcing all independent variables except one to be constant ...... 126

Full Biodiversity Assessment Study for New Clark City Project Pro-Seeds Development Association, Inc. Final Report

Table 39. Urban areas under different time periods ...... 129 Table 40. Matrix on quantifying the true biodiversity value of each transect ...... 138 Table 41. Recommended activities to mitigate impacts ...... 139 Table 42. Suggested alternative species to be used for landscaping ...... 143 Table 43. native plants recorded in the NCC area that can be used as hedge ornaments ...... 160

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1. Location map of New Clark City ...... 8 Figure 2. The O’Donnell and Cutcut Watersheds in New Clark City ...... 9 Figure 3. Elevation map of NCC and the two watersheds ...... 12 Figure 4. Elevation classes in NCC and in the two watersheds ...... 12 Figure 5. Slope map of NCC and the two watersheds ...... 13 Figure 6. Slope classes in NCC and in the two watersheds ...... 14 Figure 7. Land cover map of NCC and the two watersheds ...... 15 Figure 8. Areas covered by different land cover types in NCC and in the two watersheds ...... 15 Figure 9. Different land use zones in NCC ...... 20 Figure 10. Map showing the locators with contracts in NCC ...... 21 Figure 11. Framework for the full biodiversity assessment in NCC ...... 22 Figure 12. Location map of established transects for vegetation surveyed ...... 25 Figure 13. Modified belt transect method with 1-km transect line established in vegetation surveyed .. 26 Figure 14. Trees, regenerants and percent (%) cover within the sampling quadrat ...... 27 Figure 15. Location map of selected sites for faunal survey ...... 29 Figure 16. Location map of selected sites for arthropod collection survey ...... 36 Figure 17. Sampling locations for freshwater ecology ...... 39 Figure 18. Stages of plant succession ...... 44 Figure 19. Total number and percentage of different plant groups ...... 44 Figure 20. Floral diversity per growth habit of recorded plants ...... 52 Figure 21. Abundance of recorded plants based on endemism ...... 53 Figure 22. Dendrogram of 15 transects generated through UPGMA using Bray-Curtis Similarity index. Bootstrapping was done at n = 1000; correlation = 0.93...... 54 Figure 23. Linear relationship of the relative abundance of exotic and native species to diversity indices ...... 62 Figure 24. Percent endemism of recorded plant species in NCC...... 66 Figure 25. Residency status of bird species in the project site ...... 76 Figure 26. Habitat association of bird species in the project site ...... 77 Figure 27. Residency status of mammals in NCC ...... 81 Figure 28. Comparative arthropod composition in terms of families and species per order and their abundance ...... 92 Figure 29. Comparative proportions of the arthropods based on their general feeding guilds ...... 97 Figure 30. Comparative proportions of the arthropods based on the feeding guilds of the various species sampled from New Clark City, Tarlac ...... 97 Figure 31. Graphical comparison of the computed Shannon-Wiener diversity index for insects in the different sampling transects in New Clark City, Tarlac ...... 99

Full Biodiversity Assessment Study for New Clark City Project Pro-Seeds Development Association, Inc. Final Report

Figure 32. Graphical comparison of the computed Simpson’s index of diversity (1-D) and species evenness index (H/S) for insects in the different sampling transects in New Clark City, Tarlac ...... 99 Figure 33. Graphical comparison of the computed Shannon-Wiener diversity index for spiders in the different sampling transects in New Clark City, Tarlac...... 101 Figure 34. Graphical comparison of the computed Simpson’s index of diversity (1-D) and species evenness index (H/S) for spiders in the different sampling transects in New Clark City, Tarlac ...... 101 Figure 35. Relative composition of periphyton Divisions recorded from the sampling stations ...... 106 Figure 36. Total number of taxa and relative density of periphyton recorded from the sampling stations ...... 107 Figure 37. Species richness and abundance of macrobenthos recorded from the sampling stations .. 109 Figure 38. Abundance of macrobenthps documented from the sampling stations ...... 110 Figure 39. Species richness and abundance of fish recorded from the sampling stations ...... 113 Figure 40. Land cover map of 2010 ...... 122 Figure 41. Land cover map of 2015 ...... 122 Figure 42. Positive and negative trends in the land cover of the two watersheds ...... 124 Figure 43. Soft prediction models for the different land cover types that will transition into built-up areas in the future...... 127 Figure 44. Built-up areas in 2015 ...... 127 Figure 45. Built-up areas in 2040 ...... 128 Figure 46. Built-up areas in 2060 ...... 128 Figure 47. Trend in urban areas in NCC and in the two watersheds across different periods...... 129 Figure 48. A 100-yr flood event over the predicted built-up areas in NCC in 2040 ...... 130 Figure 49. Pressures and Nature-based solutions vis-avis levels of planting and governance ...... 135 Figure 50. Initial ideas of doable nature-based solutions for NCC ...... 136 Figure 51. Location of transects for the proposed Important Plant Areas, Important Wildlife Areas, and Important Riverine Ecosystem ...... 137 Figure 52. Types of ecosystem services or benefits from nature. Adapted from WWF in Roe et al. (2018) ...... 164 Figure 53. Examples of benefits from biodiversity. Adapted from Biodiversity Management Bureau (2015) ...... 165 Figure 54. IUCN model flow of PES ...... 166 Figure 55. Sample of geodatabase for flora and fauna of NCC ...... 169

Full Biodiversity Assessment Study for New Clark City Project Pro-Seeds Development Association, Inc. Final Report

LIST OF PLATES

Plate 1. Photos during the vegetation survey ...... 24 Plate 2. Selected sampling sites for avifauna...... 31 Plate 3. Selected sampling sites for netting...... 33 Plate 4. Cage trap used to capture small non-volant mammals ...... 35 Plate 5. Left: insect net for collecting arthropod specimens; right – glass jar for killing and preserving arthropod specimens ...... 37 Plate 6. Net sweeping technique used to collect arthropod fauna from the sampling plots ...... 37 Plate 7. Sorted arthropod specimens prior to identification ...... 38 Plate 8. Scraping of periphyton on rock surface ...... 40 Plate 9. Protocol on collection of microbenthic organisms ...... 41 Plate 10. Beach seine netting employed to catch freshwater fish ...... 42 Plate 11. General vegetation within the NCC project development site ...... 45 Plate 12. Photos of some tree species recorded within the sampling sites ...... 46 Plate 13. Photos of some flora species recorded within the sampling sites ...... 47 Plate 14. Photos of some tree species recorded within the sampling sites ...... 48 Plate 15. Photos of some tree species recorded within the sampling sites...... 49 Plate 16.Photos of some shrub (A-E) and herb (G-H) species recorded within the sampling sites ...... 50 Plate 17. Photos of some herb, corm and vine species recorded within the sampling sites…………………51 Plate 18. Selected photos of economically important species...... 71 Plate 19.Selected photos of amphibians documented within the sampling sites ...... 73 Plate 20.Selected photos of reptiles documented within the sampling sites...... 74 Plate 21. Selected photos of avifauna documented within the sampling sites...... 78 Plate 22. Selected photos of avifauna documented within the sampling sites...... 79 Plate 23. Selected photos of avifauna documented within the sampling sites...... 80 Plate 24. Selected photos of mammals documented within the sampling sites...... 83 Plate 25. Selected photos of dragonflies documented in NCC...... 94 Plate 26. Selected photos of lepidopterous insects documented in NCC...... 95 Plate 27. Other insects documented in NCC...... 96 Plate 28. Photos of freshwater ecology stations.… ...... 105 Plate 29. Dominant periphyton recorded from the sampling stations...... 108 Plate 30. Photographs of dominant macroinvertebrates recorded from the sampling stations...... 111 Plate 31. The Chinese softshell turtle documented in Station FW-05...... 117 Plate 32. Riverine crab, Sundathelphusa grapsoides ...... 118 Plate 33. Photos of recorded noteworthy species within the sampling sites...... 119 Plate 34. Photos of recorded noteworthy species within the sampling sites...... 120 Plate 35. Photos of suggested alternative species ...... 161 Plate 36. Photos of suggested alternative species...... 162

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Full Biodiversity Assessment Study for New Clark City Project Pro-Seeds Development Association, Inc. Final Report

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

The New Clark City ”NCC) is envisioned to be the countrys premier development that will promote a model of sustainable development. Design features of a smart, green, and disaster resilient city were incorporated in its master plan. To help realize the vision of NCC, the Asian Development Bank (through its Environment Thematic Group) provided technical assistance including the conduct of full biodiversity assessment. The study aimed to generate new scientific information to enable NCC build its foundation in developing nature-based solutions.

The Pro-Seeds Development Association Inc. was commissioned by ADB to undertake the full biodiversity study with the following specific tasks: 1) Select sampling sites using GIS data and maps, reconnaissance survey, and information from locals; 2) Generate primary data of flora, fauna, and aquatic riverine ecosystem; 3) Analyze biodiversity and phase of urban development; 4) Provide recommendation on nature- based solutions; and 5) Provide recommendation on biodiversity monitoring system suited for NCC.

In terms of plant diversity, the survey accounted a total of 156 native species and 71 exotic species. The latter is mostly common weeds with high abundance in disturbed areas. Guided by DAO 2017-11 and the IUCN Red List to determine the conservation status of plant species, it was reported that there are 29 threatened species. Most noteworthy among the list is the endemic white lauan (Shorea contorta S.Vidal), which is categorized as critically endangered by IUCN (2019-1). Other notable species include the endangered molave (Vitex parviflora A. Juss.), kalantas (Toona calantas Merr. & Rolfe) and o-oi (Diospyros philippinensis A.DC) which can be used as banner species for conservation. There are also new recorded species in the province that are not previously reported in botanical literature. The inventory of species was further categorized according to its potential economic uses such as medicinal, landscaping, construction, furniture, source of extractive products, fuelwood or firewood, source of essential oil, paper making, and insecticidal properties.

A total of 106 terrestrial wildlife species were recorded consisting of six (6) species of frogs and a toad, five (5) species of lizards, five (5) species of snakes, seventy seven (77) species of birds, six (6) species of bats, three (3) species of small non-volant mammals and four (4) species of medium to large mammals. From these recorded data, it was concluded that the species richness was generally low. Further, most species recorded within the sampling sites were common species associated with open (shrublands, agricultural and human-modified areas) to forested areas of varying degrees of

Full Biodiversity Assessment Study for New Clark City Project Pro-Seeds Development Association, Inc. Final Report

disturbances. Sixty two percent (62%) of species are native while 25% are endemic species, and a few (17%) are introduced. Examples of endemic species are marbled crested lizard (Bronchocela marmorata), Philippine cobra (Naja philippinensis), and Philippine warty pig (Sus philippensis).

The arthropod sampling data revealed that most of the sampling areas had high similarities on their species composition. There are very few species of butterflies were noted in the sampling areas. Considering the feeding guilds of the arthropods, 40% of the species are phytophagous as wood borers, leaf feeders and sapsuckers, 12% are scavenger and 1% blood feeder. On the other hand, the number of natural enemies in the area totaled 47%, that is, 35% predators and 12% parasitoid. These predators and parasitoids contribute to the natural control of the populations of other arthropods to a certain level. The study also found that areas that are relatively disturbed and with patches of grasslands, mango plantation and yemane plantation had low to moderate species diversity level.

For the aquatic/riverine ecosystem, macroinvertebrates were also examined. Nine stations were designated representing areas with no active development, areas within the active development, areas nearby the active development and those impacted by various human-related activities outside the project development area. The presence of macrobenthos in the sampling sites ensures the normal functioning of an aquatic ecosystem as they are very important component of a food web. The pollution-tolerant dipterans (Order Diptera) were also present but of limited number but generally it indicates that the streams are in good condition.

There are twelve species of fish comprising 934 individuals from 11 families were documented the nine sampling stations. These include three Philippine endemic species, the priapium fish, Gulaphallus mirabilis from the family Phallostethidae; and two viviparous halfbeaks, Nomorhamphus pectoralis and Zenarchopterus philippinus from the family Hemiramphidae and Zenarchopteridae, respectively. The survey also noted three (3) native species were also collected – walking catfish, Clarias batrachus from the family Clariidae; and rock goby, Glossogobius illimis from family Gobiidae.

There are also seven introduced species such as wild goldfish, Carassius auratus (Linnaeus 1758) from the family Cyprinidae; snakehead murrel, Channa striata from the family Channidae; Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus from the family Cichlidae; wild guppy, Poecilia reticulata and wild molly, Poecilia sphenops both from the family Poeciliidae; armoured catfish, Pterygoplichthys pardalis from the family Loricariidae and three-spot gourami, Trichopodus trichopterus from the family Osphronemidae.

The land cover analysis of Cutcut and ODonnell Watersheds have been in tremendous decline from 2010-2015 for brush/shrubs areas (16,105 ha) and annual crop

Full Biodiversity Assessment Study for New Clark City Project Pro-Seeds Development Association, Inc. Final Report

(4,394 ha). On the other hand, the grassland rapidly expanded to 123% (or 13,833 ha) during the same period. The built-up areas also increased by 15% or 2,909 ha. In NCC, it was found that most of its negative trends are situated in the northern and central portions of the area where development is also currently undertaken.

The predictive modelling revealed that there will be increasing trend of built-up areas from 2015 to 2060. Considering the entire area of coverage, it can be observed that about 24,006 ha and 30,455 ha of built-up areas will increase in 2040 and 2060, respectively from the 2015 state. In NCC alone, there will be estimated increase of about 3,348 ha of built-up areas in 2040 from the 282 ha in 2015.

The present and future scenarios of New Clark City present complex challenges. This presents potential risks to current inhabitants of Capas and Bamban, and future residents and locators of NCC. An example of a complex challenge is ensuring water security. Considered to be one of the scarce resources that will affect all stakeholders, the management requires looking at the factors and nature-based solutions beyond boundaries of NCC.

Therefore, the protection of headwaters and remaining biodiversity of the Cutcut and ODonnell Watersheds require innovative partnership model. Addressing the pressures should be anchored in biodiversity principles from design, planning and governance framework across different levels – project-level, inter-LGU, and watershed. BCDA and New Clark City should develop appropriate strategies to avoid future risks and sustain its natural capital. The findings from the biodiversity assessment of NCC were used to provide some initial ideas of nature-based solutions and initiatives including (but not limited to) the following: establishment of priority conservation sites (important plant areas, important wildlife areas, important riverine ecosystem); develop and implement mitigating measures to address the pressures to biodiversity; promoting the use of indigenous, native, and endemic species in NCC; engaging communities as supplier (or contract growers) of native and endemic species; Payment for Ecosystem Services (PES); and working with LGUS to achieve synergy in particular to their Comprehensive Land Use Plans and Comprehensive Development Plans. The nature-based solutions can be further categorized according to Environment, People and Community, and Governance

Full Biodiversity Assessment Study for New Clark City Project Pro-Seeds Development Association, Inc. Final Report

1. INTRODUCTION 1.1. Background of the Study

The New Clark City ”NCC) is envisioned to be the countrys premier development that will promote a model of sustainable development. Its Master Plan, it incorporated in its design the features of a smart, green and disaster resilient city. In order to realize this vision, the Asian Development Bank (ADB) through its various units, viz. Urban Climate Resilience Trust Fund (UCCRTF), Office of Public-Private Partnership (OPPP), and Environmental Thematic Group (ETG) extended technical assistance and advisory services to Bases Conversion and Development Authority (BCDA).

Several studies have been supported by ADB including review of NCCs Master Plan, River Study and Plan, Resilience Framework and High-level Guidelines. One of the key recommendations is to identify and develop nature-based solutions. Knowing the state of ecosystem, watershed and biodiversity covering NCC are key to enhance the master plan and determine appropriate solutions.

ADBs ETG supported the initial biodiversity scoping study in December 2018. The study concluded the need for full biodiversity assessment by conducting detailed flora and fauna survey to provide scientific basis for NCCs development features and management interventions (e.g. climate resiliency, watershed and biodiversity management). The data and information from Municipalities of Capas and Bamban, and Province of Tarlac were also examined vis-à-vis challenges, potential synergy, and opportunities with NCC. The study also recommended further application of Geographic Information System (GIS) and Remote Sensing (RS) technology to derive land change cover analysis in the focus watershed, negative and positive trend analysis, landscape pattern analysis and predictive modelling to generate future scenarios of development (Cordova & Tiburan, 2018).

The Pro-Seeds Development Association Inc. (Pro-Seeds) was commissioned by ADB to conduct full biodiversity assessment. Based on the findings of the initial scoping study, the need for assessment of various components such as flora, fauna (including arthropods), and aquatic ecosystems was emphasized. Combining the results of the assessment with GIS/RS technology will enable the analysis on land cover and land use change, identification of pressures, and modeling future scenarios of urban development. The firm was also expected to recommend approaches in line with biodiversity-related, nature-based solutions including appropriate Biodiversity Assessment and Monitoring System (BAMS) for NCC.

Full Biodiversity Assessment Study for New Clark City Project Pro-Seeds Development Association, Inc. Final Report

The full biodiversity assessment was envisaged to be beneficial for BCDA in the development and implementation of NCCs integrated sustainability plan, and biodiversity management programs. Moreover, it can serve as reference for locators in their site development plan, and management of landscapes for the parcels, among others.

1.2. Objectives

The full biodiversity assessment intended to generate new scientific information to enable NCC build its foundation in developing science-based and nature-inspired solutions to allow coexistence of sustainable urban development and environmental preservation. In order to achieve this, the study specifically aims the following:

a) Select sampling sites using GIS data and maps, reconnaissance survey, and information from locals; b) Generate primary data of flora, fauna, and aquatic riverine ecosystem; c) Analyze biodiversity and phase of urban development; d) Provide recommendation on nature-based solutions; and e) Provide recommendation on biodiversity monitoring system suited for NCC.

1.3. Significance of the Study

The Central Luzon is one of the countrys biggest contributors to economic growth. This growth and urbanization, however, were accompanied with continuous degradation of the regions remaining forestlands and watersheds. To counter these challenges, the Regional Development Plan (RDP) outlined the following set strategies: a) intensify sustainable management of natural resources through adoption of ridge-to-reef approach; b) expand development of resource-based enterprises/industries; c) mainstream ecosystem valuation into national and local development planning; d) strengthen enforcement of environmental laws; e) promote sustainable consumption and production; f) implement risk and climate-sensitive land use; g) strengthen implementation of prevention, mitigation, and preparedness, particularly at the local levels across sectors; and h) strengthen implementation of response, recovery, and rehabilitation efforts (NEDA, 2017).

As the new growth area in the region and a premier development, the NCCs Master Plan embodied most climate and disaster resiliency aspect. However, capitalizing biodiversity to enable these strategies through nature-based solutions for planning, management, economic and industry development, and sustainable consumption and

Full Biodiversity Assessment Study for New Clark City Project Pro-Seeds Development Association, Inc. Final Report production have yet to be realized. It should be noted that this is the first scientific study on flora, fauna, and ecosystems in the premises of NCC. The full biodiversity assessment can provide the necessary baseline information to guide BCDA and NCC management craft innovative policies that conform to at least six strategies set by the Local Government Unit (LGU).

1.4. Scope and Limitations of the Study

The full biodiversity assessment of NCC was conducted from April to June 2019. The study was founded based on the findings and recommendations of the scoping study supported by ADB in 2018. The biodiversity assessment has the following components: a) terrestrial flora; b) fauna; c) aquatic ecology/riverine ecosystem; (d) application of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and Remote Sensing (RS); and e) analysis of biodiversity vis-à-vis phases of urban development.

The assessment was implemented in different sites within NCC that met the minimum prerequisite for conducting field surveys and assessment of various ecosystems. Specifically, each component gathered primary data that include the following: a) species of trees, shrubs, palms, climbers, lianas, hemi-epiphytes, vascular epiphytes, agricultural ecosystems and invasive species for Flora; b) species of amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals, arthropods and invasive species for Fauna; and c) species of phytoplankton, zooplanktons, periphytons, water insects, nektons, and reptiles for Freshwater Ecology. The study also utilized the application of GIS to analyze the interface of biodiversity vis-à-vis phases of urban development including pressures, and potential environmental challenges.

The findings from the biodiversity assessment enabled the team to recommend possible nature-based solutions, strategies, and measures to conserve and enhance state of ecosystem, and habitats. Critical areas were also identified and recommended for exclusion in development. Abundance of threatened and economically valuable species, and species richness within the area of study serve as the main factor for identifying critical areas. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) provides a Red List of species of conservation concern globally to provide policy makers a basis for conservation planning. The Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) through Philippine Plant Conservation Committee (PPCC) and Biodiversity Management Bureau (BMB) also provides a local list of threatened species (i.e DAO 2017-11, DAO 2004- 15). Both institutions similarly provide information on threatened species but differ with the scope, procedure and criteria for the assessment. It is important to note that species listed as threatened by DENR-BMB is not automatically included in the IUCN Red List. Furthermore, the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) provide three Appendices that list down threatened species according to the degree of protection against international trade. CITES is an international 6

Full Biodiversity Assessment Study for New Clark City Project Pro-Seeds Development Association, Inc. Final Report agreement between governments that aims to halt overexploitation of wild animals and plants.

The IUCN Red List and CITES are recognized globally. Hence, international institutions that handle funds for conservation projects (i.e. Global Environment Facility, Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund, Rufford Small Grants Foundation, Whitley Fund for Nature, The Mohamed bin Zayen Species Conservation Fund etc) use these lists as one of the criteria in approving grants. On the other hand, the list of threatened species under DAO 2017-11 or DAO 2004-15 has implications on but not limited to utilization of natural resources following the related national laws and policies in the country such as RA 9147 and EO 247.

The study is envisioned to provide an almost complete checklist of biodiversity in the area to enhance the masterplan, management and development interventions in NCC. However, since the timeframe of the study is limited (2.5 months), this assessment will only cover the biodiversity thriving within NCC during the dry months of April and May (dry season). For instance, it is likely that different assemblages of periphyton and macrobenthos are present in the river systems during wet season when different environmental conditions (e.g., fast flow, deep water, submerged substrates, etc.) exist. For the terrestrial wildlife species, this period covers the non-migratory season of birds. In the case of flora, the study provides a preliminary list of plants that are flowering/fruiting during this season. This phenological event can affect the data on the species richness of arthropods particularly those that are insect pollinators. Aside from being constrained by the timeframe of the study, access to sampling areas was also identified as one of the challenges. This caused undue delay in the conduct of sampling.

Lastly, a predictive modeling was undertaken. This shows the impact of phases of development to biodiversity based on assumptions using the present available data. This model may change thru time depending of the level (severity) of development to be implemented.

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2. Brief Description of the Study Area 2.1. Geographic Location of New Clark City

The NCC is mainly situated in the municipalities of Capas, and Bamban in the province of Tarlac (Figure 1). It has a total area of approximately 9,780 hectares (ha) where its centroid is located at 15.299470 N Latitude and 120.487770 E Longitude. The area is generally bounded on the north by San Jose, Tarlac and Tarlac City; on the east by Concepcion, Tarlac; on the south by Porac and Mabalacat City of Pampanga; and on the west bounded by the municipality of Botolan in Zambales.

Figure 1. Location map of New Clark City

2.2. Overview and Condition of Watershed

There are two major watersheds encompassing the NCC area, namely – ODonnell Watershed and Cutcut Watershed (Figure 2). The former has an estimated area of 30,336 ha while the latter covers 17,120 ha. It is estimated that majority of the covered area of NCC is part of the Cutcut Watershed (around 6,602 ha or 67.5%) while the rest lies in ODonnell Watershed (3,081 ha or 31.5%).

Full Biodiversity Assessment Study for New Clark City Project Pro-Seeds Development Association, Inc. Final Report

The ODonnell Watershed drains into the Agno River Basin where the main outlet is located along the Lingayen Gulf in Pangasinan. This watershed has two main river systems, viz. ODonnell River and the Bangut River. Between the two, the Bangut River is directly impacted by the development in the area. While Cutcut Watershed (whose main river is Cutcut Watershed) is a sub-watershed of the Pampanga River Basin that drains all the way to Manila Bay.

Figure 2. The ODonnell and Cutcut Watersheds in New Clark City

The initial biodiversity scoping study (Cordova & Tiburan, 2018) provided a comprehensive characteristic of ODonnell and Cutcut Watersheds. The DENR has watershed characterization for ODonnell Watershed produced in 2007. Using GIS/RS, more comprehensive data were produced (including that of Cutcut) in terms of elevation, slope, land cover, vegetation index, and percent tree cover.

Around eighty three percent (83%) of the ODonnell Watershed was classified as Forest Land and approximately sixteen percent was classified Alienable and Disposable (Table 1). Vast vegetation cover of the watershed is characterized as wooded land and wooded grassland.

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Table 1. Land Classification of ODonnell Watershed

Land Classification Area (Ha) Percentage Forest Land 24,565.12 83.38 A&D 4,893.53 16.62 Total 29,458.65 100

The ODonnell Watershed has elevation between 0-200 masl and 1,400-1,600 masl that straddles along the rugged terrain of Mount Pinatubo (Table 2). Almost 40% or around 12,124 ha belongs to the 0-200 masl class. The Cutcut Watershed has lower elevation range compared to the ODonnell watershed. It only falls between 0-200 masl and 400-600 masl. Around 87% or about 14,805 ha has elevation between 0 and 200 masl.

Table 2. Elevation classes of ODonnell and Cutcut Watersheds

O'donnell Cutcut Elevation (masl) Area (Ha) Percent Area (Ha) Percent 0-200 12,123.74 39.97 14,805.00 86.48 200-400 8,842.16 29.15 2,053.60 12.00 400-600 5,235.15 17.26 261.24 1.53 600-800 1,981.03 6.53 - - 800-1000 1,740.19 5.74 - - 1000-1200 303.26 1.00 - - 1200-1400 95.98 0.32 - - 1400-1600 14.10 0.05 - -

In terms of slope (Table 3), Cutcut Watershed (where NCC majority lies) exhibits a relatively flat terrain (0-8%) covering an area of 10,534 ha or 62% of the watershed. However, theres only a minimal area (203 ha or 1%) with steep slope (>50%) in this watershed. A large portion of the flat areas in Cutcut Watershed are also within the CGC area.

The ODonnell Watershed, on the other hand, has the larger area with steep slopes (>50%) among the two with an estimated coverage of 3,037 ha or 10% of the watershed. Moderate slopes (30-50%) in the watershed is also estimated around 5,620 ha or 19% of the area. Most of the steep slopes are situated mostly at the foothills of Mount Pinatubo.

Table 3. Slope of ODonnell and Cutcut Watersheds

O'donnell Cutcut Slope (%) Area (Ha) Percent Area (Ha) Percent 0-8 10,150.88 33.46 10,545.60 61.60 8-18 5,673.68 18.70 3,236.17 18.90

Full Biodiversity Assessment Study for New Clark City Project Pro-Seeds Development Association, Inc. Final Report

O'donnell Cutcut Slope (%) Area (Ha) Percent Area (Ha) Percent 18-30 5,737.88 18.91 1,745.18 10.19 30-50 5,617.00 18.52 1,269.33 7.41 >50 3,037.26 10.01 205.77 1.20

With regards to land cover, most vegetation in ODonnell Watershed is classified as brush or shrub areas (12,850 ha or 42%). This is succeeded by annual crop (6,843 ha or 23%) and grassland areas (3,926 ha or 13%) which are situated mostly in low lying areas of Capas. About 2,414 ha covering around 8% of the entire watershed is also considered as open forest and is mostly located in the headwaters of the catchment area. The majority of land cover in Cutcut Watershed is classified as annual crop (48% or 8,216 ha). This is followed by brush/shrubs with 3,243 ha or about 19% of the total watershed area. However, only less than 1% (42 ha) is considered as open forest in Cutcut Watershed (Table 4).

Table 4. Land cover categories of ODonnell and Cutcut Watersheds

O'donnell Cutcut Land Cover Area (ha) Percent Area (Ha) Percent Annual Crop 6,842.79 22.56 8,216.01 47.99 Brush/Shrubs 12,850.30 42.36 3,243.08 18.94 Built-up 253.48 0.84 1,949.84 11.39 Closed Forest - - - - Fishpond 1.36 0.00 1.34 0.01 Grassland 3,926.27 12.94 1,684.04 9.84 Inland Water 1,793.58 5.91 79.90 0.47 Open Forest 2,414.31 7.96 41.63 0.24 Open/Barren 1,684.61 5.55 - - Perennial Crop 568.92 1.88 1,903.99 11.12

2.3. Physical Characteristics of New Clark City 2.3.1. Elevation

The NCC lies at the northern downslopes of Mount Pinatubo. Its elevation stretches between 0-100 masl and 600-700 masl where about 60% or 5,975 ha belong to the 0-200 masl (Figure 3). The elevation range of Cutcut Watershed, on the other hand, falls between 0-100 masl and 500-600 masl (Figure 4). Majority of NCCs property in Cutcut Watershed (61% or 10,497 ha) has an elevation range of 0-100 masl. The elevation range 100-200 masl comes next with an area of about 4,300 ha or 25% of the entire watershed. Meanwhile, a large part of NCCs property situated in the ODonnell

Full Biodiversity Assessment Study for New Clark City Project Pro-Seeds Development Association, Inc. Final Report

Watershed were located in elevation range of 100-200 masl with an area of 8,846 ha or 29%. It was noted that portions of NCCs property straddles elevation of 0-100 masl up to 1,400-1,500 masl.

Figure 3. Elevation map of NCC and the two watersheds

Figure 4. Elevation classes in NCC and in the two watersheds

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2.3.2. Slope

The slope of NCC is generally considered flat (0-8%) covering an approximate area of 3,036 ha or 31% of the entire area (Figure 5). This is followed by a rolling or hilly terrain (8-18%) with an estimated area of 2,678 ha or 27% of NCC (Figure 6). Meanwhile, only about 5% or 460 ha is considered as steep (>50%) in the area.

Figure 5. Slope map of NCC and the two watersheds

Full Biodiversity Assessment Study for New Clark City Project Pro-Seeds Development Association, Inc. Final Report

Figure 6. Slope classes in NCC and in the two watersheds

2.3.3. Land Cover

Majority of the land cover in NCC is classified as brush/shrub areas (4,069 ha or 42%), located mostly at the southwestern portion of the area (Figure 7), followed by annual crop (2,317 ha or 24%) and grassland areas (1,731 ha or 18%) which are found in the northern parts of NCC (Figure 8). In addition, about 1,168 ha or 12% of NCC is classified as perennial crops where majority of these are mango trees. It can also be observed that around 11% or 1,950 ha of the watershed is already occupied by built-up areas. However, most of these areas are outside the NCC. Only around 287 ha falls within the NCC, which are mostly situated in the northern and eastern peripheries.

Full Biodiversity Assessment Study for New Clark City Project Pro-Seeds Development Association, Inc. Final Report

Figure 7. Land cover map of NCC and the two watersheds

Figure 8. Areas covered by different land cover types in NCC and in the two watersheds

Full Biodiversity Assessment Study for New Clark City Project Pro-Seeds Development Association, Inc. Final Report

2.4. Overview of Socio-economic Activities of Barangays within NCCC

The New Clark City straddles in seven barangays in the Municipalities of Capas and Bamban. These are considered agricultural barangays engaged in rice production, sugarcane, vegetables, livestock and poultry raising. While a few are into fish production. The Department of Agriculture noted that the 5 host barangays (Aranguren, Sta. Lucia, ODonnell, Maruglo, and Cutcut II) in Capas have a total of 200 ha planted with 11,866 mangoes owned by at least 90 growers.

Communal fishing in creeks can be found in Barangay Sto. Nino and Barangay San Vicente in Bamban, Tarlac. Areas planted with coffee and cacao under the National Greening Program can also be found Brgy Sto. Nino. On the hand, Brgy. San Vicente boosts natural tourism areas. Table 5 provides the details of socio-economic activities in these barangays.

Table 5. List of barangays and corresponding socio-economic activities covering NCC

Municipality Barangay* Socio-economic Activities** Capas Aranguren The barangay has one of the largest agricultural land in Capas with 482.5 hectares of irrigated farms and 335 hectares rainfed farms. It mainly produces mainly rice, sugarcane, ampalaya and mongo. The residents are also into swine farming, and contract growing of chicken. The DA- Capas accounted 2 operators engaged in tilapia fishpond operation utilizing 0.10 ha. The DA also surveyed 50 hectares were planted with mango totaling to 2,605 trees. Sta. Lucia The barangay has a total of 766 hectares of agricultural lands (558 ha irrigated and 208 ha rainfed) used for rice production, sugarcane, gabi, vegetables, sweet potato, and watermelon. Livestocks and tilapia are also being raised in the area. The latter occupy 0.60 hectares operated by 4 tilapia producers. The DA-Capas recorded 2,137 mango trees covering 25 hectares OD onnell The barangays main produce include rice, sugarcane, gabi, sweet potato, vegetables, and mango. Around 411.7 hectares are irrigated lands and 263.4 ha are rainfed farms. Mangoes were planted in 45 ha agricultural land with 2,648 trees. Maruglo Th en barangay only has 47.1 ha agricultural land where 35.3 ha are irrigated and 11.8 ha are rainfed. The inhabitants were noted to engaged in rice farming, fishing, and other agricultural crops including sweet potato, taro, mango, and

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Municipality Barangay* Socio-economic Activities** vegetables. The DA-Capas noted that the barangay has 50 hectares planted with 2,389 mango trees. Cutcut II Located just half kilometer from poblacion, the barangay has 252 hectares of agricultural land (152 ha irrigated and 99.5 rainfed) that mainly produces rice and sugar cane. The residents are also into livestock and poultry raising, and fish production. The DA-Capas recorded 2,087 mango trees occupying 30 hectares. Bamban Sto. Nino Communal fishing in creeks, specifically in Sapang Bituka. The barangay was also noted to have CARPable lands of at least 117 hectares. Sto. Nino also have areas for National Greening Program targeted for cacao and coffee. The barangay was also identified with natural attractions for tourism such as falls, rivers, and tunnels. There is also a gravel crushing plant that we classified as light industry. San Vicente Communal fishing in creeks (specifically in Sapang Kawayan) with recorded harvest of 450 kg in 2016. There are also fishponds that produced 432 MT in the same period. It was also identified with areas of interest for tourism such as Mt. Tiayag Falls and caves. Source: *BCDA-Community Relations Team as cited in Comprehensive Master Development Plan of Clark Green City (now NCC) (2017); ** CDP and CLUP 2011-2020 of LGU Capas; and Socio-Economic and Physical Profile (SEPP) of LGU Bamban

If fully harnessed, the LGU Capas noted three of the abovementioned barangays that have food production capability for both agricultural crops and livestock in the long- term. These are barangays Maruglo, Sta. Lucia, and ODonnell. There are also business establishments in these barangays of Capas majority of which are sari-sari stores.

2.5. Climate and Climate Change

The climate in NCC is considered as Type I based on the Modified Coronas Classification. Areas under this type are described having two pronounced seasons, dry from November to April and wet during the rest of the year. In general, maximum rains are expected during the months of June to September. Based on the latest report of PAGASA entitled Observed Climate Trends and Projected Climate Change in the Philippines that was published in 2018, the total amount of annual rainfall in Tarlac and Pampanga from 1971 to 2000 is 2,146.6 mm and 2,257.0 mm, respectively. Both sites revealed that highest seasonal rainfall is observed during the months of June, July and August followed by the season from September to November (Table 6). In terms of the

Full Biodiversity Assessment Study for New Clark City Project Pro-Seeds Development Association, Inc. Final Report amount of rainfall in the areas in 2036-2065 under different scenarios, it is projected that there will be wetter dry seasons (December to February and March to May) while less rainfall during the wet seasons (June to August and September to November).

On the other hand, the mean temperatures in Tarlac and Pampanga across different seasons are shown in Table 7. Based on this information, the highest mean temperature is observed from March to May in both areas with 28.3 0C. In terms of the projection of mean temperatures in 2036-2065, the range of increase in Tarlac and Pampanga is from 1.1 0C to 1.3 0C under RCP 4.5. Meanwhile, an increase of about 1.6 0C to 1.7 0C is predicted under the RCP 8.5 emission scenario. The hottest season in the two provinces is also expected during the months of March, April and May.

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Table 6. Projected seasonal change in total rainfall (mm) in the mid-21st century for Pampanga and Tarlac in Region III

OBSERVED (1971-2000) PROJECTED (2036-2065) December to February March to May June to August September to November DJF MAM JJA SON SCENARIO PERCENT PROJECTED PERCENT PROJECTED PERCENT PROJECTED PERCENT PROJECTED CHANGE VALUE CHANGE VALUE CHANGE VALUE CHANGE VALUE TARLAC RCP 4.5 7.9 46.8 8.1 287.0 -8.3 1094.7 -4.7 613.9 43.4 265.4 1193.5 644.3 RCP 8.5 9.9 47.7 5.0 278.6 -5.1 1133.0 1.8 655.8 PAMPANGA RCP 4.5 18.6 143.3 9.0 349.6 -12.3 903.3 -1.9 769.9 120.8 320.6 1030.4 785.2 RCP 8.5 18.5 143.1 6.5 341.4 -0.8 1022.4 -1.2 776.0 Note: DJF – December, January & February; MAM – March, April & May; JJA – June, July & August; and SON – September, October & November

Table 7. Projected seasonal change in mean temperature (0C) in the mid-21st century for Pampanga and Tarlac in Region III

OBSERVED (1971-2000) PROJECTED (2036-2065) December to February March to May June to August September to November DJF MAM JJA SON SCENARIO PERCENT PROJECTED PERCENT PROJECTED PERCENT PROJECTED PERCENT PROJECTED CHANGE VALUE CHANGE VALUE CHANGE VALUE CHANGE VALUE TARLAC RCP 4.5 1.3 27.4 1.2 29.5 1.2 29.0 1.1 28.4 26.1 28.3 27.8 27.3 RCP 8.5 1.6 27.7 1.7 30.0 1.6 29.4 1.6 28.9 PAMPANGA RCP 4.5 1.3 27.3 1.3 29.6 1.3 28.8 1.1 28.2 26.0 28.3 27.5 27.1 RCP 8.5 1.6 27.6 1.7 30.0 1.6 29.1 1.6 28.7 Note: DJF – December, January & February; MAM – March, April & May; JJA – June, July & August; and SON – September, October & November

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2.6. Brief Overview of the Proposed Development of NCC

Based on the master plan of NCC, the entire area is divided into several land use zones (Figure 9). These include zones for residential, commercial, industrial, institution, and parks and recreation zone, among others. A large portion of NCC was designated as protected zone (3,904 ha or 40%) and reserved zone (1,601 ha or 16%). The protected zone is mainly situated in the southwestern portion while the reserved zone is in the eastern and northwestern portions of NCC. The residential zone covers an estimated total area of 983 ha or about 10% of the entire area. This zone is subcategorized into low density residential, medium density residential, high density residential, and mixed-use residential zone. In addition, commercial zones are estimated at 104 ha, industrial zones at 678 ha, and institutional zones at 615 ha.

Figure 9. Different land use zones in NCC

Contracts between BCDA and other institutions are already existing as part of the pioneer developments in NCC. These institutions include Filinvest Land Inc., Office of the Civil Defense, Earth Day Network Inc. Reforestation Demo Plot, Central Park, Golf Courses and Solar Farm Companies (e.g. Sindicatum Solar Farm and Sunray Solar Farm).

Full Biodiversity Assessment Study for New Clark City Project Pro-Seeds Development Association, Inc. Final Report

Educational institutions such as the Philippine Science High School, Technological University of the Philippines, and the University of the Philippines – NCC Campus are also expected to land in NCC (Figure 10).

Figure 10. Map showing the locators with contracts in NCC

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3. Biodiversity Assessment Framework and Design 3.1. Framework for the Study

As previously mentioned, this project generally aims to determine the biodiversity status of the development areas to enable New Clark City to build its foundation in developing nature-based solutions. A multi-disciplinary team of experts was tasked to conduct full biodiversity assessment to determine the current state of ecosystems and biodiversity in the area. Results of the biodiversity assessment were used as input for the predictive modeling of the impact of phases of development on biodiversity. These enabled the team to recommend possible nature-based solutions in both terrestrial and riverine ecosystems. Science-based strategies and measures including the identification of important biodiversity areas were recommended to conserve and enhance state of ecosystem, and habitats.

Figure 11. Framework for the full biodiversity assessment in NCC

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3.2. Methodology 3.2.1. Terrestrial Flora 3.2.1.1. Vegetation Survey

Vegetation survey was conducted in NCC on 27 April to 01 May 2019 (Plate 1) following the prescribed methodology by the DENR-Biodiversity Management Bureau (BMB) on plant diversity assessment (Cruz et al., 2017). This method has already been applied in selected Protected Areas of the Philippines (Malabrigo, Jr.et al., 2016; Malabrigo, Jr., Tobias, & Boncodin, 2017). A total of 15 transects with 75 quadrats were established and surveyed, mostly in areas with dense vegetation and patches of forest (Figure 12). The type of vegetation was also considered in order to identify which areas have significant value for native plants conservation. Description of the general vegetation of each transect is presented in Table 8.

The team used a modified belt transect method wherein five quadrats (20 m by 20 m) were laid out along one-kilometer transect at every 250 m interval (Figure 13). Nested quadrat sampling was employed to assess and characterize the structure and species composition (Figure 14). Merchantable height (MH) and total height (TH) of all trees with diameter at breast-height (DBH) of ≥ 10 cm were measured and recorded. For shrubs, poles and saplings inside the 5 m by 5 m quadrat, number of individuals was counted to account for the abundance of intermediate species, while percentage cover of understorey species (grasses and other plants below one-meter height) within the 1 m by 1m quadrat was determined.

In addition, an opportunistic flora survey involving free walk on different vegetation types and listing and photo documentation of the different species (outside the quadrats) encountered was also done to account for the maximum possible species in the area.

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Plate 1. Photos during the vegetation survey. A. – Site reconnaissance, B. – Identification of plants, C. & D. – Listing of species and data gathering, E. - Photodocumentation

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Figure 12. Location map of established transects for vegetation surveyed

Table 8. General description of transect established for vegetation survey

Transect Location Description E15.27755, N120.4825 to Secondary forest within a sloping area composed of 1 E15.28943, N1204794 open canopy and prominent forest gaps. Relatively disturbed vegetation with patches of E15.2821, N120.4811 to 2 grassland and forest dominated by ipil-ipil (Leucaena E15.28726, N120.488 leucocephala). Disturbed secondary forest dominated by E15.31255, N120.4887 to 3 alibangbang (Bauhinia malabarica) and Trema E15.31124, N120.4837 tomentosa. A patch of forest with trees mostly pioneer species E15.30448, N120.4931 to 4 such as tibig (Ficus nota). Understorey layer is E15.30354, N120.4903 dominated by wild sunflower (Tithonia diversifolia) E15.32426, N120.4883 to 5 Dominated by mango plantation E15.32018, N120.4934 E15.32608, N120.491 to Scrubland dominated by mango plantations and 6 E15.32101, N120.4938 patches of agricultural lands. E15.28046, N120.4523 to 7 Scrubland dominated by Bauhinia spp. E15.27189, N120.451 E15.28299, N120.4564 to Scrubland with patches of agroforestry areas and 8 E15.28888, N120.4597 plantations of yemane, mahogany and coconut

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Transect Location Description E15.35059, N120.5265 to Highly disturbed scrubland within areas of 9 E15.3488, N120.5196 development near NCC entrance E15.35352, N120.5258 to Highly disturbed scrubland within areas of 10 E15.34964, N120.5194 development near NCC entrance E15.35266, N120.5349 to Highly disturbed areas dominated by gmelina, mango 11 E15.35425, N120.5441 and mahogany E15.31261, N120.5063 to Relatively disturbed areas with evidence of 12 E15.30775, N120.505 agricultural practices E 15.32322, N120.5166 to Dominated by gmelina with some parts that are 13 E15.31661, N120.514 naturally burned, especially in cogonal area E15.35048, N120.498 to 14 Relatively disturbed areas E15.35443, N120.505 E15.31017, N120.5221 to Strip of disturbed forests with mango, gmelina and 15 E15.3028, N120.5163 mahogany

Figure 13. Modified belt transect method with 1-km transect line established in vegetation surveyed

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Figure 14. Trees, regenerants and percent (%) cover within the sampling quadrat

3.2.1.2. Species Identification

Published books and articles, and repositories of online database were accessed to acquire the needed information on species identification. Relevant literature ”Cos Digital Flora of the Philippines, Flora Malesiana, Flora of Manila, Enumeration of Philippine Flowering Plants, Lexicon of Philippine Plants, Blumea, Leaflets of Philippine Botany among others) were consulted for the initial identification of dried plant materials. Subsequently, photos of unknown plants were compared using digital images available online (JSTOR Plant and PhytoImages).

Scientific names of the specimens were verified in the International Plant Names Index (IPNI) and standardized based from the Plant List (http://www.theplantlist.org). Local names were based from the book of Merrill (1922-1926) – An Enumeration of Philippine Flowering Plants. Distribution and endemism of plants were determined using online databases such as the Catalogue of Life (http://catalogueoflife.org/), Tropicos (http://www.tropicos.org/), and Global Biodiversity Information Facility (http://GBIF.org).

Conservation status of species was based mainly from the assessment of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) and the Philippine Plants Conservation Committee of DENR-Biodiversity Management Bureau. The IUCN Red List (2019-1) and the Updated List of Threatened Plants and their Categories (DAO 2017-11) were accessed.

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3.2.1.3. Data Analysis

Data gathered through vegetation survey from 15 transects were collated and analyzed to characterize the floristic composition of the remaining vegetation and patches of forest within NCC. The importance values of trees, which is the standard measurement in forest ecology to determine the rank relationships of species, were also computed using the following formula (Kuchler, Mueller-Dombois, & Ellenberg, 2006):

�� = . �� / � �� = � �/� � � = . � ℎ�ℎ � / . �� = �/ � �� = �/ � �� = � �/ � �

� � = �� + �� + �� In addition, the similarity of vegetation composition of each transect was quantified with Bray-Curtis Similarity index. After assessment of 30 plot combinations (15 transects times 2), a dendrogram was generated through unweighted pair-group method (UPGMA) to visually present the relation of each transects in terms of species dominance. Using the Paleontological Statistics (PAST version 3.23) software package for education and data analysis (Hammer & Harper, 2006), diversity indices (i.e. Shannon, Simpsons and Evenness) of sampling quadrats were computed based on the presence and absence data of all recorded species per quadrat. For the manual computation of these indices, listed below are the following formula:

Species Richness Index (S) – refers to the number of species for a given site

Shannon Index (H)

Dominance Index (D) will be mathematically computed using the formula:

D = (Hmax – H), where: H = Diversity; Hmax = Maximum diversity = ln (S)

Shannons Evenness Index ”e) = H / Hmax, where: Hmax = ln (S)

3.2.2. Vertebrate Fauna 3.2.2.1. Area Description

Terrestrial wildlife faunal survey for the NCC Project was conducted in Capas, Tarlac last 27 April to 05 May 2019. The climatic condition in Tarlac is classified as Type I (modified Coronas Classification), wherein there are two pronounced seasons, dry from

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November to April, and wet during the rest of the year. The area is further categorized under Cluster 3 (Corporal-Lodangco & Lance, 2017) wherein rainfall commences in May coinciding with the early onset of summer monsoon. The sampling period was limited to the Dry Season. Hence, it is understandable that no migratory birds are within the study site. During sampling, the weather was generally sunny and hot with temperatures ranging from 35 ºC to 31 ºC.

Three sampling sites were selected to survey vertebrate wildlife species (Figure 15).

Figure 15. Location map of selected sites for faunal survey

3.2.2.2. Faunal Survey

Standard terrestrial wildlife faunal survey techniques were used to record amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals present in the area. Different vertebrate species have different habitats and activity patterns and thus, specific methodologies were used for each vertebrate group. The following methods were used: strip transect sampling and opportunistic catching for amphibians and reptiles; line transect walk and

Full Biodiversity Assessment Study for New Clark City Project Pro-Seeds Development Association, Inc. Final Report mistnetting for birds; trapping for small non-volant mammals; and mistnetting for bats. Ethnobiological interviews were also conducted for all terrestrial vertebrate groups.

3.2.2.2.1. Herpetofauna

Amphibians and reptiles were surveyed through strip transect sampling, opportunistic catching and ethnobiological interview. Ten strip transects measuring 10 m by 10 m quadrats per site covered an area equivalent to 1000 m2. Sampling was conducted from 2000h to 2100h. There were 4 man-hours per site for a total of 12 man- hours for the whole area. Searches, especially for cryptic species, in potential microhabitats (e.g. pools, springs, seepage areas, tree holes, burrows, underneath fallen logs, on leaf litters and tree foliage) were undertaken with the help of local guides. Individuals were captured using bare hands and/or sticks. Auditory cues were also used as reference for species identification. Species identification were based on Alcala (1986) and Alcala and Brown (1998). All captured and identified individuals were released at their site of capture. Interviews with locals were also performed but limited only to conspicuous and easily identifiable species (e.g. python, monitor lizard, cobra, turtles, etc.). Coordinates of the location for herpetofauna transects is presented in Table 9.

Table 9. Coordinates with corresponding elevation of selected sites for herpetofauna survey

Site No. Elevation Coordinates 1 125 masl to 131 masl N15.35108 E120 to N15.34805 E120. 49948 2 198 masl to 179 masl N15.28171 E120.48254 to N15.28013 E120.48252 3 196 masl to 200 masl N15.28518 E120.45564 to N15.28182 E120.45361

3.2.2.2.2. Avifauna 3.2.2.2.2.1. Transect Walk

Bird census was carried along two 2-km transect routes in each site (Plate 2). The species and number of individuals seen or heard were recorded. Species identification was based on Kennedy et al. (2000). There were ten man-hours per site for a total of 30 man-hours for whole area. Location per transect route is presented in Table 10.

Table 10. Coordinates with corresponding elevation of selected sites for avifauna survey

Site No. Elevation Coordinates 1 138 masl to 119 masl N15. 34253 E120. 49986 to N15. 35751 E120. 49651 2 232 masl to 163 masl N15.27697 E120.47515 to N15.28303 E120.49182 3 172 masl to 199 masl N15.29390 E120.45608 to N15.27775 E120.44937

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Plate 2. Selected sampling sites for avifauna. A ‒ Site 1; B‒ Site 2; and C ‒3

3.2.2.2.2.2. Netting

Mistnets were set individually or in a series near the ground along possible flyways (clearances) and near feeding trees (Plate 3). This method supplements the Line Transect method by recording cryptic, silent and nocturnal birds that are difficult to observe during transect counts. Nets were initially operated from 0900 h to 1800 h and were left open until the following day for nocturnal species. Species identification was based on Kennedy et al. (2000). Representatives of species caught were photographed. Individuals were marked on their claws with nail polish and then released. Fifteen nets per site were set for three days per site for a total of 135 net days for the whole area. List of location coordinates of the netting areas is presented in Table 11.

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Table 11. Coordinates with corresponding elevation of netting areas for avifauna survey

Site No. Net No. Elevation Coordinates 1 1 125 masl to 128 masl N15.35108 E120. 49824 to N15. 35054 E120.49818 1 2 126 masl to 132 masl N15.35061 E120. 49911 to N15.35051 E120. 49899 1 3 119 masl to 125 masl N15.35051 E120. 49899 to N15.35066 E120.49934 1 4 127 masl to 132 masl N15.34959 E120. 49836 to N15.34939 E120. 49810 1 5 123 masl to 131 masl N15.34788 E120. 49956 to N15.34805 E120. 49948 2 1 177 masl to 182 masl N15.28065 E120.48204 to N15.28113 E120.48251 2 2 188 masl to 198 masl N15.28148 E120.48269 to N15.28171 E120.48254 2 3 188 masl to 187 masl N15.28051 E120.48190 to N15.28047 E120.48167 2 4 177 masl to 179 masl N15.27995 E120.48246 to N15.28013 E120.48252 3 1 196 masl to 200 masl N15.28518 E120.45564 to N15.28438 E120.45571 3 2 194 masl to 202 masl N15.28383 E120.45535 to N15.28343 E120.45554 3 3 194 masl to 204 masl N15.28343 E120.45554 to N15.28203 E120.45332

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Plate 3. Selected sampling sites for netting. A ‒Site 1; B ‒Site 2; and C ‒ Site 3

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3.2.2.2.2.3. Data Analysis for Transect Walk Data

Bird community diversity indices were calculated from a mathematical formula that considers both species richness and the relative abundance of each species in the community. Relative abundance refers to the number of individuals of a given species divided by the total number of all species encountered. The community diversity was mathematically calculated using the similar diversity indices mentioned in the flora component (3.2.1.3. Data Analysis).

3.2.2.2.3. Mammals 3.2.2.2.3.1. Bats

Volant mammals (fruit bats and insect bats) were captured using the same mist nets used for birds. Mist nets were tended continuously during the activity peak from early dusk (about 18000h, net watching) until about 2000h and were left open thereafter. Bats were removed during net watching until 2100h and in the early morning the following day. Identification was based on Ingle and Heaney (1992). Representatives of species caught were photographed, claw marked with nail polish and then released.

3.2.2.2.3.2. Non-volant Mammals

For small non-volant mammals (murid rodents and shrews), 60 traps were set for two nights per site for a total of 360 trap nights for the area. Coordinates of the traplines are listed in Table 12.

Table 12. Coordinates of the traplines

Site No. Coordinates 1 9°36'2.20"N 125°32'53.29"E to 09° 35.940' N 125° 32.895' E 2 9°38'46.92"N 125°31'49.22"E to 9°38'45.35"N 125°31'47.09"E

Cage traps (Plate 4) baited with roasted coconut meat coated with peanut butter were set in the late afternoon and positioned 5 to 10 meters apart along possible runways, near burrow entrances, under root tangles, on top of fallen logs, etc. Important information such as weight, sex, approximate age category (adult, sub-adult or adult) and when applicable, reproductive condition, were noted. Representatives of each species caught were photographed. Identification were based on Heaney et al. (2010) and Aplin et al. (2003). All individuals caught were released except in cases of commensal rats. Ethnobiological interviews of locals on the presence and perceived abundance of medium to large-sized mammals were also conducted during the field work.

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Plate 4. Cage trap used to capture small non-volant mammals

3.2.2.3. Identification of Species

A checklist of all recorded species was made for each vertebrate fauna groups. Species identification, residency status, and habitat associations were based on Alcala (1986) and Alcala and Brown (1998) for amphibians and reptiles, Kennedy et al. (2000) for birds, Ingle and Heaney (1992) for bats, and Heaney et al. (2010) and Aplin et al. (2003) for non-volant mammals. Taxonomic updates were also noted based on (Diesmos et al. (2015) for amphibians and Wild Bird Club of the Philippines (2018) for birds.

3.2.2.4. Conservation Status

The conservation status of all recorded wildlife species was identified based on the IUCN Red List of Threatened species and on the DAO 2004-15 of RA 9147. The IUCN threatened categories (Critically Endangered, Endangered and Vulnerable) indicate the species global status while DAO 2004-15 indicates the local conservation status. Furthermore, DAO 2004-15 includes other categories such as Other Threatened Species (OTS) and Other Wildlife Species (OWS). CITES Appendices listing was also included as a reference for this DAO (Appendix I = Critically Endangered and Appendix II = Endangered).

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3.2.3. Invertebrate Fauna 3.2.3.1. Sampling Sites

A total of 12 sites were sampled for arthropod collection survey. These sites were within the selected transects established for the vegetation survey (Figure 16).

Figure 16. Location map of selected sites for arthropod collection survey

3.2.3.2. Sampling Method

A standard protocol for arthropod fauna survey was employed. Insect net was used to collect specimens. Collected specimens were then stored in glass jar with 80% ethyl alcohol (Plate 5). Net sweeping near within the floral sampling plots was done randomly (Plate 6). For each observation site, a total of 50 sweeps was done to collect arthropods, that is, 10 net sweeps per sampling plot along a one kilometer transect. One sweep is approximately 1800 or a sweep to the right and a sweep to the left side of the collector making sure that no two sweeps would be done along the same point.

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Plate 5. Left: insect net for collecting arthropod specimens; right – glass jar for killing and preserving arthropod specimens

Plate 6. Net sweeping technique used to collect arthropod fauna from the sampling plots

After collection, samples were brought to the laboratory for sorting and identification (Plate 7). Using available literature on arthropods, the specimens were identified to at least family level. Only few species that are common were identified up to species. Also, the number of individuals per species were counted and recorded in Microsoft Excel for the purpose of computing the diversity indices.

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Plate 7. Sorted arthropod specimens prior to identification

3.2.3.3. Data Analysis

Species diversity of arthropods was quantified using selected diversity indices (Margalef index, Shannon-Wiener Diversity index, Simpsons index of Dominance and Diversity, and Pielous Equitability Index). Margalef index quantifies species richness while the rest provide measures on species diversity and evenness of the population. Index values for each parameter were computed using PAST v3.23 software.

3.2.4. Freshwater Ecology 3.2.4.1. Sampling Station

Sampling for freshwater ecology was undertaken along streams adjacent and within the project areas of the NCC. Periphyton, macroinvertebrate, and fish communities in the nine stations (Figure 17) were assessed to determine the present condition of these organisms which could potentially be affected by the ongoing development. Selection of sampling areas considered the year-round availability of water, presence of microhabitats (e.g., riffle, run and pool), and proximity to development and human settlements.

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Figure 17. Sampling locations for freshwater ecology

3.2.4.2. Sampling Protocol 3.2.4.2.1. Periphyton

Periphyton samples were collected by scraping rock surfaces using a scalpel (Plate 8). Three sub-samples per station were collected but were all transferred into one bottle to make a composite sample per station.

The samples were preserved in Lugols solution, after which were brought to the laboratory for accurate identification and determination of periphyton density. Photomicrographs of dominant taxa were taken using Carl Zeiss axioscope.

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Plate 8. Scraping of periphyton on rock surface

3.2.4.2.2. Macrobenthos

A D-frame aquatic kick net (Plate 9) was used to collect macroinvertebrate samples on riffles or the shallow fast-flowing portions of stream ecosystems. Bottom sediments were dislodged via kicking actions of the operator whilst walking backward upstream with the net facing upstream for 5 minutes. Two replicates were collected per station.

Collected samples were sorted on a white tray and then placed inside plastic containers filled with 70% ethyl alcohol for preservation. Preserved samples were then brought to the laboratory for accurate identification, if possible, up to the lowest taxa. Photographs of dominant macrobenthos were also taken.

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Plate 9. Protocol on collection of microbenthic organisms. A. Collection using D-frame aquatic kick net, and B. sorting of macroinvertebrates

3.2.4.2.3. Fish

Fish samples were collected from the sampling stations with the help of the local hires using seine netting (Plate 10). Fishes that were identified in-situ were returned alive onto the water. Photographs of different fish species were taken to aid in the identification process. However, for accurate identification, minimal samples were collected for those which cannot be identified readily and were preserved in 70% ethyl alcohol and brought to the laboratory for accurate identification up to species level.

Interviews were also done on local guides and residents by showing them photo guide to determine other species that were not captured using various methodologies employed in this study.

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Plate 10. Beach seine netting employed to catch freshwater fish

3.2.4.3. Conservation Status

The conservation status of documented organisms was based on the assessment of the IUCN (2018). Local assessment for freshwater species has not yet been established by the DENR-BMB.

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4. RESULTS OF THE STUDY 4.1. Terrestrial Flora 4.1.1. Vegetation Structure

The New Clark City project site is primarily composed of vegetation with open canopy, where grassland agroecosystem dominates most of the flat area. In addition, plantations of fruit trees and tree crops such as manggang-kalabau (Mangifera indica), yemane (Gmelina arborea) and mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla) were found to occur at large extent. A few forest patches scattered across the development site still exist but mostly in areas with steep slopes and along riverbanks. The forest vegetation in NCC can be classified as young secondary growth forest with early successional species, which are usually shade-intolerant and sun-loving species dominating the area.

Secondary growth occurs as a result of secondary succession, which happens after the land has been exposed to nudation (See Figure 18) or complete depletion of biomass by disturbance (i.e. fire, volcanic eruption etc.) (Agnew et al., 1993; Cowles, 2002; Green & Clements, 2007). The volcanic eruption of Mt. Pinatubo in 1991 had greatly influenced the present vegetation structure of the study site (de Rose et al., 2011). The colossal ashfall buried several villages and degraded forestlands of the most affected provinces, namely – Tarlac, Pampanga and Zambales. The impact of the ashfall was observed to be varied based on the remotely sensed imagery taken after the eruption (Seitz, 1998). This natural disaster promoted secondary succession through xerosere (See Definition of Terms). However, the development of vegetation thru time is probably a result of a combination of natural disaster and anthropogenic pressures (i.e. logging, land conversion, shifting cultivation). The supposedly gradual process of vegetation succession in the area may be disrupted due to human interventions that caused fragmentation. The presence of grasses, shrubs and shade-intolerant trees provide evidence that the vegetation is already at the intermediate stage, which is observed at least five years after exposure to disturbance. It will take about 150 years before the vegetation gets dominated by climax community given that no disruptions in the succession.

Growth habit of each species recorded, as previously mentioned, reflects the vegetation structure of NCC. Majority of the species found are trees (68.89%), and a few shrubs (8.33%) and herbs (7.61%) (Figure 19). Selected photos of flowering and fruiting plants per growth habit are shown from Plate 12Error! Reference source not found. to Plate 17Error! Reference source not found.. It is notable that although forestland has a relatively smaller coverage than the grassland agroecosystem, only few native herbaceous species were recorded. This can be attributed to the presence of invasive understorey and ground cover species (i.e. gonoi and coronitas) that inhibit the growth

Full Biodiversity Assessment Study for New Clark City Project Pro-Seeds Development Association, Inc. Final Report of naturally occurring herbs and shrubs. In addition, the vegetation structure is dependent with the forest management practices being employed within the area. The NCC is inhabited by the Agta community, who usually obtain food through shifting and cultivation.

In summary, the NCC is comprised of a mosaic of different vegetations from grassland to second growth forests (Plate 11) representing different stages of recovery from the previous human and natural disturbance.

Figure 18. Stages of plant succession

7.61% Vine 21 68.48% Tree 189 8.33% Shrub 23 1.45% Sedge 4 1.81% Palm 5 Habit 7.61% Herb 21 3.99% Grass 11 0.36% Fern 1 0.36% Aquatic Plant 1

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 No. of Individuals

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Figure 19. Total number and percentage of different plant groups

Plate 11. General vegetation within the NCC project development site. A. Agricultural land, B. Grassland, C. Grassland with plantation of abaca, D. Farmland with mixed stand of manggang-kalabau and cassava, E. Yemane plantation, F. Mahogany plantation, G. Overview of the forest in NCC, H. Area dominated by water hyacinth

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Plate 12. Photos of some tree species recorded within the sampling sites. A. – Anacardium occidentale L.; B. -Mangifera indica L.; C. – Semecarpus cuneiformis Blanco; D. – Spondias purpurea L.; E. – Polyalthia suberosa (Roxb.) Thwaites.; F. –Telosma sp.; G –Wrightia candollei Vidal.; and H – Wrightia pubescens subsp. laniti (Blanco) Ngan

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Plate 13.Photos of some tree species recorded within the sampling sites. A. – Radermachera sp.; B. – Bulak kastila (Ceiba pentandra); C. – Anonang (Cordia dichotoma); D. – Pagsahingin (Canarium asperum); E. – Panampat (Kleinhovia hospital); F. – Anabion (Trema tomentosa); G. – Panau (Dipterocarpus gracilis); and H. – Bilua (Macaranga tanarius)

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Plate 14.Photos of some tree species recorded within the sampling sites. A. – Banato (Mallotus philippensis); B. – Alim (Melanolepis multiglandulos); C. – Alibangbang (Bauhinia malabarica); D. – Kamot-pusa (Caesalpinia latisiliqua); E. – Kania-pistola (Cassia fistula); F. – Kakauati (Gliricidia sepium).; G. – Millettia sp.; and H. – Daitanag (Pterocarpus indicus)

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Plate 15. Photos of some tree species recorded within the sampling sites. A. – Salinggogon (Cratoxylum sumatranum); B. – Yemane (Gmelina arborea); C. – Alagau (Premna odorata); D. – Lagundi (Vitex parviflora); E. – Maranga (Litsea cordata); F –Tipolo (Artocarpus blancoi); G. – Kubi (Artocarpus nitidus); and H. – Hauili (Ficus nota)

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Plate 16. Photos of some shrub (A-E) and herb (G-H) species recorded within the sampling sites. A. – Pandakaki (Tabernaemontana pandacaqui); B. – Wild sunflower (Tithonia diversifolia); C. – Tambalabasi (Callicarpa formosana); D. – Kasupangil (Clerodendrum intermedium); E. – Bamban (Donax canniformis); F. – Tukod banua (Amorphophallus paeoniifolius); G. – Begonia sp.; and H. – Higad-higaran (Heliotropium indicum)

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Plate 17.Photos of some herb (A-B), corm (C) and vine (D-H) species recorded within the sampling sites. A. – Mangkit (Desmodium laxiflorum); B. - Desmodium sp.; C. – Moraea sp.; D. – Susung-damulag (Uvaria rufa); E. – Malakamote (Camonea umbellate); F. – Apalia (Momordica charantia); G. – Kanasaga (Abrus precatorius); and H. – Suma (Arcangelisia flava)

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4.1.2. Floristic Composition

Floristic composition of the remaining forested areas within the NCC project site can be best characterized with abundance (number of individuals) and species richness (number of species).

A total of 276 morpho-species belonging to 112 genera and 84 families were recorded through nested quadrat sampling method and opportunistic survey (Appendix 1). Majority of which (160 species) were found outside the sampled quadrats. Genera with highest species representation were Ficus (10 species), Artocarpus (6 species), Antidesma (4 species), Clerodendrum (4 species) and Sterculia (4 species). In terms of plant families, Fabaceae (30 species), Moraceae (20 species), Meliaceae (12 species), Phyllanthaceae (12 species) and Lamiaceae (10 species) had the highest representative species. Most of these comprise trees. Figure 20 shows the number of families, genera, species and individuals of recorded plants per growth habit. This clearly illustrates that trees had the highest species richness and abundance.

900 832 800

700

600

500

400

300 263 188 200 130 100 53 62 31 3 16 15 16 9 18 20 20 11 20 23 21 19 0 No. Families No. of Genus No. of Species No. of Individuals

Grass Herb Shrub Tree Vine

Figure 20. Floral diversity per growth habit of recorded plants

Most of the transects are dominated by species that are introduced or not native to the Philippines (Figure 21). Pantropical and highly invasive species such as gonoi (Chromolaena odorata) and coronitas (Lantana camara) were found abundant. Exotic trees such as yemane (Gmelina arborea) and mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla) were planted

Full Biodiversity Assessment Study for New Clark City Project Pro-Seeds Development Association, Inc. Final Report for timber production. Furthermore, large extent of manggang-kalabau (Mangifera indica) and abaca (Musa textilis) plantations were observed. These significantly affected the floristic composition of NCC. Introduced species usually exhibit invasive potential if suitable environment becomes available. A disturbed area is much susceptible to successful introduction and establishment of invasive alien species due to the absence of competition (Burke & Grime, 1996). Plant invasions pose a severe threat to native plant communities as well as to dependent microorganisms (Bohren, 2017; Hejda et al., 2009; Litt et al., 2014).

120

100

0 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 T10 T11 T12 T13 T14 T15

Exotic Non-Endemic Philippine Endemic

Figure 21. Abundance of recorded plants based on endemism

Aside from species richness, the floristic composition of the remaining forested areas in NCC can also be characterized with the dominant species per transect. Based from the dendrogram generated through cluster analysis using UPGMA with Bray-Curtis index of similarity, the sampled vegetation in each transect can be divided into three zones (Figure 22). The first zone, located mainly in Barangay San Vicente and Maruglu, is dominated by manggang-kalabau (Mangifera indica), pagsahingin (Canarium asperum), ipil-ipil (Leucaena leucocephala), alibangbang (Bauhinia malabarica), mainuma (Bauhinia monandra), hauili (Ficus septica) and tibig (Ficus nota). The second zone, on the other hand, is widely covered by santol (Sandoricum koetjape) as well as plantations of yemane (Gmelina arborea), and manggang-kalabau (Mangifera indica). This is similar with the third zone except that mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla) trees were found dominant in Transect 15.

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Results from the cluster analysis and dominance provides an interesting overview on how the different vegetation within the NCC project site were grouped. The central portion of the NCC is generally covered by pioneer and nitrogen-fixing species from Moraceae and Fabaceae, respectively. This is where Zone 1 is located. Both Zones 2 and 3 are located on the north-west portion of the NCC. These zones are mostly composed of plantations of fruit trees (i.e. manggang kalabau and santol) and timber (i.e. yemane and mahogany).

Figure 22. Dendrogram of 15 transects generated through UPGMA using Bray-Curtis Similarity index. Bootstrapping was done at n = 1000; correlation = 0.93

Table 13 shows the number of individuals of species on different zones based on endemism and growth habit. The data conforms with the previous discussion. Combined number of individuals of native and Philippine endemic species in Zone 1 is relatively higher than exotic species. Manggang-kalabau and ipil-ipil were only found dominant in Transects 5 and 2, respectively. The rest of the 1st Zone are dominated by native species. 54

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On the other hand, there is a wide gap between the relative number of individuals of native species and exotic species in both Zones 2 and 3. Zone 2 is heavily dominated by manggang-kalabau and yemane. Only few native species (i.e. anabion, himbabao, lipa, panampat, kalantas etc.) were observed mainly in forest patches such as in Transect 1 and 13. Other exotic species recorded in Zone 2 were avocado, mahogany, acacia and sampalok. In Zone 3, about 1/3 of the total number of individuals was native. This is understandable because Transects 11, 12 and 15 are composed of exotic trees, viz. teak, ipil-ipil, acacia, yemane, manggang-kalabau, mahogany, and santol.

Table 13. Number of individuals per endemism and growth habit

Endemism Growth Habit* Zone Transect PE NE EX Grass Herb Shrub Tree Vine T2 0 37 48 4 0 27 53 1 T3 0 42 24 4 9 17 50 0 T4 4 72 24 1 4 16 81 0 1 T5 1 26 36 1 6 26 35 0 T6 17 65 2 3 0 7 73 2 T7 1 27 68 3 22 26 69 1 T8 6 28 10 0 1 3 38 3 Total 29 297 212 16 42 122 399 7 T1 8 43 14 4 4 3 60 0 T9 1 23 109 2 0 78 50 5 2 T10 0 8 28 0 1 5 29 2 T13 2 25 67 3 2 32 58 1 T14 0 10 43 0 0 3 49 1 Total 11 109 261 9 7 121 246 9 T11 0 3 68 1 5 10 58 0 3 T12 1 33 41 1 0 5 66 3 T15 2 16 54 4 8 5 63 0 Total 3 52 163 6 13 20 187 3 Note: * - based on the general habit of the species and does not show the actual observation from the field. Further discussion on this will be present on the succeeding sections.

4.1.2.1. Tree Flora

A total of 59 species with 430 individuals were recorded to have a DBH of ≥10cm. All transects surveyed except Transect 5 had more than 20 individuals of trees. The average number of trees per quadrat is 6. If translated to average density, about 0.015 tree/m2 or 2 trees for every 100 m2 can be found in NCC. This signifies the poor forest vegetation in the development site composed generally of open secondary forest or riparian forest. Transects with more than 30 individuals are T4, T6, T9, T11, T12, T14 and T15. Most of which were from Zone 2 and 3 where plantations are located. Transect 12 had the highest number of tree individuals (43) among all surveyed transects. This is mainly due to the presence of mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla) with 22 individuals (N). Yemane (Gmelina arborea), however, is the most represented tree species with 60

Full Biodiversity Assessment Study for New Clark City Project Pro-Seeds Development Association, Inc. Final Report individuals followed by manggang-kalabau (Mangifera indica) (N = 59), mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla) (N = 47), alibangbang (Bauhinia malabarica) (N = 37), ipil-ipil (Leucaena leucocephala) (N = 30), and hauili (Ficus septica) (N = 29). Individuals with largest diameter ranging from 11 to 77 cm are manggang-kalabau.

Considering the density, occurrence and dominance of trees in NCC, species with highest Importance Value (IV) were plantation species (i.e. manggang-kalabau, Yemane and mahogany) (Table 14). Majority of the species listed with highest IV were also found as dominant species in the three zones. This confirms that the relative dominance of each species contributed most to their IV, and the floristic composition of NCC project site and vegetation structure are dependent from these species. Table 14 also provides a general knowledge about the trees that will be greatly affected by any development within the site, which may cause significant change and alteration of the present vegetation. Alibangbang, a native plant found in Zone 1, can be used for landscaping. Other native trees were also recorded in this zone. Hence, Zone 1 will be good as source of planting materials for landscaping in the future.

Table 14. Top ten trees with highest Importance Value (IV)

Scientific Name Local Name Family Name Count Rdom RF RD IV Manggang- Mangifera indica L. Anacardiaceae 59 55.29 5.67 13.72 74.68 kalabau Gmelina arborea Roxb. Yemane Lamiaceae 60 15.19 7.09 13.95 36.24 Bauhinia malabarica Roxb. Alibangbang* Fabaceae 37 10.54 6.38 8.60 25.53 Swietenia macrophylla King Mahogany Meliaceae 47 8.67 2.84 10.93 22.43 Leucaena leucocephala Ipil-ipil Fabaceae 30 2.28 5.67 6.98 14.93 (Lam.) de Wit Ficus nota (Blanco) Merr. Tibig Moraceae 29 2.38 5.67 6.74 14.80 Antidesma subcordatum Malabinayuyu Phyllanthaceae 13 0.54 4.26 3.02 7.82 Merr. Ficus septica Burm.f. Hauli Moraceae 16 1.15 2.84 3.72 7.70 Artocarpus blancoi (Elmer) Tipolo* Moraceae 9 0.52 3.55 2.09 6.16 Merr. Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Kakauati Fabaceae 12 0.76 2.13 2.79 5.68 Walp. Note: Local name with asterisk (*) is a native language of Pampanga-Tarlac

4.1.2.2. Intermediate and Understorey

A total of 677 individuals belonging to 74 morpho-species were recorded within the study site. NCC generally exhibited an abundant and diverse understory species as compared to trees. Its average density is relatively higher with 0.1128 individual/m2 or eleven individuals for every 100 m2. This value reflects a better species composition if and only if this stage (sapling to small pole stage) remains undisturbed. Meanwhile, Lantana camara was observed to be the most abundant species while Melanolepis multigalndulosa

Full Biodiversity Assessment Study for New Clark City Project Pro-Seeds Development Association, Inc. Final Report and Macaranga tanarius were found to be the most frequently occurring species within NCC. Table 15 revealed the top ten most abundant and most frequently occurring understory species.

Table 15. Ten most abundant understorey species

Scientific Name Local Name Family Name Abundance Frequency Lantana camara L. Coronitas Verbenaceae 98 8 Chromolaena odorata (L.) R.M.King Gonoi Asteraceae 83 7 & H.Rob. Musa sp. - Musaceae 53 9 Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Ipil-ipil Fabaceae 51 8 Wit Gmelina arborea Roxb. Yemane Lamiaceae 27 6 Melanolepis multiglandulosa Alim Euphorbiaceae 27 10 (Reinw. ex Blume) Rchb. & Zoll. Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) A.Gray Wild Sunflower Asteraceae 25 2 Ficus nota (Blanco) Merr. Tibig Moraceae 24 7 Bauhinia monandra Kurz Mainuma* Fabaceae 22 1 Macaranga tanarius (L.) Müll.Arg. Bilua Euphorbiaceae 22 10 Note: Local name with asterisk (*) is a native language of Pampanga

4.1.2.3. Ground Cover

A total of 33 morpho-species were recorded within the established 1m by 1m quadrats at NCC. It was found out that litter accounts for 30.6%, of the total percent cover of the area, followed by soil with 17.04%. This factor generally affects the number of regenerants within the site. Since the forest floor is covered by litter (i.e. leaf litter of dominant trees such as mahogany, yemane and manggang-kalabau) and other abiotic materials (i.e. soil, rocks, roots), fewer number of regenerants is expected to thrive. The role of leaf litter in facilitating plant growth depends from the species. Other leaf litters help promote soil fertility through microbial activities that are crucial for plant growth. However, leaf litters of plantation species especially manggang-kalabau, yemane and mahogany were found to have an inhibitory effect to growth of wildlings (Ashafa et al., 2012; Hannan et al., 2013; Ramakrishnan et al., 2014). This is due to the presence of allelochemicals from phenolic and terpenoid extracts of leaf leachates that interfere the availability of essential enzymes for the seeds to germinate. In addition, it was also observed that cogon (Imperata cylindrica) got the highest relative cover among ground species at 15.27%, followed by gonoi (10.33%). This affects too the species diversity in ground cover because cogon commonly over dominates the vegetation that are prone to burning or fire while gonoi are universally found in idle lands. The time or season of floristic survey can be also another factor since grasses and weeds tend to have low

Full Biodiversity Assessment Study for New Clark City Project Pro-Seeds Development Association, Inc. Final Report density during dry season. The 10 most dominant ground cover species are presented in Table 16.

Table 16. Ten ground cover species with highest relative cover

Grand Relative Scientific Name Local Name Family Name Total Cover Litter - - 2295 30.60 Soil - - 1278 17.04 Imperata cylindrica (L.) Raeusch. Cogon Poaceae 1145 15.27 Chromolaena odorata (L.) R.M.King Gonoi Asteraceae 775 10.33 & H.Rob. Oplismenus sp. - Poaceae 427 5.69 Centrosema pubescens Benth. Dilang butiki Fabaceae 330 4.40 Paspalum sp. - Poaceae 250 3.33 Rock - - 175 2.33 Lantana camara L. Coronitas Verbenaceae 140 1.87 Urena lobata L. Dalupang Malvaceae 120 1.60 Saccharum officinarum L. Tubo Poaceae 100 1.33 Xanthosoma sagittifolium (L.) Yautia Araceae 75 1.00 Schott. Terminalia nitens C.Pres Sakat Combretaceae 50 0.67

4.1.3. Diversity Indices

Based on the number and abundance of recognized morpho-species in surveyed transects, the diversity indices were then calculated. The Simpsons ”D), Shannon- Weiners ”H) and Evenness (E) diversity indices of the study area were calculated. Shannon-Weiner index gives an estimate of species richness and evenness of distribution in terms of abundance of each species, while Simpsons index gives the probability of getting different species when two individuals were drawn (without replacement) inside a plot.

The computed values revealed that among the 15 transects surveyed, transect 1 had the highest indices (Simpson Index, Shannon-Weiner Index, and Evenness) as shown in Table 17. These indices indicate that NCC harbors high diversity in totality to which it does not have much difference when exotics are excluded in the computation (Table 18). The range of values of indices is almost similar regardless if there are exotics or none. This clearly shows that exotic species does not have impact on the overall NCC biodiversity values.

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Looking at the values of diversity indices per transect, the exclusion of exotic species reduced D, H and E. Table 19 shows that transect with high computed H ”i.e. T1, T6, T3, and T8) have high relative abundance of native species while those with lower H values have high relative abundance of exotic species. In the same way, these transects were dominated by exotic species. Only transects 1,3, 4, 6, 8 and 12 were dominated by native species with high percentage abundance Table 20. The correlation of the percentage abundance of native and exotic species to diversity indices supports this relationship Figure 23. The relative abundance of exotic species shows high negative correlation with diversity indices. On the other hand, a strong positive correlation of the percent abundance of native species was observed with H and E values.

Table 17. Diversity indices of each transect with number of species and individuals

No. of No. of Transect Simpson (D’) Shannon (H’) Evenness (E) Species Individuals 1 35 71 0.95 3.28 0.76 2 21 85 0.90 2.63 0.66 3 26 80 0.93 2.92 0.72 4 36 102 0.95 3.24 0.71 5 16 68 0.84 2.27 0.60 6 29 85 0.94 3.02 0.71 7 25 121 0.87 2.48 0.48 8 23 45 0.92 2.87 0.76 9 21 135 0.85 2.32 0.48 10 10 37 0.78 1.86 0.64 11 15 74 0.82 2.09 0.54 12 19 75 0.84 2.34 0.55 13 25 96 0.89 2.66 0.57 14 13 53 0.81 2.01 0.57 15 14 80 0.82 2.06 0.56 Grand 116 1207 0.96 3.72 0.36 Total

Table 18. Computed diversity indices of each transect excluding exotic species recorded

Transect No. of Species No. of Individuals Simpson (1-D) Shannon (H) Evenness (e^H/S) 1 29 57 0.94 3.08 0.75 2 14 37 0.89 2.40 0.78 3 22 56 0.91 2.74 0.71 4 30 78 0.94 3.11 0.74 5 11 32 0.87 2.18 0.80 6 27 83 0.93 2.96 0.71 7 17 53 0.80 2.19 0.53 8 18 35 0.90 2.60 0.75 9 11 26 0.82 2.03 0.69 59

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10 4 9 0.67 1.22 0.84 11 4 6 0.67 1.24 0.87 12 12 34 0.75 1.92 0.57 13 15 29 0.89 2.48 0.80 14 6 10 0.76 1.61 0.83 15 10 26 0.83 1.99 0.73 Grand Total 86 571 0.96 3.69 0.47

Table 19. Percentage abundance of Philippine endemic, native and exotic species per transect

% Abundance % Abundance % Abundance Transect No. of Species No. of Individuals (PE) (NE) (EX) 1 35 65 12.31 66.15 21.54 2 21 85 0.00 43.53 56.47 3 26 66 0.00 63.64 36.36 4 36 100 4.00 72.00 24.00 5 16 63 1.59 41.27 57.14 6 29 84 20.24 77.38 2.38 7 25 96 1.04 28.13 70.83 8 23 44 13.64 63.64 22.73 9 21 133 0.75 17.29 81.95 10 10 36 0.00 22.22 77.78 11 15 71 0.00 4.23 95.77 12 19 75 1.33 44.00 54.67 13 25 94 2.13 26.60 71.28 14 13 53 0.00 18.8 7 81.13 15 14 72 2.78 22.22 75.00

Table 20. Summary of species with highest relative density per transect

Common Transect Scientific Name Family Name Endemism Count RD Name Macaranga 1 tanarius (L.) Bilua Euphorbiaceae NE 10 15.38 Müll.Arg. 2 Lantana camara L. Coronitas Verbenaceae EX 14 16.47 Leucaena leucocephala Ipil-ipil Fabaceae EX 13 15.29 (Lam.) de Wit Tithonia Wild diversifolia Asteraceae EX 12 14.12 Sunflower (Hemsl.) A.Gray 3 Lantana camara L. Coronitas Verbenaceae EX 15.15 15.15 Bauhinia Alibangbang* Fabaceae NE 13.64 13.64 malabarica Roxb. Tithonia Wild 4 diversifolia Asteraceae EX 13 13.00 Sunflower (Hemsl.) A.Gray Canarium 9 9.00 Pagsahingin Burseraceae NE asperum Benth. Ficus nota 9 9.00 Tibig Moraceae NE (Blanco) Merr. 60

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Common Transect Scientific Name Family Name Endemism Count RD Name Chromolaena 5 odorata (L.) Gonoi Asteraceae EX 24 38.10 R.M.King & H.Rob. Artocarpus 6 Kalulot Moraceae PE 11 13.10 rubrovenius Warb. Ficus septica Hauli Moraceae NE 10 11.90 Burm.f. Bauhinia Alibangbang* Fabaceae NE 9 10.71 malabarica Roxb. Bauhinia 7 Mainuma* Fabaceae EX 30 31.25 monandra Kurz Ficus nota 8 Tibig Moraceae NE 8 18.18 (Blanco) Merr. Chromolaena 9 odorata (L.) Gonoi Asteraceae EX 37 27.82 R.M.King & H.Rob. Lantana camara L. Coronitas Verbenaceae EX 30 22.56 Ma ngifera indica Manggang- 10 Anacardiaceae EX 15 41.67 L. kalabau Swietenia 11 Mahogany Meliaceae EX 24 33.80 macrophylla King Swietenia 12 Mahogany Meliaceae EX 23 30.67 macrophylla King Ficus nota Tibig Moraceae NE 16 21.33 (Blanco) Merr. 13 Lantana camara L. Coronitas Verbenaceae EX 23 24.47 Mangifera indica Manggang- 14 Anacardiaceae EX 16 30.19 L. kalabau Gmelina arborea Yemane Lamiaceae EX 13 24.53 Roxb. Gmelina arborea 15 Yemane Lamiaceae EX 26 36.11 Roxb. Leucaena leucocephala Ipi- l ipil Fabaceae EX 18 25.00 (Lam.) de Wit

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120 100 100 80 y = 44.185x - 71.289 80 R² = 0.7589 60 60 40 40

20 y = -52.579x + 188.59 20 Relative Density (EX) R² = 0.7437 Relative Density (NE) 0 0 0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 Shannon-Weiner Diversity Index (H') Shannon-Weiner Index (H')

120 1 100 0.8 y = -0.0024x + 0.9185 80 R² = 0.0572 0.6 60 0.4 40 y = -417.42x + 420.3 0.2 20 R² = 0.701 Relative Density (EX) Relative Density (NE) 0 0 0.00 0.50 1.00 0 50 100 Simpson's Index (D') Simpson's Index (D')

120 100

100 80 y = 200.73x - 83.784 80 60 R² = 0.6788 60 40 40 y = -241.26x + 204.94 20 20

Relative Density (EX) R² = 0.6785 Relative Density (NE) 0 0 0.00 0.50 1.00 0.00 0.50 1.00 Evenness Index (E) Evennes Index (E)

Figure 23. Linear relationship of the relative abundance of exotic and native species to diversity indices

4.1.4. Noteworthy Species 4.1.4.1. Endemic Species

Information on the geographic distribution of plant species plays an integral basis for the formulation of conservation and management strategies to avoid species extinction. Species with narrow distribution or restricted only to a small geographic area should be given a priority in conservation planning because these species are more vulnerable to threats. Through the vegetation survey conducted, a total of 20 species that 62

Full Biodiversity Assessment Study for New Clark City Project Pro-Seeds Development Association, Inc. Final Report are endemic to the Philippines were found within the NCC project site (Table 21). These species, as of to date, are known only to occur in the country. On the other hand, there were 156 native species recorded. These species are naturally occurring in the Philippines but with wider distribution extending outside the country. A small number of exotics (71 species) were also recorded. These are common weed species with high abundance in disturbed areas.

It should be emphasized that categorizing species as endemic is very much dependent on the availability of published data on geographical distribution of species, recent taxonomic revisions, nomenclatural changes, and new evidences from various disciplines used in systematics among others. Thus, estimates of endemism should be interpreted within the context of the methodology and limitations imposed by contributing factors. In this study, a few specimens were not identified to the species level due to absence of characters with taxonomic significance. This will influence the percent endemism of the floristic composition of NCC (Figure 24).

Table 21. Summary of species listed as endemic to the Philippines

No . Scientific Name Local Name Family Name Habit Distribution LUZON: Ilocos Norte, Cagayan, Isabela, Aurora, Nueva Ecija, Laguna (Mt Makiling), Batangas, Haplosticanthus Sorsogon, POLILLO, ALABAT, 1 lanceolata (S. Vidal) Anolang Annonaceae Tree CATANDUANES, ROMBLON, Heusden. BOHOL (Valencia), LEYTE, SAMAR, SIARGAO, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte (Mt Urdaneta) Miliusa vidalii 2 Takulau Annonaceae Tree LUZON: Bataan, Sorsogon J.Sinclair LUZON: Cagayan to Sorsogon, Garcinia binucao 3 Binukau Clusiaceae Tree MINDORO, BURIAS, PANAY, (Blanco) Choisy GUIMARAS, NEGROS Garcinia mcgregorii LUZON to MINDANAO and 4 Batuan Clusiaceae Tree Merr BASILAN BABUYAN ISLS (CALAYAN), LUZON (in most provinces), POLILLO, MINDORO, SIBUYAN, Shorea contorta 5 White Lauan Dipterocarpaceae Tree MARINDUQUE, MASBATE, S.Vidal NEGROS, LEYTE, SAMAR, MINDANAO: Zamboanga, Lanao, Agusan, BASILAN LUZON: Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, Mountain Province, Benguet, La Union, Cagayan, Pterospermum 6 Bayoi Dombeyaceae Tree Nueva Ecija, Zambales. obliquum Blanco Pampanga, Bataan, Bulacan, Rizal, Laguna, Quezon, MINDORO, PALAWAN, BURIAS,

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No . Scientific Name Local Name Family Name Habit Distribution GUIMARAS, SAMAR, MINDANAO: Zamboanga

LUZON: La Union, Cagayan, Cynometra Isabela, Zambales, Bataan, 7 Olod* Fabaceae Tree inaequifolia A.Gray Rizal, Laguna, Quezon, Cavite, Batangas, PANAY, NEGRO Cynometra Throughout LUZON, MINDORO, 8 Pingan* Fabaceae Tree simplicifolia Harms MINDANAO, BASILAN LUZON: Abra (Manabo), Kalinga (Lubuagan), Benguet, Isabela (San Mariano), Nueva Vizcaya (near Dupax), Nueva Ecija, Zambales (Mt Pinatubo), Bataan (Lamao), Pampanga, Bulacan (Angat), Rizal (Mt Angilog, Montalban, Antipolo, Bosoboso), Laguna (Los Baños, Mt Makiling, Sta Maria, Mabitac), Quezon (Laguimanoc Artocarpus ovatus = Padre Burgos, Lucban), 9 Anobion* Moraceae Tree Blanco Camarines Sur (Mt Bagacay, Mt Isarog), Sorsogon (Mt Bulusan), CATANDUANES, MINDORO: Mindoro Oriental (Mansalay, Manaul & Mt Yagaw), PALAWAN (Irawan), BALABAC (Cape Melville), MARINDUQUE, SIBUYAN (Mt Giting-giting), MASBATE, TICAO, PANAY: Iloilo, NEGROS: Negros Occidental (Danao; Cadiz), Negros Oriental (Cuernos Mtns), CEBU BATAN (Basco), LUZON: Isabela (Palanan), Aurora (Casiguran, Baler), Bataan (Lamao, Mt Mariveles), Pampanga (Mt Pinatubo), Rizal (San Mateo, Artocarpus Bosoboso), Laguna (Mt 10 Kalulot Moraceae Tree rubrovenius Warb. Makiling), Batangas, Quezon (Laguimanoc = Padre Burgos, Lucban, Sampaloc), Camarines, Albay (Guinobatan, Banao), Sorsogon (Mt Bulusan), MINDORO BATANES, LUZON, NEGROS, Ficus odorata 11 Pakiling Moraceae Tree BOHOL, LEYTE, SAMAR, (Blanco) Merr. MINDANAO

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No . Scientific Name Local Name Family Name Habit Distribution LUZON: Pangasinan, Mountain Province, Benguet, Bataan, Ficus pseudopalma Rizal, Laguna, Quezon, Albay, 12 Niog-niogan Moraceae Tree Blanco Sorsogon, MINDORO, PANAY, NEGROS, GUIMARAS, LEYTE, SAMAR, MINDANAO 13 Ficus ulmifolia Lam. Alasas* Moraceae Tree Throughout the Philippines LUZON: Ilocos Norte, Ifugao, Glochidion Pangasinan, Zambales, Bataan, Bagnang 14 gigantifolium (Vidal) Phyllanthaceae Tree Rizal, Laguna, Quezon, laparan J.J.Sm. NEGROS, MINDANAO: Zamboanga LUZON: Ilocos Norte, Cagayan, Isabela, Pangasinan, Tayabas, Ardisia squamulosa 15 Pataktol* Primulaceae Tree Cavite, Batangas, MINDORO, C. Presl PALAWAN, PANAY, MINDANAO: Davao Ziziphus talanae N LUZON to PALAWAN and 16 Balakat* Rhamnaceae Tree Merr. MINDANAO LUZON, MINDORO, TICAO, Casearia fuliginosa MASBATE, SIBUYAN, SAMAR, 17 Malaseresa* Salicaceae Tree (Blanco) Blanco DINAGAT, MINDANAO, TAWI- TAWI LUZON: Isabela, Bataan, Tarlac, Bulacan, Rizal, Batangas, Quezon, Camarines Sur, Albay, Palaquium Sorsogon, MINDORO: Mindoro 18 philippense (Perr.) Malakmak* Sapotaceae Tree Occidental (Mt Calavite), C.B.Rob. PANAY: Capiz, NEGROS, LEYTE (Ormoc, Lake Danao), MINDANAO: Davao (Mt Apo) Dendrocnide 19 luzonensis (Wedd.) Lipa Urticaceae Tree Throughout the Philippines Chew Tetrastigma LUZON: Mountain Province, 20 Ayo Vitaceae Vine sepulchrei Merr. Benguet, Bataan Note: Local name with asterisk (*) is a native language of Pampanga-Tarlac

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10.51% - 29

25.72% EX 71

56.52% Endemism NE 156

7.25% PE 20

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 No. of Individuals

Figure 24. Percent endemism of recorded plant species in NCC. PE – Endemic to the Philippines; NE – Native to the Philippines; EX – Exotic, introduced or naturalized; - Unknown

4.1.4.2. Threatened Species

Species of conservation concern are those with unfavorable conservation status, usually listed as threatened by the IUCN and the DENR-BMB. Considering the occurrence of these species within the NCC project site is a crucial step in crafting sustainable species conservation practices, and effective forest management strategies. Thereby, reducing the negative impact of the ongoing development to biodiversity.

This study revealed that NCC is home to a total of 29 threatened specie (Table 22). Following the list of DAO 2017-11, one is endangered; 16 are vulnerable; and five are other threatened species. On the other hand, IUCN listed one critically endangered; three endangered; 13 vulnerable; and 2 near threatened species. Majority of the species listed under the IUCN Red List are threatened because of population reduction. The high economic value of these species (i.e. timber production) serves as the primary reason for extraction and utilization of these plants. Logging, shifting cultivation, massive conversion of forests into agricultural land, and urban expansion were seen to be the main contributing factors of categorizing the species as threatened.

The NCC shall be able to create and implement a species-specific conservation program for the listed threatened species found within the study site. This is to at least help avert extinction of these globally important species. These species can be regarded as flagship species for conservation in the whole province. Appropriate conservation efforts are needed to ensure the continues survival of the species population.

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Table 22. Summary of species listed as threatened

No. Scientific Name Local Name Family Name Habit DAO 2017-11 IUCN 2019-1 LOCATION COUNT Koordersiodendron pinnatum 1 Amugis Anacardiaceae Tree OTS NA T1Q0 1 Merr. 2 Adonidia merillii (Becc.) Becc. Manila palm Arecaceae Palm VU NT NCC 2 Saribus rotundifolius (Lam.) 3 Anahau Arecaceae Palm VU NA T2Q2 3 Blume 4 Dipterocarpus gracilis Blume Panau* Dipterocarpaceae Tree VU VU A2cd T1Q0 5 5 Shorea contorta S.Vidal White Lauan Dipterocarpaceae Tree VU CR A1cd T1Q0 3 6 Diospyros discolor Wild. Kamagong Ebenaceae Tree VU NA T1Q2 20 EN A1c, T1Q0, T3Q0, T4Q4, 7 Diospyros philippinensis A.DC. O-oi Ebenaceae Tree VU 9 B1+2abc T6Q3 8 Cynometra inaequifolia A.Gray Olod* Fabaceae Tree VU VU A1d T3Q1, T4Q1 1 Kingiodendron alternifolium 9 Batete Fabaceae Tree VU NA NCC 2 (Elmer) Merr. & Rolfe T2Q0, T11Q4, T12Q3, 10 Pterocarpus indicus Willd. Daitanag* Fabaceae Tree VU EN A3cd+4cd 3 T13Q2, T15Q0 Wallaceodendron celebicum 11 Banuyo Fabaceae Tree VU NA T3Q4 1 Koord. Clerodendrum quadriloculare Bakauak- 12 Lamiaceae Shrub VU NA NCC 6 (Blanco) Merr. morado 13 Vitex parviflora A. Juss. Molave* Lamiaceae Tree EN VU A1cd T3Q0 1 14 Aglaia rimosa (Blanco) Merr. Busilak Meliaceae Tree OTS NT T1Q0, T7Q2 15 Aphanamixis polystachya (Wall.) T1Q0, T1Q1, T4Q1, 15 Salakin Meliaceae Tree OTS LC 2 R.Parker T4Q2 16 Toona calantas Merr. & Rolfe Ka lantas Meliaceae Tree VU NA T1Q0 1 T4Q2, T4Q3, T6Q2, 17 Artocarpus rubrovenus Warb. Kalulot Moraceae Tree OTS VU A1d 1 T12Q4, T13Q3 18 Ardisia squamulosa C. Presl Pataktol* Primulaceae Tree VU VU A1cd T1Q2, T4Q1, Flora 2 19 Ziziphus talanai Merr. Balakat* Rhamnaceae Tree OTS VU A1cd T2Q2 1 20 Litchi chinensis Sonn. Alupag Sapindaceae Tree VU NA T3Q1, T4Q1 2

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No. Scientific Name Local Name Family Name Habit DAO 2017-11 IUCN 2019-1 LOCATION COUNT 21 Nephelium lappaceum L. Rambutan Sapindaceae Tree VU LC NCC 10 Palaquium philippense (Perr.) 22 Malakmak* Sapotaceae Tree VU VU A1d NCC 1 C.B.Rob. 23 Terminalia nitens C.Pres Sakat Combretaceae Tree - VU A1d T2Q1, T3Q1 1 Anisoptera thurifera (Blanco) 24 Palosapis Dipterocarpaceae Tree - VU A3cd T3Q1, T8Q0, Flora 59 Blume Macaranga grandifolia (Blanco) 25 Abing-abing Euphorbiaceae Tree - VU A1cd T1Q0, Flora 2 Merr. T3Q2, T7Q3, T9Q4, T10Q0, T11Q1, T11Q2, T11Q4, 26 Swietenia macrophylla King Mahogany Meliaceae Tree - VU A1cd+2cd 1 T12Q1, T12Q3, T13Q1, T13Q2, T14Q0, T15Q0 T2Q0, T3Q0, T3Q3, T4Q1, T4Q2, T5Q0, Artocarpus blancoi (Elmer) 27 Tipolo* Moraceae Tree - VU A1d T6Q3, T7Q4, T12Q2, 2 Merr. T12Q4, T13Q0, T13Q1, T14Q2 T3Q1, T4Q2, T5Q0, T5Q3, T8Q0, T8Q1, 28 Ficus ulmifolia Lam. Alasas* Moraceae Tree - VU A1cd 1 T9Q1, T10Q0, T12Q4, T13Q0, T13Q2, T15Q1 NCC, River (inside 29 Coffea arabica L. Kape Rubiaceae Tree - EN A3b 2 NCC)

Note: * - local names used in Pampanga-Tarlac; IN – Recorded within the sampled quadrats, OPP – recorded through opportunistic survey; DAO 2017-11 – The Updated National List of Threatened Plants and their Categories, IUCN 2019-1 -The International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List

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4.1.4.3. New Province Records

Forty (40) noteworthy species are most probably new province records (Table 23), based on published botanical literature. This is understandable due to the absence of floristic exploration and documentation in Central Luzon. Furthermore, the cataclysmic eruption of Mount Pinatubo that wiped out the forest vegetation in nearby provinces, contributes to the paucity of botanical information of Pampanga (Boquet, 2017). Most of the floral studies in Pampanga are focused on forested mountains such as in Mount Arayat National Park (Suba, Arriola, & Alejandro, 2019).

It is important to note that although the species presented in Table 23 were labeled as new province records in this study, there are probabilities that these were already recorded before but not formally reported. Nonetheless, the presence of these new records should be appreciated with much optimism.

Table 23. Summary of species that are most probably new records in province of Pampanga-Tarlac

No. Scientific Name Local Name Family Name Habit 1 Se mecarpus longifolius Blume Anagas Anacardiaceae Tree 2 Haplosticanthus lanceolata (S. Vidal) Heusden. Anolang Annonaceae Tree 3 Miliusa vidalii J.Sinclair Takulau Annonaceae Tree 4 Wrightia candollei Vidal Laniti-pula Apocynaceae Tree 5 Cordia subcordata Lam. Banalo Boraginaceae Tree 6 Canarium asperum Benth. Pagsahingin Burseraceae Tree 7 Calophyllum blancoi Planch. & Triana Bitanghol Calophyllaceae Tree 8 Siphonodon celastrineus Griff. Matang ulang Celastraceae Vine 9 Terminalia foetidissima Griff. Talisai-gubat Combretaceae Tree 10 Dipterocarpus gracilis Blume Panau* Dipterocarpaceae Tree 11 Diospyros philippinensis A.DC. O-oi Ebenaceae Tree 12 Cynometra inaequifolia A.Gray Olod* Fabaceae Tree 13 Kingiodendron alternifolium (Elmer) Merr. & Rolfe Batete Fabaceae Tree 14 Millettia ahernii Merr. & Rolfe Balok Fabaceae Tree Cratoxylum formosum (Jacq.) Benth. & Hook.f. ex 15 Salinggogon Hypericaceae Tree Dyer 16 Aglaia rimosa (Blanco) Merr. Busilak Meliaceae Tree 17 Artocarpus nitidus Trécul Kub i Moraceae Tree 18 Ficus ampelas Burm.f. Upling-gubat Moraceae Tree 19 Ficus pseudopalma Blanco Niog-niogan Moraceae Tree 20 Parartocarpus venenosa Becc. Malananka Moraceae Tree 21 Myristica glomerata (Blanco) Kudô & Masam. Tambalau Myristicaceae Tree 22 Antidesma montanum Blume Timbabasi Phyllanthaceae Tree 23 Antidesma subcordatum Merr. Malabinayuyu Phyllanthaceae Tree 24 Breynia vitis-idaea (Burm.f.) C.E.C.Fisch. Matang hipon Phyllanthaceae Tree Bagnang 25 Glochidion gigantifolium (Vidal) J.J.Sm. Phyllanthaceae Tree laparan 26 Gigantochloa levis (Blanco) Merr. Bolo Poaceae Grass 27 Ardisia squamulosa C. Presl Pataktol* Primulaceae Tree 28 Drypetes maquilingensis (Merr.) Pax & K.Hoffm. Tinaang pantai Putranjivaceae Tree 29 Canthium horridum Blume Kuliak-daga Rubiaceae Tree

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No. Scientific Name Local Name Family Name Habit 30 Wendlandia luzoniensis DC. Kalasan Rubiaceae Tree 31 Casearia fuliginosa (Blanco) Blanco Malaseresa* Salicaceae Tree 32 Osmelia philippina Fern.-Vill. Oonog Salicaceae Tree 33 Lepisanthes tetraphylla Radlk. Bayag-daga Sapindaceae Tree 34 Nephelium lappaceum L. Rambutan Sapindaceae Tree 35 Planchonella duclitan (Blanco) Bakh.f. Duklitan Sapotaceae Tree 36 Pouteria campechiana (Kunth) Baehni Tiesa Sapotaceae Tree 37 Gomphandra luzoniensis (Merr.) Merr Mabunot Stemonuraceae Tree 38 Sterculia comosa Wall. Banilad Sterculiaceae Tree Tapinag 39 Sterculia cordata Blume Sterculiaceae Tree bundok 40 Tetrastigma sepulchrei Merr. Ayo Vitaceae Vine Note: Local name with asterisk (*) is a native language of Pampanga-Tarlac

4.1.4.4. Economically Important Species

Economic importance of species recorded within NCC is presented in Appendix 1. Uses were based on available literature (Singh, 2011, 2016; Suba et al., 2019) and categorized into: M – medicinal; L – landscaping; C – construction; F – furniture; E – source of extractive products; O – source of other derived products; FW – fuelwood or firewood; EO – source of essential oil; PM – paper making; and I – with insecticidal properties. Majority of the species listed were found to have medicinal uses, and commonly used for timber productions, construction and manufacturing furniture.

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Plate 18. Selected photos of economically important species. A - Albizia saman (M, C, F, E, FW); B - Aphanamixis polystachya (M, C, F, I, O); C - Bambusa vulgaris (M, C, F, FW, P); D - Eucalyptus camaldulensis (M, C, F, FW, P, O); E - Gliricidia sepium (M, C, F, FW, I); F - Macaranga tanarius (M, C, FW, E, O); G - Pterocarpus indicus (M, C, F, E, O) and H - Vitex negundo (M, EO, I, FW, O)

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4.2. Vertebrate Fauna

A total of 106 terrestrial wildlife species were recorded consisting of six species of frogs and a toad, five species of lizards, five species of snakes, 77 species of birds, six species of bats, three species of small non-volant mammals and four species of medium to large mammals. From these recorded data, it was concluded that the species richness was generally low. Further, most species recorded within the sampling sites were common species associated with open (shrublands, agricultural and human-modified areas) to forested areas of varying degrees of disturbances.

4.2.1. Amphibians

A total of 15 species of amphibians and reptiles was recorded within the project area (Appendix 2). Six species recorded in the sampling sites are amphibians (Plate 19) recorded within the sampling sites. This number represents 40% of recorded species in Tarlac (15 species based on iNaturalist1). The area hosts three native species such as common tree frog (Polypedates leucomystax), common puddle frog (Occidozyga laevis) and Asian brackish water frog (Fejervarya cancrivora); two introduced species, giant marine toad (Rhinella marina) and Taiwanese frog (Hoplobatrachus rugulosus); and one endemic species slender-digit chorus frog (Kaloula picta). No threatened species were recorded.

Among the three sites, Site 1 has been highly modified as this has been stripped of forest tree species and is mainly agricultural. Five of the six species (83%) were recorded here, consisting of native and introduced species. Sites 2 and 3 had some forest cover albeit already disturbed and consisted of open areas as well. Native and introduced species were also recorded within these sites. However, the only endemic species was only recorded in Site 3.

1 Accessed from http://inaturalist.org 72

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Plate 19.Selected photos of amphibians documented within the sampling sites. A – Asian brackish water frog (Fejervarya cancrivora); B – Taiwanese frog (Hoplobatrachus rugulosus); C – Slender-digit chorus frog (Kaloula picta); D – Common puddle frog (Occidozyga laevis); E – Common tree frog (Polypedates leucomystax); and F – Giant marine toad (Rhinella marina)

4.2.2. Reptiles

Reptilian species richness was also (Plate 20). The 10 species observed represent 26% of recorded reptiles in Tarlac (38 species based on iNaturalist). Endemicity was also low with only one endemic lizard, Bronchocela marmorata and one endemic snake, Naja philippinensis. Both species are widely distributed throughout the Philippines. 73

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All reptile species recorded in the area are adapted to human habitats and agricultural areas and may also be found in forests of varying degrees of disturbances. Site 1 which is an open area of scrub and predominantly planted with mango trees had a slightly higher species richness (8 species) than Sites 2 and 3 (both with 7 species) which had forest patches. However, species composition was 60% similar.

Plate 20.Selected photos of reptiles documented within the sampling sites. A – Marbled crested lizard (Bronchocela marmorata); and B - Tokay gecko (Gekko gecko)

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Four species are of conservation concern, namely – monitor lizard (Varanus salvator), reticulated python (Malapython reticulatus), king cobra (Ophiophagus hannah) and Philippine cobra. The Philippine cobra is categorized as Near Threatened while O. hannah is categorized as Vulnerable under the IUCN Red List of Threatened species. These cobras are listed under CITES Appendix II and thus are Endangered under DAO 2004-15 of the Philippine Wildlife Act. Among the five species of snakes, three are native while two are endemics. The monitor lizard and reticulated python are listed under Appendix II of CITES and as Other Threatened Species (OTS) in DAO 2004-15. These reptiles experience public persecution most especially the venomous snakes. The monitor lizard and python, in addition, are hunted for food.

4.2.3. Avifauna

A total of 77 species of birds represented by 13 Orders and 41 Families were recorded (Error! Reference source not found.) for the three sampling sites. This represents 22% of birds recorded in Tarlac (344 species2). This value only reflects the bird species recorded during the non-migratory season of birds. The transect walk recorded a total of 71 species (92%) while netting alone recorded six species (8%). The combined transect walk and netting yielded 21 species (27%). Overall, the birds recorded within the project area were resident species associated with open as well as forested areas. There were five threatened bird species recorded. Plate 21, Plate 22 and Plate 23 show some of the bird species recorded in the area.

4.2.3.1. Species Composition

The 77 bird species were distributed within the three sites: 46 species for Site 1, 47 species for Site 2 and 56 for Site 3. Fifty-seven percent (57%) of the bird species in the area are resident species or birds that are distributed here in the Philippines as well as in other countries. They breed or are suspected of breeding in the Philippines and normally live here throughout the year. Endemic species which are only found in the Philippines comprised 26% (20 species). Endemic species are associated with forested areas. The predominantly common resident species composition may be due to the generally open areas within and surrounding the project area. Although endemic species were recorded, most of these are species well distributed throughout the Philippines and can tolerate certain degrees of disturbances. Among the three sites, Site 2 is an important area for endemic as well as Threatened species. This may be due to the presence of forest patches in the area which may be important sources of food as well as roosting areas for endemic birds. Site 3, on the other hand, is near ODonnel River and results suggest that

2 Based on Avibase – Bird Checklists of the World 75

Full Biodiversity Assessment Study for New Clark City Project Pro-Seeds Development Association, Inc. Final Report it may be an important area for migratory species. Migratory species are predominantly carnivorous and are usually associated with wetlands. Wetlands are rich with fishes and invertebrates that are fed upon by migratory bird species. An introduced bird species ( crested myna or Acridotheres cristatellus) in the Philippines was recorded in Sites 1 and 3. Figure 25 shows a chart representation of the residency status of recorded bird species.

Introduced 1.30% 1

Migratory with Resident Populations 6.49% 5

Migratory 6.49% 5

Resident 57.14% 44

Near Endeic 2.60% 2

Philippine Endemic 25.97% 20

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 No. of Individuals

Figure 25. Residency status of bird species in the project site

Majority (72 or 94%) of the bird species recorded within the sampling sites are not listed under the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, DAO 2004-15 of the Philippine Wildlife Act or CITES Appendices. These species are considered as widespread and/or abundant. There were, however, five species that are of conservation concern. The ashy ground-thrush (Zoothera cinerea) is categorized as Vulnerable under IUCN and under DAO 2004-15. Deforestation is the chief threat and some populations in Luzon also suffer from hunting. The other four species are considered as Endangered under DAO 2004-15 because they are listed under Appendix II of CITES. These are members of Order Strigiformes (owls) and Accipitriformes (eagles). These species may be threatened by the illegal pet trade. Site 2 is an important area for threatened species.

The variety of bird species recorded within the sampling sites reflects the habitat types available within the immediate project area and its vicinity. Birds are highly mobile species and their presence in an area may be due to various uses such as foraging, roosting or breeding sites. In some cases, the area may just be their flyway. Habitat association of bird species recorded concurs with the available habitat types. There were

Full Biodiversity Assessment Study for New Clark City Project Pro-Seeds Development Association, Inc. Final Report more species associated with open areas (34%) which was the predominant habitat type in Site 1 although also present in the other two sites. There were also forest-associated birds (31%) which were more prevalent in Sites 2 and 3. There were some species associated with forested areas to open areas (19%) and with wetlands (16%). There was 32% similarity among the three sites. Site 2 had the highest number of endemic bird species since this had a better forest cover than the two other sampling sites. Site 3 is an important site for wetland-associated species. Figure 26 shows a chart representation of the habitat association of bird species recorded.

19.48% Wetlands 15

33.77% Open Areas 26

15.58% Forested to Open Areas 12

31.17% Forested Areas 24

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 No. of Individuals

Figure 26. Habitat association of bird species in the project site

4.2 .3.2. Biodiversity Parameters: Species Richness, Abundance and Diversity Indices

The Line Transect Method recorded a total of 77 bird species with 41 species for Site 1, 44 for Site 2 and 54 for Site 3 (see Appendix 3, Appendix 4 and Appendix 5 for the transect results and biodiversity indices). The Shannon-Weiner Diversity Index (H) values obtained were high (3.26 – 3.45) for all sites with the highest for Site 3 (3.45). For Site 1, the striated grassbird (Megalurus palustris) was the most abundant comprising 11% of the total number of birds. For Site 2, the endemic Philippine bulbul (Hypsipetes philippinus) was the most numerous comprising 15% of the total while for Site 3, the scaly- breasted Munia (Lonchura punctulata) predominated comprising 10% of the total. The high H values obtained for all three sites indicate that although bird species richness was relatively low, no species tended to dominate in terms of abundance.

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Plate 21. Selected photos of avifauna documented within the sampling sites. A – Philippine nightjar (Caprimulgus manillensis); B – spotted buttonquail (Turnix ocellata); C – barred buttonquail (Turnix suscitator); D – common emerald dove (Chalcophaps indica); E – zebra dove (Geopelia

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striata); F– white-eared brown dove (Phapitreron leucotis); G. – indigo-banded kingfisher (Alcedo cyanopecta); and H. – white-collared kingfisher (Halycon chloris)

Plate 22. Selected photos of avifauna documented within the sampling sites. I – white-throated kingfisher (Halcyon smyrnensis); J – Philippine coucal (Centropus viridis); K – Philippine hawk-cuckoo (Cuculus fugax); L – large-billed crow (Corvus macrorhynchos); M – mangrove blue flycatcher (Cyornis rufigastra); N – golden-bellied fly eater (Gerygone

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sulphurea); O– Philippine bulbul (Hypsipetes philippinus); and P – brown shrike (Lanius cristatus)

Plate 23. Selected photos of avifauna documented within the sampling sites. Q – long-tailed shrike (Lanius schach); R – striated grassbird (Megalurus palustris); S – hooded pitta (Pitta sordida); T – yellow- 80

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vented bulbul (Pycnonotus goiavier); U – Philippine pied fantail (Rhipidura javanica); V – ashy ground thrush (Zoothera cinereal); W – black-crowned night heron (Nycticorax nycticorax); X – Luzon hawk- owl (Ninox philippensis); Y – Philippine scops owl (Otus megalotis); and Z – grass owl (Tyto capensis)

4.2.4. Mammals

Mammals are morphologically diverse and dispersal abilities differ. Bats are the only flying mammals and like birds, may use habitats variably. Their presence in an area may be short-term as a foraging, drinking area or as a flyway. Other areas may be used regularly as roosting or breeding sites in which bats exhibit site fidelity. There was a total of 13 species of mammals recorded consisting of five species of fruit bats, one species of insectivorous bat, three species of small non-volant mammals and four species of medium to large-sized mammals (Appendix 6). This represents 25% of mammals that have been recorded for the province of Tarlac (53 species based on iNaturalist. Plate 24 shows some of the mammal species recorded in the sampling sites.

Most mammals (62%) are native species while 25% are endemic species and a few (17%) are introduced species (small non-volant mammals only). Residency status of recorded mammals is presented in Figure 27.

15.38% Introduced 2

23.08% Philippine Endemic 3

61.54% Native 8

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 No. of Individuals

Figure 27. Residency status of mammals in NCC

There was 33% similarity between the sampling sites in terms of bat species composition and 29% similarity in terms of non-volant mammals. Overall netting success

Full Biodiversity Assessment Study for New Clark City Project Pro-Seeds Development Association, Inc. Final Report was 4 bats/ net night. Abundance was dominated by the native species, common short- nosed fruit bat (Cynopterus brachyotis) which comprised 91% of the total captures. This species was present in all sites. The endemic species, greater musky fruit bat (Ptenochirus jagori), was present in Sites 1 and 2. This species is well-distributed throughout the Philippines and has a broad range of habitat association. Cave-roosting bats such as common rousette (Rousettus amplexicaudatus) and common nectar bat (Eonycteris spelaea) were also recorded in the area. There were no recaptures among the bats indicating low probablity of site fidelity for bats, even with the most abundant species (common short-nosed fruit bat). The predominance of this species suggests a highly disturbed area. The species is associated with agricultural and disturbed forests as well as urbanized areas.

Trapping success for rodents was 15%. Abundance was dominated by the invasive rat species, oriental house rat (Rattus tanezumi), which comprised 74% of the total captures. This species was present in all sites. The predominance of the invasive oriental house rat also suggest a severely disturbed habitat (P. S. Ong & Rickart, 2008)

An endemic rodent, lowland striped shrew-rat (Chrotomys mindorensis), was present in Site 2. The species is endemic to Mindoro and Luzon islands. This species is found in forests and in adjacent agricultural areas. Four medium to large-sized mammals were recorded in the area via interview of locals. These species are perceived to be more abundant in forested areas such as Sites 2 and 3. The record of the wild pig needs further verification since locals may only have seen feral pigs.

Two mammal species are of conservation concern. The long-tailed macaque (Macaca fascicularis) has a global decreasing population trend but is not listed as Threatened under IUCN. However, the subspecies, M. f. philippinensis, is listed as Near Threatened. The major threat to the species is hunting (P. Ong & Richardson, 2008). The species is included in Appendix II of CITES and is listed as OTS under DAO 2004-15. The Philippine warty pig (Sus philippensis) is categorized as Vulnerable both under IUCN and DAO 2004-15. The main threats to the species are habitat loss and hunting (Heaney, L. & Meijaard, 2017; Oliver, W.L.R., Heaney, 2013). The locals hunt wild pig using snares for food.

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Plate 24. Selected photos of mammals documented within the sampling sites. A – commo short- nosed fruit bat (Cynopterus brachyotis); B – common dawn bat (Eonycteris spelaea); C – lesser long-tounged fruit bat (Macroglossus minimus); D – greater musky fruit bat (Ptenochirus jagori); E – lesser asiatic yellow house bat (Scotophilus kuhli); F– lowland striped shre rat

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( Chrotomys mindorensis); G – Polynesian rat (Rattus exulans); and H – Oriental house rat (Rattus tanezumi)

4.2.5. Noteworthy Species

Noteworthy species were identified based on endemicity and conservation status. A total of 32 species (amphibians and reptiles – 6; bird species – 21; and mammals – 5) were listed as shown in Table 24. Seventy-eight percent (78%) were found to be Philippine endemics while 22% are native or resident species. Five Philippine endemics were categorized as threatened. Therefore, it should be prioritized for conservation and protection. All these five species were recorded in Site 2. Sites 1 and 3 are also important for some native or resident threatened species.

The presence of these noteworthy species varied across the three sites, mainly due to the difference in their habitat types. Site 1 is characterized mainly grasslands from abandoned rice paddies and a strip of planted mango trees. Sites 2 and 3 are comparatively more vegetated compared to site 1, with still existing forest fragments or patches. Site 2, however, has a larger and more continuous forest patch with bananas and mango trees planted within. These fruits serve as food for the wildlife species present in the area. In comparison, site 3 has smaller disconnected patches, mainly composed of mahogany, yemane, ipil-ipil and others tree species. Grasses and shrubs, such as coronitas (Lantana camara), fill the large gaps between these forest patches. Higher relative bird species richness can be observed with larger forest fragments and lesser disturbances (van Weerd, et. al, 2003). This concurs with the studys findings wherein the highest endemic species richness was found in Site 2. Sites 1 and 3 are also important for some native or resident threatened species.

With the increased rate of deforestation, forest patches serve as good sources of food and shelter for wildlife species. It also serves as corridors for passage of wildlife. The presence of forest patches increases the chances of survival of wildlife species. van Weerd et. al (2003) also stated that forest fragments are important in conserving wildlife species and can also be used as a source of seedlings for reforestation projects.

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Table 24. List of noteworthy vertebrate fauna recorded within the study sites

Conservation Status Sampling sites recorded No. Species Common Name Residency Status DAO IUCN CITES 2004-15 1 2 3 Class Amphibia Order Anura Family Microhylidae 1 Kaloula picta Slender-digit Chorus Philippine Endemic LC NA NA x Frog Class Reptilia Order Squamata Family Agamidae 2 Bronchocela marmorata Marbled Crested Lizard Philippine Endemic DD NA NA x Family Varanidae 3 Varanus salvator Monitor Lizard Native LC Appendix II OTS x x x Family Elapidae 4 Naja philippinensis Philippine Cobra Philippine Endemic NT Appendix II EN x x x 5 Ophiophagus hannah King Cobra Native VU Appendix II EN x x x Family Boidae 6 Malayopython reticulatus Reticulated Python Native LC Appendix II OTS x x x Class Aves Order Passeriformes Family Dicaeidae 7 Dicaeum australe Red-keeled Philippine LC NA NA x x Flowerpecker endemic Family Rhipiduridae 8 Rhipidura javanica Philippine Pied Fantail Philippine LC NA NA x x endemic Family Muscicapidae 85

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Conservation Status Sampling sites recorded No. Species Common Name Residency Status DAO IUCN CITES 2004-15 1 2 3 9 Copsychus saularis Philippine Magpie Robin Philippine LC NA NA x x endemic Family Cisticolidae 10 Orthotomus chloronotus Green-backed Tailorbird Philippine LC NA NA x x endemic Family Sturnidae Family Pycnonotidae 11 Hypsipetes philippinus Philippine Bulbul Philippine LC NA NA x x x endemic Family Turdidae 12 Zoothera cinerea Ashy Ground-thrush Philippine VU NA VU x endemic Family Paridae 13 Parus elegans Elegant Tit Philippine LC NA NA x x endemic Order Columbiformes Family Columbidae 14 Treron pompadora Philippine Green Pigeon Philippine LC NA NA x endemic 15 Phapitreron leucotis White-eared Brown Philippine LC NA NA x x x Dove endemic Order Caprimulgiformes Family Caprimulgidae 16 Caprimulgus manillensis Philippine Nightjar Philippine LC NA NA x endemic Order Coraciiformes Family Alcedinidae 86

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Conservation Status Sampling sites recorded No. Species Common Name Residency Status DAO IUCN CITES 2004-15 1 2 3 17 Alcedo cyanopecta Indigo-banded Philippine LC NA NA x x Kingfisher endemic Order Accipitriformes Family Accipitridae 18 Haliastur indus Brahminy Kite Resident LC Appendix II EN x x Order Cuculiformes Family Cuculidae 19 Phaenicophaeus cumingi Scale-feathered Malkoha Philippine LC NA NA x x endemic 20 Cuculus fugax Philippine Hawk-Cuckoo Philippine LC NA NA x x x endemic 21 Centropus viridis Philippine Coucal Philippine LC NA NA x x x endemic Order Piciformes Family Picidae 22 Dendrocopos maculatus Philippine Pygmy Philippine LC NA NA x Woodpecker endemic Or der Gruiformes Family Rallidae 23 Amaurornis olivaceus Plain Bush-Hen Philippine LC NA NA x endemic Order Strigiformes Family Strigidae 24 Ninox philippensis Luzon Hawk-Owl Philippine LC Appendix II EN x endemic 25 Otus megalotis Ph ilippine Scops Owl Philippine LC Appendix II EN x endemic 87

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Conservation Status Sampling sites recorded No. Species Common Name Residency Status DAO IUCN CITES 2004-15 1 2 3 Family Tytonidae 26 Tyto capensis Grass Owl Resident LC Appendix II EN x Family Turnicidae 27 Turnix ocellata Spotted Buttonquail Philippine LC NA NA x x x endemic Class Mammalia Order Chiroptera Family Pteropodidae 28 Ptenochirus jagori Musky Fruit Bat Philippine Endemic LC NA NA x Order Rodentia Family Muridae 29 Chrotomys mindorensis Lowland Striped Shrew- Philippine Endemic LC NA NA x rat Order Primates 30 Macaca fascicularis Long-tailed Macaque Native LC Appendix II OTS x Order Carnivora Family Viverridae 31 Paradoxurus hermaphroditus Common Palm Civet Native LC Appendix III NA x x x Order Cetartiodactyla Family Suidae 32 Sus philippensis Philippine Warty Pig Philippine Endemic VU NA VU x x TOTAL 18 25 18

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4.3. Invertebrate Fauna 4. 3.1. Arthropod Composition and Abundance

Based on net sweeping method, a total of 111 arthropod species representing Class Insecta and Class Arachnida in nine orders and 68 families were sampled from all the sampling stations (Table 25). Among these species, 103 were insects belonging to eight orders and 62 families. Only one Arachnid order comprised of eight species in six families was sampled from the entire area. The list of families for each arthropod order including their common names, number of families and species, and their feeding guilds is presented (Table 26). The order Hemiptera, being one of the largest insect orders which includes bugs, treehoppers, planthoppers, cicada, mealybugs, aphids, and scale insects, appeared as the most abundant and dominant group among the insects (Figure 28). It consists of 17 families and 25 species with a total abundance of 392 individuals based on net sweep sampling from the different transects in NCC. It was followed by insect orders Diptera (true flies) with 12 families and 16 species, Hymenoptera (ants, bees and wasps) having 11 families and 17 species and Lepidoptera (moths, butterflies and skippers) with 11 families and 20 species. The rest of the arthropod orders including the order of spiders (Aranea) were relatively composed of fewer families and species with low population abundance.

Among the arthropod families, Cicadellidae (planthoppers) was found to be the most abundant with a total of 276 individuals from the different samples. Of these individuals, 250 belong to the species of mango hopper, Idioscopus sp. In every sampling plot with mango trees, this species was collected. Arthropod samples from Transect 12 and 14 which are relatively disturbed areas with patches of mango and yemane plantations gave high population abundance of Idioscopus having 113 and 98 individuals, respectively. Furthermore, the two species of ants, the black ant Polyrachis sp. and the weaver ant Oecophylla smaragdina locally called kara kara, also appeared comparatively abundant over other species although their population based on the samples still seemed relatively low at 33 and 22 individuals, respectively. These species of ants are mutualistic species where they feed on the fecal honey dew of Hemipterans while providing protection from their natural enemies and assisting dispersal of immatures. The weaver ants were observed to have nests on the foliage of most mango trees due to presence of mango hopper Idioscopus sp. In general, however, it was noted that most of the arthropod species in the area had low population abundance.

Table 25. Summary of arthropod composition and abundance in NCC

Calss/Order No. of Families No. of Species Total Abundance INSECTA

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Calss/Order No. of Families No. of Species Total Abundance Hemiptera 17 25 392 Hymenoptera 11 17 99 Diptera 12 16 59 Lepidoptera 11 20 56 Orthoptera 3 7 51 Coleoptera 5 12 46 Odonata 2 5 22 Mantodea 1 1 1 ARACHNIDA Aranea 6 8 46 TOTAL 68 111 772

Table 26. Summary of arthropod composition with information on abundance and feeding guild

Total Arthropod Common No. of Family Abundance Feeding Guild Class/Order Name Species /Family INSECTA Long-horned Cerambycidae 1 1 Phytophagous beetles Chrysomelidae Leaf beetles 6 24 Phytophagous Coleoptera Cici ndellidae Tiger beetles 1 10 Predatory Coccinelidae Lady beetles 3 9 Predatory Snout beetles, Curculionidae 1 2 Phytophagous weevils Asilidae Robber fly 1 5 Predatory Culicidae Mosquitoes 1 7 Blood feeder Muscidae Housefly 1 13 Scavenger Drosophilidae Vinegar flies 2 6 Scavenger Calliphoridae Blowflies 1 4 Scavenger Chloropidae Grassflies 2 3 Scavenger Diptera Phoridae Phorid flies 1 4 Scavenger large-headed Pipunculidae 1 1 Scavenger flies Rhagionidae Snipe flies 2 4 Scavenger Syrphidae Hoverflies 2 4 Predatory Tachinidae Tachinid flies 1 6 Parasitoid Tipulidae Cranes flies 1 2 Scavenger Broad-headed Alydidae 2 19 Phytophagous bugs Cicadellidae Planthoppers 5 276 Phytophagous Cicadidae Cicadas 1 15 Phytophagous Cixiidae Cixiids hoppers 1 1 Phytophagous Cercopidae Froghoppers 1 1 Phytophagous Hemiptera Leaf-footed Coreidae 1 5 Phytophagous bugs Delphacidae Leafhoppers 1 4 Phytophagous Issidae Issid bugs 1 1 Phytophagous Lygaeidae Leaf bugs 1 6 Phytophagous Membracidae Treehoppers 1 7 Phytophagous Miridae Plant bugs 3 32 Phytophagous

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Total Arthropod Common No. of Family Abundance Feeding Guild Class/Order Name Species /Family Pentatomidae Shield bugs 1 2 Phytophagous Plataspidae Plataspids 1 3 Phytophagous Pseudococcidae Mealybugs 1 4 Phytophagous Pyrrhochoridae Red bugs 1 20 Phytophagous Reduviidae Assassin bugs 2 4 Predatory Tropiduchidae Tropiduchids 1 2 Phytophagous Phytophagous; Arctiidae Tiger moths 1 7 adult pollinators Phytophagous; Harlequin Crambidae 1 1 adult moths pollinators Phytophagous; Erebidae Tussock moths 2 5 adult pollinators Phytophagous; Geometer Geometridae 2 5 adult moths pollinators Phytophagous; Hesperiidae Skippers 3 4 adult pollinators Lepidoptera Phytophagous; Blues Lycaenidae 1 6 adult butterflies pollinators Phytophagous; Owlet moths, Noctuidae 2 3 adult cutworms pollinators Phytophagous; Brush-footed Nymphalidae 2 4 adult butterflies pollinators Phytophagous; Pyralidae Grass moths 4 20 adult pollinators Phytophagous; Yponomeutidae Ermine moths 1 1 adult pollinators Apidae Ho ney bees 1 5 Pollinators Parasitoid; Braconidae Braconid wasps 2 8 pollinator Parasitoid; Chalcididae Chalcid wasps 1 5 pollinator Parasitoid; Chrysididae Cuckoo wasps 1 1 pollinator Hymenoptera Parasitoid; Evaniidae Ensign wasps 1 1 pollinator Parasitoid; Formicidae Ants 3 66 pollinator Ichneumon Parasitoid; Ichneumonidae 1 1 wasps pollinator Pteromalid Parasitoid; Pteromalidae 1 1 wasps pollinator

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Total Arthropod Common No. of Family Abundance Feeding Guild Class/Order Name Species /Family Predatory; Scoliidae Scoliid wasps 2 8 pollinator Sand wasps, Predatory; Sphecidae 1 1 muddaubers pollinator Paper wasps, Predatory; Vespidae 3 3 hornets pollinator Mantodea Mantidae Preying mantis 1 1 Predatory Narrow-winged Coenagrionidae 1 1 Predatory damsels Odonata Skimmers, Libellulidae 4 21 Predatory perchers Short-horned Acrididae 2 15 Phytophagous grasshoppers Orthoptera Gryllidae Crickets 3 14 Phytophagous Long-horned Tettigoniidae 2 22 Phytophagous grasshoppers ARACHNIDA Jumping Salticidae 2 9 Predatory spiders Agelenidae Grass spider 1 24 Predatory Lycosidae Wolf spiders 1 4 Predatory Aranea Orb-weaver Araneidae 2 5 Predatory spiders Thomisidae Crab spiders 1 2 Predatory Clubionidae Sac spiders 1 2 Predatory

TOTAL ABUNDANCE NO. SPECIES NO. FAMILIES

MANTODEA

ODONATA

ARANEA

COLEOPTERA

ORTHOPTERA

LEPIDOPTERA

DIPTERA

HYMENOPTERA

HEMIPTERA

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450

Figure 28. Comparative arthropod composition in terms of families and species per order and their abundance

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Furthermore, the arthropod sampling data revealed that most of the sampling areas had high similarities on their species composition. The highest index of similarity of 1.0 (100%) was obtained at Transects 6, 7, 9 which means that all these three areas contained the same species richness and composition. The lowest index of similarity was noted in Transects 8 and 10 with approximately 46% of their species composition were similar (Table 27). The other sampling transects had index of similarity ranging from 54% to 91%.

Table 27. Computed index of similarities ”Whittakers index) of species composition between and among the various plots

Transect 2 4 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 2 0 0.68 0.83 0.79 0.74 0.85 0.71 0.73 0.83 0.80 0.75 0.69 4 0.68 0 0.81 0.91 0.61 0.77 0.65 0.54 0.60 0.73 0.58 0.62 6 0.83 0.81 0 1.00 0.83 0.76 0.95 0.79 0.78 0.77 0.71 0.72 7 0.79 0.91 1.00 0 0.83 1.00 0.86 0.87 0.91 0.78 1.00 0.82 8 0.74 0.61 0.83 0.83 0 0.80 0.46 0.59 0.57 0.68 0.61 0.55 9 0.85 0.77 0.76 1.00 0.80 0 0.82 0.64 0.79 0.79 0.71 0.61 10 0.71 0.65 0.95 0.86 0.46 0.82 0 0.68 0.63 0.68 0.57 0.46 11 0.73 0.54 0.79 0.87 0.59 0.64 0.68 0 0.76 0.81 0.74 0.55 12 0.83 0.60 0.78 0.91 0.57 0.79 0.63 0.76 0 0.63 0.60 0.61 13 0.80 0.73 0.77 0.78 0.68 0.79 0.68 0.81 0.63 0 0.78 0.48 14 0.75 0.58 0.71 1.00 0.61 0.71 0.57 0.74 0.60 0.78 0 0.66 15 0.69 0.62 0.72 0.82 0.55 0.61 0.46 0.55 0.61 0.4 8 0.66 0

In terms of endemism and conservation status of the different arthropod species surveyed from the area, the lack of database despite numerous but fragmented research works on these aspects prevented the means to categorize them on their status. The Philippine Red Data Book listed 16 species of butterflies that are endemic and threatened, but none of these species were observed in the area. Very few species of butterflies were noted in the area. However, further taxonomic works on arthropods may reveal several if not many endemic species which might be threatened by habitat destruction. Plate 25 shows some of the species of dragonflies observed in the area. Several species of dragonflies were very noticeable in areas with aquatic habitat which serves as their breeding sites. Other insect species present in the area are presented in Plate 26 and Plate 27.

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Plate 25. Selected photos of dragonflies documented in NCC. A – Chalky Percher (Diplacodes trivialis); B – Straight-edged Red Parasol, male (Neurothemis terminate); C – Crimson-tailed Marsh Hawk, female (Orthetrum pruinosum); D – Crimson-tailed Marsh Hawk, male (Orthetrum pruinosum); E – Green Marsh Hawk (Orthertrum sabina); F – Crimson Marsh Glider (Tritemis aurorae)

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Plate 26. Selected photos of lepidopterous insects documented in NCC. A –Tiger beetle (Family Cincidellidae); B – Luzon grass dart, Taractrocera luzoniensis (Hesperiidae); C – Wasp moth, Amala huebneri (Family Erebidae); D – Pyralid moth (Family Pyralidae)

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Plate 27. Other insects documented in NCC. A –Molted cuticle of a species of cicada; B – Colony of weaver ant, Oecophylla smargadina; C –Group of mango hopper, Idioscopus sp. (Family Cicadellidae); D – Common housefly, Musca domestica (Family Muscidae)

Considering the feeding guilds of the arthropods, Figure 29 shows that 40% of the species are phytophagous as wood borers, leaf feeders and sap-suckers, 12% are scavenger and 1% blood feeder. On the other hand, the number of natural enemies in the area totaled 44 species (47%), that is, 33 species (35%) of predators and 11 species (12%) of parasitoids. Among these natural enemies, 16 spcies of 14.4% belong to the Order Hymenoptera, either as predator or parasitoid. These predators and parasitoids contribute to the natural control of the populations of other arthropods to a certain level. Moreover, based on specific feeding guilds of the various species (Figure 30), 24% of the species are phytophagous ones being sap-suckers, 14% are phytophagous leaf-feeders, 12% are scavengers, and 18% are primarily predators of other insects. In addition, the Hymenopterans which are primarily pollinators especially the adults consisted of 12% that are parasitic and 9% as predatory but at the same time pollinators of flowering plants and trees.

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1% 12%

phytophagous 12% 40% predator

parasitoid

blood feeder

scavenger

35%

Figure 29. Comparative proportions of the arthropods based on their general feeding guilds

phytophagous; sap sucker 1% 1% 1% 1% predatory on insect

7% phytophagous; leaf feeder 24% 9% parasitoid; pollinator

scavenger

12% predatory on other arthropod 18% predatory on insect; 12% pollinator phytophagous; wood borer 14%

pythophagous; twig borer, leaf feeder nectar & pollen feeder; pollinator

Figure 30. Comparative proportions of the arthropods based on the feeding guilds of the various species sampled from New Clark City, Tarlac

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4.3.2. Arthropod Diversity Indices

Table 28 shows these different species richness and diversity index values for the sampled insects from the area while Figure 31 and Figure 32 illustrate the comparison of Shannon-Wiener diversity index, Simpsons index of diversity and Shannon evenness index for the different sampling transects. Arthropod survey data revealed that Transects 2, 4, 10 and 15, despite that they are disturbed areas, had high species diversity having Shannon-Wiener index values of 3.28, 3.12, 3.16 and 3.19, respectively. On the other hand, transects 9, 12 and 14 had low species diversity with H-values of 1.8, 1.93, and 1.62. Studies had shown that an area with Shannon-Wiener index of 3.5 and above is categorized to have very high species diversity. Similarly, Figure 31 shows same pattern based on Simpsons index of diversity. Those areas that are relatively disturbed and with patches of grasslands, mango plantation and gmelina plantation had low to moderate species diversity level. Figure 32 also indicates that as species evenness increases, species diversity also increases. Thus, the figure graphically shows that Transects 12 and 14 had low evenness index values. As stated earlier, the abundance of mango hopper, Idioscopus sp., in these two mango-dominated transects had resulted to the strongly uneven populations of the different insects in the area, hence, low evenness index values for Transects 12 and 14.

Table 28. Computed diversity parameters and indices for insects in New Clark City using PAST ver. 3.23

No. of Simpson Shannon Evenness Transect Taxa_S Margalef Chao-1 Individuals (1-D) (H) (e^H/S) T2 31 50 0.96 3.28 0.85 7.67 58 T4 26 37 0.95 3.12 0.87 6.92 55 T6 16 37 0.8 2.2 0.56 4.15 34 T7 17 27 0.88 2.53 0.74 4.86 37 T8 31 87 0.91 2.96 0.62 6.72 35 T9 9 30 0.8 1.85 0.71 2.35 15 T10 25 32 0.96 3.16 0.95 6.93 44 T11 13 23 0.84 2.21 0.7 3.83 36 T12 30 192 0.64 1.93 0.23 5.52 40 T13 19 26 0.93 2.81 0.88 5.53 54 T14 26 146 0.54 1.62 0.19 5.02 39 T15 27 39 0.9 5 3.19 0.9 7.1 46

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3.28 3.19 3.16 3.12 2.96 2.81 2.53 2.21 2.20 1.93 1.85 1.62 INDEXVALUE

T2 T4 T6 T7 T8 T9 T10 T11 T12 T13 T14 T15 SAMPLING TRANSECT

Figure 31. Graphical comparison of the computed Shannon-Wiener diversity index for insects in the different sampling transects in New Clark City, Tarlac

Simpson_1-D Evenness_e^H/S

1.20

1.00

0.80

0.60

INDEXVALUE 0.40

0.20

0.00 T2 T4 T6 T7 T8 T9 T10 T11 T12 T13 T14 T15 SAMPLING TRANSECT

Figure 32. Graphical comparison of the computed Simpsons index of diversity ”1-D) and species evenness index (H/S) for insects in the different sampling transects in New Clark City, Tarlac

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For Class Arachnida particularly spiders (Order Aranea), the computed diversity indices are presented in Table 29 and graphical comparison of these indices are shown in Figure 33, and Figure 34. Based on arthropod sampling, species of spiders were collected only in six (6) sampling transects (T2, T9, T10, T11 and T15). The data show very few spider species sampled from the area with very low abundance. Thus, Shannon- Wiener diversity index for spiders indicates very low species diversity, transect 2 having only an index value of H = 1.41 but notably highest among the six transects. The lowest index value was observed in Transect 10 with H=0.64, that is, very low spider diversity. Apparently, spider species richness in the area sampled was really very low which can be attributed to the very dry condition in the area and the low plant diversity in the understory of the vegetation where the arthropod samples were taken. Many spiders especially the non-web formers find shelter in the foliage of vegetation.

Table 29. Computed diversity parameters and indices for spiders in New Clark City using PAST ver. 3.23

No. of Simpson Shannon Evenness Transect Taxa_S Margalef Chao-1 Individuals (1-D) (H) (e^H/S) T2 6 13 0.66 1.41 0.68 1.95 9 T4 2 2 0.50 0.69 1.00 1.44 3 T9 2 2 0.50 0.69 1.00 1.44 3 T10 2 3 0.56 0.64 0.94 0.91 2 T11 2 2 0.50 0.69 1.00 1.44 3 T15 3 3 0.67 1.10 1.00 1.82 6

100

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1.60

1.40

1.20

1.00

0.80

0.60 Index Index Value

0.40

0.20

0.00 T2 T4 T6 T7 T8 T9 T10 T11 T12 T13 T14 T15 Sampling Transect

Figure 33. Graphical comparison of the computed Shannon-Wiener diversity index for spiders in the different sampling transects in New Clark City, Tarlac.

1.20

1.00

0.80

0.60 Simpson_1-D 0.40 Evenness_e^H/S Index Index value 0.20

0.00 T2 T4 T6 T7 T8 T9 T10 T11 T12 T13 T14 T15

Sampling Transect

Figure 34. Graphical comparison of the computed Simpsons index of diversity ”1-D) and species evenness index (H/S) for spiders in the different sampling transects in New Clark City, Tarlac

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4.4. Freshwater Ecology 4.4.1. Site Description

Nine stations were designated representing areas with no active development, areas within the active development, areas nearby the active development and those impacted by various human-related activities outside the project development area. The general characteristics of the sampling stations are presented in Table 30 while photos are shown in Plate 28.

Table 30. Site description of freshwater ecology sampling stations

Station River System/ Coordinates Site Description Code Location Latitude Longitude FW-01 Bangut River, 15.27158 120.44677 Pool portion about 197 masl with larg boulder on Flora, Maruglu, one side just up upstream where off road vehicle Capas, Tarlac passes through. Clear water moderately flowing on sandy substrate. Width about 9.5 m with average depth of 1.03 m. Large Shorea palosapis present on top of the boulder. Right floodplain sandy and rocky and further bounded by tall grasses. The area is being utilized for bathing both for humans and carabaos. Run located a bit downstream of this pool area. FW-02 Bangut River, 15.32312 120.46747 Downstream of FW01 about 128 masl. Width Patling, about 6.15 m and an average depth of 0.15 m. Malabayukan, Clear water slow flowing on substrates Capas, Tarlac predominantly comprised of alluvial fine silts. Scouring of the right riverbank noted as well as farming on the left side. Left floodplain sandy and dominated with grasses while riparian vegetation on the right predominantly planted with Gmelina arborea. The station characterized of a run or part of stream with smooth unbroken flow. FW-03 Bangut River, 15.34456 120.47144 Station located about 118 masl and about 7.2 km Patling, downstream of Station FW-02. Water clear and Malabayukan, slow flowing on substrates predominantly Capas, Tarlac comprised of alluvial fine silt and muds. Width about 14.53 m and average water depth of 0.20 m. Presence of water hyacinth, Eichhornia crassipes, was documented which serves as hiding place for various aquatic organisms. Further downstream portion of the river being utilized as bathing area for carabaos and adjacent to it piles of garbage were observed. The station as in the previous station is considered a run. FW-04 Cutcut River, 15.28243 120.48851 Station after on-going development about 137 Kanuman, masl. Width 5.09 m and an average depth of 0.13 Capas, Tarlac cm with moderately flowing clear water. Large

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Station River System/ Coordinates Site Description Code Location Latitude Longitude populations of two endemic species, Gulaphallus mirabilis and Nomorhamphus pectoralis were noted in the area as it provides moderately and shallow flowing water over boulders and cobbles which is a riffle-like which is connected to a pool. Banks adorned with grasses. A large antipolo tree, Artocarpus blancoi, was noted on the right riverbank. FW-05 Maruglu Creek, 15.31798 120.50597 Tributary to Cutcut River. Station before merging Kanuman, with the river, a bit up of the damaged round Maruglu, Capas, culverts. Elevation about 78 masl. Width about Tarlac 5.77 m and an average depth of 0.36 m. Water slowly flowing on substrates predominantly comprised of alluvial fine silt and muds. Water turbid during the time of sampling due to presence of bathing carabao further upstream. Bank vegetation primarily perennial grasses. Station hosts ten fish species making it the most species-rich area. FW-06 Cutcut River, 15.31475 120.50189 Station located before merging with Maruglu Kawayanan, Creek about 93 masl. Width about 3.9 m and Maruglu, Capas, depth of 0.14 m. Clear water slowly flowing on Tarlac substrates predominantly comprised of alluvial fine silts and muds. Floodplain covered with grasses. Trees such as rain tree, Albizia lebbeck, Indian almond tree, Terminalia catappa and madre de cacao, Gliricidia sepium were noted on the area. As with FW-04, this portion hosts large populations of two endemic species, G. mirabilis and N. pectoralis. FW-07 Cutcut River, 15.32157 120.50587 Station located after the merging with Maruglu Kawayanan, Creek. Width 6.15 m and depth of 0.15 m. Clear Maruglu, Capas, water slowly flowing on substrates Tarlac predominantly comprised of alluvial fine silts and occasionally rocks and cobbles. Embankment predominantly covered with perennial grasses. Gmelina arborea, Premna odorata and bamboo planted on the upper portion of the banks. Mass of algae evident on the area smothering cobbles and stones. Scouring evident on embankment. FW-08 Cutcut River, 15.34413 120.53699 Station located below the on-going construction Aranguren, of NCC Stadium with an elevation of 65 masl. Capas, Tarlac Width 4.16 m and depth about 0.13 m. Turbid water flowing on substrate predominantly thick muds coming from active road works further upstream of the station. Upstream embankment covered with grasses but downstream bare on both sides with slips on the left part primarily due to precipitation. Upper left embankment lined with Gmelina arborea. FW-09 Cutcut River, 15.34309 120.54849 Station located after the active area of Aranguren, development traversing to areas impacted by Capas, Tarlac various human-related activities just after the

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Station River System/ Coordinates Site Description Code Location Latitude Longitude bridge. Width about 4.78 m and an average depth of 0.56 m. Water very turbid and moderately flowing on muddy substrate. Water emitting foul odor attributable to piggery and poultry located upstream. Water observed being pumped to water rice paddies located on top of the embankment. Riverbanks with grasses, shrubs and mango trees.

Plate 28. Photos of freshwater ecology stations. A – FW-01, B – FW-02, C – FW-03, D – FW-04, E – FW-05, F – FW-06, G – FW-07, H – FW-08, -I – FW-09

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4.4.2. Periphyton

Periphyton, also known as benthic algae or phytobenthos are important components of a stream ecosystem (Stevenson & Bahls, 1999). They are important contributors to the primary production in aquatic ecosystems, sitting at the bottom of the food chain. These organisms are attached to substrate. Their characteristics are affected by physical, chemical, and biological disturbances that occur in the stream ecosystem during the time in which the assemblage developed (Stevenson & Bahls, 1999). They are mostly algae, cyanobacteria, diatoms and water mosses which serve as food for small organisms such as macroinvertebrates; thus, their presence is of extreme significance to support the normal functioning of a stream ecosystem. In this study, this group of organisms was considered as they occupy a position of the same importance as the phytoplankton wherein both are quite sensitive to environmental stresses.

Sixteen species of periphyton from three Divisions were documented in the study area. These include Bacillariophyta (Diatoms), Chlorophyta (Green Algae), and Cyanophyta (Cyanobacteria) with 58%, 31% and 11%, respectively (Figure 35). Diatoms are eukaryotic algae which are either unicellular or filamentous colonies are good indicators of the environmental integrity. The last two groups constitute most the diet of macrobenthos especially those having filter feeding habits.

Figure 35. Relative composition of periphyton Divisions recorded from the sampling stations

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In terms of species richness or the number of taxa present in the community (Figure 36) Stations FW-01 had the most with eleven. This was followed by FW-05 with six and FW-03, FW-04 and FW-07, all with five. The most taxa-deficient on the other hand were seen in Stations FW-03 and FW-09 as the two stations were heavily silted during the time of sampling.

As regards to relative density or the ratio of individuals present in an area over the total recorded individuals, FW-01 had the highest with 24.87% followed by FW-03 and FW- 07 with 18.46% and 16.92%, correspondingly.

Figure 36. Total number of taxa and relative density of periphyton recorded from the sampling stations

Synedra sp. from the Division Bacillariophyta was the most abundant with mean density of 1,400 cells/ml and a relative density of 32.31% followed by Spirogyra sp. (Division Chlorophyta) and Fragilaria sp. (Division Bacillariophyta) with relative density of 27.18% (1,178 cells/ml) and 12.83% (556 cells/ml), respectively.

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Plate 29 shows the photographs of dominant periphyton recorded from the sampling stations.

Plate 29. Dominant periphyton recorded from the sampling stations. A. – Synedra sp., B. – Spirogyra sp. and C. – Fragilaria sp. Observed with 100x magnification.

4.4.3. Macrobenthos

Macroinvertebrates are animals that have no backbone but can readily be seen by the naked eye. They are also known as macrobenthos or benthic macroinvertebrates for they live on the bottom of water bodies underneath benthic sediment. This group generally includes a vast range of organisms like annelids (segmented worms), arachnids (mites and spiders), crustaceans (crabs and shrimps), mollusk-like gastropods (snails and slugs) and monovalves and bivalves, and insect larvae. They spend all or portion of their lives that need an aquatic environment; hence, water quality is vital to ensure their continued survival.

These organisms have various tolerance levels to pollution that is why they are being used as indicator that would more or less give an estimate of the current status of an aquatic ecosystems health. They are also important components of both the aquatic and terrestrial food webs as they serve as food sources for other forms of organisms such as predatory insects, birds, and fish. Their presence ensures the normal functioning of an aquatic ecosystem as they are very important component of a food web. Macroinvertebrate groups belonging to Orders Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Trichoptera (EPT) are widely used as pollution sensitive wherein their richness can provide estimate of the condition of a water body.

Macroinvertebrate structuring in an aquatic ecosystem is determined by both natural and anthropogenic factors. But the latter has tremendous effect on the ecosystem as most of the stressors came from human-related activities that lead to habitat alteration and deterioration of water quality.

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In this study, with the exceptions of Stations FW-01 and FW-04, other orders dominated the 13 orders of macrobenthos documented in the study areas which comprised 72.16% of the total macroinvertebrate organisms recorded. Macroinvertebrate assembly in Station FW-01, has something to do with availability of water and surface area just in the case of Station FW-04. Larger area and more available water would indicate a larger space that macrobenthos could occupy. Macrobenthos rely on loose substrate preferably coarse-bedded riverbeds with loose cobbles, pebbles, stones and rocks where they could attach and fit in between spaces enabling them to take advantage of higher dissolved oxygen from moderate flowing, shallow river sections (ripples) compared to slow flowing river sections (pools). Absence of such riverbed setting could limit presence and abundance of microbenthic organisms.

In terms of species richness (Figure 37), Station FW-04 had the highest with 17 followed by Stations FW-02, FW-01 and FW-05 with 14, 13 and 11, respectively. Stations FW-06 and FW-07 both had 11 each and Station FW-03 had only 8 while the most taxa- deficient station was FW08 with only 1. There were no documented macroinvertebrates in Station FW-09 as the station had high water level and substrate comprised of silt and muds. As to relative abundance, Station FW-04 also had the highest with 24.26 % followed by FW-06 with 23.33 % while the lowest was seen in Station FW-02 with only 6.07 % share of all the recorded individuals, whereas none was recorded for Station FW-09.

Figure 37. Species richness and abundance of macrobenthos recorded from the sampling stations

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The pollution-tolerant dipterans (Order Diptera) were also present but of limited number as shown in Figure 38 which indicates that generally, the streams are in good condition. In other stations, EPT was not documented as the substrates are predominantly comprised of alluvial fine silt and muds which do not provide adequate habitat to this group of organisms.

Figure 38. Abundance of macrobenthps documented from the sampling stations

Gerris sp. from the Order Hemiptera and Family Gerridae was the most abundant with relative abundance of 20.22% followed by Macrobrachium latidactylus (Decapoda: Palaemonidae), Ephemerella sp. (Ephemeoptera: Emphemeridae), Ischnura sp. (Odonata: Coenagrionidae), and Corbicula fluminea (Venerida: Cyrenida) with relative abundance of 12.75%, 10.89%, 6.99%, and 5.44%, respectively.

Plate 30 shows the photographs of dominant macroinvertebrates recorded from the sampling stations.

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Plate 30. Photographs of dominant macroinvertebrates recorded from the sampling stations. A. – water strided (Gerris sp.), B. – freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium latidactylus), C. – spiny crawler mayfly (Ephemerella sp.), D. – forktail damselfly (Ischnura sp.) and E. – asian clam (Corbicula fluminea).

4.4.4. Fish

Twelve species of fish comprising 934 individuals from 11 families were documented in the nine sampling stations (Table 31). These includes three Philippine endemic species, the priapium fish, Gulaphallus mirabilis Herre 1925 from the family Phallostethidae; and two viviparous halfbeaks, Nomorhamphus pectoralis (Fowler 1934) and Zenarchopterus philippinus (Peters 1868) from the families Hemiramphidae and Zenarchopteridae, respectively.

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Tw o native species were also collected, walking catfish, Clarias batrachus (Linnaeus 1758) from the family Clariidae; and rock goby, Glossogobius illimis Hoese & Allen 2012 from the family Gobiidae.

The remaining seven are all introduced species composed of wild goldfish, Carassius auratus (Linnaeus 1758) from the family Cyprinidae; snakehead murrel, Channa striata (Bloch 1793) from the family Channidae; Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus 1758) from the family Cichlidae; wild guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters 1859 and wild molly, Poecilia sphenops Valenciennes 1846 both from the family Poeciliidae; armoured catfish, Pterygoplichthys pardalis (Castelnau 1855) from the family Loricariidae and three-spot gourami, Trichopodus trichopterus (Pallas 1770) from the family Osphronemidae.

Table 31. Number of individuals of fish fauna recorded from the nine sampling stations

Sampling station Scientific name FW-01 FW-02 FW-03 FW-04 FW-05 FW-06 FW-07 FW-08 FW-09 Endemic Gulaphallus mirabilis 40 59 Nomorhamphus pectoralis 173 43 3 Zenarchopterus philippinus 50 13 10 23 1 1 Native Clarias batrachus 1 1 Glossogobius illimis 35 27 3 13 4 6 2 Introduced Carassius auratus 2 Channa striata 1 Oreochromis niloticus 2 12 1 4 5

Poecilia reticulata 1 78 7 57 28 1 Poecilia sphenops 11 1 84 1 1 24 1 Pterygoplichthys pardalis 1 3 Trichopodus trichopterus 3 2

Total 96 17 199 218 64 189 38 11 7

In terms of relative abundance (Figure 39), the most abundant was Station FW-04 while the most depauperate was Station FW-09. The most species-rich area was Station FW-05 which hosts 10 various species of freshwater fish. This may be attributed to surface area and availability of vegetation on both embankments and the presence of damaged box culverts where predatory species could hide. Additionally, most non-native species are confined in this area including the two poecilids species and janitor fish.

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Large populations of two endemic species, N. pectoralis and G. mirabilis were noted in Station FW-04 as it provides moderately and shallow flowing water over boulder and cobbles which is connected to a pool. The presence of these microhabitats provides ideal condition for these organisms to thrive. N. pectoralis is the most dominant species with relative abundance of 23.66% followed by G. mirabilis with relative abundance of 20.45%. Station FW-06 is located downstream of FW-04; hence, these two endemic species were also noted in large number in the area.

Figure 39. Species richness and abundance of fish recorded from the sampling stations

The occurrence and conservation status of the documented fish in the study area are presented in Table 32. The wild goldfish, the Asian catfish, and the Nile tilapia are all registered as Least Concern (LC) while the rest are classified as Not Evaluated (NE) on the Red List Category of the IUCN (2019).

In terms of economic importance, the gobies (family Gobiidae) are important part of the ipon fishery wherein the young fry of various species of this group are being harvested for fish paste making which is known as bagoong in Tagalog. Other economically important species documented includes the wild goldfish, the Asian catfish, Nile tilapia and snakehead murrel, and to some extent, the three-spot gourami.

Different fish species requires different habitat depending on their feeding habit and other factors which affects their distribution. Fish also requires good area for spawning and areas to hide from predators. Some also have specific water quality requirement; hence, some fish species are considered as indicator of stream health.

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Table 32. Status of fish species documented in the study area

Occurrence Economically Family Scientific name IUCN 2019-1 status Important? Carassius auratus Cyprinidae Introduced Least Concern Yes (Linnaeus 1758) Clarias batrachus Clariidae Native Least Concern Yes (Linnaeus 1758) Pterygoplichthys pardalis Loricariidae Introduced Not Evaluated No (Castelnau 1855) Poecilia reticulata Introduced Not Evaluated No Peters 1859 Poeciliidae Poecilia sphenops Introduced Not Evaluated No Valenciennes 1846 Glossogobius illimis Gobiidae Native Not Evaluated Yes Hoese& Allen 2012 Oreochromis niloticus Cichlidae Introduced Least Concern Yes (Linnaeus 1758) Gulaphallus mirabilis Phallostethidae Endemic Not Evaluated No Herre 1925 Nomorhamphus pectoralis Hemirhamphidae Endemic Not Evaluated No (Fowler 1934) Zenarchopterus philippinus Zenarchopteridae Endemic Not Evaluated No (Peters 1868) Channa striata Channidae Introduced Least Concern Yes (Bloch 1793) Trichopodus trichopterus (Pallas Osphronemidae Introduced Least Concern Yes 1770)

The viviparous halfbeak, Nomorhamphus pectoralis, was the most dominant species with relative abundance of 23.66 % followed by the endemic priapium fish, Gulaphallus mirabilis with relative abundance of 20.45 %. This was followed by two recognized invasive poecilids, P. reticulata and P. sphenops with 18.63 % and 13.17 %, respectively.

Other fish species determined through interview based on provided descriptions include the giant mottled eel, Anguilla marmorata Quoy and Gaimard, 1824 and the loach goby Rhyacichthys aspro (Valenciennes 1837).

The feeding habit and habitat of fishes documented in the sampling stations are presented in Table 33.

Table 33. Feeding habit and habitat of species recorded in the study area

Family Scientific name IAS? Feeding habit Habitat

Anguillidae Anguilla mormorata1 No carnivores fw, br, ma Cyprinidae Carassius auratus Yes omnivores fw Clariidae Clarias batrachus Yes omnivores fw Loricariidae Pterygoplichthys pardalis Yes detrivores fw

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Poeciliidae Poecilia reticulata Yes detrivores fw Poecilia sphenops No detrivores fw , can tolerate br Gobiidae Glossogobius illimis2 No omnivores fr, br, ma Eleotridae Rhyocicthys aspro1 No Omnivores fw Cichlidae Oreochromis niloticus Yes omnivores fr, can tolerate br Phallostethidae Gu laphallus mirabilis2 No detrivores fw Hemirhamphidae Nomorhamphus pectoralis2 No detrivores fw Zenarchopteridae Zenarchopterus philippinus2 No detrivores fw Channidae Channa striata No omnivores fw Osphronemidae Trichopodus trichopterus No detrivore fw Note: 1based on interview; 2new record; fw – freshwater; br – brackish; ma - marine

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4.4.5. Reptile

A single specimen of introduced invasive alien species, the Chinese softshell turtle, Pelodiscus sinensis (Plate 31), was documented in Station FW-05. Residents that were interviewed said that sometimes they can catch larger specimens in the Cutcut River which they said are being cooked and eaten. The documentation of small specimen indicates presence of breeding population in the area.

Plate 31. The Chinese softshell turtle documented in Station FW-05.

On 22 February 2013, the Protected Areas and Wildlife Bureau (now the Biodiversity Management Bureau) released a Technical Bulletin No. 2013-02 which prohibits introduction of the said species to wetlands and other areas of the country. Despite its status as an IAS in the country, it is considered as Vulnerable under the IUCN Red List Assessment due to decreasing population trend in its natural habitat which is limited to China, Japan, Taiwan and Vietnam because of poaching.

Another species, the native Asian box turtle, Cuora amboinensis was used to get caught in the area according to locals but nowhere to be seen nowadays. The Chinese softshell turtle might have caused the displacement of the native turtle as the former competes with available resources and space as habitat, and due to overharvesting.

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4.4.6. Noteworthy Species

A species of riverine crab, Sundathelphusa grapsoides (Plate 32) from Order Decapoda and Family Potamidae, originally described from Pampanga by H. Mile Edwards in 1853, was documented in Station FW-04. This species has since been known to occur only in Bulacan and Pampanga. Finding population of this species in Cutcut River expanded the natural geographic distribution of this species, which now includes Tarlac.

Plate 32. Riverine crab, Sundathelphusa grapsoides

Three Philippine endemic freshwater fishes - the priapium fish, Gulaphallus mirabilis Herre 1925; and two viviparous halfbeaks, Nomorhamphus pectoralis (Fowler 1934) and Zenarchopterus philippinus (Peters 1868) were documented in the project areas.

The three are considered diminutive species which can easily be affected by even slight changes in their environment. There is limited knowledge on their geographic distribution but given that they are only limited to freshwater, it is expected that they are only restricted to Luzon; hence, finding them thriving with good population in Cutcut River would be a good starting point for their conservation to ensure their continuous survival.

Photographs of all the freshwater fishes documented in the area is shown in Plate 33 & Plate 34Error! Reference source not found..

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Plate 33. Photos of recorded noteworthy species within the sampling sites. A. – Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae (Carassius auratus); B. – Siluriformes: Clariidae (Clarias batrachus); C. - Siluriformes: Loricariidae (Pterygoplichthys pardalis); D. - Gobiiformes: Gobiidae (Glossogobius illimis); E. - Cichliformes: Cichlidae (Oreochromis niloticus); and F. - Atheriniformes: Phallostethidae (Gulaphallus mirabilis)

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Plate 34. Photos of recorded noteworthy species within the sampling sites. A. - Beloniformes: Hemirhamphidae (Nomorhamphus pectoralis); B. - Beloniformes: Zenarchopteridae (Zenarchopterus philippinus); C. - Cyprinodontiformes: Poeciliidae (Poecilia reticulata); D. - Cyprinodontiformes: Poeciliidae (Poecilia sphenops); E. - Anabantiformes: Channidae (Channa striata); and F. - Anabantiformes: Osphronemidae (Trichopodus trichopterus)

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5. LAND COVER CHANGE ANALYSIS AND PREDICTIVE MODELING OF URBAN AREAS IN NCC AND ITS SURROUNDING ENVIRONMENT

5.1. Land Cover Change

Land cover change studies play a significant role in decision making and in formulating policies that are vital in sustainably managing the natural resources. It also evaluates the content of the earths surface and how such changes in the environment affect the condition and functions of the ecosystem. This part of the study aims to monitor changes of the land cover in the area and generate future scenarios highlighting the expansion of urban areas not only within NCC and the two watersheds, but also to its neighboring areas using various transition potential modeling.

Initially, two land cover maps (2010 and 2015) were used to analyze changes in the study area (Figure 40 & Figure 41). A 50 km x 50 km grid covering an area of 250,000 ha was utilized to include neighboring areas around NCC. Based on the analysis, brush/shrubs, annual crop, closed forest, and inland water decreased from 2010 to 2015 (Table 34). Majority of this decline was observed in brush/shrubs areas (16,105 ha) and annual crop (4,394 ha). On the other hand, increases were observed in built-up, grassland, fishpond, open forest, open/barren, and perennial crop. Grassland (13,833 ha), open/barren (3,251 ha) and built-up areas (2,909 ha) had the highest increases among the different land cover types.

Table 34. Relative change between 2010 and 2015 land cover maps

2010 2015 Gain or Loss Land Cover Area (ha) Percent (%) Area (ha) Percent (%) Area (ha) Percent (%) Annual Crop 94,990 38.0 90,596 36.2 (4,394) (4.6) Brush/Shrubs 87,527 35. 0 71,422 28.6 (16,105) (18.4) Built-up 18,720 7.5 21,629 8.7 2,909 15.5 Closed Forest 953 0.4 795 0.3 (158) (16.5) Fishpond 283 0.1 835 0.3 552 195.4 Grassland 11,188 4.5 25,022 10.0 13,833 123.6 Inland Water 7,512 3.0 5,866 2.3 (1,646) (21.9) Open Forest 19,850 7.9 21,414 8.6 1,564 7.9 Open/Barren 2,175 0.9 5,426 2.2 3,251 149.4 Perennial Crop 6,802 2.7 6,996 2.8 94 2.9 TOTAL 250,000 100.0 250,000 100.0

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Figure 40. Land cover map of 2010

Figure 41. Land cover map of 2015 122

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Land cover change in the two watersheds was also analyzed. In Cutcut Watershed, it was found that annual crop, brush/shrubs, and open forest declined between 2010 and 2015 (Table 35). Majority of the agricultural areas was converted into built-up areas (514 ha), perennial crop (382 ha), and into brush/shrub areas (177 ha) in 2015. In terms of brush/shrub areas, about 472 ha were converted from 2010 to 2015 into annual crop and approximately 1,182 ha into grassland areas. On the contrary, built-up areas, grassland, and perennial crop increased over the same period. From 2010 to 2015, a significant loss of brush/shrub areas into grassland (1,182 ha) was observed.

Table 35. Land cover change analysis between 2010 and 2015 for Cutcut Watershed

Land Cover 2015 Land Cover Annual Brush/ Inland Open Perennial Grand 2010 Built-Up Fishpond Grassland Crop Shrubs Water Forest Crop Total Annual Crop 7,287.59 177.26 514.35 73.92 58.43 1.28 382.24 8,495.06 Brush/Shrubs 472.07 2,789.41 29.79 1,181.92 16.02 13.14 474.85 4,977.21 Built-up 223.90 40.95 1,287.40 1.35 28.19 2.53 1.59 98.57 1,684.48 Grassland 69.04 136.43 16.15 225.23 1.55 10.06 458.46 Open Forest 15.29 6.81 0.79 4.67 1.17 24.20 52.93 Perennial 133.17 370.99 99.30 33.98 1.49 812.76 1,451.70 Crop Grand Total 8,201.06 3,521.86 1,947.77 1.35 1,547.91 79.64 41.76 1,778.49 17,119.84

Meanwhile, the ODonnell Watershed exhibited decrease in brush/shrub areas as well as in its open forest (Table 36). About 2,324 ha of brush/shrubs were converted into grassland areas in 2015. In addition, about 544 ha and 193 ha of it were transformed into annual crop and open/barren areas, respectively. Moreover, it can be observed that about 1,200 ha of inland water was already classified into open/barren areas in 2015. This change may have affected the water supply in the downstream areas of the watershed. However, in terms of areas that increased, annual crop, built-up, grassland, and perennial crop have gained over this period.

Table 36. Land cover change analysis between 2010 and 2015 for ODonnell Watershed

Land Cover 2015 Land Cover Annual Brush/ Built- Inland Open Perennial Grand 2010 Fishpond Grassland Crop Shrubs Up Water Forest Crop Total Annual Crop 5,754.93 128.97 56.83 128.13 205.16 98.24 217.87 Brush/Shrubs 543.75 11,710.86 3.59 2,324.02 250.30 429.59 192.99 65.55 Built-up 21.37 2.60 172.18 0.95 0.01 1.28 2.04 8.89 Grassland 190.60 643.70 7.86 849.08 91.95 0.48 139.14 1.58 Open Forest 259.41 69.41 4.38 0.46 389.92 1,231.13 12.68 1,199.57 3.73 Perennial 525.18 18.47 21.62 1,954.61 0.71 Crop Grand Total 45.10 70.00 9.03 1.90 1.00 0.63 272.19

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Apart from this, the land cover maps were also used to generate the positive and negative trends in the watersheds and NCC. The nature of the trend is mainly based on the vegetation cover. This means that if the vegetation is converted from a dense canopy to an open area (e.g. forest to open/barren or to built-up areas), this is considered as a negative trend. However, if the change is from less vegetated area to a dense canopy cover (e.g. grassland to brush/shrubs or to forest) then this change is regarded as a positive trend. The analysis also includes areas that have been persistent through time which means that a land cover type did not change from 2010 to 2015.

Figure 42 shows these different trends in the area and majority of these are considered as negative trends. In NCC, it was found that most of its negative trends are situated in the northern and central portions of the area where development is also currently undertaken. But there are also areas with positive trends that can be observed in the southern part of the ODonnell and Cutcut Watersheds.

Figure 42. Positive and negative trends in the land cover of the two watersheds

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5.2. Predictive Modeling of Future Urban Scenarios

The maps depicting trends together with the drivers of change are then used to create transition potentials that are significant in generating future urban scenarios. These drivers of change or variables can be classified as static or dynamic. Static variables express aspects of basic suitability for the transition and are unchanging over time while dynamic variables are time-dependent drivers such as proximity to existing development of infrastructure. In this study, eight variables were used, and these include: a) elevation; b) distance from roads; c) evidence likelihood of land cover; d) distance from annual crop; e) distance from rivers; f) slope; g) population; and h) distance from built-up areas. The models for the different transitions were implemented using the Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP) Neural Network. MLP provides valuable information about the contributions of explanatory variables and it can be used to model multiple transitions in just one sub- model.

After running about 80,000 iterations, the model generated around 85.38% accuracy rate with a skill measure of 0.8406. One output of the model is an information that provide the sensitivity of the model. Table 37 shows what happens when you force a single variable to be constant and gives the results for all combinations. The results showed that holding variables 3 (evidence likelihood of land cover), 8 (distance from built- up areas) and 2 (distance from roads) constant have the biggest effect on the skill of the model. Among all variables, variable 3 (evidence likelihood of land cover) is found to be the most influential variable while variable 6 (slope) is considered as the least influential.

Table 37. Sensitivity of the model to forcing a single independent variable to be constant

Model Accuracy (%) Skill Measure Influence Order With all variables 85.38 0.8406 N/A Var. 1 constant 84.62 0.8322 7 Var. 2 constant 59.23 0.5552 3 Var. 3 constant 18.46 0.1105 1 (most influential) Var. 4 constant 71.54 0.6895 4 Var. 5 constant 76.15 0.7399 5 Var. 6 constant 85.38 0.8406 8 (least influential) Var. 7 constant 80.00 0.7818 6 Var. 8 constant 37.69 0.3203 2

Meanwhile, Table 38 shows what happens when you hold all variables constant except one. This again exhibits the importance of variables 3 (evidence likelihood of land cover) and 8 (distance from built-up areas) in the model.

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Table 38. Sensitivity of the model to forcing all independent variables except one to be constant

Model Accuracy (%) Skill Measure With all variables 85.38 0.8406 All constant but Var. 1 8.46 0.0014 All constant but Var. 2 8.46 0.0014 All constant but Var. 3 33.85 0.2783 All constant but Var. 4 8.46 0.0014 All constant but Var. 5 8.46 0.0014 All constant but Var. 6 8.46 0.0014 All constant but Var. 7 8.46 0.0014 All constant but Var. 8 20.00 0.1273

Since the accuracy rate in running the model is already deemed acceptable (85.38%), the transition potentials were created (Figure 43). These were then employed to determine the future scenarios of the area. In the process, there are two basic models that can be generated. These are the soft prediction model and the hard prediction model. The soft prediction produces a map of susceptibility to change for the collected set of transitions or simply pertaining to a comprehensive assessment of change potentials. On the other hand, a hard prediction model is mainly based on the competitive allocation model similar to a multi-objective decision process. In the study, 2040 and 2060 future urban scenarios were modeled using the different eight explanatory variables.

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Figure 43. Soft prediction models for the different land cover types that will transition into built-up areas in the future.

Based on the results of the models, an increasing trend of the built-up areas was observed from 2015 to 2060 (Figure 44 to Figure 46). Table 39 also shows these future extents of urban areas in NCC and its surrounding environment. Considering the entire area of coverage, it can be observed that about 24,006 ha and 30,455 ha of built-up areas will increase in 2040 and 2060, respectively from the 2015 state. In NCC alone, theres an increase of about 3,348 ha of built-up areas in 2040 from the 282 ha in 2015. In 2060, theres an estimated total built-up area of 4,040 ha in NCC already, thats about 41% of the entire NCC area. Apart from the planned land use zones in the area, it can also be noticed that theres a sudden increase of built-up areas in the southern portion of NCC. Appropriate strategies can be crafted to prevent eventual conversion of the site into built- up or to protect the headwater of the watershed and conserve the remaining important biodiversity in the area.

Figure 44. Built-up areas in 2015

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Figure 45. Built-up areas in 2040

Figure 46. Built-up areas in 2060

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Table 39. Urban areas under different time periods

Area (ha) Area of Coverage 2015 2040 2060 Total Area Coverage 21,628.90 45,634.40 52,083.70 Cutcut Watershed 1,947.77 6,153.41 6,741.14 O'Donnell Watershed 253.86 1,325.75 1,703.20 New Clark City 281.86 3,629.77 4,039.98

Among the two watersheds, Cutcut Watershed will be mostly affected by the increase of built-up areas (Figure 47). In the 2015 land cover map, it was estimated that about 1,948 ha is classified as built-up areas. However, this is projected to further increase into 6,153 ha and 6,741 ha in 2040 and 2060, respectively. Increase in the urban areas will surely put pressure on the use of various resources such as water but also on the biodiversity of the area. On the other hand, the ODonnell Watershed has only minimal increase in built-up areas when compared to Cutcut Watershed. It is projected that future scenarios of urban areas in this watershed will increase by 1,072 ha and 1,449 ha in 2040 and 2060, respectively. The results from this modeling can be utilized to formulate policies that can ensure sustainability of the resources in the area and at the same time to warrant the protection and conservation of important species in the area.

Figure 47. Trend in urban areas in NCC and in the two watersheds across different periods.

As the trend in urban areas continue to increase in the future in NCC, it is also important to consider during planning the climate-related hazards in the area such as 129

Full Biodiversity Assessment Study for New Clark City Project Pro-Seeds Development Association, Inc. Final Report flooding. Figure 48 shows a flood event with a 100-year return period over the predicted urban areas in NCC in 2040. The flood hazard map was generated by the UP-DREAM Program under Project NOAH (Nationwide Operational Assessment of Hazards) and was downloaded through the LiPAD website (www.lipad.dream.edu.ph). It can be observed on the map that large built-up areas in the northern part of NCC will be greatly affected. Some areas in the eastern and southern portions are also susceptible to such kind of hazard. This map is also archived in ADBs web-based platform SPADE (Spatial Data Analysis Explorer) – a cloud-based server that contains various geospatial data. This initiative of ADB is a good venue where data coming from various sources are being integrated and are utilized to draw different kinds of queries, generate analyses and visualize outputs.

Figure 48. A 100-yr flood event over the predicted built-up areas in NCC in 2040

Moreover, the projected rainfall in Tarlac under RCP 8.5 scenario in 2036-2065 is expected to further increase in different seasons except for the month of June to August where a decrease in rainfall is predicted. From December to February, there will be an increase of 9.9%; 5.0 % from March to May has 5.0%; and 1.8% from September to November. Pampanga, on the other hand, will experience increase in both emission scenarios (RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5) from December to February and March to May. With

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Full Biodiversity Assessment Study for New Clark City Project Pro-Seeds Development Association, Inc. Final Report these in mind, flood events in the area may be further aggravated in the future. Hence the need to craft strategic measures to address potential issues and problems on climate- related hazards.

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6. SUMMARY OF PRESSURES AND IMPACTS TO BIODIVERSITY IN NEW CLARK CITY

The project will have direct effects on the environment resulting to forest land degradation, habitat loss and fragmentation and disturbance of species population. In addition, pollution caused by the projects operation will affect the behavior and interactions of local species, and the natural processes within the forest ecosystem.

6.1. Forest Land Degradation

Forest land degradation is defined as a state of anthropogenically induced arrested succession, where ecological processes that underlie forest dynamics are diminished (Ghazoul, Burivalova, Garcia-Ulloa, & King, 2015). With the advent of development in NCC, the remaining forest land within the area will most likely be affected resulting to reduced quality of habitat, species population, and net primary productivity. Clearing of vegetation for the establishment of facilities will cause degradation of forest. Hence, the natural succession of vegetation as well as the growth of novel species within the area will be interrupted. Furthermore, this will also affect the inhabiting communities that depend on forest resources.

Indirect effect of forest land degradation includes the increased vulnerability of the area to the introduction of invasive alien species. Once the forest was cleared, the area will become more suitable for the growth of introduced species (Morgera, Razzaque, & Burgiel, 2017).

6.2. Habitat Loss and Fragmentation

Aside from forest land degradation, habitat loss and fragmentation are among the potential impacts of the project. Habitat loss includes deterioration of habitat quality, which has consistent negative effects to both flora (i.e. inbreeding, dispersal and seedling establishment and reduced seed shadows) and fauna (i.e. breeding success, dispersal success, predation, and animal foraging). Alteration of species interaction may also be included as a result of habitat loss. In addition, this will expose the species that thrives within the area to imminent risk of population decline and/or extinction. The project site provides home to at least 276 species of plants from the area.

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6.3. Greenhouse Gas Emission

Deforestation and forest degradation enhance the atmospheric greenhouse gas emission. Decay of plant materials and operation of machinery during construction contribute to increased carbon emissions. Based from the result of vegetation survey in this study, at least 431 trees with a total of 10,322 DBH will be cut to give way for the development.

6.4. Pollution and Local Disturbance

The development of NCC will incur disturbance to wildlife particularly during the pre-construction/construction/operation activity. Pollution, which includes waste (solid and wastewater), air and noise will greatly affect biodiversity especially the fauna. Additionally, the increase in the number of persons in an area and the presence of pollutants during activities are factors to biodiversity disturbance. These pollutants may come from man-made hazards such as ongoing activities, vehicles and in unpaved secondary roads that produces emanating particles which contributes to the concentration of NOx, SOx and air-borne particulate matter. Thus, a decrease in the number and/or frequency of species observed in the area is expected with this kind of disturbances.

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7. LEVERAGING BIODIVERSITY: INITIAL IDEAS FOR NATURE-BASED SOLUTIONS

The result of the biodiversity assessment and modeling for NCC and the watersheds showed an alarming loss of natural capital. If unabated, it may lead to environmental crisis and missed opportunities for future development. The continuing biodiversity loss may have implications to threats in food security, water security, climate change adaptation, disaster risk, pollution control and human health, and reduced options for future innovations (Roe, Seddon, & Elliott, 2018).

Therefore, NCC should be prepared to address the alarming rate of decline in land and vegetation cover, and anticipated increase in built-up areas in Cutcut and ODonnell Watersheds. Efforts should be made to enhance the state of biodiversity within NCC and its immediate surrounding areas to ensure a stable, productive, and resilient ecosystems.

Exploring the potential of Nature-based solutions (NbS) for New Clark City is being put forward to address the above-mentioned challenges. NbS are broadly defined as solutions to societal challenges that are inspired by and supported by nature (Raymond et al., 2017). IUCN defines NbS as actions to protect, sustainably manage and restore natural or modified ecosystems which address societal challenges (e.g. climate change, human health, food and water security, or natural disasters) effective and adaptively, while simultaneously providing human well-being and biodiversity benefits (Cohen- Schacham et al., 2016).

The IUCN further categorize NbS according to ecosystem-related approaches such as: a) ecosystem restoration approaches (e.g. ecological restoration, ecological engineering, forest landscape restoration); b) issue-specific ecosystem-related approaches (e.g. ecosystem-based adaptation, ecosystem based mitigation, climate adaptation services; ecosystem-based disaster risk reduction); c) green infrastructure and natural infrastructure approaches; and d) ecosystem-based management approaches.

For New Clark City, the present and future scenarios present complex challenges. These are in the form of loss of natural capital, projected rapid increase in population, various anthropogenic pressures in the watershed combined with potential high conversion rate to built-up areas. This presents potential risks to current inhabitants of Capas and Bamban, and future residents and locators of NCC.

An example of a complex challenge is ensuring water security. Considered to be one of the scarce resources that will affect all stakeholders, the management requires 134

Full Biodiversity Assessment Study for New Clark City Project Pro-Seeds Development Association, Inc. Final Report looking at the factors and nature-based solutions beyond boundaries of NCC from restoration and management of watersheds, coordination and synergy with local governments, determining appropriate partnership model, finance solutions, policies, among others.

Therefore, determining appropriate nature-based solutions to address the pressures should be anchored in planning and governance framework across different levels – project-level, inter-LGU, and watershed. The nature-based solutions can be further categorized according to Environment, People and Community, and Governance (49).

Figure 49. Pressures and Nature-based solutions vis-avis levels of planting and governance

In consideration of the findings of this study, Figure 50 provide a list of initial ideas of doable Nature-based Solutions for NCC that will enable BCDA to effectively manage the watershed, its various ecosystems and species, thereby sustaining its natural capital.

The BCDA found that the biodiversity assessment and nature-based solutions are envisaged to inform the integrated sustainability plan of NCC, planning and management of landscapes for the parcels, and as reference that may be shared to locators in coming up with their detailed development plans. Futhermore, the report is a good reference document BCDA in crafting Biodiversity Management Program and provide entry points for developing partnership model for governance.

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Figure 50. Initial ideas of doable nature-based solutions for NCC

7.1. Establishment of Priority Conservation Sites

The findings of the biodiversity assessment raise the need to establish Priority Conservation Sites. These are locations or areas in the NCC that may be designated for the protection of natural habitats and are important to maintain ecosystem health. The study identified Important Plant Areas, Important Wildlife Areas, and Important Riverine Ecosystem.

Overlaying the data and land use using GIS, it was found out that the areas recommended to be earmarked as Important Plant Area, Important Widlife Areas, and Important Riverine Ecosystem are located near the Southwest portion of the proposed golfcourse. There are already ongoing developments in the area during the assessment period. On the other hand, one of the sampling areas for riverine ecosystem (FW-06) was located in a proposed mixed used residential zone.

Collectively considered as Important Biodiversity Areas, several measures need to be in place to maintain the level of diversity to avoid further loss of habitat and fragmentation. BCDA with its locators and developers of NCC should revisit the design guidelines for golfcourses and other infrastructures to factor in ecologically-sound principles.

The diversity of wildlife species is directly associated with the quality of habitat such as forest cover. The Important Biodiversity Areas areas are where the threatened and endangered flora species are found. It should be noted that these species are 136

Full Biodiversity Assessment Study for New Clark City Project Pro-Seeds Development Association, Inc. Final Report protected by law. These areas can be excluded for development and 100% tree inventory is required. The tagging of threatened species is necessary in this regard to implement appropriate management actions. Other mitigation measures are detailed in the succeeding section.

Figure 51. Location of transects for the proposed Important Plant Areas, Important Wildlife Areas, and Important Riverine Ecosystem

7.1.1. Important Plant Areas

A matrix to obtain the true biodiversity value of each transect was developed to determine the most important plant area in NCC prior to delineating priority areas for conservation (Table 40). The assessment takes into consideration three factors involving the number of species (richness), the number of threatened species, and the number of endemics. A 3-point scale was used to rank each category (species richness, number of threatened species, and number of endemics) integrating the generated range of values for each criterion. The derived values were then summed up across transects obtaining the biodiversity values to which it equates with the conservation importance of the surveyed transect in the whole area.

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It was observed that the topmost important plant areas were transects 1 and 4. Thus, it implies that these transects should be prioritized for conservation and protection.

Table 40. Matrix on quantifying the true biodiversity value of each transect

No. of No. of No. of Biodiversity Transect Ranking Ranking Ranking Species Endemic Threatened Value 1 61 3 8 3 10 3 9 4 47 3 6 3 7 2 8 13 56 3 5 2 6 2 7 3 37 2 3 2 10 3 7 2 39 2 2 2 4 2 6 5 15 2 1 2 2 2 6 14 14 2 0 2 2 2 6 7 39 2 2 2 3 2 6 11 13 2 0 2 2 2 6 12 22 2 2 2 5 2 6 15 21 2 1 2 3 2 6 8 35 2 3 2 2 2 6 9 20 2 1 2 2 2 6 10 20 2 1 2 2 2 6 6 27 2 3 2 3 2 6 Note: The ranges used in ranking each criterion are the following: number of species (13 to 29 = 1, 30 to 45 = 2, 46 to 61 = 3); number of endemic species (0 to 3 = 1, 4 to 5 = 2, 6 to 8 = 3); and number of threatened species (2 to 5 = 1, 6 to 7 = 2, 8 to 10 = 3)

7.1.2. Important Wildlife Areas

Site 2 in Sitio Canuman, Brgy. Dapdap is an important area for endemic and Threatened wildlife species. This is due to the remaining forest fragments in the area. Most endemic species are associated with forested areas. Endemic species have varying tolerances to habitat disturbances. Specialists are less tolerable while generalists have broad habitat ranges. Site 3 is an important area for wetland-associated wildlife species and migratory birds.

7.1.3. Important Riverine Ecosystem

The upstream and midstream section of Cutcut River harbor good population of Philippine endemic freshwater fishes such as G. mirabilis, N. pectoralis and Z. philippinus. Additionally, two native species were also documented in the area such as G. illimis and C. batrachus. Other species, although non-native but with economic importance that were also documented include C. auratus, C. striata, O. niloticus and T. trichopterus. The same is 138

Full Biodiversity Assessment Study for New Clark City Project Pro-Seeds Development Association, Inc. Final Report true in the case of macroinvertebrates where good community structures were also documented in Station FW-04 and Station FW-06.

7.2. Mitigating measures to address the pressures to biodiversity

An appropriate mitigation and offsetting plan based from the findings of this study is needed by the NCC. Activities that aim to reduce the impact from forest degradation, habitat loss and fragmentation, greenhouse gas emission and pollution should be considered and incorporated to projects mitigation plan. These will ensure that while the project is being undertaken, the impacts will not exacerbate the present environmental condition of the area. Identifying the potential impacts of the project is the first step to formulate a sustainable and relevant management and offsetting plan. Recommended activities to be included in the mitigation plan are listed in Table 41.

Table 41. Recommended activities to mitigate impacts

Impact Activities Forest land degradation • Allocation of area for transplanting of native and threatened species • Progressive rehabilitation of degraded areas • Establishment of nursery sites for production of planting materials Habitat loss and fragmentation • Provision of offset sites for areas that will be subjected to vegetation clearing • Formulation of Biodiversity Management Program that will focus on the maintenance and improvement of species richness within the area • Establishment of biodiversity park to house the threatened species in the project site River siltation • Limit clearing activities to minimum soil disturbance. • Haul unused topsoil and earthen materials to designated Spoil Disposal Areas (SDA). • Installation and proper maintenance of silt ponds/traps near waterways. • Maintain riparian vegetation to serve as buffers along natural waterways. • Preserve natural gullies/drainage patterns, if possible and practicable. • Provide drainage canals and similar storm water conveying systems along roads which will also prevent soil slips and erosion

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Impact Activities • Ensure routine preventive maintenance of vehicles and other mobile equipment. • Avoid washing vehicle on surface water to prevent contamination of water. • Designate wash bays with oil and water separator. • Provision for spill kits and drip pans in all mobile equipment. Greenhouse gas emission • Transplanting of selected trees • Conversion of cut trees to furniture to avoid carbon emissions Disturbance of the local population • Manage pollution from the projects operation of species Increased susceptibility from • Weed control and restrict planting of introduced invasive alien species species • Use of native species in landscaping Pollution • Limit the speed of vehicles while within the project site • Sprinkling of areas that accumulate dust • Revegetation of bare areas • Formulation of dust management plan • Reduction and regulation of noise from machineries and vehicles

For native and endemic wildlife species, despite their resiliency, their continued existence depends on forests (Lawrence Richard Heaney, Balete, & Rickart, 2016). Thus, practices minimizing habitat disturbance and promoting the regeneration of second- growth native or endemic forest species would be an effective management action to further recruit native and endemic wildlife species and repel the proliferation of invasive species. A caveat though is that once a wildlife refuge becomes established in the area, this will also become attractive to hunters. Thus, the area should be protected either through the establishment of a physical barrier or through regular surveillance.

Since there are already on-going and upcoming developments, many of the abovementioned mitigation measures can be implemented through immediate issuances of policy by BCDA. These policies range from procurement (e.g. only endemic and native plant species for landscaping will be procured), planning and operations guidelines, among others. Policy-related measures only entail minimal cost for the part of BCDA. While the other mitigation measures can be borne from operational cost of contractor.

The policy-related measures include: limit clearing activities to minimum soil disturbance; haul unused topsoil and earthen materials to designated spoil disposal; 140

Full Biodiversity Assessment Study for New Clark City Project Pro-Seeds Development Association, Inc. Final Report installation and proper maintenance of silt ponds/ traps near waterways; preserve natural gullies/ drainage patterns, of possible and practicable; ensure routine preventive maintenance of vehicles and other mobile equipment; avoid washing of vehicle on surface water to prevent contamination of water; designate wash bays with oiland water separator; provision for spill kits and drip pans; among others. Mitigation measures and incorporation of biodiversity principles can be also incorporated in the contract between BCDA with its locators/developers/contractors.

7.3. Promoting the use of indigenous, native, and endemic species in NCC

To promote sustainable species conservation, tree planting of any purpose (landscaping and/or reforestation) must prioritize the use of locally available plants especially those identified as species of conservation concern (threatened and endemics) instead of introducing exotic species. This will not only promote conservation but will also ensure higher seedlings survival and better growth performance as local species have been proven more resilient and adapted to local environmental condition.

The SGS Landscapes Consultants have already provided a list of trees for planting for specific purposes (i.e. river park, building vicinity, streetcaps). However, majority of the trees recommended are not naturally growing in NCC and some are even exotic species. Listed in Table 42 are the tree species recorded inside the NCC area, and their corresponding ornamental use/s based on the need of SGS. Photos of some of the trees with beautiful architecture and flowers were presented to better appreciate their ornamental values (Plate 36).

While SGS provided their preferred list of trees for landscaping, there is no recommendation for hedges, shrubs, and vines. It should be noted that the horticulturists were considered the main culprits in the proliferation of invasive plant species (i.e., Thunbergia grandiflora, Asystasia, Crossandra, etc.) in the forests all over the world, primarily due to introduction of ornamental species without knowing first their biology. The team noticed that most of the non-tree ornaments initially planted in NCC are exotic ones (i.e. Canna spp., Heliconia spp. etc.). The list of some native plants recorded in the NCC area that can be used as hedge ornaments is shown in Table 43. The use of some of these native species (Tabernaemontana pandacaqui, Schefflera elliptica, Combretum indicum, and Murraya paniculata) is now being popularized in the country (Plate 36).

The selection of plant species for urban green development and landscaping should be based on the following criteria: a) endemic and native species naturally occurring in the area (species recorded during the inventory); b) available in the market; and c) highly valued economically and ecologically. To maintain a more climate-resilient

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Table 42. Suggested alternative species to be used for landscaping

DAO IUCN Scientific Name Local Name Family Name Endemism Trans-Quad Uses 2017-11 2019-1 T3(Q3);T4(Q3); Buchanania arborescens river park, Balinghasai Anacardiaceae - NA NE T7(Q0);Opp (Blume) Blume streetcaps (NCC) T1(Q0Q3);T2( Q2Q4);T3(Q0Q 3);T4(Q1Q2Q3 );T5(Q0);T6(Q2 Semecarpus cuneiformis Ligas Anacardiaceae - NA NE Q3);T9(Q0);T1 river park Blanco 2(Q4);T13(Q0 Q4);T14(Q1Q2 );Opp (Flora, NCC, River) Semecarpus longifolius Anagas Anacardiaceae - NA NE OPP river park Blume river park, Koordersiodendron pinnatum Am ugis Anacardiaceae OTS NA NE T1(Q0); streetcaps, Merr. open space river park, Cananga odorata (Lam.) T1(Q2);Opp building Ilang-ilang Annonaceae - NA NE Hook.f. & Thomson (NCC, River) vicinity, streetcaps Haplosticanthus lanceolata Anolang Annonaceae - NA PE T1(Q1); river park (S. Vidal) Heusden. river park, building Miliusa vidalii J.Sinclair Takulau Annonaceae - NA PE OPP (Flora) vicinity, streetcaps

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DAO IUCN Scientific Name Local Name Family Name Endemism Trans-Quad Uses 2017-11 2019-1 river park, Polyalthia longifolia (Sonn.) Indian T10(Q0);OPP Annonaceae - NA EX building Thwaites lanontan (NCC) vicinity river park, T1(Q1);T2(Q0); building Alstonia scholaris (L.) R. Br. Dita Apocynaceae - LC NE T7(Q0);Opp vicinity, (Flora, River) streetcaps river park, T2(Q2);T6(Q1 building Wrightia candollei Vidal Laniti-pula Apocynaceae - NA NE Q2);T8(Q3Q4); vicinity, Opp (River) streetcaps T1(Q4);T13(Q2 river park, Wrightia Q4);T15(Q0Q1 building pubescens subsp. laniti Laniti Apocynaceae - LC NE Q3);Opp vicinity, (Blanco) Ngan (Flora, NCC, streetcaps River) Ilex cymosa Blume Malagidia Aquifoliaceae - NA NE T4(Q3);T6(Q3); river park T15(Q3);Opp river park, Pingka- Oroxylum indicum (L.) Kurz Bignoniaceae - NA NE (Flora, NCC, building pinkahan River) vicinity Cordia dichotoma G.Forst Anonang Boraginaceae - NA NE OPP (River) river park river park, building Cordia subcordata Lam. Banalo Boraginaceae - LC NE OPP (Flora) vicinity, streetcaps T1(Q0);T2(Q0); river park, T3(Q0Q3);T4( building Canarium asperum Benth. Pagsahingin Burseraceae - LC NE Q1Q2Q3);T6(Q vicinity, 2Q3);T7(Q0Q2 streetcaps 144

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DAO IUCN Scientific Name Local Name Family Name Endemism Trans-Quad Uses 2017-11 2019-1 );T8(Q0);T13(Q 0);Opp (Flora) river park, T1(Q0);Opp building Canarium hirsutum Willd. Dulit Burseraceae - LC NE (Flora) vicinity, streetcaps river park, T1(Q1);T4(Q1); building Kleinhovia hospita L. Panampat* Byttneriaceae - NA NE T6(Q3);T13(Q2 vicinity, );Opp (River) streetcaps river park, Calophyllum blancoi Planch. building Bitanghol Calophyllaceae - NA NE T3(Q0); & Triana vicinity, streetcaps river park, Celtis philippinensis Blanco Malaikmo Cannabaceae - LC NE T1(Q2);T7(Q3); building vicinity T1(Q0);T8(Q0); T10(Q0Q0);Op Trema orientalis (L.) Blume Hinlalaong* Cannabaceae - LC NE river park p (Flora, NCC, River) T2(Q2);T3(Q0 Q2Q4);T4(Q3); river park, Trema tomentosa (Roxb.) H. Anabion Cannabaceae - NA NE T5(Q4);T7(Q0); building Hara T13(Q3);T15(Q vicinity 3); Garcinia binucao (Blanco) river park, Binukau Clusiaceae - NA PE T1(Q1); Choisy building

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DAO IUCN Scientific Name Local Name Family Name Endemism Trans-Quad Uses 2017-11 2019-1 vicinity, streetcaps Garcinia mcgregorii Merr Batuan Clusiaceae - NA PE T4(Q2); river park river park, T9(Q2Q3);T15( building Terminalia catappa L. Dalasa* Combretaceae - NA NE Q0);Opp vicinity, (River) streetcaps river park, T8(Q2);T14(Q0 building Terminalia foetidissima Griff. Talisai-gubat Combretaceae - NA NE Q0);Opp (NCC) vicinity, streetcaps river park, building Terminalia nitens C.Pres Sakat Combretaceae - VU NE T2(Q1);T3(Q1); vicinity, streetcaps Anisoptera thurifera (Blanco) Dipterocarpacea T3(Q1);T8(Q0); river park, Palosapis - VU NE Blume e Opp (Flora) streetcaps Dipterocarpacea river park, Dipterocarpus gracilis Blume Panau* VU VU NE T1(Q0); e streetcaps Dipterocarpacea river park, Shorea contorta S.Vidal Lauan VU CR PE T1(Q0); e streetcaps T1(Q1);T3(Q1); river park, Pterospermum diversifolium T4(Q1);T8(Q0); Bayog Dombeyaceae - NA NE building Blume T13(Q2);Opp vicinity (Flora) river park, Pterospermum obliquum Bayoi Dombeyaceae - LC PE T3(Q1); building Blanco vicinity

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DAO IUCN Scientific Name Local Name Family Name Endemism Trans-Quad Uses 2017-11 2019-1 river park, building Diospyros discolor Wild. Kamagong Ebenaceae VU NA NE T1(Q2); vicinity, streetcaps T1(Q0);T3(Q0); river park, Diospyros philippinensis T4(Q4);T6(Q3); building O-oi Ebenaceae VU EN NE A.DC. Opp (Flora, vicinity, NCC) streetcaps Cleidion javanicum Blume Agipos Euphorbiaceae - LC NE OPP river park Macaranga grandifolia T1(Q0);Opp Abing-abing Euphorbiaceae - VU NE river park (Blanco) Merr. (Flora) T1(Q0Q3Q4);T 2(Q0Q1Q2Q4); T3(Q2);T4(Q0 Q2);T5(Q0Q3Q Macaranga tanarius (L.) 4);T6(Q2);T8(Q Bilua Eu phorbiaceae - NA NE river park Müll.Arg. 0Q3);T10(Q0Q 0Q2);T12(Q0Q 1Q4);T15(Q1); Opp (Flora, NCC, River) T1(Q2);T2(Q2); T3(Q3);T4(Q1 river park, Mallotus philippensis (Lam.) Banato Euphorbiaceae - NA NE Q2);T7(Q2);T1 building Müll.Arg. 3(Q2);Opp vicinity (Flora, River) Melanolepis multiglandulosa T1(Q1Q3);T2( (Reinw. ex Blume) Rchb. & Alim Euphorbiaceae - NA NE Q0Q4);T3(Q2Q river park Zoll. 3);T4(Q2);T7(Q

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DAO IUCN Scientific Name Local Name Family Name Endemism Trans-Quad Uses 2017-11 2019-1 3Q4);T8(Q0Q1 Q3);T9(Q2Q4); T10(Q0Q0Q2); T13(Q0Q1);T1 4(Q0Q0);Opp (Flora, NCC, River) river park, T3(Q1);T7(Q0); Albizia procera (Roxb.) building Anitap* Fabaceae - LC NE T13(Q3);T14(Q Benth. vicinity, 2);Opp (Flora) streetcaps Albizia saponaria (Lour.) Miq. Malatuku* Fabaceae - NA NE T4(Q2);T6(Q1); river park T2(Q0Q4);T3( Q1Q2Q3);T4(Q 1);T5(Q1Q4);T 6(Q0Q0Q1);T7 river park, (Q0Q1);T8(Q3) building Bauhinia malabarica Roxb. Alibangbang* Fabaceae - LC NE ;T12(Q2);T13( vicinity, Q0Q4);T14(Q1 streetcaps Q2Q3);T15(Q1 );Opp (Flora, NCC, River) river park, Cynometra simplicifolia T1(Q0);T13(Q2 building Pingan* Fabaceae - NA PE Harms ); vicinity, streetcaps Millettia ahernii Merr. & river park, Balok Fabaceae - NA NE T1(Q1); Rolfe building

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DAO IUCN Scientific Name Local Name Family Name Endemism Trans-Quad Uses 2017-11 2019-1 vicinity, streetcaps river park, building Millettia pinnata L. Bani Fabaceae - LC NE OPP (NCC) vicinity, streetcaps river park, T1(Q0Q1);T6( building Parkia timoriana (DC.) Merr. Kupang Fabaceae - NA NE Q3); vicinity, streetcaps river park, Cynometra inaequifolia T3(Q1);T4(Q1); building Olod* Fabaceae VU VU PE A.Gray Opp (River) vicinity, streetcaps river park, Kingiodendron alternifolium T13(Q2);Opp building Batete Fabaceae VU NA NE (Elmer) Merr. & Rolfe (Flora) vicinity, streetcaps T2(Q0);T11(Q4 river park, );T12(Q3);T13( building Pterocarpus indicus Willd. Daitanag* Fabaceae VU EN NE Q2);T15(Q0);O vicinity, pp (Flora, streetcaps NCC, River) river park, Wallaceodendron celebicum building Banuyo Fabaceae VU NA NE T3(Q4); Koord. vicinity, streetcaps Cratoxylum formosum (Jacq.) T12(Q4);Opp river park, Salinggogon Hypericaceae - LC NE Benth. & Hook.f. ex Dyer (River) building

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DAO IUCN Scientific Name Local Name Family Name Endemism Trans-Quad Uses 2017-11 2019-1 vicinity, streetcaps river park, Cratoxylum sumatranum T4(Q3);T7(Q0); building Paguringon Hypericaceae - LC NE (Jack) Blume T13(Q2); vicinity, streetcaps T2(Q2Q4);T4( Q1);T8(Q0);T9( Q4);T13(Q0);T Premna odorata Blanco Tangli* Lamiaceae - NA NE river park 15(Q1);Opp (Flora, NCC, River) river park, T3(Q0);Opp building Vitex parviflora A. Juss. Molave* Lamiaceae EN VU NE (Flora) vicinity, streetcaps T1(Q1);T5(Q0); Litsea cordata (Jack) Hook.f. Marang Lauraceae - NA NE T7(Q4);T13(Q2 ri ver park ); T1(Q1);T3(Q0); T4(Q0Q2Q3);T 6(Q1Q2Q3);T7 (Q0Q1Q2);T8( river park, Litsea glutinosa (Lour.) Q0);T10(Q1);T Puso-puso* Lauraceae - NA NE building C.B.Rob. 12(Q4);T13(Q0 vicinity );T14(Q0Q0Q2 );T15(Q1);Opp (Flora, NCC, River)

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DAO IUCN Scientific Name Local Name Family Name Endemism Trans-Quad Uses 2017-11 2019-1 river park, Barringtonia racemosa (L.) building Putat Lecythidaceae - NA NE T1(Q0); Spreng. vicinity, streetcaps T1(Q2);T6(Q1); river park, Lagerstroemia speciosa (L.) T8(Q0Q2);T13( building Mitla* Lythraceae - NA NE Pers. Q0);Opp vicinity, (Flora, River) streetcaps T1(Q0);T4(Q1 Pterocymbium tinctorium Taluto Malvaceae - NA NE Q2);T8(Q0);Op river park Merr. p (Flora) river park, Chisocheton cumingianus Balukanag Meliaceae - NA NE OPP (Flora) building (C.DC.) Harms vicinity river park, Dysoxylum arborescens building Kalimutain Meliaceae - NA NE T1(Q0Q1); (Blume) Miq. vicinity, streetcaps river park, Dysoxylum gaudichaudianum building Malabaga* Meliaceae - NA NE OPP (NCC) (A.Juss.) Miq. vicinity, streetcaps Aglaia rimosa (Blanco) Merr. Busilak Meliaceae OTS NT NE T1(Q0);T7(Q2); river park T1(Q0Q1);T4( river park, Aphanamixis polystachya Salakin Meliaceae OTS LC NE Q1Q2);Opp building (Wall.) R.Parker (Flora) vicinity river park, Toona calantas Merr. & Rolfe Kalantas Meliaceae VU NA NE T1(Q0); building

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DAO IUCN Scientific Name Local Name Family Name Endemism Trans-Quad Uses 2017-11 2019-1 vicinity, streetcaps river park, Artocarpus altilis (Parkinson T8(Q1);Opp building Rimas Moraceae - NA NE ex F.A.Zorn) Fosberg (NCC) vicinity, streetcaps T2(Q0);T3(Q0 Q3);T4(Q1Q2); river park, T5(Q0);T6(Q3); Artocarpus blancoi (Elmer) building Tipolo* Moraceae - VU NE T7(Q4);T12(Q2 Merr. vicinity, Q4);T13(Q0Q1 streetcaps );T14(Q2);Opp (Flora, NCC) river park, building Artocarpus nitidus Trécul Kubi Moraceae - NA NE OPP vicinity, streetcaps T1(Q0Q2);T2( river park, Q0);T6(Q3);T7( building Artocarpus ovatus Blanco Anobion* Moraceae - NA PE Q0);T8(Q0);Op vicinity, p (Flora) streetcaps T1(Q0);T2(Q3); river park, T4(Q2Q4);T7( Broussonetia luzonica building Himbabao Moraceae - NA NE Q0);T8(Q0);T1 (Blanco) Bureau vicinity, 3(Q0Q4);Opp streetcaps (Flora, River) T13(Q1);Opp Ficus ampelas Burm.f. Upling-gubat Moraceae - LC NE river park (Flora, NCC) Ficus benjamina L. Salisi Moraceae - NA NE OPP river park

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DAO IUCN Scientific Name Local Name Family Name Endemism Trans-Quad Uses 2017-11 2019-1 Ficus callosa Wild. Kalukoi Moraceae - NA NE T2(Q2); river park Ficus minahassae (Teijsm. & Hagimit Moraceae - NA NE OPP (Flora) river park Vriese) T1(Q0);T2(Q1 Q4);T4(Q0Q3Q 4);T5(Q0);T6(Q 2);T7(Q2Q3);T Ficus nota (Blanco) Merr. Tibig Moraceae - NA NE 8(Q0Q1Q2);T9 river park (Q0);T12(Q2);T 13(Q0Q4);Opp (Flora, NCC, River) Ficus odorata (Blanco) Merr. Pakiling Moraceae - NA PE T13(Q0); river park T4(Q3);T7(Q0); river park, Ficus pseudopalma Blanco Niog-niogan Moraceae - NA PE T8(Q0);Opp building (Flora) vicinity T1(Q0);T2(Q1 Q4);T3(Q3);T4( Q0Q2);T5(Q2); T6(Q2);T7(Q2 Ficus septica Burm.f. Hauli Moraceae - NA NE ri ver park Q3);T8(Q0Q2); T13(Q2);T15(Q 4);Opp (Flora, NCC, River) T3(Q1);T4(Q2); T5(Q0Q3);T8( Ficus ulmifolia Lam. Alasas* Moraceae - VU PE river park Q0Q1);T9(Q1); T10(Q0Q0);T1

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DAO IUCN Scientific Name Local Name Family Name Endemism Trans-Quad Uses 2017-11 2019-1 2(Q4);T13(Q0 Q2);T15(Q1); river park, Parartocarpus venenosa Malananka Moraceae - NA NE T1(Q0); building Becc. vicinity T4(Q1Q2);T13( Q3);Opp Streblus asper Lour. Ampas* Moraceae - NA NE river park (Flora, NCC, River) T4(Q2Q3);T6( river park, Q2);T12(Q4);T Artocarpus rubrovenius building Kalulot Moraceae OTS VU PE 13(Q3);Opp Warb. vicinity, (Flora, NCC, streetcaps River) river park, Myristica glomerata (Blanco) building Tambalau Myristicaceae - LC NE T1(Q0); Kudô & Masam. vicinity, streetcaps river park, Syzygium calubcob (C.B.Rob.) T6(Q1);Opp Kupkup* Myrtaceae - NA NE building Merr. (NCC) vicinity Olax imbricata Roxb. Biton Olacaceae - NA NE OPP river park river park, Chionanthus ramiflorus T3(Q1);T6(Q2); Karaksan Oleaceae - NA NE building Roxb. Opp (NCC) vicinity T4(Q1Q2);T8( river park, Antidesma bunius (L.) Q0);Opp building Isip* Phyllanthaceae - NA NE Spreng. (Flora, NCC, vicinity, River) streetcaps

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DAO IUCN Scientific Name Local Name Family Name Endemism Trans-Quad Uses 2017-11 2019-1 river park, Antidesma ghaesembilla building Binayuyu Phyllanthaceae - NA NE OPP Gaertn. vicinity, streetcaps T3(Q1);T4(Q1 river park, Q2Q3);T7(Q0); building Antidesma montanum Blume Timbabasi Phyllanthaceae - LC NE T12(Q4);Opp vicinity, (Flora, NCC) streetcaps T2(Q1);T3(Q2 Q3);T6(Q2);T7( Q0);T8(Q3Q4); Antidesma subcordatum Malabinayuyu Phyllanthaceae - NA NE T12(Q4);T13(Q river park Merr. 3);T15(Q1Q4); Opp (Flora, NCC, River) river park, Breynia vitis-idaea (Burm.f.) T13(Q0);Opp building Matang hipon Phyllanthaceae - NA NE C.E.C.Fisch. (Flora, NCC) vicinity, streetcaps T2(Q2);T7(Q2); Bridelia stipularis (L.) Blume Dugaron* Phyllanthaceae - NA NE T9(Q0);Opp river park (Flora, NCC) Glochidion gigantifolium Bagnang Phyllanthaceae - NA NE T6(Q2); river park (Vidal) J.J.Sm. laparan Phyllanthus albus (Blanco) Kalnag Phyllanthaceae - NA NE T6(Q1); river park Müll.Arg. river park, Phyllanthus myrtifolius Mousetail Phyllanthaceae - NA NE OPP (River) building (Wight) Müll.Arg. plant vicinity

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DAO IUCN Scientific Name Local Name Family Name Endemism Trans-Quad Uses 2017-11 2019-1 T3(Q1);T4(Q3); river park, Pittosporum pentandrum Mamalis Pittosporaceae - NA NE T7(Q4);T12(Q4 building (Blanco) Merr. ); vicinity river park, building Ardisia pyramidalis Roth Aunasin Primulaceae - NA NE T1(Q0Q2); vicinity, streetcaps river park, T1(Q2);T4(Q1); building Ardisia squamulosa C. Presl Pataktol* Primulaceae VU VU PE Opp (Flora) vicinity, streetcaps river park, Drypetes maquilingensis Tinaang building Putranjivaceae - NA NE T1(Q0); (Merr.) Pax & K.Hoffm. pantai vicinity, streetcaps river park, building Ziziphus talanae Merr. Balakat* Rhamnaceae OTS VU PE T2(Q2); vicinity, streetcaps Canthium horridum Blume Kuliak-daga Rubiaceae - NA NE T4(Q3); river park river park, Canthium monstrosum Tadiang- Rubiaceae - NA NE OPP (Flora) building (A.Rich.) Merr. anuang vicinity river park, T9(Q4);T13(Q2 building Mussaenda philippica A.Rich. Kahoi-dalaga Rubiaceae - NA NE );Opp (Flora) vicinity, streetcaps OPP (NCC, river park, Nauclea orientalis (L.) L. Bagkal Rubiaceae - NA NE River) building

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DAO IUCN Scientific Name Local Name Family Name Endemism Trans-Quad Uses 2017-11 2019-1 vicinity, streetcaps river park, Neonauclea media (Havil.) T10(Q0Q0);Op building Uisak Rubiaceae - NA NE Merr. p (NCC) vicinity, streetcaps river park, building Wendlandia luzoniensis DC. Kalasan Rubiaceae - NA NE T2(Q2);T3(Q4); vicinity, streetcaps Casearia fuliginosa (Blanco) T1(Q1);T13(Q2 Malaseresa* Salicaceae - NA PE river park Blanco ); T8(Q1);T11(Q0 Osmelia philippina Fern.-Vill. Oonog Salicaceae - NA NE river park ); Allophylus cobbe (L.) T8(Q0);T12(Q4 Barotongol Sapindaceae - NA NE river park Raeusch. ); river park, Ganophyllum falcatum Gogolingin* Sapindaceae - LC NE T1(Q2); building Blume vicinity Guioa koelreuteria (Blanco) Alahan Sapindaceae - NA NE T2(Q0);T7(Q2); river park Merr. Harpullia arborea (Blanco) Uas Sapindaceae - LC NE OPP river park Radlk. river park, Lepisanthes tetraphylla building Bayag-daga Sapindaceae - NA NE OPP (Flora) Radlk. vicinity, streetcaps river park, Litchi chinensis Sonn. Alupag Sapindaceae VU NA NE T3(Q1); building

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DAO IUCN Scientific Name Local Name Family Name Endemism Trans-Quad Uses 2017-11 2019-1 vicinity, streetcaps river park, building Sapindus saponaria L. Malapalitpit* Sapindaceae VU VU PE T4(Q1);OPP vicinity, streetcaps river park, Palaquium philippense (Perr.) building Malakmak* Sapotaceae - NA NE OPP C.B.Rob. vicinity, streetcaps river park, Planchonella duclitan building Duklitan Sapotaceae - NA NE T1(Q0); (Blanco) Bakh.f. vicinity, streetcaps T2(Q1);T13(Q2 Grewia multiflora Juss. Aplit* Sparmanniaceae - NA NE );Opp (NCC, river park River) river park, Gomphandra luzoniensis Mabunot Stemonuraceae - NA NE T1(Q0); building (Merr.) Merr vicinity river park, Sterculia comosa Wall. Banilad Sterculiaceae - NA NE T1(Q0);T4(Q3); building vicinity river park, Tapinag building Sterculia cordata Blume Sterculiaceae - NA NE T1(Q1);T6(Q3); bundok vicinity, streetcaps T4(Q1);T15(Q1 river park, Sterculia foetida L. Kalumpang Sterculiaceae - NA NE ); building

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DAO IUCN Scientific Name Local Name Family Name Endemism Trans-Quad Uses 2017-11 2019-1 vicinity, streetcaps river park, T3(Q0);T6(Q3); building Sterculia oblongata R.Br. Malabuho Sterculiaceae - NA NE T7(Q2);Opp vicinity, (Flora) streetcaps river park, Strombosia philippinensis Tamayuan Strombosiaceae - NA NE T1(Q0); building S.Vidal vicinity Dendrocnide luzonensis Lipa Urticaceae - NA PE T1(Q1); river park (Wedd.) Chew Pipturus arborescens (Link) Dalunot Urticaceae - NA NE T7(Q2); river park C.B. Rob. T4(Q0Q2Q3);T river park, Leea guineensis G. Don Mali-mali* Vitaceae - NA NE 7(Q0);Opp building (Flora) vicinity Note: Endemism: PE – Philippine edemic, NE – Native to the Philippines; IUCN & DAO: NA – Not Assessed, LC – Least Concern, OTS – Other Threatened Species, VU – Vulnerable, EN – Endangered & CR – Critically Endangered.

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Table 43. native plants recorded in the NCC area that can be used as hedge ornaments

Scientific Name Local Name Family Name DAO 2017-11 IUCN 2019-1 Trans-Quad Endemism T9(Q0Q1);T10 Tabernaemontana pandacaqui Lam. Pandakaki Apocynaceae - NA NE (Q0Q2Q3);T13(Q0 Aglaonema sp. - Araceae - - T1(Q1Q2) - Amorphophallus paeoniifolius (Dennst.) Tukod-banua* Araceae - LC OPP NE Nicolso Schefflera elliptica (Blume) Harms Galamai-amo Araliaceae - NA OPP NE Pakpak lawin Asplenium nidus L. Aspleniaceae - NA OPP NE lalake Begonia sp. - Begoniaceae - - OPP - Capparis micracantha DC. Kasuit* Capparaceae - NA T4(Q0); OP NE Rangoon Combretum indicum (L.) DeFilipps Combretaceae - NE - NE creeper Tacca sp. - Dioscoreaceae - - T3(Q1) - Callicarpa formosana Rolfe Tambalabasi Lamiaceae - NA T13(Q4) NE Clerodendrum intermedium Cham. Kasupangil Lamiaceae - NA OPP NE Clerodendrum minahassae Teijsm. & Bagauak Lamiaceae - NA T14(Q2) NE Binn. Clerodendrum quadriloculare (Blanco) Bakauak- Lamiaceae VU NA OPP NE Merr. morado Champereia manillana (Blume) Merr. Liyong-liyong Opiliaceae - NA OPP NE Pandan Pandanus amaryllifolius Roxb. Pandanaceae - NA OPP EX mabango Pavetta sp. - Rubiaceae - - OPP - Psychotria sp. - Rubiaceae - - OPP - Murraya paniculata (L.) Jack Kamuning* Rutaceae - NA OPP NE

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Plate 35. Photos of suggested alternative species. A – Manila palm (Adonidia merillii); B. – Aunasin (Ardisia pyramidalis); C. – Panampat (Kleinhovia hospita); D. – Kahoi-dalaga (Mussaenda philippica); and E. – Laniti (Wrightia candollei)

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Plate 36. Photos of suggested alternative species. A. – Kamuning (Murraya paniculata); B to C. Pandakaki (Tabernaemontana pandacaqui); D. – Rangoon creeper (Combretum indicum); E. – Galamai-amo (Schefflera elliptica)

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7.4. Engaging Communities as Contract Growers of Native, Indigenous, and Endemic Seedlings ”or even instant trees)

Contract growing of native trees is being done in many countries globally. The range of native plant types (e.g. shrubs, seedlings, trees), maturity, and quantity varies but it remains the most effective way to ensure availability of plants when needed. It is also considered highly economical while maintaining the provenance of seed sourcing, and the quality of hardened seedlings to survive climatic conditions. Contract arrangements can be for specific number of years with earmarked minimum number of plants/trees each year provided these are readily available and meet the specifications.

One of the principles of New Clark City is to bring about inclusive growth and development. This can be further realized by continuing to engage the local communities (can be former residents of NCC or communities in surrounding barangays, forest communities, people organizations, and NGOs) to ensure steady supply of native, indigenous, and endemic species. One of the reasons that discourage landscapers to use native plant species in planting is the lack if not absence of available materials available in commercial nurseries. To ensure enough planting propagules of native species, it is best to partner with the local communities. Aside from promoting native species conservation, local seedling sourcing will also provide additional livelihood for the local people which will eventually translate to increase appreciation on native plants and most likely better protection and conservation of the remaining species populations. Having instant trees on the hand also commands higher market value and greater chance of survival, especially for right species used in restoration projects.

NCC is anticipated to require continuous supply of various plant species and types for landscaping, restoration, and other economic uses. This study provides a comprehensive list of native, endemic, and indigenous species from NCC. Akleng parang (Albizia procera), binayuyu (Antidesma ghaessembilla), and laneteng pula (Wrightia candolii) are among the native species recently being used in road planting and urban greening. These three species were found abundantly growing in the area and were observed flowering/fruiting during the survey.

Fostering partnership for this kind of initiative is envisioned to provide communities with livelihood, promote biodiversity conservation, reduce impact of climate change, and sustainable development in the locality.

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7.5. Establish Payment for Ecosystem Services

Ecosystem services are defined as the benefits provided by the ecosystems to humans. The range of ecosystem services derived from nature and biodiversity may be classified according to provisioning, regulating, supporting, and cultural (Figure 52).

Figure 52. Types of ecosystem services or benefits from nature. Adapted from WWF in Roe et al. (2018)

The DENR provided some examples on the importance of valuing ecological and economic benefits of biodiversity (as illustrated in Figure 53) in terms of water supply, pharmaceuticals, food, and biomass fuels.

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Figure 53. Examples of benefits from biodiversity. Adapted from Biodiversity Management Bureau (2015)

The continuing decline of the state of biodiversity and ecosystem health in the watersheds covering NCC necessitate the development of schemes and mechanisms to secure long-term protection of forest ecosystems. The PES is one the mechanisms that have potential to be implemented in NCC and the watersheds. The PES occurs when a beneficiary or user of an ecosystem service makes a direct or indirect payment to the provider of the service, and the one who preserves or maintains ecosystem service should be paid (UNDP). The IUCN further defined PES as incentives offered to farmers or landowners in exchange for managing nature resource to provide some sort of ecological service.

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Figure 54. IUCN model flow of PES

CIFOR (2014) identified PES options based on the following ecosystem service or bundles: 1) carbon sequestration and storage; 2) biodiversity protection; 3) watershed protection; and landscape beauty (e.g. for ecotourism).

Some examples PES schemes were tried in various country in South America including Brazil and Mexico. The PES in Brazil aimed to compensate landowners to voluntary accept to consereve natural forest areas associated with watershed protection. The scheme combined the opporuntity cost and the indices for quality and quantity of consservation (Young and Backker, 2014). In Mexico, its National Payment for Hydrological Environmental Services Program was designed to target peasant communities (peasant communical properties) to pay forest owners for the benefits of watershed protection and aquifer recharge. Economic incentivies were provided to avoid deforestation in areas where water problem is generally severe (GEF, 2014). Some challenges identified in implementing PES include involvement of local authorities in terms of ownership of the intitiave and obtaining sustainable sources of funding necessary for the payments. However, opportunities exist in areas where water is considered of high demand. Furthemore, this is most beneficial for private sector into agribusiness and utilities. It should be noted that PES schemes may differ depending on the to contract agreement, payment modes, compliance, and cross-institutonal arramangements (Hejnowicz et.al., 2014).

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The NCC have the opportunity to establish a model PES where the owner or manager of the natural resources in the whole development is BCDA (or NCC management). The other possible partners to be given with incentives in safeguarding and maintaining critical resource for NCC (upper portion of watershed outside the property) are the local communities (which may also include indigenous people) within the municipalities of Bamban and Capas. In which case, the locators and resident of NCC (who are the ecosystem services beneficiaries) will pay appropriate fees.

7.6. Working with LGUs to achieve synergy in development plans

The Biodiversity Scoping Study already emphasized the need to collaborate and align NCCs Master Plan and with the thrust of the LGUs (Capas, Bamban and Provincial Government) in order to promote an enhanced local environmental governance. The Local Government Code encourages inter-LGU cooperation to leverage resources and expertise to attain common development objectives.

Both Cutcut and ODonnell Watersheds are important to NCC and to the municipalities and Tarlac. Province. With NCC as the new growth area, the predicted urban development raises concern for the high conversion of lands into built-up areas. The counter future challenges of unhealthy ecosystem and declining biodiversity needs to be coupled with development controls within and outside NCC. The latter will require co-planning and co-management with LGUs starting with the mandated Comprehensive Land Use Plan and Comprehensive Development Plan, and Environment Code.

The cooperation with and among LGUs is also expected to result to longer term measures such as development of Watershed Management Plans (containing measures for restoration, protection, conservation, and sustainable use) for Cutcut and ODonnell Watersheds. This may be further strengthened by creating governance mechanism through the Watershed Management Council.

7.7. Promote Biodiversity-friendly Technology

The Philippine Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan identified the promotion of biodiversity-friendly technologies in urban areas. This include bioremediation and/ phytoremediation technologies to address pollution in inland wetlands. Phytoremediation include direct use of green plants and their associated microorganisms to extract, concentrate, stabilize, metabolize, reduce contamination in soils, sludge, sediments, surface water, or ground water. There are universities (e.g. UPLB, Benguet State University) that have existing studies on phytoremediation. In consideration of results from water quality study, the NCC may look into the possibility on venturing for a study on appropriate phytoremediation technology and strategies for its development. 167

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Other biodiversity-friendly technology to enhance forest protection is the application of LAWIN Forest and Biodiversity Monitoring System that integrates forest, biodiversity, threats monitoring, implementation of interventions to address threats and monitoring of the responses to management interventions (DENR, 2016). NCC may enter into partnership with DENR for the utilization of LAWIN to monitor its uplands or areas priority conservation sites. This is also beneficial should both the LGU and NCC foster its partnership in the sustainable management of Cutcut and ODonnell Watersheds.

The other technology to look into is the Biosentinel Monitoring System that can monitor and analyze ecological information. In 2017, Smart Communications, who supported the development of the app, entered into partnership with ASEAN Center for Biodiversity to pilot user-friendly solution in Mt. Makiling Forest Reserve. Biosentinel have components such as dashboard that allows authorized users to set up and define conservation areas, designated patrollers, flora and fauna archives, and possible ecological threat. The app also has feature to store information such as relevant wildlife, threat, or geographic information. It also has analytics features to analyze the collected and uploaded information3.

7.8. Science-Based Biodiversity Assessment & Monitoring

Considering the massive construction works the NCC development requires, particularly during the construction phase, the project development will definitely cause some negative impacts on overall biodiversity of the area. However, some mitigating measures can be adopted to minimize its effects and somehow maintain the ecological status and live by its brand of smart, greenm and resilient city. Apart from the nature- based solution strategies previously discussed, a sound biodiversity monitoring system should be developed to ensure biodiversity protection and conservation all throughout the different phases of project development. While the surveyed sampling sites for this assessment can be used as the same monitoring sites, the monitoring system must be completely synchronized with the different phases of development. Hence, there is a need to look deeper into the environmental impact statement report for the NCC development and harmonized it with the results of this full biodiversity assessment report to determine what, where, when, and how biodiversity monitoring should be conducted. At the minimum, biodiversity monitoring should be done semi-annually to cover both the dry and wet seasons and determine the seasonal variations of biodiversity composition.

3 https://smart.com.ph/About/newsroom/full-news/2017/12/11/smart-asean-biodiversity-center- pilot-environmental-monitoring-system 168

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As development continues to take place in NCC, it is important also to generate an updated land cover map of the area to account recent changes and expansions. This is significant for the continuous monitoring of impacts, for resource management, and for planning activities. A geodatabase integrating the different outputs from the biodiversity assessment in NCC should also be done to ensure that data are properly consolidated into a manner that can be utilized for monitoring and decision making.

Figure 55. Sample of geodatabase for flora and fauna of NCC

8. RECOMMENDATIONS AND WAYS FORWARD

NCC is encouraged to be strategic and pro-actively make nature-based solutions operational to address the pressures of biodiversity loss and urban development (in particular to proliferation of built-up areas). The Philippine Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (PBSAP) 2015-2028 further highlights the need to foster models for urban biodiversity conservation and enhancement which also consider holistic approach to water resources development (including tapping of groundwater and rainwater for water supply), and the development of standards for regulation of service efficiency. Some of the key steps to be undertaken are as follows:

1) Formulate policy to establish Priority Conservation Sites – Important Plant Area; Important Wildlife Area; Important Riverine Ecosystems, Local Conservation Areas, Critical Habitat Areas. The forest at the southwest portion of the golf course turned out to be the most important biodiversity area for all wildlife groups (flora, fauna, and aquatic diversity). Unfortunately, that area is already set for golf course development. Hence, forest as well as biodiversity degradation is inevitable. To minimize the degradation, patches of forest, particularly those containing the restricted species (those listed in Table 22) should be left as green spaces. Faunal species are mobile, and therefore can move easily from one patch to another, as long as there is enough corridor (green spaces). For plants, a 100% inventory of all 169

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trees is required by DENR prior to the issuance of cutting permit. The team was informed that the 100% inventory of trees was already completed and the contractor is just waiting for the cutting permit. However, there was no single marking for the restricted trees to spare them from cutting. BCDA must be reminded that cutting of restricted trees is prohibited by law (DENR-DAO 2017-11), and therefore those trees should be retained in the area or earthballed (transferred to another place) if necessary. But the first step is to mark them on the ground and see whether the endangered trees can be incorporated in the golf course design. Additionally, each tree that will be cut should be replaced by 100 planted seedlings. Therefore, BCDA must have reforestation sites for biodiversity off-setting. Considering the huge amount of seedlings needed for replacement, community engagement for seedling/nursery production and planting became more important.

2) Conduct biodiversity survey during the wet season as the status of the biodiversity between dry and wet season is significantly different. The wet season has a different environmental condition that may be more favorable for some species that were not observed during the dry season. For fauna in particular, survey shoud coincide with the migratory period of birds (September to October). This will not only provide an opportunity to observe additional bird species especially migratory birds but also other amphibians, reptiles and mammals. For plants, wet season sampling will allow us to observe the phenology/flowering of other species that were not identified to species level. The faunal invertebrates (insects) are also dependent to the variety of flowers exhibited by plant species. Wet sampling is critically important for the aquatic ecosystem. It is interesting to find whether the aquatic organisms observed on this study will able to withstand the stronger and more silted water during the dry season.

3) Issue a policy adopting the DENR-BMB Technical Bulletin 2018-02 on urban biodiversity. The management may develop a tailor-fitted policy for NCC. This also includes regular conduct of biodiversity assessment vis-à-vis the benchmark with reference to the output of this study.

4) Consider the integration of the recommended mitigation measures in the development design standards of NCC. Furthermore, consider biodiversity concerns (e.g. protection of iconic wildlife, prevention of IAS) are incorporated in public parks and gardens, public buildings, commercial spaces, and the like in model urban areas.

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5) Other development partners of BCDA in NCC should likewise consider the promotion and planting of endemic and indigenous species. The list species for the development of Central Park may utilize the list of flora species validated for SGS.

6) The above policy and measures to address biodiversity pressures are envisioned to be institutionalized only if a Sustainability Unit within the NCC management will be created. This proposed unit is also expected to conduct regular biodiversity assessment, develop and implement nature-based solutions.

7) Sustaining ecosystem benefits and services for NCC necessitates to go beyond is property. Thus, it is recommended for NCC to collaborate with LGUs to enhance their mandated plans (both programs/ projects and investments). Critical for NCC is to maintain and safeguard the upper part of the watersheds. For one, this will ensure that NCC will be able meet its goals for water security and at the same time avoid future incidents due to degraded watersheds).

8) Conduct valuation studies to assess the value of ecosystem services in preparation for sustainable financing schemes that may also complement watershed management strategies.

9) Explore possible application of biodiversity-technologies suited for NCC from monitoring, protection, and remediation.

10) While this paper put forward some ideas for nature-based solutions, further steps needs to be undertaken such as development of holistic framework for assessing co-benefits and costs of NBS considering not only biodiversity but also socio- cultural and socio-economic systems, ecosystems and climate.

Appendix 8 detailed the recommended activities to be undertaken in the NCC and indicative timeline and indicative cost in the next 12 months. As discussed in earlier sections of this report, BCDA can work on internal policies to be put in place for mitigation measures. Moreover, development of new guidelines and contract provisions incorporating biodiversity principles. The total estimated cost for all the recommended actions is USD 1.97 million. Majority of which will be spent for restoration, protection, and mitigating measures.

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9. REFERENCES

Agnew, A. D. Q., Collins, S. L., & van der Maarel, E. (1993). Mechanisms and processes in vegetation dynamics: Introduction. Journal of Vegetation Science. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1654-1103.1993.tb01885.x Alcala, A. C. (1986). Guide to Philippine Flora and Fauna (Vol. X): Amphibians and Reptiles (Vol. 5). Manila: Natural Resources Management Center, Ministry of Natural Resources and University of the Philippines. Alcala, A. C., & Brown, W. C. (1998). Philippine Amphibians: An illustrated field guide. Makati: Bookmark, Inc. Aplin, K.P., Brown, P.R., Jacob, J., Krebs, C.J., Singleton, G. R. (2003). Field methods for rodent studies in Asia and the Indo- Pacific. ACIAR Monograph. Ashafa, A. O. T., Ogbe, A. A., & Osinaike, T. (2012). Inhibitory effect of mango (Mangifera indica L.) leaf extracts on the germination of Cassia occidentalis seeds. AFRICAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL RESEEARCH. https://doi.org/10.5897/ajar12.629 Biodiversity Management Bureau. (2015). Guidebook to Protected Areas of the Philippines. Philippines: Biodiversity Management Bureau - Department of Environment and Natural Resources. Retrieved from http://bmb.gov.ph/downloads/References/PA_Guidebook_Final.pdf Bohren, C. (2017). Invasive Plants. In Weed Research: Expanding Horizons. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119380702.ch10 Boquet, Y. (2017). The Philippine Archipelago. Cham: Springer. Burke, M. J. W., & Grime, J. P. (1996). An experimental study of plant community invasibility. Ecology. https://doi.org/10.2307/2265501 Cohen-Schacham, E.; Walters, G.; Janzen, C.; Maginnis, S. (2016). Nature-based Solutions to address global societal challenges. Gland, Switzerland. Cordova, L. ., & Tiburan, C. . (2018). Urban Biodiversity Study for New Clark City: Baseline Scoping and Assessment. Corporal-Lodangco, I. L. ., & Lance, M. . (2017). Defining Philippine Climate Zones Using Surface and High-Resolution Satellite Data. In Procedia Computer Science. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2017.09.068 Cowles, H. C. (2002). Plant Succession Plant Succession; An Analysis of the Development of Vegetation. F. E. Clements . Botanical Gazette. https://doi.org/10.1086/332587 Cruz, R. V. O. ., Malabrigo, P. L. ., Balatibat, J. B. ., Gonzalez, J. C. ., De Guia, A. P. O. ., Tiburan, C. T. ., … Buhay, A. ”2017). Manual on Biodiversity Assessment and Monitoring System for Terrestrial Ecosystems – How-to Guidelines. Quezon City: Biodiversity Management Bureau. de Rose, R. C., Oguchi, T., Morishima, W., & Collado, M. (2011). Land cover change on Mt. Pinatubo, the Philippines, monitored using aster VNIR. International Journal of Remote Sensing. https://doi.org/10.1080/01431161.2011.554452 DENR. (2016). Enhancing Forest Protection Through Application of the Lawin Forest and Biodiversity Protection System. Retrieved from http://forestry.denr.gov.ph/images/article/LAWIN_JTB.pdf Diesmos, A.C., Watters, J.L., Huron, N.A., Davis, D.R., Alcala, A.C., Crombie, R. I. (2015).

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Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences. Amphibians of the Philippines, Part I: Checklist of the Species, 20(62), 457–539. Global Environmental Facility. 2014. GEF Investments on Payment for Ecosystem Services Schemes. https://www.thegef.org/sites/default/files/publications/28252nomarks_0.pdf Ghazoul, J., Burivalova, Z., Garcia-Ulloa, J., & King, L. A. (2015). Conceptualizing Forest Degradation. Trends in Ecology and Evolution. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2015.08.001 Green, P. S., & Clements, F. E. (2007). Plant Succession and Indicators. Kew Bulletin. https://doi.org/10.2307/4108145 Hammer, Ø., & Harper, D. A. T. (2006). PAST. Paleontological Statistics. Version 2.07. Reference manual. Blackwell Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470750711 Hannan, A., Asghar, S., Naeem, T., Ullah, M. I., Ahmed, I., Aneela, S., & Hussain, S. (2013). Antibacterial effect of mango (Mangifera indica Linn.) leaf extract against antibiotic sensitive and multi-drug resistant Salmonella typhi. Pakistan Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. Heaney, L. & Meijaard, E. (2017). E. Sus philippensis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2017:e.T21176A44139795. Retrieved May 10, 2019, from http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T21176A44139795.en Heaney, L.R., Dolar, M. L., Belete, D. S., Esselstyn, J. A., Rickart, E. A., Sedlock, J. L., … Veluz, M. J. (2010). Synopsis of Philippine Mammals. Retrieved May 5, 2019, from http://archive.fieldmuseum.org/philippine_mammals/ Heaney, Lawrence Richard, Balete, D. S., & Rickart, E. A. (2016). The mammals of Luzon Island: Biogeography and natural history of a Philippine fauna. Hejda, M., Pyšek, P., & Jarošík, V. ”2009). Impact of invasive plants on the species richness, diversity and composition of invaded communities. Journal of Ecology. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2745.2009.01480.x Hejnowics, A., Raffaelli, G., Rudd, M, White, C. (2014). Evaluating the outcomes of payments for ecosystem services programmes using a capital asset framework. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2014.05.001 Ingle, N. R., & Heaney, L. R. (1992). A key to the bats of the Philippine Islands. Fieldiana Zoology. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.3504 IUCN. (2018). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species v2019-2. Kennedy, R., Gonzales, P., Dickinson, E., & Jr, H. M. (2000). A guide to the birds of the Philippines. Retrieved from https://www.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=fPDxk551AhkC&oi=fnd&pg=PR10&d q=guide+to+the+birds+of+the+philippines+kennedy&ots=f7FunZ5BUU&sig=xIX8aK KusnG55UlBoSODCmP9bSM Kuchler, A. W., Mueller-Dombois, D., & Ellenberg, H. (2006). Aims and Methods of Vegetation Ecology. Geographical Review. https://doi.org/10.2307/213332 Litt, A. R., Cord, E. E., Fulbright, T. E., & Schuster, G. L. (2014). Effects of Invasive Plants on Arthropods. Conservation Biology. https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.12350 Malabrigo, Jr., P. L., Pulan, D. E., Umali, A. G. E., Replan, E. L., & Tobias, A. B. (2016). Platn Diversity Assessment of Mts. Palay-Palay/Mataas na Gulod Protected Landscape (MPPMGPL).

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Malabrigo, Jr., P. L., Tobias, A. B., & Boncodin, J. C. (2017). Mt. Calavite Wildlife Sanctuary (MCWS): Plant Diversity Assessment Report. Morgera, E., Razzaque, J., & Burgiel, S. W. (2017). Invasive alien species. In Biodiversity and Nature Protection Law. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781783474257.iii.20 NEDA. (2017). Central Luzon Region Development Plan 2017-2022. Retrieved from https://www.neda.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/3-Central-Luzon-RDP-2017- 2022.pdf Oliver, W.L.R., Heaney, L. R. (2013). Sus philippensis. In IUCN 2013: IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, version 2013. Retrieved from www.iucnredlist.org Ong, P., & Richardson, M. (2008). Macaca fascicularis ssp. philippensis. The IUCN Red List of ThreatenedSpecies 2008: e.T40788A10354490. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T40788A10354490.en%5C Ong, P. S., & Rickart, E. A. (2008). Ecology of native and pest rodents in the Philippines. Philippine Rats Ecology and Management. Ramakrishnan, M. S., Veeralakshmi, S., Sirajunnisa, A. R., & Rajendran, R. (2014). Effect of Allelochemicals from Leaf Leachates of Gmelina arborea on Inhibition of Some Essential Seed Germination Enzymes in Green Gram, Red Gram, Black Gram, and Chickpea. International Scholarly Research Notices. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/108682 Raymond, C. M. ., Berry, P. ., Breil, M. ., Nita, M. R. ., Kabisch, N. ., de Bel, M. ., … Calfapietra, C. . (2017). An impact evalutation framework to support planning and evaluation of nature-based solutions projects. Wallingford, United Kingdom. Roe, D. ., Seddon, N. ., & Elliott, J. (2018). Biodiversity loss is a development issue: A rapid review of evidence. Seitz, S. (1998). Coping strategies in an ethnic minority group: The Aeta of Mount Pinatubo. Disasters. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-7717.00076 Singh, A. (2011). Medicinal Angiosperms. In Compendia of World’s Medicinal Flora. https://doi.org/10.1201/b11006-11 Singh, A. (2016). Compendia of World’s Medicinal Flora. Compendia of World’s Medicinal Flora. https://doi.org/10.1201/b11006 Stevenson, J. R., & Bahls, L. L. (1999). PERIPHYTON PROTOCOLS. Rapid Bioassessment Protocols for Use in Streams and Wadeable Rivers: Periphyton, Benthic Macroinvertebrates, and Fish. Suba, M. D., Arriola, A. H., & Alejandro, G. J. D. (2019). A checklist and conservation status of the medicinal plants of Mount Arayat National Park, Pampanga, Philippines. Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d200414 Young, C., and Bakker, L. (2014). Payments for ecosystem services from watershed protection: A methodological assessment of the Oasis Project in Brazil. Wild Bird Club of the Philippines. (2018). Checklist of Birds of the Philippines. Retrieved from http://www.birdwatch.ph/html/checklist/checklist.html

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10. APPENDICES Appendix 1. Summary of plants recorded within the NCC project site

LOCAL ECONOMIC No. SCIENTIFIC NAME FAMILY NAME HABIT DISTRIBUTION REMARKS NAME IMPORTANCE 1 Family indet 1 ------2 Amaranthus spinosus L. Ayantoto* Amaranthaceae Tree - M, O Dye producing plant Cyathula prostata (L.) Throughout the 3 Dayang Amaranthaceae Herb M, O For soap making Blume Philippines Throughout the Gum and resin producing 4 Anacardium occidentale L. Kasui Anacardiaceae Tree M, O Philippines plant Buchanania arborescens Throughout the 5 Balinghasai Anacardiaceae Tree - - (Blume) Blume Philippines N LUZON (Cagayan) to Koordersiodendron 6 Amugis Anacardiaceae Tree PALAWAN and - - pinnatum Merr. MINDANAO Manggang- 7 Mangifera indica L. Anacardiaceae Tree - M, E Dye producing plant. kalabau LUZON: Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, Abra, Mountain Province, Benguet, La Union, Cagayan, Isabela, Nueva Vizcaya, Pangasinan, Semecarpus cuneiformis Zambales, Bataan, Nueva 8 Ligas Anacardiaceae Tree M - Blanco Ecija, Pampanga, Bulacan, Rizal, Laguna, Quezon, Sorsogon, MINDORO, PALAWAN, BALABAC, ROMBLON, PANAY, GUIMARAS, NEGROS, CEBU, LEYTE,

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LOCAL ECONOMIC No. SCIENTIFIC NAME FAMILY NAME HABIT DISTRIBUTION REMARKS NAME IMPORTANCE MINDANAO: Zamboanga, Misamis, Davao

LUZON: Mountain Province, Benguet, Cagayan, Isabela, Bataan, Semecarpus longifolius Bulacan, Rizal, Laguna, 9 Anagas Anacardiaceae Tree - - Blume Quezon, Camarines, MINDORO (Mindoro Oriental), MINDANAO (Zamboanga peninsula) 10 Spondias purpurea L. Sineguelas Anacardiaceae Tree - M - 11 Annona muricata L. Guayabano Annonaceae Tree - M, C, FW - 12 Annona reticulata L. Anonas Annonaceae Tree - M, E, O, I Dye producing plant 13 Annona squamosa L. Atis Annonaceae Tree - M, I, FW - Cananga odorata (Lam.) Throughout the 14 Ilang-ilang Annonaceae Tree M, C, EO, FW - Hook.f. & Thomson Philippines

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LOCAL ECONOMIC No. SCIENTIFIC NAME FAMILY NAME HABIT DISTRIBUTION REMARKS NAME IMPORTANCE LUZON: Ilocos Norte, Cagayan, Isabela, Aurora, Nueva Ecija, Laguna (Mt Makiling), Batangas, Sorsogon, POLILLO, Haplosticanthus lanceolata 15 Anolang Annonaceae Tree ALABAT, CATANDUANES, - - (S. Vidal) Heusden. ROMBLON, BOHOL (Valencia), LEYTE, SAMAR, SIARGAO, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte (Mt Urdaneta) 16 Haplosticanthus sp. - Annonaceae Tree - - - LUZON: Bataan, 17 Miliusa vidalii J.Sinclair Takulau Annonaceae Tree - - Sorsogon Polyalthia longifolia (Sonn.) Indian 18 Annonaceae Tree - O Used for making barrels Thwaites lanontan Susung- N LUZON to PALAWAN 19 Uvaria rufa Blume Annonaceae Vine M, EO, F, O Used for handicraft damulag and MINDANAO 20 Allamanda cathartica L. Kampanero Apocynaceae Vine - M, L - LUZON: Cagayan to 21 Alstonia scholaris (L.) R. Br. Dita Apocynaceae Tree PALAWAN and M, C, O, EO Cotton producing plant MINDANAO 22 Genus indet 1 - Apocynaceae Tree - - - 23 Nerium sp. - Apocynaceae Shrub - - - Tabernaemontana Throughout the 24 Pandakaki Apocynaceae Shrub M, O Used as bleaching agent pandacaqui Lam. Philippines 25 Telosma sp. - Apocynaceae Tree - - -

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LOCAL ECONOMIC No. SCIENTIFIC NAME FAMILY NAME HABIT DISTRIBUTION REMARKS NAME IMPORTANCE LUZON: Benguet, Pangasinan, Zambales, Nueva Ecija, Rizal, 26 Wrightia candollei Vidal Laniti-pula Apocynaceae Tree Laguna, MINDORO, - - PALAWAN (Taytay, Irawan River Valley), LANGEN LUZON: Cagayan to Wrightia Laguna, MINDORO, 27 pubescens subsp. laniti (Bla Laniti Apocynaceae Tree CULION, PALAWAN, M, F, P Used for musical instrument nco) Ngan NEGROS, MINDANAO: Zamboanga LUZON: Ilocos Norte, Abra, Cagayan, Nueva Vizcaya, Nueva Ecija, Pangasinan, Zambales, Quezon, Camarines, 28 Ilex cymosa Blume Malagidia Aquifoliaceae Tree MINDORO, PALAWAN, - - SIBUYAN, LEYTE, MINDANAO: Lanao, Agusan del Norte, Agusan del Sur (Agusan Marsh), BUCAS GRANDE 29 Aglaonema sp. - Araceae Herb - - - Amorphophallus Tukod- Throughout the 30 paeoniifolius (Dennst.) Araceae Herb M - banua* Philippines Nicolso Xanthosoma sagittifolium Throughout the 31 Yautia Araceae Herb - - (L.) Schott. Philippines

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LOCAL ECONOMIC No. SCIENTIFIC NAME FAMILY NAME HABIT DISTRIBUTION REMARKS NAME IMPORTANCE BATANES and N LUZON Schefflera elliptica (Blume) Galamai- 32 Araliaceae Shrub to PALAWAN, M - Harms amo MINDANAO and BASILAN CORON, CALAMIANES, Adonidia merillii (Becc.) LANGEN, PALAWAN: Used for ornamental 33 Manila palm Arecaceae Palm L, O Becc. Taytay (Apulit and necklaces Brookes Point) 34 Calamus sp. - Arecaceae Palm - - - Throughout the 35 Cocos nucifera L. Niyog Arecaceae Palm M - Philippines Ptychosperma macarthurii McArthur's 36 (H.Wendl. ex H.J.Veitch) Arecaceae Palm - - - Palm H.Wendl. ex Hook.f. Rhapis excelsa (Thunb.) 37 Raphis Arecaceae Tree - L - Henry LUZON: La Union, Benguet, Pangasinan, Zambales, Pampanga, Saribus rotundifolius (Lam.) Laguna, Quezon, 38 Anahau Arecaceae Palm M, L - Blume Camarines, Albay, POLILLO, MINDORO, PALAWAN, NEGROS, MINDANAO: Davao Pakpak Throughout the 39 Asplenium nidus L. Aspleniaceae Fern M - lawin lalake Philippines LUZON, MINDORO, CULION, PALAWAN, 40 Blumea balsamifera (L.) DC. Sambong Asteraceae Herb BALABAC, NEGROS, M, EO, I - LEYTE, SAMAR, CAMIGUIN, SIARGAO,

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LOCAL ECONOMIC No. SCIENTIFIC NAME FAMILY NAME HABIT DISTRIBUTION REMARKS NAME IMPORTANCE MINDANAO, BASILAN, SULU, TAWI-TAWI

Chromolaena odorata (L.) 41 Gonoi Asteraceae Shrub - M - R.M.King & H.Rob. Mikania cordata (Burm.f.) Tamburaka 42 Asteraceae Vine - M - B.L.Rob. n Packera franciscana San 43 (Greene) W.A.Weber & Asteraceae Tree - L - Francisco Á.Löve Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) Wild 44 Asteraceae Tree - FW, L - A.Gray Sunflower 45 Begonia sp. - Begoniaceae Herb - - - N LUZON (Cagayan) to Pingka- 46 Oroxylum indicum (L.) Kurz Bignoniaceae Tree PALAWAN and M, O, P Dye & tannin producing plant pinkahan MINDANAO 47 Radermachera sp. - Bignoniaceae Tree - - - Spathodea campanulata 48 African tulip Bignoniaceae Tree - E,P Dye producing plant P.Beauv. Dye producing plant, used for 49 Bixa orellana L. Atsuete Bixaceae Shrub - M, EO, O cosmetic production Bulak- 50 Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn. Bombacaceae Tree - M, C, P - kastila* Throughout the 51 Cordia dichotoma G.Forst Anonang Boraginaceae Tree M - Philippines LUZON: La Union, Batangas, Quezon, 52 Cordia subcordata Lam. Banalo Boraginaceae Tree Camarines, POLILLO, C, F, O Dye & fiber producing plant MINDORO, PALAWAN, BURIAS, MINDANAO,

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LOCAL ECONOMIC No. SCIENTIFIC NAME FAMILY NAME HABIT DISTRIBUTION REMARKS NAME IMPORTANCE TAWI -TAWI, JOLO, BASILAN

Higad- 53 Heliotropium indicum L. Boraginaceae Tree - M - higaran 54 Ananas comosus (L.) Merr. Pinya Bromeliaceae Herb - M, O Cloth producing plant LEYTE, MUNDANAO: 55 Canarium asperum Benth. Pagsahingin Burseraceae Tree C, FW, O Latex producing plant Lanao, Davao Throughout the 56 Canarium hirsutum Willd. Dulit Burseraceae Tree M, O Resin producing plant Philippines Throughout the 57 Kleinhovia hospita L. Panampat* Byttneriaceae Tree M, FW, L, O Fiber producing plant Philippines Fiber for cloth, seeds for 58 Theobroma cacao L. Cacao Byttneriaceae Tree - M, C, FW, O chocolate production, skin creams, cosmetics.

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BATANES (ITBAYAT), CAMIGUIN DE BABUYANES, CALAYAN, LUZON: Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, Cagayan, Isabela, Mountain Province (Bontoc), Ifugao (Banawe, Mt Taggutu; Liwang, Poitan), Benguet, Pangasinan, Cagayan (Peñablanca), Isabela (Mt Moisés; San Mariano; Palanan), Aurora (Baler), Nueva Ecjia (Mt Umingan), Zambales (Subic; Botolan), Bataan Calophyllum blancoi Planch. (Lamao River; Mt 59 Bitanghol Calophyllaceae Tree M - & Triana Mariveles), Rizal (Mt Lumutan; Montalban, San Mateo; Antipolo; Boso-boso; Morong) Laguna (Mt Makiling; San Antonio; Pangil; Sta. Maria), Quezon (Real, Llavac; Guinayangan; Kinatakutan), Camarines Sur (Pasacao; Sipaco, Lagonoy); Sorsogon (Mt Bulusan), AMBIL, PALAWAN, MANGSI, MASBATE, PANAY: Capiz (Macosolon), LEYTE (Ormoc, Lake Danao), SAMAR: (San Jose,

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Catubig River), TAWI- TAWI (Tarawakan), MINDANAO: Zamboanga (Sax River); Zamboanga del Sur (Port Banga), Lanao del Sur (Lake Lanao, Camp Keithley); Lanao: (Maria Cristina Falls; Siggapod; Kulasinan), Bukidnon (Quilayong; Mt Camates) Davao (Mt Apo, Todaya), Agusan del Norte (Mt Urdaneta; Butuan, San Mateo, Tungao; Diwata Mtns), Surigao del Norte (Mt Kabatuan)

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LOCAL ECONOMIC No. SCIENTIFIC NAME FAMILY NAME HABIT DISTRIBUTION REMARKS NAME IMPORTANCE N LUZON to MINDANAO 60 Celtis philippinensis Blanco Malaikmo Cannabaceae Tree C, F, FW, O Seed oil producing plant and PALAWAN Throughout the 61 Trema orientalis (L.) Blume Hinlalaong* Cannabaceae Tree M, P, E Tannin producing plant Philippines Trema tomentosa (Roxb.) H. Throughout the 62 Anabion Cannabaceae Tree E,P Tannin producing plant Hara Philippines Bandera 63 Canna flaccida Salisb Cannaceae Herb - L - espanola Dye producing plant. Seeds 64 Canna indica L. Tikas-tikas Cannaceae Herb - M, O, P used for rosary & necklace production Throughout the 65 Capparis micracantha DC. Kasuit* Capparaceae Shrub - - Philippines 66 Carica papaya L. Papaya Caricaceae Shrub - M - LUZON: Abra, Ilocos Sur, Benguet, Cagayan, Isabela, Tarlac, Bataan, Rizal, Laguna, MINDORO, Siphonodon celastrineus Matang TICAO, NEGROS: Negros 67 Celastraceae Vine - - Griff. ulang Oriental (Cuernos Mtns), LEYTE, BASILAN, MINDANAO: Cotabato, Agusan, Surigao, SIARGAO LUZON: Cagayan to Garcinia binucao (Blanco) Sorsogon, MINDORO, 68 Binukau Clusiaceae Tree C - Choisy BURIAS, PANAY, GUIMARAS, NEGROS LUZON to MINDANAO 69 Garcinia mcgregorii Merr Batuan Clusiaceae Tree - - and BASILAN

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LOCAL ECONOMIC No. SCIENTIFIC NAME FAMILY NAME HABIT DISTRIBUTION REMARKS NAME IMPORTANCE Combretum indicum (L.) Throughout the 70 Tangulo Combretaceae Vine M - DeFilipps Philippines Throughout the Gum & tannin producing 71 Terminalia catappa L. Dalasa* Combretaceae Tree M, C, E Philippines plant LUZON: Cagayan, Isabela, Bataan, Quezon, Terminalia foetidissima Talisai- Laguna, Camarines, 72 Combretaceae Tree C, F, E Dye producing plant Griff. gubat Sorsogon, MINDORO, PANAY, MINDANAO: Zamboanga, Surigao LUZON (throughout) to 73 Terminalia nitens C.Pres Sakat Combretaceae Tree PALAWAN and C, F, E Tannin producing plant MINDANAO Throughout the 74 Commelina diffusa Burm.f. Alikangon Commelinaceae Herb M, O Dye producing plant Philippines Camonea umbellata (L.) Malakamote Throughout the 75 Convolvulaceae Vine - - A.R.Simões & Staples * Philippines 76 Momordica charantia L. Apalia* Cucurbitaceae Vine - M - Umbrella 77 Cyperus involucratus Rottb. Cyperaceae Sedge - - - grass 78 Cyperus rotundus L. Malaapulid* Cyperaceae Sedge - M - 79 Cyperus sp. - Cyperaceae Sedge - - - Scleria scrobiculata Nees & Throughout the 80 Arat* Cyperaceae Sedge - - Meyen Philippines Tetracera scandens (L.) Malakatmo Throughout the Young stem used as rough 81 Dilleniaceae Vine M, O Merr. n* Philippines cordage 82 Tacca sp. - Dioscoreaceae Herb - - -

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LOCAL ECONOMIC No. SCIENTIFIC NAME FAMILY NAME HABIT DISTRIBUTION REMARKS NAME IMPORTANCE BABUYAN: Calayan, LUZON: Widespread in Anisoptera thurifera most provinces, 83 Palosapis Dipterocarpaceae Tree C, O Resin producing plant (Blanco) Blume MINDORO, TICAO, MASBATE, SIBUYAN, PANAY, NEGROS LUZON: Zambales, Bataan (Mt Mariveles, Lamao River), Bulacan (Sibul Forest, Sitio Binalangoan), Rizal (Bosoboso; Antipolo), Quezon (Umiray), POLILLO, MINDORO, Dipterocarpus gracilis MARINDUQUE, 84 Panau* Dipterocarpaceae Tree M, C, O Resin producing plant Blume PALAWAN (Pagdanan Range, Ibangley Brookside Hill; Quezon, Barangay Tuangan;), NEGROS: Negros Occidental, MINDANAO: Zamboanga del Norte (Duhinid), Cotabato, Davao, Surigao BABUYAN ISLS (CALAYAN), LUZON (in most provinces), White 85 Shorea contorta S.Vidal Dipterocarpaceae Tree POLILLO, MINDORO, C - Lauan SIBUYAN, MARINDUQUE, MASBATE, NEGROS, LEYTE, SAMAR,

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LOCAL ECONOMIC No. SCIENTIFIC NAME FAMILY NAME HABIT DISTRIBUTION REMARKS NAME IMPORTANCE MINDANAO: Zamboanga, Lanao, Agusan, BASILAN

LUZON: Cagayan to Camarines, MINDORO, Pterospermum diversifolium PALAWAN, TICAO, 86 Bayog Dombeyaceae Tree M, C, F, E Dye producing plant Blume MASBATE, GUIMARAS, NEGROS, MINDANAO, BASILAN LUZON: Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, Mountain Province, Benguet, La Union, Cagayan, Nueva Ecija, Zambales. Pterospermum obliquum 87 Bayoi Dombeyaceae Tree Pampanga, Bataan, C, F, E Dye producing plant Blanco Bulacan, Rizal, Laguna, Quezon, MINDORO, PALAWAN, BURIAS, GUIMARAS, SAMAR, MINDANAO: Zamboanga BATAN, N LUZON to 88 Diospyros discolor Wild. Kamagong Ebenaceae Tree C, F, O Used for musical instrument PALAWAN LUZON: Pangasinan, Diospyros philippinensis Zambales, Bataan, Rizal, 89 O-oi Ebenaceae Tree M - A.DC. Laguna, Camarines, MINDORO, MINDANAO N LUZON to PALAWAN 90 Cleidion javanicum Blume Agipos Euphorbiaceae Tree M - and MINDANAO 91 Euphorbia hirta L. Malis-malis* Euphorbiaceae Herb - M, I -

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LOCAL ECONOMIC No. SCIENTIFIC NAME FAMILY NAME HABIT DISTRIBUTION REMARKS NAME IMPORTANCE Excoecaria cochinchinensis 92 Buta-buta Euphorbiaceae Shrub - M - Lour. LUZON: La Union, Benguet, Cagayan, Nueva Vizcaya, Macaranga grandifolia 93 Abing-abing Euphorbiaceae Tree Pampanga, Pangasinan, M, O Used fo fishing spears (Blanco) Merr. Bataan, Rizal, Batangas, Laguna, Quezon, MINDORO Used for musical Macaranga tanarius (L.) Throughout the 94 Bilua Euphorbiaceae Tree M, C, FW, E, O instruments. Gum producing Müll.Arg. Philippines plant. Mallotus philippensis (Lam.) Throughout the 95 Banato Euphorbiaceae Tree M, FW, E Dye producing plant Müll.Arg. Philippines Kamoting- 96 Manihot esculenta Crantz Euphorbiaceae Shrub - - - kahoi Melanolepis multiglandulosa Throughout the 97 (Reinw. ex Blume) Rchb. & Alim Euphorbiaceae Tree FW, O Used for making shoes Philippines Zoll. 98 Omalanthus sp. - Euphorbiaceae Grass - - - Used as tying material & 99 Abrus precatorius L. Kansasaga Fabaceae Vine - M, O beads for necklace making LUZON: Cagayan to Albizia procera (Roxb.) 100 Anitap* Fabaceae Tree Batangas, MINDORO, M, C, F - Benth. BUSUANGA 101 Albizia saman (Jacq.) Merr. Acacia Fabaceae Tree - M, C, F, E, FW Gum producing plant Albizia saponaria (Lour.) Throughout the Produces saponins for soap 102 Malatuku* Fabaceae Tree O Miq. Philippines making Arachis pintoi Krapov. & 103 Mani-mani Fabaceae Grass - - - W.C.Greg.

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LOCAL ECONOMIC No. SCIENTIFIC NAME FAMILY NAME HABIT DISTRIBUTION REMARKS NAME IMPORTANCE Alibangbang Throughout the 104 Bauhinia malabarica Roxb. Fabaceae Tree M - * Philippines 105 Bauhinia monandra Kurz Mainuma* Fabaceae Tree - M, FW, O Dye producing plant Caesalpinia latisiliqua (Cav.) Throughout the 106 Kamot-pusa Fabaceae Tree - - Hattink Philippines Throughout the 107 Cassia fistula L. Kaña-pistola Fabaceae Tree M, C, O Dye & tannin producing plant Philippines Centrosema pubescens Dilang 108 Fabaceae Vine - - - Benth. butiki Clitoria fairchildiana Pukinggan 109 Fabaceae Vine - C - R.A.Howard kahoi LUZON: La Union, Cagayan, Isabela, Cynometra inaequifolia Zambales, Bataan, Rizal, 110 Olod* Fabaceae Tree C, FW - A.Gray Laguna, Quezon, Cavite, Batangas, PANAY, NEGRO Throughout LUZON, Cynometra simplicifolia 111 Pingan* Fabaceae Tree MINDORO, MINDANAO, - - Harms BASILAN 112 Delonix regia (Hook.) Raf. Fire tree Fabaceae Tree - M, EO, I, O Gum producing plant Throughout the 113 Desmodium laxiflorum DC. Mangkit Fabaceae Herb - - Philippines 114 Desmodium sp. - Fabaceae Herb - - - Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) 115 Kakauati Fabaceae Tree - M, C, F, FW, I - Walp.

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LOCAL ECONOMIC No. SCIENTIFIC NAME FAMILY NAME HABIT DISTRIBUTION REMARKS NAME IMPORTANCE LUZON: Cagayan, Quezon (Guinayangan; Mulanaw; San Narciso), Camarines, Albay, Kingiodendron alternifolium Gum producing plant, used 116 Batete Fabaceae Tree MASBATE, TICAO, C, F, O (Elmer) Merr. & Rolfe for incense PANAY: Iloilo (Miag-ao), NEGROS, LEYTE, SAMAR, MINDANAO: Zamboanga del Sur (Port Banga) Leucaena leucocephala 117 Ipil-ipil Fabaceae Tree - M, C, F, E Gum producing plant (Lam.) de Wit LUZON: Ilocos Norte, Millettia ahernii Merr. & Ilocos Sur, Cagayan, 118 Balok Fabaceae Tree - - Rolfe Zambales, Rizal, Cavite, Quezon Throughout the 119 Millettia pinnata L. Bani Fabaceae Tree - - Philippines 120 Millettia sp. - Fabaceae Tree - - - Throughout the 121 Mimosa pudica L. Ma kahia Fabaceae Vine M - Philippines LUZON: La Union, 122 Parkia timoriana (DC.) Merr. Kupang Fabaceae Tree Pampanga to Laguna, M, O Used as hair shampoo PALAWAN Pithecellobium dulce (Roxb.) Gum, dye & tannin producing 123 Kamachile Fabaceae Tree - M, E Benth. plant Throughout the Dye producing plant. Leaf 124 Pterocarpus indicus Willd. Daitanag* Fabaceae Tree M, C, F, E, O Philippines infusion used as shampoo. Pueraria montana (Lour.) BATANES and N LUZON Used to make ropes, cables, 125 Basi Fabaceae Vine M, O Merr. to MINDANAO coarse, cordage and texiles Pakayomko Throughout the 126 Senna alata (L.) Roxb. Fabaceae Tree - - m-kastila Philippines

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LOCAL ECONOMIC No. SCIENTIFIC NAME FAMILY NAME HABIT DISTRIBUTION REMARKS NAME IMPORTANCE Used for sugar mills, wooden 127 Tamarindus indica L. Sampalok* Fabaceae Tree - M, F, FW, O utensils BABUYAN ISLS (CAMIGUIN), LUZON: Benguet (Baguio), Wallaceodendron celebicum 128 Banuyo Fabaceae Tree Cagayan, Isabela, Aurora, C, F - Koord. Quezon, Camarines, BURIAS, MASBATE, NEGROS, CEBU, SAMAR LUZON, POLILLO, Cratoxylum formosum MINDORO, BUSUANGA, 129 (Jacq.) Benth. & Hook.f. ex Salinggogon Hypericaceae Tree CULION, PALAWAN, M, C, FW, O Dye & resin producing plant Dyer SIBUYAN, GUIMARAS, NEGROS, MINDANAO Cratoxylum sumatranum Throughout the 130 Paguringon Hypericaceae Tree C, FW - (Jack) Blume Philippines Iris domestica (L.) Goldblatt Blackberry 131 Iridaceae Herb - M, E Tannin producing plant & Mabb. lily 132 Moraea sp. - Iridaceae Corm - - - Tambalabas Throughout the 133 Callicarpa formosana Rolfe Lamiaceae Shrub M - i Philippines Clerodendrum intermedium Throughout the 134 Kasupangil Lamiaceae Shrub M - Cham. Philippines Clerodendrum minahassae Throughout the 135 Bagauak Lamiaceae Shrub M - Teijsm. & Binn. Philippines LUZON: Pangasinan, Benguet, Nueva Vizcaya, Clerodendrum Bakauak- Zambales, Pampanga, 136 quadriloculare (Blanco) Lamiaceae Shrub - - morado Bataan, Rizal, Laguna, Merr. Batangas, MINDORO, TICAO, PANAY, NEGROS,

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LOCAL ECONOMIC No. SCIENTIFIC NAME FAMILY NAME HABIT DISTRIBUTION REMARKS NAME IMPORTANCE SIARGAO, BUCAS GRANDE

137 Clerodendrum sp. - Lamiaceae Shrub - - - Used for musical instrument 138 Gmelina arborea Roxb. Yemane Lamiaceae Tree - M, C, F, O & carving images Throughout the 139 Premna odorata Blanco Tangli* Lamiaceae Tree M - Philippines 140 Tectona grandis L.f. Teak Lamiaceae Tree - M, C, F, E Dye producing plant Throughout the Used for basket making anf 141 Vitex negundo L. Lagundi Lamiaceae Tree M, EO, I, FW, O Philippines making wattles Throughout the Resin and tannin producing 142 Vitex parviflora A. Juss. Molave* Lamiaceae Tree M, C, E Philippines plant N LUZON Cagayan) to 143 Litsea cordata (Jack) Hook.f. Marang Lauraceae Tree PALAWAN and C, F - MINDANAO Litsea glutinosa (Lour.) Throughout the 144 Puso-puso* Lauraceae Tree M, FW, O Seed oil for soap making. C.B.Rob. Philippines 145 Persea americana Mill. Avocado Lauraceae Tree - M - Barringtonia racemosa (L.) Throughout the 146 Putat Lecythidaceae Tree M - Spreng. Philippines Splints are used for Throughout the 147 Lygodium flexuosum (L.) Sw. Nito Lygodiaceae Vine M, O manufacturing baskets, hats, Philippines and fancy boxes. LUZON, MINDORO, Lagerstroemia speciosa (L.) 148 Mitla* Lythraceae Tree PALAWAN, LEYTE, M, L - Pers. MINDANAO, SAMAR Malabar 149 Pachira aquatica Aubl. Malvaceae Shrub - - - chestnut

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LOCAL ECONOMIC No. SCIENTIFIC NAME FAMILY NAME HABIT DISTRIBUTION REMARKS NAME IMPORTANCE ABUYAN ISLS, LUZON (widespread from at Pterocymbium tinctorium least Cagayan to 150 Taluto Malvaceae Tree C, O Fiber producing plant Merr. Camarines Sur), PALAWAN, CAMIGUIN, MINDANAO Throughout the 151 Urena lobata L. Dalupang Malvaceae Shrub M, P - Philippines Donax canniformis Throughout the 152 Bamban Marantaceae Shrub - - (G.Forst.) K.Schum. Philippines Y'AMI, BATAN, BABUYAN, LUZON: Ilocos Norte, Benguet, Pangasinan, Cagayan, Isabela, Nueva Vizcaya, Aurora, Nueva Ecija, Bataan, Rizal, Laguna, Quezon, Cavite, Aglaia rimosa (Blanco) 153 Busilak Meliaceae Tree Batangas, Camarines, M, C, F - Merr. Albay, Sorsogon, ALABAT, MINDORO, PALAWAN, ROMBLON, SIBUYAN, TICAO, PANAY, GUIMARAS, NEGROS, SIBUTU, MINDANAO: Davao, Agusan

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LOCAL ECONOMIC No. SCIENTIFIC NAME FAMILY NAME HABIT DISTRIBUTION REMARKS NAME IMPORTANCE LUZON: Ilocos Norte, Benguet (Sablan), Cagayan, Isabela, Pampanga (Mt. Pinatubo), Bataan (Lamao), Laguna (Mt. Makiling), Sorsogon Aphanamixis polystachya (Pocdol Mountain 154 Salakin Meliaceae Tree M, C, F, I, O Seed oil producing plant (Wall.) R.Parker Range), POLILLO, MINDORO, PALAWAN: Irawan, LEYTE, SAMAR, BASILAN, MINDANAO: Davao del Sur (Mt. Apo, Todaya), Agusan del Norte (Mt. Urdaneta), Surigao Throughout the 155 Azadirachta indica A. Juss Neem tree Meliaceae Tree M, I - Philippines Chisocheton cumingianus Throughout the 156 Balukanag Meliaceae Tree - - (C.DC.) Harms Philippines 157 Chisocheton sp. - Meliaceae Tree - M, F, O, P Seed oil producing plant N LUZON to PALAWAN, Dysoxylum arborescens 158 Kalimutain Meliaceae Tree MINDANAO and SULU C, F - (Blume) Miq. ARCHIPELAGO LUZON: Cagayan to Dysoxylum Sorsogon, MINDORO, 159 gaudichaudianum (A.Juss.) Malabaga* Meliaceae Tree PALAWAN, MASBATE, M, C, I - Miq. NEGROS, CEBU, LEYTE, BASILAN, MINDANAO 160 Genus indet 2 - Meliaceae Tree - - -

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LOCAL ECONOMIC No. SCIENTIFIC NAME FAMILY NAME HABIT DISTRIBUTION REMARKS NAME IMPORTANCE Lansium parasiticum LUZON: Laguna, Quezon, 161 (Osbeck) K.C.Sahni & Lansones Meliaceae Tree etc., CAMIGUIN, M, I - Bennet BASILAN, MINDANAO LUZON: Nueva Vizcaya, Zambales, Nueva Ecija, Aurora, Bataan, Rizal, Sandoricum koetjape 162 Santol Meliaceae Tree Laguna, Camarines, M, EO, E,I Dye producing plant. (Burm.f.) Merr. Sorsogon, MINDORO, PALAWAN, NEGROS, SAMAR, MINDANAO 163 Swietenia macrophylla King Mahogany Meliaceae Tree - M, C, E Gum producing plant BATANES, LUZON: Cagayan to Sorsogon, Toona calantas Merr. & 164 Kalantas Meliaceae Tree MINDORO, NEGROS, M, C, F - Rolfe CEBU, LEYTE, SAMAR, MINDANAO BATANES to PALAWAN 165 Arcangelisia flava (L.) Merr. Suma* Menispermaceae Vine M - and MINDANAO Artocarpus altilis (Parkinson Gum and latex producing 166 Rimas Moraceae Tree N LUZON to MINDANAO M, F, I, O ex F.A.Zorn) Fosberg plant BATAN, LUZON, Artocarpus blancoi (Elmer) MINDORO, PALAWAN, 167 Tipolo* Moraceae Tree M - Merr. NEGROS, CEBU, MINDANAO Artocarpus heterophyllus 168 Nangka Moraceae Tree - M, O, F, FW Latex & resin producing plant Lam.

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LOCAL ECONOMIC No. SCIENTIFIC NAME FAMILY NAME HABIT DISTRIBUTION REMARKS NAME IMPORTANCE LUZON: Ilocos Norte (Burgos), Abra, Pangasinan, Bataan (Lamao), Laguna (Mt Makiling; CaWhite Lauan), Cavite 169 Artocarpus nitidus Trécul Kubi Moraceae Tree (Maragondon), Batangas C, F, O Latex producing plant (Balayan; Lobo), Albay, TABLAS, PANAY: Iloilo (Miag-ao), GUIMARAS (Buenavista, Barrio Salvacion, Sitio Lande), CEBU.

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LOCAL ECONOMIC No. SCIENTIFIC NAME FAMILY NAME HABIT DISTRIBUTION REMARKS NAME IMPORTANCE LUZON: Abra (Manabo), Kalinga (Lubuagan), Benguet, Isabela (San Mariano), Nueva Vizcaya (near Dupax), Nueva Ecija, Zambales (Mt Pinatubo), Bataan (Lamao), Pampanga, Bulacan (Angat), Rizal (Mt Angilog, Montalban, Antipolo, Bosoboso), Laguna (Los Baños, Mt Makiling, Sta Maria, Mabitac), Quezon (Laguimanoc = Padre 170 Artocarpus ovatus Blanco Anobion* Moraceae Tree Burgos, Lucban), - - Camarines Sur (Mt Bagacay, Mt Isarog), Sorsogon (Mt Bulusan), CATANDUANES, MINDORO: Mindoro Oriental (Mansalay, Manaul & Mt Yagaw), PALAWAN (Irawan), BALABAC (Cape Melville), MARINDUQUE, SIBUYAN (Mt Giting-giting), MASBATE, TICAO, PANAY: Iloilo, NEGROS: Negros Occidental (Danao; Cadiz), Negros

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LOCAL ECONOMIC No. SCIENTIFIC NAME FAMILY NAME HABIT DISTRIBUTION REMARKS NAME IMPORTANCE Oriental (Cuernos Mtns), CEBU

BATAN (Basco), LUZON: Isabela (Palanan), Aurora (Casiguran, Baler), Bataan (Lamao, Mt Mariveles), Pampanga Artocarpus rubrovenius 171 Kalulot Moraceae Tree (Mt Pinatubo), Rizal (San C, F - Warb. Mateo, Bosoboso), Laguna (Mt Makiling), Batangas, Quezon (Laguimanoc = Padre Burgos, Lucban,

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LOCAL ECONOMIC No. SCIENTIFIC NAME FAMILY NAME HABIT DISTRIBUTION REMARKS NAME IMPORTANCE Sampaloc), Camarines, Albay (Guinobatan, Banao), Sorsogon (Mt Bulusan), MINDORO

Broussonetia luzonica N LUZON to MINDANAO, 172 Himbabao Moraceae Tree O Fiber producing plant (Blanco) Bureau BASILAN BATANES, LUZON: Abra, Ifugao (Mt Polis), Benguet, Cagayan, Isabela, Nueva Ecija, Zambales, Rizal, Laguna, Upling- Camarines, Albay, 173 Ficus ampelas Burm.f. Moraceae Tree - - gubat PALAWAN, SIBUYAN, PANAY, LEYTE, SAMAR, CAMIGUIN DE MINDANAO, MINDANAO: Davao del Sur (Mt Apo), Agusan BATAN, LUZON, 174 Ficus benjamina L. Salisi Moraceae Tree - - MINDORO Throughout the 175 Ficus callosa Wild. Kalukoi Moraceae Tree F, O Fibrous bark for cloth making Philippines Ficus minahassae (Teijsm. & Throughout the 176 Hagimit Moraceae Tree M, O For utensil making Vriese) Philippines

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LOCAL ECONOMIC No. SCIENTIFIC NAME FAMILY NAME HABIT DISTRIBUTION REMARKS NAME IMPORTANCE Throughout the 177 Ficus nota (Blanco) Merr. Tibig Moraceae Tree M - Philippines BATANES, LUZON, 178 Ficus odorata (Blanco) Merr. Pakiling Moraceae Tree NEGROS, BOHOL, LEYTE, M - SAMAR, MINDANAO LUZON: Pangasinan, Mountain Province, Benguet, Bataan, Rizal, Laguna, Quezon, Albay, 179 Ficus pseudopalma Blanco Niog-niogan Moraceae Tree M - Sorsogon, MINDORO, PANAY, NEGROS, GUIMARAS, LEYTE, SAMAR, MINDANAO Throughout the 180 Ficus septica Burm.f. Hauli Moraceae Tree M - Philippines 181 Ficus sp. - Moraceae Tree - - - Throughout the 182 Ficus ulmifolia Lam. Alasas* Moraceae Tree M, O Substitute for sandpaper Philippines 183 Morus alba L. Mulberry Moraceae Tree - M, P, O - LUZON: Cagayan, Isabela (San Mariano), Aurora (Baler, mtns E of Castillo River), Bataan, Rizal (Mt Oriud), Laguna (Los Parartocarpus venenosa Baños, Mt Makiling, 184 Malananka Moraceae Tree - - Becc. CaWhite Lauan, San Antonio), Camarines Norte, Camarines Sur (Mt Isarog), Sorsogon (Mt Bulusan), RAPU-RAPU, LEYTE (Dagami), SAMAR,

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LOCAL ECONOMIC No. SCIENTIFIC NAME FAMILY NAME HABIT DISTRIBUTION REMARKS NAME IMPORTANCE MINDANAO: Surigao, DINAGAT, BUCAS GRANDE

Throughout the 185 Streblus asper Lour. Ampas* Moraceae Tree M - Philippines Kamalungai 186 Moringa oleifera Lam. Moringaceae Tree - M, O Tannin producing plant * 187 Muntingia calabura L. Datiles Muntingiaceae Tree - M, C, FW - 188 Musa sp. - Musaceae Herb - - -

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LOCAL ECONOMIC No. SCIENTIFIC NAME FAMILY NAME HABIT DISTRIBUTION REMARKS NAME IMPORTANCE BATAN, BABUYAN ISLS (CALAYAN, CAMIGUIN), LUZON: Ilocos Norte, Apayao, Benguet, Cagayan, Isabela, Nueva Vizcaya, Aurora, Nueva Ecija, Tarlac, Zambales, Bataan, Rizal, Cavite, Laguna, Batangas, Quezon, Camarines Norte, Camarines Sur, Albay, Sorsogon, POLlLLO, ALABAT, CATANDUANES, MINDORO, PALAWAN, Myristica glomerata (Blanco) MARINDUQUE, SIBUYAN, 189 Tambalau Myristicaceae Tree - - Kudô & Masam. TICAO, PANAY: Capiz, Aklan, Iloilo, GUIMARAS, NEGROS, CEBU, BILIRAN, LEYTE, SAMAR (Catarman, Mt Cansayao), TAWI-TAWI., BASILAN, MINDANAO: Zamboanga del Norte, Zamboanga del Sur, Lanao del Sur (Camp Keithley), Cotabato (Carmen), Davao del Sur (Mt Apo; Sta Cruz), Davao Oriental (Mati), Agusan del Norte, Surigao del Norte

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LOCAL ECONOMIC No. SCIENTIFIC NAME FAMILY NAME HABIT DISTRIBUTION REMARKS NAME IMPORTANCE Eucalyptus camaldulensis River red 190 Myrtaceae Tree - M, C, F, FW, P, O Gum producing plant Dehnh. gum 191 Psidium guajava L. Bayabas Myrtaceae Tree - M, C, FW, O For cosmetic & soap making BATAN ISLS and N Syzygium calubcob 192 Kupkup* Myrtaceae Tree LUZON to PALAWAN and M, O For wine production (C.B.Rob.) Merr. MINDANAO Used for musical 193 Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels Duat-nasi* Myrtaceae Tree - M, C, F, O instruments, tool handles Syzygium samarangense Used for musical 194 Makopa Myrtaceae Tree - C, F,O (Blume) Merr. & L.M.Perry instruments, tool handles Bougainvillea spectabilis Bougainville 195 Nyctaginaceae Shrub - M - Wild. a Throughout the 196 Olax imbricata Roxb. Biton Olacaceae Tree - - Philippines Chionanthus ramiflorus Throughout the 197 Karaksan Oleaceae Tree - - Roxb. Philippines Champereia manillana Liyong- BATANES to MINDANAO 198 Opiliaceae Shrub M - (Blume) Merr. liyong and PALAWAN 199 Averrhoa bilimbi L. Kamias Oxalidaceae Tree - M, FW, O Dye producing plant Biophytum sensitivum (L.) Makahiang- Throughout the 200 Oxalidaceae Herb M - DC. lalaki Philippines Pandanus amaryllifolius Pandan 201 Pandanaceae Herb - M, EO, I - Roxb. mabango 202 Passiflora foetida L. Kurunggut Passifloraceae Vine - M, I - Antidesma bunius (L.) Throughout the 203 Isip* Phyllanthaceae Tree M, C - Spreng. Philippines Antidesma ghaesembilla Throughout the 204 Binayuyu Phyllanthaceae Tree M, C - Gaertn. Philippines

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LOCAL ECONOMIC No. SCIENTIFIC NAME FAMILY NAME HABIT DISTRIBUTION REMARKS NAME IMPORTANCE LUZON: Ilocos Norte, La Union, Pangasinan, Cagayan, Zambales, Bataan, Bulacan, Rizal, Cavite, Laguna, Quezon, Albay, Apayao, Benguet, Nueva Vizcaya, Quezon, Camarines, Rizal, Antidesma montanum 205 Timbabasi Phyllanthaceae Tree Sorsogon, Isabela, - - Blume BATANES, BABUYAN ISLS, BALABAC, BASILAN, MINDORO, NEGROS, CEBU, BOHOL, LEYTE, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Surigao del Norte, Zamboanga, Lanao, Cotabato, PALAWAN LUZON: Laguna, Antidesma subcordatum Malabinayu 206 Phyllanthaceae Tree CORREGIDOR, CORON, M, C, FW - Merr. yu PALAWAN, MASBATE BATAN and N LUZON to Breynia vitis-idaea (Burm.f.) Matang 207 Phyllanthaceae Tree PALAWAN and M - C.E.C.Fisch. hipon MINDANAO Throughout the 208 Bridelia glauca Blume. Baroan Phyllanthaceae Vine Philippines except C, FW - PALAWAN LUZON: Cagayan to Laguna and Quezon, 209 Bridelia stipularis (L.) Blume Dugaron* Phyllanthaceae Tree MINDORO, PALAWAN, M, FW, O Dye & tannin producing plant TICAO, PANAY, CEBU, BOHOL

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LOCAL ECONOMIC No. SCIENTIFIC NAME FAMILY NAME HABIT DISTRIBUTION REMARKS NAME IMPORTANCE LUZON: Ilocos Norte, Ifugao, Pangasinan, Glochidion gigantifolium Bagnang Zambales, Bataan, Rizal, 210 Phyllanthaceae Tree - - (Vidal) J.J.Sm. laparan Laguna, Quezon, NEGROS, MINDANAO: Zamboanga LUZON: Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, Mountain Province, Benguet, 211 Glochidion luzonense Elmer Kakadli Phyllanthaceae Tree Nueva Vizcaya, La Union, - - Pangasinan, Nueva Ecija, Tarlac, Zambales, Rizal, Bataan, Laguna. 212 Glochidion sp. - Phyllanthaceae Tree - - - LUZON: Cagayan to Sorsogon, MINDORO, Phyllanthus albus (Blanco) 213 Kalnag Phyllanthaceae Tree PANAY, LEYTE, SAMAR, - - Müll.Arg. SIARGAO, DINAGAT, MINDANAO Phyllanthus myrtifolius Mousetail 214 Phyllanthaceae Tree - - - (Wight) Müll.Arg. plant Pittosporum pentandrum Throughout the 215 Mamalis Pittosporaceae Tree M, L, EO, FW - (Blanco) Merr. Philippines Bambusa blumeana Kawayan N LUZON to PALAWAN 216 Poaceae Grass C, F, FW, P - Schult.f. tinik and MINDANAO Kawayan N LUZON to PALAWAN 217 Bambusa vulgaris Schrad. Poaceae Grass M, C, F, FW, P - kiling and MINDANAO LUZON: Bulacan, Bataan, Gigantochloa levis (Blanco) Rizal, Laguna, Quezon, 218 Bolo Poaceae Grass M, F - Merr. POLILLO, CULION, LEYTE, CAMIGUIN

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LOCAL ECONOMIC No. SCIENTIFIC NAME FAMILY NAME HABIT DISTRIBUTION REMARKS NAME IMPORTANCE Imperata cylindrica (L.) Throughout the Used for making mats, bags 219 Cogon Poaceae Grass M, O, P Raeusch. Philippines and raincoats 220 Oplismenus sp. - Poaceae Grass - - - 221 Paspalum sp. - Poaceae Grass - - - Produced wax, sugar and 222 Saccharum officinarum L. Tubo Poaceae Grass - M, P, O fiber for paper making Throughout the Used for production of ropes, 223 Saccharum spontaneum L. Talahib Poaceae Grass M, O Philippines mats, and brooms LUZON: IIocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, Benguet, Cagayan, Isabela, Pangasinan, Pampanga, Used to make baskets, Schizostachyum lumampao 224 Buho Poaceae Grass Rizal, Bataan, Quezon, O,P fences, spears, fish pens, (Blanco) Merr. Camarines, MINDORO, flutes, handicrafts. PALAWAN, PANAY, LEYTE, MINDANAO, BASILAN 225 Podocarpus sp. - Podocarpaceae Tree - - - Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Water Aquatic 226 Pontederiaceae - M, O Used for handicraft Solms hyacinth Plant Throughout the 227 Portulaca oleracea L. Ulisiman Portulacaceae Herb M - Philippines LUZON: Cagayan to 228 Ardisia pyramidalis Roth Aunasin Primulaceae Tree Albay, PALAWAN, M - MINDANAO LUZON: Ilocos Norte, Cagayan, Isabela, 229 Ardisia squamulosa C. Presl Pataktol* Primulaceae Tree Pangasinan, Tayabas, M - Cavite, Batangas, MINDORO, PALAWAN,

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LOCAL ECONOMIC No. SCIENTIFIC NAME FAMILY NAME HABIT DISTRIBUTION REMARKS NAME IMPORTANCE PANAY, MINDANAO: Davao

LUZON: Laguna (Mt Drypetes maquilingensis Tinaang Makiling), MINDANAO: 230 Putranjivaceae Tree - - (Merr.) Pax & K.Hoffm. pantai Zamboanga, Davao, Agusan del Norte N LUZON to PALAWAN 231 Ziziphus talanae Merr. Balakat* Rhamnaceae Tree - - and MINDANAO LUZON: Pangasinan, 232 Canthium horridum Blume Kuliak-daga Rubiaceae Tree Zambales, Bulacan, Rizal, M - Camarines, Sorsogon LUZON: Aurora, Camarines Sur, Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, Abra, La Union, Apayao, Mountain Province, Canthium monstrosum Tadiang- Benguet, Cagayan, 233 Rubiaceae Tree - - (A.Rich.) Merr. anuang Isabela, Nueva Vizcaya, Pangasinan, Zambales, Bataan, Pampanga, Bulacan, Rizal, Laguna, Cavite, Quezon, LEYTE, MINDORO, NEGROS 234 Coffea arabica L. Kape Rubiaceae Tree - M - LUZON: Cagayan to Mussaenda philippica Kahoi- 235 Rubiaceae Tree PALAWAN and M - A.Rich. dalaga MINDANAO Throughout the 236 Nauclea orientalis (L.) L. Bagkal Rubiaceae Tree M, C - Philippines

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LOCAL ECONOMIC No. SCIENTIFIC NAME FAMILY NAME HABIT DISTRIBUTION REMARKS NAME IMPORTANCE LUZON: Ilocos Sur, Cagayan, Bataan, Rizal, Neonauclea media (Havil.) Laguna, Quezon, 237 Uisak Rubiaceae Tree - - Merr. Batangas, MINDORO, PANAY, GUIMARAS, MINDANAO 238 Pavetta sp. - Rubiaceae Shrub - - - 239 Psychotria sp. - Rubiaceae Shrub - - - LUZON: Abra, Pangasinan, Mountain Province, Benguet, 240 Wendlandia luzoniensis DC. Kalasan Rubiaceae Tree Cagayan, Nueva Vizcaya, - - Nueva Ecija, Bulacan, Rizal, MINDANAO: Bukidnon Citrus maxima (Burm.) Throughout the 241 Lukban Rutaceae Tree M, EO - Merr. Philippines 242 Citrus x microcarpa Bunge Kalamansi Rutaceae Tree - M, EO, I - Throughout the 243 Murraya paniculata (L.) Jack Kamuning* Rutaceae Herb M, L, EO, O For cosmetic Philippines LUZON, MINDORO, TICAO, MASBATE, Casearia fuliginosa (Blanco) Malaseresa 244 Salicaceae Tree SIBUYAN, SAMAR, - - Blanco * DINAGAT, MINDANAO, TAWI-TAWI Flacourtia jangomas (Lour.) Governor's 245 Salicaceae Tree - - - Raeusch. plum

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LOCAL ECONOMIC No. SCIENTIFIC NAME FAMILY NAME HABIT DISTRIBUTION REMARKS NAME IMPORTANCE LUZON: Rizal, Laguna, Quezon), CATANDUANES, TABLAS, Osmelia philippina Fern.- 246 Oonog Salicaceae Tree PANAY, LEYTE, SAMAR, C - Vill. MINDANAO: Zamboanga, Lanao, Agusan, Surigao, DINAGAT Allophylus cobbe (L.) Throughout the 247 Barotongol Sapindaceae Tree M, F, FW - Raeusch. Philippines Cardiospermum Paltupaltuk 248 Sapindaceae Vine - - - halicacabum L. an* Ganophyllum falcatum Throughout the 249 Gogolingin* Sapindaceae Tree C, O Source of Arangan oil Blume Philippines Guioa koelreuteria (Blanco) Throughout the 250 Alahan Sapindaceae Tree M, O Used for tool handles Merr. Philippines Harpullia arborea (Blanco) Throughout the 251 Uas Sapindaceae Tree M, C, F - Radlk. Philippines LUZON: Ilocos Norte, Cagayan, Isabela, Nueva Ecija, Bulacan, Rizal, Lepisanthes tetraphylla Laguna, Batangas, 252 Bayag-daga Sapindaceae Tree M, F - Radlk. Quezon, Camarines, MINDORO, NEGROS, LEYTE, MINDANAO: Zamboanga, Agusan LUZON, SIBUYAN, 253 Litchi chinensis Sonn. Alupag Sapindaceae Tree M, E Tannin producing plant SAMAR, MINDANAO PALAWAN, BASILAN, 254 Nephelium lappaceum L. Rambutan Sapindaceae Tree M - JOLO Malapalitpit 255 Sapindus saponaria L. Sapindaceae Tree - - - *

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LOCAL ECONOMIC No. SCIENTIFIC NAME FAMILY NAME HABIT DISTRIBUTION REMARKS NAME IMPORTANCE 256 Chrysophyllum cainito L. Caimito Sapotaceae Tree - M, C, O, P Dye producing plant Manilkara zapota Van 257 Chico Sapotaceae Tree - - - Royen LUZON: Isabela, Bataan, Tarlac, Bulacan, Rizal, Batangas, Quezon, Camarines Sur, Albay, Sorsogon, MINDORO: Palaquium philippense 258 Malakmak* Sapotaceae Tree Mindoro Occidental (Mt - - (Perr.) C.B.Rob. Calavite), PANAY: Capiz, NEGROS, LEYTE (Ormoc, Lake Danao), MINDANAO: Davao (Mt Apo) BABUYAN ISLS, LUZON: Ilocos Norte, Cagayan, Bataan, Laguna, Quezon, Planchonella duclitan 259 Duklitan Sapotaceae Tree Batangas, Camarines, - - (Blanco) Bakh.f. MINDORO, PALAWAN, MINDANAO: Zamboanga, Cotabato BABUYAN ISLS, LUZON: Ilocos Norte, Cagayan, Bataan, Laguna, Quezon, Pouteria campechiana 260 Tiesa Sapotaceae Tree Batangas, Camarines, M, C, E Latex producing plant (Kunth) Baehni MINDORO, PALAWAN, MINDANAO: Zamboanga, Cotabato 261 Smilax sp. - Smilacaceae Vine - - - 262 Solanum torvum Sw. Talimbolo Solanaceae Shrub - M, O Used as rootstock

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LOCAL ECONOMIC No. SCIENTIFIC NAME FAMILY NAME HABIT DISTRIBUTION REMARKS NAME IMPORTANCE LUZON: Cagayan to Quezon, MINDORO, 263 Grewia multiflora Juss. Aplit* Sparmanniaceae Tree - - PALAWAN, GUIMARAS, CAMIGUIN, MINDANAO LUZON: Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, La Union, Cagayan, Nueva Ecija, Gomphandra luzoniensis Bataan, Rizal, Laguna, 264 Mabunot Stemonuraceae Tree - - (Merr.) Merr Cavite, Batangas, MINDORO, MARINDUQUE, PALAWAN LUZON: Ilocos Sur, Isabela, Nueva Ecija, Laguna, Camarines Norte, Camarines Sur, 265 Sterculia comosa Wall. Banilad Sterculiaceae Tree Sorsogon, O Fiber producing plant CATANDUANES, MINDORO, SIBUYAN, PALAWAN, GUIMARAS, SAMAR CAMIGUIN DE Tapinag BABUYANES, LUZON: 266 Sterculia cordata Blume Sterculiaceae Tree C, F - bundok Cagayan, Nueva Vizcaya, Bataan, Bulacan, Laguna N LUZON (Cagayan) to 267 Sterculia foetida L. Kalumpang Sterculiaceae Tree PALAWAN and - - MINDANAO

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LOCAL ECONOMIC No. SCIENTIFIC NAME FAMILY NAME HABIT DISTRIBUTION REMARKS NAME IMPORTANCE ATAN, BABUYAN ISLS, LUZON (Cagayan to Fiber producing plant, used Sorsogon), MINDORO, 268 Sterculia oblongata R.Br. Malabuho Sterculiaceae Tree C, O for hats, handbags, place- BUSUANGA, CULION, mats and wallet NEGROS, LEYTE, SAMAR, MINDANAO: Lanao LUZON, CATANDUANES, Strombosia philippinensis MINDORO, SIBUYAN, 269 Tamayuan Strombosiaceae Tree C, FW - S.Vidal LEYTE, BASILAN, MINDANAO Dendrocnide luzonensis Throughout the 270 Lipa Urticaceae Tree - - (Wedd.) Chew Philippines Pipturus arborescens (Link) Throughout the 271 Dalunot Urticaceae Tree M, O Fiber producing plant C.B. Rob. Philippines 272 Lantana camara L. Coronitas Verbenaceae Shrub - M, FW, I, P - Throughout the 273 Leea guineensis G. Don Mali-mali* Vitaceae Tree M - Philippines 274 Leea sp. - Vitaceae Tree - - - LUZON: Mountain Fiber, latex & tannin 275 Tetrastigma sepulchrei Merr. Ayo Vitaceae Vine Province, Benguet, M, C, FW, O producing plant Bataan 276 Tetrastigma sp. - Vitaceae Vine - - - Note: M – medicinal; L – landscaping; C – construction; F – furniture; E – source of extractive products; O – source of other derived products; FW – fuelwood or firewood; EO – source of essential oil; PM – paper making; and I – with insecticidal properties

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Appendix 2. List of amphibians and reptiles recorded in NCC

Conservation Status Sampling Taxonomic Common Residency Habitat Sites No. Species DAO Method Updates Name Status Association IUCN CITES 2004- 15 1 2 3

Class Amphibia

Order Anura

Family Bufonidae

Common in agricultural areas, grasslands, forests, x x x urban parks and Opportunistic Giant Marine residential Catching/Strip 1 Rhinella marina Toad Introduced areas LC NA NA transect

Family Microhylidae

Present in agricultural areas, x agricultural Slender-digit Philippine ponds and 2 Kaloula picta Chorus frog Endemic lakes LC NA NA Strip transect

Family Ranidae

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Conservation Status Sampling Taxonomic Common Residency Habitat Sites No. Species DAO Method Updates Name Status Association IUCN CITES 2004- 15 1 2 3

Present in human habitats, x x x agricultural Common areas, and 3 Polypedates leucomystax Tree Frog Native forests LC NA NA Strip transect

Family Dicroglossidae

Commonly found in human habitats and puddles x found near streams Common along forest 4 Occidozyga laevis Puddle Frog Native edges LC NA NA Strip transect

Common in swamps, estuarine, x x Asian mangrove Fejervarya Brackishwater areas, and 5 Fejervarya cancrivora moodiei (1) frog Native rice fields. LC NA NA Strip transect

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Conservation Status Sampling Taxonomic Common Residency Habitat Sites No. Species DAO Method Updates Name Status Association IUCN CITES 2004- 15 1 2 3

Present in various wet areas such as rich x paddies, forest pools, Opportunistic Taiwanese and fish Catching/ Strip 6 Hoplobatrachus rugulosus Frog Introduced ponds LC NA NA Transect

Order Reptilia

Order Squamata

Family Gekkonidae

Commonly found in human x habitats and Common agricultural 1 Hemidactylus frenatus House Gecko Native areas LC NA NA Strip transect

Present in human Opportunistic habitats, x x x Catching/Strip agricultural 2 Gekko gecko Tokay Gecko Native LC NA NA transect areas, and

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Conservation Status Sampling Taxonomic Common Residency Habitat Sites No. Species DAO Method Updates Name Status Association IUCN CITES 2004- 15 1 2 3

lowland forests

Family Scincidae

Present in agricultural areas and x x x Common lowland 3 Eutropis multifasciata Mabouya Native forests LC NA NA Strip transect

Family Agamidae

Present in Marbled forests and x Crested Philippine agricultural 4 Bronchocela marmorata Lizard Endemic areas. DD NA NA Strip transect

Family Varanidae

Common in forests and mangrove swamps, x x x also present in Monitor agricultural Appendix 5 Varanus salvator Lizard Na tive areas. LC II OTS Interview

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Conservation Status Sampling Taxonomic Common Residency Habitat Sites No. Species DAO Method Updates Name Status Association IUCN CITES 2004- 15 1 2 3

Family Elapidae

Present in agricultural areas, urban x x x Philippine Philippine areas, and Appendix Opportunistic 6 Naja philippinensis Cobra Endemic forests NT II EN Catching/Interview

Present in agricultural areas, x x x swamps, Appendix 7 Ophiophagus hannah King Cobra Native and forests VU II EN Interview

Family Boidae

Present in forests and adjacent x x x Reticulated grassland Appendix 8 Malayopython reticulatus python Native areas LC II OTS Interview

Family Colubridae

Present in Gray forests and x 9 Dendrelaphis caudolineatus Bronzeback Native LC NA NA Strip transect adjacent

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Conservation Status Sampling Taxonomic Common Residency Habitat Sites No. Species DAO Method Updates Name Status Association IUCN CITES 2004- 15 1 2 3

grassland areas

Family Typhlopidae

Common in urban and x Brahminy agricultural Not Opportunistic 10 Ramphotyphlops braminus Blind Snake Native areas Evaluated NA NA Catching

Total 13 10 10

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Appendix 3. List of birds recorded in NCC

Sampling Conservation Status Habitat Taxonomic Residency Method Sits No. Species Common Name Associa Updates Status Used DAO tion IUCN CITES 1 2 3 2004-15

Order Pelecaniformes

Family Ardeidae

Nycticorax Black-crowned Wetland Transect, 1 nycticorax Night Heron Resident LC NA NA s Netting x x

Butorides striata Migratory with (WBCP and resident Wetland 2 Butorides striatus IUCN) Striated Heron populations LC NA NA s Transect x

Ixobrychus Cinnamon Wetland 3 cinnamomeus Bittern Resident LC NA NA s Transect x

Migratory with resident Wetland 4 Egretta garzetta Little Egret populations LC NA NA s Transect x x

Wetland 5 Ardea purpurea Purple Heron Resident LC NA NA s Transect x

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Sampling Conservation Status Habitat Taxonomic Residency Method Sits No. Species Common Name Associa Updates Status Used DAO tion IUCN CITES 1 2 3 2004-15

Bubulcus Migratory with coromandus resident Wetland 6 Bubulcus ibis (WBCP) Cattle Egret populations LC NA NA s Transect x

Order Accipitriformes

Family Accipitridae

Foreste d to Appen open 7 Haliastur indus Brahminy Kite Resident LC dix II EN areas Transect x x

Order Galliformes

Family Phasianidae

Foreste 8 Gallus gallus Red Junglefowl Resident LC NA NA d areas Transect x

Order Gruiformes

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Sampling Conservation Status Habitat Taxonomic Residency Method Sits No. Species Common Name Associa Updates Status Used DAO tion IUCN CITES 1 2 3 2004-15

Family Rallidae

Hypotaenidia Gallirallus philippensis Wetland 9 philippensis (IUCN) Buff-banded Rail Resident LC NA NA s Transect x x

Amaurornis White-breasted Wetland 10 phoenicurus Waterhen Resident LC NA NA s Transect x x x

Gallirallus Hypotaenidia Wetland 11 torquatus torquata (IUCN) Barred Rail Resident LC NA NA s Transect x x x

Amaurornis Amaurornis olivacea (WBCP Philippine Wetland 12 olivaceus and IUCN) Plain Bush-Hen endemic LC NA NA s Transect x

Order Charadriiformes

Family Charadriidae

Migratory with Little Ringed resident Wetland 13 Charadrius dubius Plover populations LC NA NA s Transect x

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Family Scolopacidae

Common Wetland 14 Actitis hypoleucos Sandpiper Migratory LC NA NA s Transect x

Family Turnicidae

Turnix ocellatus (WBCP and Spotted Philippine Open Transect, 15 Turnix ocellata IUCN) Buttonquail endemic LC NA NA areas Netting x x x

Barred Open 16 Turnix suscitator Buttonquail Resident LC NA NA areas Netting x

Order Columbiformes

Family Columbidae

Open Transect, 17 Geopelia striata Zebra Dove Resident LC NA NA areas Netting x x x

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Sampling Conservation Status Habitat Taxonomic Residency Method Sits No. Species Common Name Associa Updates Status Used DAO tion IUCN CITES 1 2 3 2004-15

Spilopelia chinensis Streptopelia (WBCP, IUCN, Open 18 chinensis HBW) Spotted Dove Resident LC NA NA areas Transect x x

Common Foreste Tra nsect, 19 Chalcophaps indica Emerald Dove Resident LC NA NA d areas netting x x

Streptopelia Open 20 tranquebarica Red Turtle-Dove Resident LC NA NA areas Transect x

Rhamphiculus Ptilinopus leclancheri Black-chinned Foreste 21 leclancheri (IUCN) Fruit Dove Near Endemic LC NA NA d areas Transect x

Treron axillaris (WBCP and Philippine Green Philippine Foreste 22 Tr eron pompadora IUCN) Pigeon endemic LC NA NA d areas Transect x

White-eared Philippine Foreste Transect, 23 Phapitreron leucotis Brown Dove endemic LC NA NA d areas netting x x x

Order Cuculiformes

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Family Cuculidae

Dasylophus cumingi (WBCP) Phaenicophaeus Lepidogrammus Scale-feathered Philippine Foreste 24 cumingi cumingi (IUCN) Malkoha endemic LC NA NA d areas Transect x x

Hierococcyx pectoralis (WBCP and Philippine Hawk- Philippine Foreste Transect, 25 Cuculus fugax IUCN) Cuckoo endemic LC NA NA d areas Netting x x x

Foreste d to Philippine Philippine open Transect, 26 Centropus viridis Coucal endemic LC NA NA areas Netting x x x

Foreste d to Ce ntropus open 27 bengalensis Lesser Coucal Resident LC NA NA areas Transect x x

Order Strigiformes

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Family Strigidae

Philippine Appen Foreste 28 Ninox philippensis Luzon Hawk-Owl endemic LC dix II EN d areas Netting x

Philippine Scops Philippine Appen Foreste 29 Otus megalotis Owl endemic LC dix II EN d areas Netting x

Family Tytonidae

Tyto longimembris (WBCP and Appen Open 30 Tyto capensis IUCN) Grass Owl Resident LC dix II EN areas Netting x

Order Caprimulgiforme s

Family Caprimulgidae

Caprimulgus Philippine Philippine Open 31 manillensis Nightjar endemic LC NA NA areas Netting x

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Sampling Conservation Status Habitat Taxonomic Residency Method Sits No. Species Common Name Associa Updates Status Used DAO tion IUCN CITES 1 2 3 2004-15

Order Apodiformes

Family Apodidae

Open 32 Collocalia esculenta Glossy Swiftlet Resident LC NA NA areas Transect x x x

Order Coraciiformes

Family Alcedinidae

Todiramphus chloris (WBCP White-collared Open Transect, 33 Halcyon chloris and IUCN) Kingfisher Resident LC NA NA areas Netting x x x

Halcyon gularis White-throated Open Transect, 34 Halcyon smyrnensis (IUCN) Kingfisher Resident LC NA NA areas Netting x x x

Ceyx cyanopectus (WBCP and Indigo-banded Philippine Wetland Transect, 35 Alcedo cyanopecta IUCN) Kingfisher endemic LC NA NA s Netting x x

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Sampling Conservation Status Habitat Taxonomic Residency Method Sits No. Species Common Name Associa Updates Status Used DAO tion IUCN CITES 1 2 3 2004-15

Family Meropidae

Merops americanus Blue-throated Op en 36 Merops viridis (IUCN) Bee-eater Resident LC NA NA areas Transect x x

Blue-tailed Bee- Open 37 Merops philippinus eater Resident LC NA NA areas Transect x x

Order Piciformes

Family Picidae

Picoides Philippine Dendrocopos maculatus Pygmy Philippine Foreste 38 maculatus (IUCN) Woodpecker endemic LC NA NA d areas Transect x

Family Megalaimidae

Foreste Psilopogon d to Megalaima haemacephalys Coppersmith open 39 haemacephala (IUCN) Barbet Resident LC NA NA areas Transect x x x

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Order Passeriformes

Family Pittidae

Foreste d to open Transect, 40 Pitta sordida Hooded Pitta Resident LC NA NA areas Netting x x

Family Hirundinidae

Foreste 41 Hirundo rustica Barn Swallow Migratory LC NA NA d areas Transect x x x

Foreste 42 Hirundo tahitica Pacific Swallow Resident LC NA NA d areas Transect x x x

Riparia chinensis Gray-throated Wetland 43 Riparia paludicola (WBCP) Martin Resident LC NA NA s Transect x

Red-rumped Open Cecropis 44 Hirundo daurica Swallow Migratory LC NA NA areas Transect x striolata (WBCP,

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HBW) Cecropis daurica (IUCN)

Family Campephagidae

Foreste 45 Lalage nigra Pied Thriller Resident LC NA NA d areas Tr ansect x x

Family Pycnonotidae

Foreste d to Yellow-Vented open Transect, 46 Pycnonotus goiavier Bulbul Resident LC NA NA areas Netting x x x

Hypsipetes Philippine Foreste Transect, 47 philippinus Philippine Bulbul endemic LC NA NA d areas Netting x x x

Family Oriolidae

Black-naped Foreste 48 Oriolus chinensis Oriole Resident LC NA NA d areas Transect, x x x

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Family Corvidae

Corvus Large-billed Foreste Transect, 49 macrorhynchos Crow Resident LC NA NA d areas Netting x x

Family Paridae

Periparus elegans (WBCP) Pardaliparus Philippine Foreste 50 Parus elegans elegans (IUCN) Elegant Tit endemic LC NA NA d areas Transect x x

Family Turdidae

Geokichla cinerea (WBCP, Ashy Ground- Philippine Foreste 51 Zoothera cinerea IUCN, HBW) thrush endemic VU NA VU d areas Netting x

Family Cisticolidae

Golden-headed Open 52 Cisticola exilis Cisticola Resident LC NA NA areas Transect x x

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Sampling Conservation Status Habitat Taxonomic Residency Method Sits No. Species Common Name Associa Updates Status Used DAO tion IUCN CITES 1 2 3 2004-15

Orthotomus Green-backed Philippine Foreste 53 chloronotus Tailorbird endemic LC NA NA d areas Transect x x

Family Monarchidae

Black-naped Foreste Transect, 54 Hypothymis azurea Monarch Resident LC NA NA d areas Netting x x

Family Rhipiduridae

Rhipidura nigritorquis (WBCP and Philippine Pied Philippine Foreste Transect, 55 Rhipidura javanica IUCN) Fantail endemic LC NA NA d areas Netting x x

Family Motacillidae

Anthus rufulus Anthus (WBCP and Open 56 novaeseelandiae IUCN) Paddyfield Pipit Resident LC NA NA areas Transect x x

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Sampling Conservation Status Habitat Taxonomic Residency Method Sits No. Species Common Name Associa Updates Status Used DAO tion IUCN CITES 1 2 3 2004-15

Wetland 57 Motacilla cinerea Grey Wagtail Migratory LC NA NA s Transect x

Family Locustellidae

Striated Open Transect, 58 Megalurus palustris Grassbird Resident LC NA NA areas Netting x x x

Cincloramphus Megalurus timoriensis(IUC Open 59 timoriensis N) Tawny Grassbird Resident LC NA NA areas Transect x x x

Family Acrocephalidae

Acrocephalus Clamorous Reed Open 60 stentoreus Warbler Resident LC NA NA areas Transect x

Family Phylloscopidae

Phylloscopus Foreste 61 borealis Arctic Warbler Migratory LC NA NA d areas Transect x

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Family Acanthizidae

Golden-bellied Open Transect, 62 Gerygone sulphurea Flyeater Resident LC NA NA areas Netting x x x

Family Muscicapidae

Mangrove Blue Foreste Transect, 63 Cyornis rufigastra Flycatcher Resident LC NA NA d areas Netting x x

Open 64 Saxicola caprata Pied Bushcat Resident LC NA NA areas Transect

Copsychus Foreste mindanensis d to (WBCP, HBW, Philippine Philippine open 65 Copsychus saularis IUCN) Magpie Robin endemic LC NA NA areas Transect x x

Family Artamidae

Artamus Artamus leucorhyn White-breasted Foreste 66 leucorychus (IUCN, HBW) Woodswallow Resident LC NA NA Transect x x x d to

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open areas

Family Laniidae

Migratory with resident Open Transect, 67 Lanius cristatus Brown Shrike populations LC NA NA areas Netting x x x

Long-tailed Open Transect, 68 Lanius schach Shrike Resident LC NA NA areas Netting x x x

Family Sturnidae

Acridotheres Open 69 cristatellus Crested Myna Introduced LC NA NA areas Transect x x

Foreste d to open 70 Sarcops calvus Coleto Near Endemic LC NA NA areas Transect x

Family Nectarinidae

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Foreste Cinnyris d to jugularis (WBCP Olive-backed open 71 Nectarinia jugularis and IUCN) Sunbird Resident LC NA NA areas Transect x x x

Foreste d to Anthrepthes Brown-throated open 72 malacensis Sunbird Resident LC NA NA areas Transect x

Family Dicaeidae

Red-keeled Philippine Open 73 Dicaeum australe flowerpecker endemic LC NA NA areas Transect x x

Family Zosteropidae

Lowland White- Philippine Foreste 74 Zosterops meyeni eye endemic d areas Transect x x x

Family Estrildidae

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Sampling Conservation Status Habitat Taxonomic Residency Method Sits No. Species Common Name Associa Updates Status Used DAO tion IUCN CITES 1 2 3 2004-15

Foreste d to Lonchura White-bellied open 75 leucogastra Munia Resident LC NA NA areas Transect x

Lonchura atricapilla (WBCP, IUCN, Open 76 Lonchura malacca HBW) Chestnut Munia Resident LC NA NA areas Transect x

Lonchura Scaly-breasted Open 77 punctulata Munia Resident LC NA NA areas Transect x x x

4 4 5 Total 6 7 7

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Appendix 3. Bird transect results and biodiversity indices in Site 1 of NCC

Proportional No. of Relative Proportional Species

No. Species individuals Frequency Dominance ln (ni/N) Diversity 2 (n i) (ni/N) Index (ni/N) Index (ni/N)

ln(n i/N) 1 Halcyon chloris 15 0.0347222 0.0012056 -3.3603754 -0.1166797 2 Lanius cristatus 14 0.0324074 0.0010502 -3.4293683 -0.1111369 3 Artamus leucorychus 17 0.0393519 0.0015486 -3.2352122 -0.1273116 4 Megalurus palustris 48 0.1111111 0.0123457 -2.1972246 -0.2441361 5 Rhipidura javanica 12 0.0277778 0.0007716 -3.5835189 -0.0995422 6 Gerygone sulphurea 27 0.0625000 0.0039063 -2.7725887 -0.1732868 7 Centropus viridis 15 0.0347222 0.0012056 -3.3603754 -0.1166797 8 Pycnonotus goiavier 28 0.0648148 0.0042010 -2.7362211 -0.1773477 9 Megalurus timoriensis 14 0.0324074 0.0010502 -3.4293683 -0.1111369 10 Cisticola exilis 8 0.0185185 0.0003429 -3.9889840 -0.0738701 11 Lanius schach 24 0.0555556 0.0030864 -2.8903718 -0.1605762 12 Galliralus torquatus 10 0.0231481 0.0005358 -3.7658405 -0.0871722 megalaima 0.0254630 0.0006484 -3.6705303 -0.0934626 13 haemacephala 11 14 Oriolus chinensis 21 0.0486111 0.0023630 -3.0239032 - 0.1469953 15 Haliastur indus 2 0.0046296 0.0000214 -5.3752784 -0.0248855 Centropus 0.0162037 0.0002626 -4.1225154 -0.0668000 16 bengalensis 7 17 Zosterops meyeni 10 0.0231481 0.0005358 -3.7658405 -0.0871722 18 Ardea purpurea 5 0.0115741 0.0001340 - 4.4589877 -0.0516087 19 Halcyon smyrnensis 7 0.0162037 0.0002626 -4.1225154 -0.0668000 20 Collocalia esculenta 10 0.0231481 0.0005358 -3.7658405 -0.0871722 21 Streptopelia chinensis 5 0.0115741 0.0001340 -4.4589877 -0.0516087 Streptopelia 0.0277778 0.0007716 -3.5835189 -0.0995422 22 tranquebarica 12 23 Lalage nigra 15 0.0347222 0.0012056 -3.3603754 -0.1166797 24 Gallus gallus 2 0.0046296 0.0000214 -5.3752784 -0.0248855 Amaurornis 0.0115741 0.0001340 -4.4589877 -0.0516087 25 phoenicurus 5 26 Phapitreron leucotis 2 0.0046296 0.0000214 -5.3752784 -0.0248855 Gallirallus 0.0231481 0.0005358 -3.7658405 -0.0871722 27 philippensis 10 Corvus 0.0115741 0.0001340 -4.4589877 -0.0516087 28 macrorhynchos 5 Anthus 0.0115741 0.0001340 -4.4589877 - 0.0516087 29 novaeseelandae 5 30 Hirundo tahitica 5 0.0115741 0.0001340 -4.4589877 -0.0516087 31 Geopelia striata 7 0.0162037 0.0002626 -4.1225154 -0.0668000 Copsychus 0.0092593 0.0000857 -4.6821312 -0.0433531 32 mindanensis 4 33 Lonchura punctulata 3 0.0069444 0.0000482 - 4.9698133 -0.0345126 34 Hirundo rustica 17 0.0393519 0.0015486 -3.2352122 -0.1273116 35 Cinnyris jugularis 2 0.0046296 0.0000214 -5.3752784 -0.0248855

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Proportional No. of Relative Proportional Species

No. Species individuals Frequency Dominance ln (ni/N) Diversity 2 (n i) (ni/N) Index (ni/N) Index (ni/N)

ln(n i/N) 36 Treron pompadora 7 0.0162037 0.0002626 -4.1225154 -0.0668000 37 Merops philippinus 9 0.0208333 0.0004340 -3.8712010 -0.0806500 38 Egretta garzetta 2 0.0046296 0.0000214 -5.3752784 -0.0248855 39 Saxicola caprata 2 0.0046296 0.0000214 -5.3752784 -0.0248855 Acridotheres 0.0162037 0.0002626 -4.1225154 -0.0668000 40 cristatellus 7 41 Turnix ocellata 1 0.0023148 0.0000054 -6.0684256 -0.0140473

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Appendix 4. Bird transect results and biodiversity indices in Site 2 of NCC

Proportional No. of Relative Proportional Species

No. Species individuals Frequency Dominance ln (ni/N) Diversity 2 (n i) (ni/N) Index (ni/N) Index (ni/N)

ln(n i/N) Hypsipetes 1 71 0.152360515 0.023213727 -1.881505757 -0.286667186 philippinus 2 Centropus viridis 33 0.070815451 0.005014828 -2.647678073 -0.187496516 Megalurus 3 17 0.036480687 0.001330841 -3.310972290 -0.120786543 timoriensis 4 Phapitreron leucotis 27 0.057939914 0.003357034 -2.848348768 -0.165033083 5 Copsychus saularis 5 0.010729614 0.000115125 -4.534747722 -0.048656091 6 Cinnyris jugularis 11 0.023605150 0.000557203 -3.746290361 -0.088431747 7 Gerygone sulphurea 8 0.017167382 0.000294719 -4.064744092 -0.069781014 8 Merops philippinus 9 0.019313305 0.000373004 -3.946961057 -0.076228862 9 Parus elegans 7 0.015021459 0.000225644 -4.198275485 -0.063064224 10 Lanius cristatus 11 0.023605150 0.000557203 -3.746290361 -0.088431747 11 Hypothymis azurea 15 0.032188841 0.001036121 -3.436135433 -0.110605218 Orthotomus 12 14 0.030042918 0.000902577 -3.505128305 -0.105304284 chloronotus Phaenicophaeus 13 6 0.012875536 0.000165779 -4.352426165 - 0.056039822 cumingi megalaima 14 9 0.019313305 0.000373004 -3.946961057 -0.076228862 haemacephala 15 Sarcops calvus 3 0.006437768 0.000041445 -5.045573345 -0.032482232 16 Cyornis rufigastra 10 0.021459227 0.000460498 -3.841600541 -0.082437780 17 Lanius schach 1 0.002145923 0.000004605 -6.144185634 -0.013184948 18 Halcyon smyrnensis 9 0.019313305 0.000373004 -3.946961057 -0.076228862 19 Megalurus palustris 17 0.036480687 0.001330841 -3.310972290 -0.120786543 20 Halcyon chloris 3 0.006437768 0.000041445 - 5.045573345 -0.032482232 Artamus 21 6 0.012875536 0.000165779 -4.352426165 -0.056039822 leucorhychus Dendrecopos 22 9 0.019313305 0.000373004 -3.946961057 -0.076228862 maculatus 23 Geopelia striata 1 0.002145923 0.000004605 -6.144185634 -0.013184948 Amaurornis 24 6 0.012875536 0.000165779 -4.352426165 -0.056039822 phoenicurus Gallirallus 25 19 0.040772532 0.001662399 -3.199746655 -0.130461773 torquatus 26 Pycnonotus goiavier 49 0.105150215 0.011056568 -2.252365336 -0.236836698 27 Pitta sordida 9 0.019313305 0.000373004 -3.946961057 -0.076228862 Phylloscopus 28 5 0.010729614 0.000115125 -4.534747722 -0.048656091 borealis 29 Cuculus fugax 5 0.010729614 0.000115125 -4.534747722 -0.048656091 30 Rhipidura javanica 1 0.002145923 0.000004605 -6.144185634 - 0.013184948 31 Zosterops meyeni 1 0.002145923 0.000004605 -6.144185634 -0.013184948 32 Chalcophaps indica 1 0.002145923 0.000004605 -6.144185634 -0.013184948

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Proportional No. of Relative Proportional Species

No. Species individuals Frequency Dominance ln (ni/N) Diversity 2 (n i) (ni/N) Index (ni/N) Index (ni/N)

ln(n i/N) Ptilinopus 33 1 0.002145923 0.000004605 -6.144185634 -0.013184948 leclancheri 34 Collocallia esculenta 17 0.036480687 0.001330841 -3.310972290 -0.120786543 35 Alcedo cyanopecta 3 0.006437768 0.000041445 -5.045573345 -0.032482232 36 Hirundo rustica 18 0.038626609 0.001492015 -3.253813876 -0.125683798 Anthrepthes 37 1 0.002145923 0.000004605 -6.144185634 -0.013184948 malacensis Amaurornis 38 1 0.002145923 0.000004605 -6.144185634 -0.013184948 olivaceus 39 Dicaeum australe 8 0.017167382 0.000294719 -4.064744092 -0.069781014 40 Merops viridis 3 0.006437768 0.000041445 -5.045573345 -0.032482232 41 Oriolus chinensis 3 0.006437768 0.000041445 -5.045573345 -0.032482232 42 Turnix ocellata 3 0.006437768 0.000041445 -5.045573345 -0.032482232 Lonchura 43 8 0.017167382 0.000294719 -4.064744092 -0.069781014 punctulata 44 Hirundo daurica 2 0.004291845 0.000018420 -5.451038454 -0.023395015 Appendix 5. Bird transect results and biodiversity indices in Site 3 of NCC

Proportional No. of Relative Proportional Species

No. Species individuals Frequency Dominance ln (ni/N) Diversity 2 (n i) (ni/N) Index (ni/N) Index (ni/N)

ln(n i/N) Ixobrychus 1 4 0.0074766 0.0000559 -4.8959724 -0.0366054 cinnamomeus 2 Butorides striatus 8 0.0149533 0.0002236 -4.2028252 -0.0628460 3 Motacilla cinerea 4 0.0074766 0.0000559 -4.8959724 -0.0366054 4 Saxicola caprata 20 0.0373832 0.0013975 -3.2865345 -0.1228611 Megalurus 5 11 0.0205607 0.0004227 -3.8843715 -0.0798656 timoriensis 6 Centropus viridis 26 0.0485981 0.0023618 -3.0241702 -0.1469690 7 Hirundo daurica 14 0.0261682 0.0006848 -3.6432094 -0.0953363 Corvus 8 4 0.0074766 0.0000559 -4.8959724 -0.0366054 macrorhynchos Artamus 9 2 0.0037383 0.0000140 -5.5891196 -0.0208939 leucorhynchus 10 Megalurus palustris 48 0.0897196 0.0080496 -2.4110657 -0.2163199 Lonchura 11 55 0.1028037 0.0105686 -2.2749336 -0.2338717 punctulata 12 Halcyon chloris 3 0.0056075 0.0000314 -5.1836545 -0.0290672 Centropus 13 12 0.0224299 0.0005031 -3.7973601 -0.0851744 bengalensis Hypsipetes 14 35 0.0654206 0.0042798 -2.7269187 -0.1783965 philippinus 15 Pycnonotus goiavier 51 0.0953271 0.0090873 -2.3504411 -0.2240607

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Proportional No. of Relative Proportional Species

No. Species individuals Frequency Dominance ln (ni/N) Diversity 2 (n i) (ni/N) Index (ni/N) Index (ni/N)

ln(n i/N) 16 Gerygone sulphurea 11 0.0205607 0.0004227 -3.8843715 -0.0798656 Gallirallus 17 14 0.0261682 0.0006848 -3.6432094 -0.0953363 torquatus 18 Egretta garzetta 1 0.0018692 0.0000035 -6.2822667 -0.0117426 Amaurornis 19 11 0.0205607 0.0004227 -3.8843715 -0.0798656 phoenicurus 20 Zosterops meyeni 15 0.0280374 0.0007861 -3.5742165 -0.1002117 Acrocephalus 21 12 0.0224299 0.0005031 -3.7973601 -0.0851744 stentoreus 22 Phapitreron leucotis 21 0.0392523 0.0015407 -3.2377443 - 0.1270890 23 Lanius schach 6 0.0112150 0.0001258 -4.4905073 -0.0503608 Acridotheres 24 8 0.0149533 0.0002236 -4.2028252 -0.0628460 cristatellus Orthotomus 25 10 0.0186916 0.0003494 -3.9796817 -0.0743866 chloronotus 26 Nectarinia jugularis 10 0.0186916 0.0003494 -3.9796817 -0.0743866 27 Riparia paludicola 21 0.0392523 0.0015407 -3.2377443 -0.1270890 Lonchura 28 5 0.0093458 0.0000873 -4.6728288 -0.0436713 leucogastra 29 Actitis hypoleucos 1 0.0018692 0.0000035 -6.2822667 -0.0117426 30 Lonchura malacca 2 0.0037383 0.0000140 -5.5891196 -0.0208939 31 Parus elegans 5 0.0093458 0.0000873 -4.6728288 -0.0436713 32 Lanius cristatus 5 0.0093458 0.0000873 -4.6728288 -0.0436713 33 Halcyon smyrnensis 7 0.0130841 0.0001712 -4.3363566 -0.0567374 34 Hypothymis azurea 3 0.0056075 0.0000314 -5.1836545 -0.0290672 35 Cuculus fugaz 5 0.0093458 0.0000873 -4.6728288 -0.0436713 Megalaima 36 2 0.0037383 0.0000140 -5.5891196 -0.0208939 haemacephala 37 Merops philippinus 9 0.0168224 0.0002830 -4.0850422 -0.0687203 Anthus 38 6 0.0112150 0.0001258 -4.4905073 -0.0503608 novaeseelandae Streptopelia 39 4 0.0074766 0.0000559 -4.8959724 -0.0366054 chinensis 40 Cyornis rufigastra 2 0.0037383 0.0000140 -5.5891196 -0.0208939 41 Geopelia striata 3 0.0056075 0.0000314 -5.1836545 - 0.0290672 42 Collocalia esculenta 6 0.0112150 0.0001258 -4.4905073 -0.0503608 43 Oriolus chinensis 3 0.0056075 0.0000314 -5.1836545 -0.0290672 Phaenicophaeus 44 4 0.0074766 0.0000559 -4.8959724 -0.0366054 cumingi 45 Haliastur indus 1 0.0018692 0.0000035 - 6.2822667 -0.0117426 Gallirallus 46 2 0.0037383 0.0000140 -5.5891196 -0.0208939 philippensis 47 Turnix ocellata 1 0.0018692 0.0000035 -6.2822667 -0.0117426 48 Merops viridis 9 0.0168224 0.0002830 -4.0850422 -0.0687203 49 Dicaeum australe 2 0.0037383 0.0000140 -5.5891196 -0.0208939

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Proportional No. of Relative Proportional Species

No. Species individuals Frequency Dominance ln (ni/N) Diversity 2 (n i) (ni/N) Index (ni/N) Index (ni/N)

ln(n i/N) 50 Charadrius dubius 5 0.0093458 0.0000873 -4.6728288 -0.0436713 51 Cisticola exilis 1 0.0018692 0.0000035 -6.2822667 -0.0117426 Nycticorax 52 1 0.0018692 0.0000035 -6.2822667 -0.0117426 nycticorax 53 Lalage nigra 2 0.003738 3 0.0000140 -5.5891196 -0.0208939 54 Bubulcus ibis 2 0.0037383 0.0000140 -5.5891196 -0.0208939

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Appendix 6. List of mammals recorded in NCC

Conservation Status Sam pling Sites No. Species Common Name Residency Status Habitat Association

DAO IUCN CITES 1 2 3 2004-15 Order Chiroptera Family Pteropodidae Present in agricultural Common short-nosed 1 Cynopterus brachyotis Native areas and disturbed LC NA NA x x x fruit bat forests Rousettus Common in caves 2 Common Rousette Native LC NA NA x x amplexicaudatus adjacent to forests Common in secondary forest, often present in Philippine 3 Ptenochirus jagori Musky Fruit Bat cropland and urban LC NA NA x x Endemic parks and residential areas Common in secondary forest, often present in Lesser Long-tongued 4 Macroglossus minimus Native cropland and urban LC NA NA x x x Fruit Bat parks and residential areas Common in caves 5 Eonycteris spelaea Common Nectar Bat Native LC NA NA x adjacent to forests Family

Vespertillionidae

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Conservation Status Sam pling Sites No. Species Common Name Residency Status Habitat Association

DAO IUCN CITES 1 2 3 2004-15 Present in forests, Lesser Asiatic Yellow 6 Scotophilus kuhli Native agricultural lands, and LC NA NA x x House Bat human habitats Order Rodentia Family Muridae 1 Rattus tanezumi Oriental House Rat Introduced Human Commensal LC NA NA x x x 2 Rattus exulans Polynesian Rat Introduced Human Commensal LC NA NA x Present in primary and Philippine secondary forests as 3 Chrotomys mindorensis Lowland Chrotomys LC NA NA x Endemic well as adjacent agricultural areas Order Primates Present in mangrove and swamp forest as Appendix 4 Macaca fascicularis Long-tailed Macaque Native LC OTS x well as agricultural II areas near forests Order Carnivora Present in primary and secondary forests as 5 Viverra tagalunga Malay Civet Native LC NA NA x x x well as adjacent agricultural areas Present in primary and Paradoxurus secondary forests as Appendix 6 Common Palm Civet Native LC NA x x x hermaphroditus well as adjacent III agricultural areas

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Conservation Status Sam pling Sites No. Species Common Name Residency Status Habitat Association

DAO IUCN CITES 1 2 3 2004-15 Order

Cetartiodactyla Philippine 7 Sus philippensis Philippine Warty Pig Found in remote forests VU NA VU x x Endemic Total 9 11 7

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Appendix 7. Indicative cost and timeline of activities for NCC

Summary of activities and indicative cost Activities Indicative Cost (USD) Environment Establish important biodiversity & conservation areas 2,600 Promote use of indigenous, native & endemic species 10,000 Biodiversity-friendly technology in monitoring, protection and remediation 60,000 Wet season biodiversity study 50,000 People & Community Engage community as supplier (or contract growers) of native & endemic species, even instant trees 60,000 Establish Payment for Ecosystem Services (PES) scheme 60,000 Governance Integrate recommended mitigation measures to NCC design & operation guidelines, and implementation 1,331,200 Synergy of NCC with LGU mandated plans & dev’t programs 130,100 Policy to adopt DENR-BMB Tech Bulletin 2018-02 on urban biodiversity 100 Create NCC Sustainability Management Unit 200,000 Biodiversity Management Program Development 70,000 TOTAL $ 1,974,000

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2019 2020 Indicative Recommended Activities in NCC ONWARDS Cost Cost Assumptions July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar April May Jun (USD) Formulation of policy to establish priority conservation sites Drafting of policy (e.g. 2,500 Consultant Fee @ administrative order) to earmark USD250 x 10 biodiversity areas person-days Review and approval of the policy 100 meeting cost Biodiversity Survey (wet season) 50,000 Lump sum Policy adopting DENR-BMB Technical 100 meeting cost Bulletin 2018-02 Mitigate measures to address pressures to biodiversity Mitigate forest degradation - Allocaton of transplant area of 100 lump sum; native and threatened species internal cost of BCDA -Establishment of nursery sites for 250,000 assume PhP2,500 production of planting materials sqm dev cost ; target 0.5 hectare

-Progressive rehabilitation of 300,000 est PhP30,000 per degraded areas ha; target 500 hectares per year

Prevent habitat loss & fragmentation -Earthballing and transplanting of 20,000 assume PhP protected species 5,000/tree; target 200 trees -Provision of offset sites for areas 100 meeting/ that will be subjected to vegetation planning cost clearing

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. 2019 2020 Indicative Recommended Activities in NCC ONWARDS Cost Cost Assumptions July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar April May Jun (USD) -Formulation of Biodiversity Management Program 60,000 Lump sum Consultant fee

-Establishment of biodiversity park to house the threatened species 300,000 Lump sum

Mitigating measure of river siltation

-Limit clearing activities to minimum soil disturbance Policy issuance; Cost for mitigating measures 1,000 operation for river siltation guidelines -Haul unused topsoil and earthen materials to designated Spoil Disposal Areas (SDA). Policy issuance; operation guidelines cost c/o contractors

-Installation and proper maintenance of silt ponds/traps near waterways cost c/o contractors

-Maintain riparian vegetation to serve as buffers along natural waterways. Policy issuance; operation guidelines estimated maintenance cost

-Preserve natural gullies/drainage patterns, if possible and practicable Policy issuance; operation guidelines

-Provide drainage canals and similar storm water conveying systems along roads which will also prevent soil slips and erosion Infrastructure cost c/o contractors

-Ensure routine preventive maintenance of vehicles and other mobile equipment Policy issuance; operation guidelines; Ongoing & recurring cost c/o contractors activity

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2019 2020 Indicative Recommended Activities in NCC ONWARDS Cost Cost Assumptions July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar April May Jun (USD) -Avoid washing vehicle on surface water to prevent contamination of water. Policy issuance; operation guidelines; Ongoing & recurring cost c/o contractors activity

-Designate wash bays with oil and water separator Policy issuance; operation guidelines; Ongoing & recurring cost c/o contractors activity -Provision for spill kits and drip pans in all mobile equipment. Policy issuance; operation guidelines; Ongoing & recurring

activity cost c/o contractors

Mitigate greenhouse gas emission -Conversion of cut trees to furniture to avoid carbon emissions Policy

issuance;

Disturbance of local population of species

-Maage pollutio fro the project’s operatio Policy issuance; operation guidelines; Ongoing & recurring

activity

Prevent spread of IAS -Weed control and restrict planting of introduced species Can be included in Biodiversity Management Program;recurring actvity 100,000 Operation cost

-Use of native species in landscaping Can be included in Biodiversity Estimated Annual allocation Management Program;recurring actvity 300,000 for native species for landscaping

Mitigate Pollution

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2019 2020 Indicative Recommended Activities in NCC ONWARDS Cost Cost Assumptions July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar April May Jun (USD) -Limit the speed of vehicles while within the project site Policy issuance; operation guidelines; Ongoing & recurring activity

-Sprinkling of areas that accumulate dust Policy issuance; operation guidelines; Ongoing & recurring operational cost; activity -Revegetation of bare areas Policy issuance; operation guidelines; Ongoing & recurring Included above in activity progressive rehabilitation

-Formulation of dust management plan Policy issuance; c/o contractors operation guidelines; Ongoing & recurring -Reduction and regulation of noise from machineries and vehicles Policy issuance; operation guidelines; Ongoing & recurring

activity

Promotion of use of indigenous species 10,000 annual budget for CEPA Engaging communities as contract growers Development of business and partnership model 60,000 Consultant fee

Identification of community partners part of business and partnership model development

Implement contract growing arrangements included in annual budget for native species for landscaping

Develop Model of Payment for Ecosytem Services Scheme 60,000 Consultant fee Work with LGUs to achieve synergy in development plans

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2019 2020 Indicative Recommended Activities in NCC ONWARDS Cost Cost Assumptions July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar April May Jun (USD) Convening of LGUs, BCDA and other stakeholders 10,000 Lump sum

Develop partnership model & Organize Watershed 60,000 Consultant fee Management Council Develop Watershed Management Plans 60,000 Consultant fee Development & issuance of policies for watershed management meeting cost; other cost 100 included in Consultant in partnership modeling

Sustainability Unit 200,000 estimate, lump sum Biodiversity Management Program Development Consultant Fee; Planning 70,000 sessions

Biodiversity Assessment & Monitoring 60,000 estimate, lump sum Grand Total 1,351,100

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