Biodiversity Change in the Mountain Range from 2014 to 2017 Imprint This publication is by the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH through the and Climate Protection in Panay-Phase II (ForClim II) Project, funded by the German Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety (BMU) under its International Climate Initiative. BMU supports this Initiative based on a decision of the German Parliament. For more information, see http://www.international-climate-initiative.com.

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Programme: Forest and Climate Protection in Panay – Phase II

Author: Ruth Martinez

Photo credits/sources: ©GIZ/Bernie Agaloos ©GIZ/Haribon Foundation ©GIZ/Jürgen Schade Forest and Climate Protection in Panay-Phase II Project

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Quezon City, Philippines | 2018

Contents

Abbreviations ...... i 1. Introduction ...... 1 2. Methodology ...... 4 2.1. occurrence survey ...... 5 2.1.1 Ethno-biological survey...... 5 2.1.2 Field validation ...... 8 2.2 Population size survey ...... 9 3. Results ...... 10 3.1 Ethno-biological survey ...... 11 3.2 Field survey ...... 13 3.3 Results of key species monitoring ...... 13 4. Lessons learned and conclusions ...... 15 References ...... 17 Annexes ...... 20 Annex 1. Questionnaire used in the ethno-biological surveys ...... 21 Annex 2. , and herpetofauna of the Panay Mountain Range 2012-2013 ...... 23 Annex 3. Visayan nest hole coordinates 2017 ...... 29

Abbreviations CBFMA Community Based Forest Management Agreement CENRO Community Environment and Natural Resources Office(r) CH Critical CLUP Comprehensive Land Use Plan DAO Department Administrative Order DENR Department of Environment and Natural Resources eBMS enhanced Management System FGD Focus Group Discussions FLUP Forest Land Use Plan FMB Forest Management Bureau ForClim Panay Forest and Climate Protection Project Panay GIS Geographical Information System GPS Global Positioning System KII Key Informant Interviews LGU Local Government Unit MENRO Municipal Environment and Natural Resources Office(r) ODK Open Data Kit PESCP Philippine Endemic Species Conservation Project PMR Panay Mountain Range

i

1

Introduction

Forests fulfil a range of important functions and services: they regulate the climate, serve as carbon storage, and provide food and fuel. Further, an intact forest ecosystem ensures diversity within species (IUCN 2017). Maintaining is pivotal when facing the challenges of climate change. The Philippines are particular rich in biodiversity, and Philippine forests are home to many endemic species. Nonetheless, over the course of the past century, the Philippines has experienced a considerable decline of its forest cover. From 1934 to 2011, the forest cover declined by more than 40% from 17.8 million ha to 7.168 million ha (Carandang et al. 2013). Unclear tenure rights, resulting in open access forest lands, shifting cultivation, mining, illegal logging and forest conversion are the main factors that drive continuous degradation of Philippine forests (Carandang et al. 2013, Bugayong et al. 2016). This is also true for the Panay Mountain Range (PMR) which is located on the island of Panay in the Visayas region of the Philippines (Figure 2) and comprises a forest area of about 105,200 ha (Schade 2018). The PMR is the most important forest carbon pool in the region and is refuge to a variety of endemic species. In order to conserve its biodiversity and protect , the Forest and Climate Protection (ForClim) Project Panay promotes the declaration of “Critical ” (CH), which are habitats of endemic species in need of special protection. The ForClim Project was funded by the German Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety (BMU) through its International Climate Initiative (IKI) and jointly implemented by the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH and the Department of Environment and Natural Resources Philippines (DENR). It aimed to enhance protection of the forests and biodiversity of the PMR. ForClim promoted sustainable and decentralised management and protection of forest resources through the establishment of Forest Land Use Plans (FLUPs) and Comprehensive Land Use Plans (CLUPs) in 20 municipalities across four provinces in Panay. Through capacity building of the Municipality Environmental and Natural Resource Officers (MENROs) and local forest guards (bangtay gubats) and the provision of sustainable livelihood, the project strengthened the overall forest protection and decreased illegal activities in the forests. It also encouraged the integration of CH establishment into FLUPs to enhance biodiversity protection measures. One of the aims of the ForClim Project was the establishment of Critical Habitat areas as part of Forest land Use Planning (Lacan et al. 2018). CHs are “areas outside protected areas under Republic Act No. 75861 that are known habitats of threatened species and designated as such based on scientific data taking into consideration species endemicity and/or richness, presence of man-made pressures/threats to the survival of wildlife living in the area, among others;” (DENR 2007). Therefore, information about the distribution and abundance of endemic species and threats is required as a key input in the land-use planning process. To get this information, the project tasked Haribon Foundation to carry out a comprehensive biodiversity assessment in the Panay Mountain Range. This assessment focused on the distribution and the threats to the 5 endemic key species (‘Big Five’) of the PMR, the Visayan writhed-hornbill, the Visayan spotted , the Visayan warty , the Panay monitor and two species of the parasitic plant Rafflesia (R. lobata; R. speciosa) (Table 1).

1 National Integrated Protected Areas System Act of 1992 https://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1992/ra_7586_1992.html

2 Table 1. The major threatened species in the Panay Mountain Range Species Status Walden's hornbill or Visayan Critically endangered * ( waldeni)

Visayan spotted deer Endangered * ( alfredi)

Visayan warty pig Critically endangered * (Sus cebifrons)

Panay Endangered * (Varanus mabitang)

Rafflesia lobata  Vulnerable **

Rafflesia speciosa  Endangered **

* http://www.iucnredlist.org/ accessed July 2018 ** DAO (2017) This taxon has not yet been assessed for the IUCN Red List Pictures GIZ

3

2

Methodology

The biodiversity assessment comprised two parts: (i) assessment of species occurrence through ethno-biological surveys (mainly based on target group interviews) and field validation in sample areas, and (ii) survey of the population size of the critically endangered Walden's hornbill (also called Visayan writhed hornbill and locally called Dulungan hornbill). The biodiversity assessment conducted by Haribon in 2013 and 2014 provided the baseline to evaluate how the ForClim Project contributed to biodiversity conservation by comparing the baseline with data collected in 2017. The biodiversity assessment and field sampling from June 2013 to May 2014 were carried out in 17 municipalities (Figure 2). The 2017 survey used only key informant interviews because the results from the 2013/14 key informant interviews correlated very well with the results of the field sampling (Haribon Foundation 2014). The 2017 survey was carried out in 13 municipalities because three municipalities did not participate in the second phase of the project and the forest areas of one municipality were not accessible in 2017 due to rebel activities. The analysis therefore covers only 13 municipalities (Tables 3 and 4). The population size of the critically endangered Dulungan hornbill was recorded through a count of active nest holes in the central part of the PMR in 2014. The same nest holes were revisited from September to October 2017. 2.1. Species occurrence survey Ethno-biological surveys comprising key informant interviews and focus group discussions were used to get information about the occurrence and distribution of key species and, based on this, select sites for the subsequent field verification. 2.1.1 Ethno-biological survey Ethno-biological surveys show relationship of communities with their local environment, in particular the local uses and customs regarding target species. They allow to gain a comprehensive idea about the ecological, economic, social and cultural context in which species of interest are embedded. This generates detailed insights into the factors that influence the occurrence (i.e. distribution and abundance) and the factors that threaten the respective species (Ford 1986). An ethno-biological survey starts with the identification of key community members who can provide information about the location of species and the threats they are facing. On this basis, key informant interviews (KII) are conducted and their results are then validated through focus group discussions (FGDs). The results of the survey then enable the delineation of focal areas for the field verification. Key informant interviews are qualitative in-depth interviews with people selected on grounds of their knowledge of the topic of interest. The interviews are loosely structured, relying on questionnaires or a list of issues to be discussed and allowing a free flow of ideas and information. Interviewers frame questions spontaneously, gather information and take notes, which are elaborated on later (Figure 1) (USAID 1996).

Figure 1. Structure of key informant interviews

5 The interviews targeted specific groups within the community taking into account the diversity of knowledge among community members. Groups included hunters, farmers and other groups with traditional species knowledge. The questionnaire used to get information about the distribution of species and the threats that they face is shown in Annex 1. Focus group discussions take place in meetings with members of local communities in the area of interest. This method is useful to validate the results obtained during the KII interviews. Hence, it allows to confirm the views of the community on the status of species, the trends in the use of natural resources and their role in sustaining livelihoods. This gives an idea of the general trends in resource use and threats to species (DENR 2001). FGDs were conducted in the same way in 2013/14 and 2017. Local communities, as well as the survey guides and porters, who are familiar with the mountains were interviewed about the distribution of species. Photographs of birds, mammals, and were used to facilitate the identification of the species. The economic and cultural importance of these species was noted and documented. Mapping. The reported species sightings were then put on a map (Figure 2). This map was used to divide the PMR into four clusters for more efficient field validation. The forests of Natural Park were not included in the survey because they are not connected to the contiguous forests of the PMR and are already part of a protected area.

6 Figure 2. Species distribution in the PMR and survey clusters

7 2.1.2 Field validation The purpose of the field sampling was to validate the presence of key species reported during the ethno-biological survey. Different methods were used for flying , non-flying animals, big mammals, reptiles and amphibians and flora. On overview of these methods is given in Table 2 (Haribon Foundation 2014).

Table 2. Field data collection methods used for different groups of fauna and flora Group of species Method All Observations of footprints, nests, calls, fecal droppings, scratches and remains (skin, scales, feathers and bones) used as indicator for the species presence in the area Flying animals Mist nets set up on ridge tops, trails, streams or forest edges to catch

e.g. birds, bats individuals Non-flying animals Cage traps on the ground equally spaced along trap lines; mostly along Fauna e.g. rodents runways, near holes or within root tangles Big mammals, species difficult Direct observations and interviews with local residents and guides to capture Reptiles/amphibians Direct observations and ethno-biological methods Semi-permanent plots 20×20 meter in fairly homogenous vegetation cover

Trees All tree species with a diameter at breast height of more than 10 cm were measured and the canopy height estimated Flora Undergrowth (vegetation < 3m One 4×4 meter sub-plot was placed in each 20×20 meter plot high, including climbers)

Sampling plots were placed in different habitat types depending on the elevation, the type of vegetation and the type and level of disturbance. The habitat characterisation was based on Heaney et al. (1997). The plots were located along survey tracts within an observation area of 1,000 ha (Figure 3).

Figure 3. Example of field sampling tract in Culasi

8 2.2 Population size survey Recording the population size of a particular species in the Panay Mountain Range takes a very long time because surveying random sampling plots, particularly, in the densely forested higher areas with often steep slopes is very time consuming. Monitoring of population changes based on the repetition of such surveys was therefore not considered as an option for the project. Instead, a critically endangered species, the Dulungan hornbill, was chosen for which a population survey can be carried out without using randomly located sampling plots. The Dulungan is endemic to the Region and presumed to have occurred on the three islands of , Negros and Panay. It is now absent from Guimaras and survives only in Negros and Panay (Collar et al. 1999). The main reasons are habitat loss of low to mid-altitude forest and . The non-governmental organisation PESCP (Philippine Endemic Species Conservation Project - now Panay Eco-Social Conservation Project, PanayCon) carried out a survey of Dulungan nest holes in 2007 and found 752 active nest holes.2 In order to monitor the Dulungan population in the PMR, the ForClim project selected a sample of 5% (38 nest holes) of the 752 Dulungan nest holes recoded in 2008 within the main distribution area around Mt. Madjaas. The nest holes were located by their GPS coordinates during the breeding season 2014 with the help of voluntary nest guards. The nest holes were then observed to verify active breeding by Dulungan . The presence of various Dipterocarpaceae tree species and fig trees which serve as food source were reliable indicators showing that the area is still a suitable breeding habitat. In 2017, the same 38 nest holes were located and observed again, to allow the monitoring of the population.

2 Unpublished Report by PESCP based on a compilation of reports from the Dulungan Nest hole wardens. The reports from the wardens were verified during a GPS survey in 2008.

9

3

Results

The results of the 2013/14 survey are from Haribon Foundation (2014); the results of the 2017 survey from field work carried out by ForClim staff. 3.1 Ethno-biological survey The survey showed that the communities around the PMR are heavily dependent on the forests for food supply, shelter and livelihood and that the area and its biodiversity is threatened by hunting, timber poaching, charcoal making, fuel wood gathering and shifting cultivation. The result of the survey also provided the data for preparing an indicative distribution map of the threatened species of Panay (Figure 2). A total of 66 sightings of the threatened “Big Five” key species were recorded during the 2014 survey. In 18 out of 23 barangays sightings of the Visayan writhed hornbill were reported. The was observed in 17 barangays, the in 14 barangays. Only five barangays reported observations of the Panay monitor lizard and 12 occurrences of Rafflesia flowers. In all 23 barangays other threatened or near-threatened species were recorded, namely the tarictic hornbill, the Panay bushy-tailed cloud rat and the Philippine long-tailed macaque (Table 3).

Table 3. Results of the ethno-biological survey 2014 Province Municipality Presence of “Big 5” Species Others Dulungan Warty Spotted Mabitang Rafflesia Tarictic Pig Deer speciosa Hornbill, and Cloud Rat, lobata Monkey Madalag Maria Cristina x x x x Malinao Capataga x x x x Yawan x x x x x Ibajay Aparicio x x x Pandan Maadios x x x x x Nauhon x x x x x Sebaste Alegre x x x x P. Javier x x x Magsaysay x x x Culasi Osorio x x x x x x Barbaza Cadiao x x San Ramon x x x Laua-an Maybunga x x x x x Bugasong Igsoro x x x x x San Agustin x x x x x Valderrama Busog x x x x x Culiat x x x x Gella x Patnongon Tigbalogo x Samalague x Aningalan x x x x x San Remigio Panpanan x x x x Iloilo Lambunao Cabatangan x x x x x x Total 18 17 14 5 12 23

In 2017, a total of 77 sightings of threatened key species were reported in the same 23 barangays. This is an increase of 11 sightings compared to 2014. Dulungan observations were reported from 18 barangays, which is the same number as in 2014. Visayan warty were recorded for 19 barangays, which is two more than in 2014. Spotted dears were seen in 14 sites, the same number as in 2014. The Mabitang monitor lizard was reported from 14 barangays, which is a significant increase from the 5 barangays in 2014. One reason may be that local people know now that it is protected and hunting will be heavily fined. The number of barangays with reported Rafflesia occurrence has increased by one to 13. Sightings of tarictic hornbill, the Panay bushy-tailed cloud rat and the Philippine long-tailed macaque were again reported in all 23 barangays (Table 4).

11 Table 4. Results of the ethno-biological survey 2017 Province Municipality Barangay Presence of “Big 5” Species Others Dulungan Warty Spotted Mabitang Rafflesia Tarictic Pig Deer speciosa Hornbill, and Cloud Rat, lobata Monkey Madalag Maria Cristina x x x x x Malinao Capataga x x x x x Aklan Yawan x x x x x Ibajay Aparicio x x x x Pandan Maadios x x x x x Nauhon x x x x x x Sebaste Alegre x x x x x P. Javier x x x x Magsaysay x x x x x Culasi Osorio x x x x x x Barbaza Cadiao x x San Ramon x x x x Laua-an Maybunga x x x x x Antique Bugasong Igsoro x x x x x San Agustin x x x x x x Valderrama Busog x x x x x x Culiat x x x x Gella x Patnongon Tigbalogo x Samalague x Aningalan x x x x x San Remigio Panpanan x x x x x Iloilo Lambunao Cabatangan x x x x x x Total 18 19 14 14 13 23

Figure 4 provides a graphic overview of the numbers of observations of the “Big 5” in 2014 and 2017.

Figure 4. Comparison of the ethno-biological survey results 2014 and 2017

12 3.2 Field survey During the 2014 field sampling, a total of 121 faunal species were recorded along the survey tracts in 17 municipalities throughout the PMR (Haribon Foundation 2014). The survey team identified 75 species, where one bird species is critically endangered, three species are endangered and 33 species are vulnerable. The presence of Dulungan was confirmed and validated in all four clusters (Annex 2). For herpetofauna, a total of 23 species was recorded with one species critically endangered and three vulnerable. Food litter, droppings, scratches and tree marks were seen by the survey team to confirm the presence of Varanus mabitang particularly in Cluster 3. Mammals collected and identified totalled 23 species. Two of them are critically endangered while four species are vulnerable. Among the recorded mammalian species, four species of bats are considered new recordings for the island (names highlighted in green in Annex 2; source: Synopsis of Philippine http://archive.fieldmuseum.org/philippine_mammals/introduction.asp). Table 6 summarises the confirmed species recordings during the field sampling.

Table 5. Summary of wildlife species confirmed in four study clusters in the PMR Critically Endangered Vulnerable Threatened species Least Total endangered (CR) (En) (Vu) (CR+En+Vu) concern (LC) Birds 1 3 3 7 68 75 Reptiles & amphibians 1 0 3 4 19 23 Mammals 2 0 4 6 17 23 Total 4 3 10 17 103 121

3.3 Results of key species monitoring 36 of the 38 hornbill nest holes checked in 2014 were still used by breeding pairs of Dulungans. Two nests had been abandoned. One sign of an active nest hole is that the entrance has practically been closed by the male bird, protecting the female bird hedging the eggs (Figure 5). The same 38 nest holes were re-located in 2017 (Annex 3) and checked for signs of breeding Dulungans. The two nests already abandoned in 2014 had not been used again. In addition, another nest hole had been abandoned in 2017. In the same area two new active nest holes were discovered. In total 37 nest holes were confirmed to be used by Dulungan hornbills, which is one nest hole more than in 2014. Based on the average number of hornbills per nest hole (2 adults, 2-3 fledglings) and a sample size of 5% the total population size in 2017 can be estimated to be between 2,960 and 3,700 individuals. In 2014 the size was slightly lower (2,880–3,600). Using the same estimate, the population in 2007 (752 nest holes) was between 3,008 to 3,760 Dulungans. The nest hole surveys in 2014 and 2017 therefore confirmed that the population of the critically endangered Dulungan hornbill remained more or less stable during the period of the ForClim project (2010 to 2017).

13 Figure 5. Dulungan hornbill at nest hole (left; © Haribon), and active and occupied nest hole with opening still closed (right; © GIZ)

14

4

Lessons learned & conclusions

Effective monitoring of biodiversity for conservation requires information on spatial and temporal variation in species abundances and there are many standard methods of estimating abundance, such as (stratified) random sampling plots/transects and distance sampling (Elzinga et al. 2001, Sutherland 2006). However, these methods typically require more time, expertise and finances than are available at LGU level. This is especially so in the Panay Mountain Range, where high species richness, low densities of species and a structurally complex environment make monitoring particularly challenging. As conservation resources are limited, the project tested assessment and monitoring methods that enable rapid and cost effective data collection. An ethno-biological survey in combination with field validation is a method suitable to map the occurrence and distribution of key species in large, densely forested mountainous areas (Haribon Foundation 2014). The results of such a rapid assessment survey can then be used to determine species and areas (stratification) for population size (abundance) surveys which can be carried out without too much effort. In the Panay Mountain Range, this was done for Rafflesia plants and nest holes of Dulungan hornbills. Field validation of the results of the ethno-biological survey was carried out in 2014 using sampling plots, traps, mist nets, opportunistic observations (sightings and signs – see Table 2) and the Mackinnon list method3 (MacLeod et al. 2011). The questionnaires and field documents of the 2014 surveys were lost during the move of Haribon documents from one office to another. Since the paper forms from 2014 were lost and the data were not digitised, the project did not have a basis for field comparisons in 2017 and therefore in 2017 only the ethno-biological survey was repeated. The project also tested digital data collection tools: Open Data Kit (ODK) for a cacao farm survey (Pakes et al. 2018) and the enhanced Biodiversity Monitoring System (eBMS) (Willoughby et al. 2018) in Sibalom Natural Park in Antique (Lacan et al. 2018). Such digital tools avoid data loss and the bottle neck of manual data entry by using digital recording devices and direct data up-load to a database. Initial results of the eBMS field test are positive and the sustainability of the eBMS is ensured through its integration in the DENR Lawin Forest and Biodiversity Protection System. However, LGU, DENR and/or the natural park administration must provide sufficient resources and support to continue the use of the eBMS.

3 A rapid assessment methodology designed for use in species rich environments that can generate consistent abundance indices.

16

References

Bugayong, L.A., Dolom, P.C., and Caradang, A.P. (2016) Assessment of Drivers of Deforestation and Forest Degradation in Eastern and Davao Oriental REDD-plus Project Sites. Manila, Philippines: Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH. Available at http://forestry.denr.gov.ph/redd-plus-philippines/publications- pdf/published/Assessment%20of%20drivers%20of%20deforestation%20in%20REDD+%20sites.pdf [last accessed 13 August 2018]. Carandang, A.P., Bugayong, L.A., Dolom, P.C., Garcia, L.N., Villanueva, M.B. and Espiritu, N.O. (2013) Analysis of Key Drivers of Deforestation and Forest Degradation. Manila, Philippines: Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH. Available at http://forestry.denr.gov.ph/redd-plus- philippines/publications- pdf/published/Analysis%20of%20key%20drivers%20of%20deforestation%20and%20forest%20degradati on%20in%20the%20Philippines.pdf [last accessed 13 August 2018]. Collar, N.J., Mallari N.A.D. and Tabaranza, Jr. B. R. (1999) Threatened Birds of the Philippines: Red Data Book. Manila: Haribon Foundation/BirdLife International/ Bookmark Inc. DAO (2017) Updated National List of Threatened Philippine Plants and their Categories. Philippines - DENR Administrative Order No. 2017 – 11. Available at http://www.philippineplants.org/dao-2017-11.pdf [last accessed 13 August 2018]. DENR (2007) Memorandum Circular 2007-02. Guidelines on the establishment and management of critical habitat. Available at https://server2.denr.gov.ph/uploads/rmdd/dmc-2007-02_467.pdf [last accessed 13 August 2018]. DENR (2001) Biodiversity Monitoring System Manual for Protected Areas. Second edition. DENR, Manila, and NORDECO, Copenhagen. Elzinga, C.L., Salzer, D.W., Willoughby, J.W. and Gibbs J.P. (2001). Monitoring Plant and Animal Populations Oxford and Malden (Massachusetts): Blackwell Science. viii + 360 pp. Ford, R. I. (1986) An Ethnobiology Source Book: The Uses of Plants and Animals by American Indians, New York and London, Garland Publishing. Heaney, L. R., Balete. D. S. and Dans, A. T. (1997) Terrestrial mammals. In Wildlife Conservation Society of the Philippines, Philippine Red Data Book. Bookmark, Manila. 262 pp. Haribon Foundation (2014) Forest and Climate Protection Panay (ForClim) Project Final Report (October 2010- April 2014). IUCN (2017) Forest landscape restoration: meeting national & international biodiversity commitments. FORESTBRIEF 18. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN. Available at https://www.iucn.org/sites/dev/files/content/documents/20170630_iucn_forest-brief_18_flr- biodiversity_final.pdf?dm_i=2GI3,13IIR,48BKER,3BFTU,1 [last accessed 13 August 2018]. Lacan, L., Schele, S., Martinez, R. and Salvosa, S. (2018) Critical Habitat Conservation in Forest Land Use Planning Experience from ForClim. Manila, Philippines: Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH (in prep.) MacLeod, R., Herzog, S.K., Maccormick, A., Ewing, S.R., Bryce, R. and Evans, K.L. (2011). Rapid monitoring of species abundance for biodiversity conservation: Consistency and reliability of the MacKinnon lists technique. Biological Conservation 144: 1374–1381. Pakes, U., Subong, R., Gumban, M.A.T and Schmitt, K. (2108). Mapping Cacao Farms and Plantations Using Android Devices. Quezon City, Philippines: Deutsche Gesellschaft für International Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH. http://faspselib.denr.gov.ph/node/1360 [last accessed 13 August 2018]. Quimpo J.D.G., Tabaranza Jr., B.R., Martinez, R.C., Azares, G., Resurrecion, N.A., Alabado, A.A., Espiritu, J., Panopio, J.K, Artiaga, K.C. and Bueno, M.C. (2014a) Biophysical Survey Report for Cluster 1 Municipalities (Pandan, Sebaste, Culasi, and Tibiao). Manila, Philippines: Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH and Haribon Foundation. 56 pp. Quimpo J.D.G., Tabaranza Jr., B.R., Martinez, R.C., Azares, G., Resurrecion, N.A., Espiritu, J., Pendon, V. and Bueno, M.C. (2014b) Biophysical Survey Report for Cluster 2 Municipalities (Ibajay, Malinao, Madalag and

18 Libacao). Manila, Philippines: Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH and Haribon Foundation. 60 pp. Quimpo J.D.G., Tabaranza Jr., B.R., Martinez, R.C., Azares, G., Resurrecion, N.A., Alabado, A.A., Espiritu, J. and Pendon, V. (2014c) Biophysical Survey Report for Cluster 3 Municipalities (San Remigio, Valderrama, Bugasong, Laua-an, Barbaza). Manila, Philippines: Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH and Haribon Foundation. 52 pp. Quimpo J.D.G., Lastimosa, L., Tutor, A., Azares, G., Resurrecion, N.A., Espiritu, J., Panopio, J.K., Artiaga, K.C., Rodriguez, R. and Duenas, I. (2014d) Biophysical Survey Report for Cluster 4 Municipalities (Janiuay, Lambunao, Calinog and Tapaz). Manila, Philippines: Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH and Haribon Foundation. 49 pp. Schade, J. (2018) Forest Cover and Carbon Monitoring in the Panay Mountain Range. Manila, Philippines: Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH. Available at http://faspselib.denr.gov.ph/sites/default/files//Publication%20Files/2018-02- 28_Forest%20cover%20and%20carbon%20report_final.pdf [last accessed 13 August 2018]. Sutherland, W.J. (ed) (2006) Ecological Census Techniques a Handbook: Second Edition. Cambridge University Press. 432 pp. USAID (1996) Conducting key informant interviews. Performance Monitoring and Evaluation TIPS 2:1-4. Available at https://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNABS541.pdf [last accessed 13 August 2018]. Willoughby, S., Roberts, R. and Mallari, N.A. (2018). Enhancement of the National Biodiversity Monitoring System of the Department of Environment and Natural Resources: SMART-BMS Roadmap and Institutional Considerations. Quezon City, Philippines: Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH. http://faspselib.denr.gov.ph/node/1358 [last accessed 13 August 2018].

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Annexes

Annex 1. Questionnaire used in the ethno-biological surveys

Ethno-biological Survey for Threatened Species Mapping and Critical Habitat Identification within the Central Panay Mountain Range, Panay Island, Philippines

Locality: ______Coordinates: ______

Personal Information: Name: (optional) ______Age: ____ Gender: __No. of children: _____ No. of families in the household______No. of individuals in the household ______Duration of stay in the locality: ______

Socio-economic information: 1° livelihood______2° livelihood ______Ownership (if any) land, farm lot, livestock, etc: ______

Knowledge and Practices 1. How far is the forest from the community?

2. Do you visit (or have you been) to the forest?

3. How often do you visit the forest?

4. When is the last time you visited the forest?

5. What kinds of animals did you observed in the forest? List all species especially the Big 5 species including the local names. Specifically for the Big 5 species:

6. Where can you find the find these species in the area? Use the map to guide the respondent (identify the locality or area of the habitat).

7. When was the last time you have seen this animal?

8. Can you describe the species? What are these animal/s or plant doing? 9. How many individuals seen at a given time and area?

For Threats

10. What time of the year (month, season) is good for hunting? Why? 11. What kinds of animals can be caught during this period or season? List all the animals including local names. 12. What is your purpose for hunting?

13. How often do you/they hunt?

14. Do you go out alone or in groups?

15. If in groups: how many in a group?

16. When hunting, do you hunt specific animal/s?

(Y) What species?

(N) What other species?

17. How many do you catch? How many is the maximum and minimum catch?

21 18. What hunting method do you use? List specific hunting method used for each species in the area.

19. What are the animals that you have hunted before can no longer be found today? List all the animals including local names.

20. Do you know other persons who are frequent in the forest? (or hunters?) 21. Where do you hunt? Specify the barangay, sitio and name of mountain/forest?)

Refer to the map.

22. What is the present condition of the forest/area (presence of kaingin, logging operations, mining, etc). For actions and conservation measures

23. Do you think there is a need to protect our forests? Why? 24. What can you suggest the government should do to help us protect our forest and the species in the area? 25. If you an official of the area (e.g. barangay captain, Mayor or Governor,) what will you do to protect the wildlife and its forest habitats? 26. (Follow up question) If you are given a funding by the government and other stakeholders to protect your wildlife and forests, what will you do? 27. Are you in favour of the establishment of critical habitat for threatened species of Panay in your area? Why? 28. What schemes/mechanisms or arrangement can you propose if an area is established as critical habitat in your area?

22 Annex 2. Mammals, birds and herpetofauna of the Panay Mountain Range 2012-2013

Mammals Species Common Name Distribution Conservation Cluster status* Family Northern Aklan Southern Iloilo/ Antique Antique Capiz Cercopithecidae Macaca fascicularis Long-tailed Macaque Widespread LC X X X X

Cervidae alfredi Visayan Spotted Deer Visayas Endemic CE X X X Felidae Prionailurus bengalensis Leopard Cat Widespread LC X X X X

Hipposideridae Hipposiderus diadema Diadem Roundleaf Bat Widespread LC X

Apomys. Sp. A Western Visayas Forest Mouse Visayas Endemic X Rattus everetti Common Phil Forest Rat Philippine Endemic LC X X X X Muridae Rattus exulans Polynesian Rat Widespread LC X X X Rattus tanezumi Oriental House Rat Non-native, introduced LC X X X X Cynopterus brachyotis Common short nosed fruit bat Widespread LC X X X X

Eonycteris robusta Philippine nectar bat Philippine Endemic LC X X X

Eonycteris spelea Common Nectar Bat Widespread Endemic LC X

Haplonycteris fischeri Philippine Pygmy Fruit Bat Philippine Endemic VU X

Pteropodidae Harpyionycteris whiteheadi Harpy Fruit Bat Philippine Endemic VU X Macroglossus minimus Dagger-toothed flower bat Widespread LC X X X X

Ptenochirus jagori Musky fruit bat Philippine Endemic LC X X X

Pteropus pumilus Little Golden-mantled Flying Fox Widespread NT X X

Rousettus amplexicaudatus Common Rousette Widespread LC X

Rhinolophus arcuatus Arcuate Horseshoe Bat Widespread LC X

Rhinolophus macrotis Big-eared Horseshoe Bat Widespread LC X X Rhinolophidae Rhinolophus virgo Yellow-faced Horseshoe Bat Philippine LC X Sus cebifrons Visayan Warty Pig Visayas Endemic CE X X X X Paradoxurus hermaphrodites Common Palm Widespread LC X X X X Viverridae Viverra tangalunga Malay Civet Widespread LC X X X X

13 23 14 10

* CR: Critically Endangered, DD: Data Deficient, EN: Endangered, EX: Extinct, EW: Extinct in the Wild, LC: Least Concern, NT: Near Threatened, VU: Vulnerable Compiled from Quimpo et al. (2014a, 2014b, 2014c , 2014d) and and distribution updated from http://www.iucnredlist.org/ Names highlighted in green are from Synopsis of Philippine Mammal (http://archive.fieldmuseum.org/philippine_mammals/introduction.asp).

23 Birds Species Common Name Distribution Conservation Cluster Family status* Northern Aklan Southern Iloilo/ Antique Antique Capiz Butastur indicus Grey-faced Buzzard Migrant – Common/Native LC X Haliastur Indus Brahminy Kite Resident – Common/Native LC X X X X Accipitridae Pernis ptilorhyncus Oriental Honey-buzzard Migrant – Uncommon/Native LC X Spilornis cheela Crested Serpent-eagle Resident – Common/Native LC X Spilornis holospilus Philippine Serpent-eagle Endemic– Common/Native LC X X X Actenoides lindsayi Spotted Kingfisher Endemic- Fairly LC X X X X common/Native Alcedo atthis Common Kingfisher Migrant – Common/Native LC X X X Alcedinidae Ceyx cyanopectus Indigo-banded Kingfisher Endemic- Uncommon LC X Halcyon smyrnensis White-throated Kingfisher Resident - Fairly Common LC X Collocalia salangana Mossy-nest Swiftlet Resident – Common/Vagrant LC X X X X Collocalia troglodytes Pygmy Swiftlet Endemic - Fairly Common LC X X X X Apodidae Hirundapus celebensis Purple Needletail Resident - Fairly LC X X Common/Native Artamidae Artamus leucoryn White-breasted Woodswallow Resident – Common/Native LC X X X X Rhabdotorrhinus waldeni Writhed-billed Hornbill Endemic - Rare CR X X X Bucerotidae panini Visayan Hornbill Endemic - Fairly common EN X X X X (only Panay) Edolisoma ostentum White-winged Cuckooshrike Endemic – Uncommon VU X X Campephagidae Coracina striata Bar-bellied Cuckooshrike Resident – Common/Native LC X X X X Caprimulgidae Caprimulgus manillensis Widespread - Uncommon LC X X X X Cisticolidae Orthotomus castaneiceps Chestnut-crowned Tailorbird Resident -Common/Native LC X X X X Chalcophaps indica Emerald Dove Resident – Common/Native LC X X Ducula aenea Green Imperial Pigeon Resident - Common/Native LC X X X Ducula poliocephala Pink-bellied Imperial Pigeon Endemic - Uncommon NT X X X X Columbidae Macropygia tenuirostris Philippine Cuckoo-Dove Resident – LC X X X X Common/Native/Widespread Phapitreron amethystinus Amethyst Dove Endemic - Common (only LC X X X Sierra Madre) Phapitreron leucotis White-eared Brown-dove Endemic - Common LC X X X X

24

Birds Species Common Name Distribution Conservation Cluster Family status* Northern Aklan Southern Iloilo/ Antique Antique Capiz Ptilinopus occipitalis Yellow-Breasted Fruit Dove Endemic - Common LC X X X X Corvidae Corvus macrorhynchos Large-billed Crow Resident – Common/Native LC X X X Cacomantis merulinus Plaintive Cuckoo Resident – Common/Native LC X X X X Cuculidae Centropus viridis Philippine Coucal Endemic - Common LC X X X X Eudynamys scolopaceus Western Koel Resident – Common/Native LC X X Dicaeum haematostictum Visayan Flowerpecker Endemic - Uncommon VU X X X X Dicaeidae Dicaeum trigonostigma Orange-bellied Flowerpecker Resident – Common/Native LC X X X Dicruridae Dicrurus balicassius Balicassiao Endemic - Common LC X X X X Laniidae Lanius cristatus Brown Shrike Migrant – Common/Native LC X X X X Megalaimidae Psilopogon haemacephalus Coppersmith Barbet Resident – LC X X X X Common/Native/Widespread Hypothymis azurea Black-naped Monarch Resident – LC X Common//Native/Widespread Monarchidae Terpsiphone cinnamomea Southern Rufous Paradise- Endemic - Uncommon LC X flycatcher Motacillidae Anthus rufulus Richard's Pipit Resident - Common LC X Culicicapa helianthea Citrine Canary-flycatcher Resident – Fairly LC X Muscicapidae Common/Native Rhinomyias albigularis White-throated Jungle-Flycatcher Endemic - Uncommon EN X X flagrans Flaming Endemic - Uncommon LC X X Aethopyga magnifica Magnificent Sunbird Endemic - Common LC X X X Nectariniidae Cinnyris jugularis Olive-backed Sunbird Resident – Common/Native LC X X X X Leptocoma sperata Purple-throated Sunbird Resident – Common/Native LC X X X X Oriolidae Oriolus chinensis Black-naped Oriole Resident – Common/Native LC X X X X Pachycephalidae Pachycephala homeyeri White-vented Whistler Native – Common LC X Paridae Pardaliparus elegans Elegant Tit Endemic -Common LC X X X X Coturnix chinensis Blue-breasted Quail Resident - Common X Phasianidae Gallus gallus Red Jungle Fowl Resident – LC X X Common/Native/Widespread Phylloscopidae Phylloscopus borealis Arctic Warbler Migrant - Common LC X X

25

Birds Species Common Name Distribution Conservation Cluster Family status* Northern Aklan Southern Iloilo/ Antique Antique Capiz Phylloscopus olivaceus Philippine Leaf-Warbler Endemic -Common LC X X Chrysocolaptes lucidus Buff-spotted Flameback Endemic - Fairly Common LC X X X X Picidae Picoides maculatus Philippine Pygmy Woodpecker Endemic - Common LC X X X X Dryocopus javensis White-bellied Woodpecker Resident - Uncommon/Native LC X X X X Pittidae Erythropitta erythrogaster Philippine Pitta Endemic - Common LC X X X X Podargidae septimus Philippine Endemic - Uncommon LC X Loriculus philippensis Philippine Hanging Parrot Endemic - Common LC X X Psittacidae Prioniturus discurus Blue-crowned Racquet-tail Endemic - Common LC X X X Tanygnathus lucionensis Blue-naped Parrot Native - Uncommon NT X X X Hypsipetes philippinus Philippine Bulbul Endemic - Common LC X X X X Pycnonotidae Pycnonotus goiavier Yellow-vented Bulbul Resident – Common/Native LC X X X Hypotaenidia torquata Barred Rail Resident/Native LC X X X X Rallidae Amaurornis cinerea White-browed Crake Resident/Native LC X X Rhipidura cyaniceps Blue-headed Fantail Endemic - Common LC X X X X Rhipiduridae Rhipidura nigritorquis Philippine Pied Fantail Endemic - Common LC X X X X Monarchidae Terpsiphone cinnamomea Southern Rufous Paradise- Endemic - Uncommon LC X flycatcher Sittidae Sitta oenochlamys Sulphur-billed Nuthatch Endemic – Fairly Common LC X X X X Strigidae Ninox philippensis Philippine Hawk-Owl Endemic - Common LC X X Aplonis panayensis Asian Glossy Starling Resident – Common/Native LC X X X X Sturnidae Sarcops calvus Coleto Endemic – Common/Native LC X X X X Phylloscopidae Phylloscopus olivaceus Philippine Leaf-Warbler Endemic – Common/Native LC X Copsychus luzoniensis White-browed Shama Endemic - common X X X X Muscicapidae Saxicola caprata Pied Bush Chat Resident – Common/Native LC X Turdidae Turdus poliocephalus Island Thrush Resident – Common/Native LC X Phasianidae Synoicus chinensis Blue-breasted Quail Australia; Oceania; Southern LC X X Asia Turnicidae Turnix suscitator Barred Buttonquail Resident – LC X X X Common/Native/Widespread

26

Birds Species Common Name Distribution Conservation Cluster Family status* Northern Aklan Southern Iloilo/ Antique Antique Capiz Tytonidae Tyto longimembris Eastern Grass Owl Resident – Rare/Native LC X X Zosterops montanus Mountain White-eye Resident/Native LC X X X X Zosteropidae Zosterops nigrorum Yellowish White-eye Endemic LC X X X X

65 59 56 48 * CR: Critically Endangered, DD: Data Deficient, EN: Endangered, EX: Extinct, EW: Extinct in the Wild, LC: Least Concern, NT: Near Threatened, VU: Vulnerable Compiled from Quimpo et al. (2014a, 2014b, 2014c , 2014d) and names, conservation status and distribution updated from http://www.iucnredlist.org/

27

Hermetofauna Species Common Name Distribution Conservation Cluster Family status* Northern Aklan Southern Iloilo/ Antique Antique Capiz Gonocephalus sp. Lizard DD X Agamidae Hydrosaurus pustulatus Sailfin Water Lizard Endemic VU X X Bufonidae Rhinella marina Giant Toad Widespread LC X X Ceratobatrachidae Platymantis corrugatus Philippine wrinkled ground Endemic/widespread LC X X Ahaetulla prasina Gunther's Whip Snake, Asian Vine Widespread LC X X Snake Boiga angulata Philippine Blunt-headed Tree Snake Endemic LC X X X Colubridae Boiga philippina Philippine Cat Snake Endemic LC X Cyclocorus lineatus Northern Triangle-spotted Snake Endemic LC X Pseudoxyrhophiidae Oxyrhabdium leporinum Banded Philippine Burrowing Snake Endemic LC X Limnonectes visayanus Philippine Wart Frog, Visayan Fanged Endemic VU X Frog laevis Common Puddle Frog Widespread LC X X X X Gekkonidae Cyrtodactylus philippinicus Philippine Bent-toed Gecko Endemic LC X X X X Kaloula conjuncta Philippine Narrowmouth Toad Endemic/widespread LC X X X X Microhylidae Kaloula picta Painted Narrowmouth Toad Endemic LC X Pythonidae Python reticulatus Reticulated Python Widespread X X X Ranidae erythraea Common Green Frog Widespread LC X X Sphenomorphus jagori Jagor's Sphenomorphus Widespread LC X X X X Brachymeles boulengeri Boulenger's Short-legged Skink Endemic LC X X X Scincidae Brachymeles tridactylus Negros Three-digit Worm Skink Endemic LC X X Eutropis multicarinata X borealis Varanus nuchalis Endemic NT X X Viperidae Trimeresurus Philippine Pit Viper Endemic NT X X flavomaculatus 13 11 14 11 * CR: Critically Endangered, DD: Data Deficient, EN: Endangered, EX: Extinct, EW: Extinct in the Wild, LC: Least Concern, NT: Near Threatened, VU: Vulnerable Compiled from Quimpo et al. (2014a, 2014b, 2014c , 2014d) and names, conservation status and distribution updated from http://www.iucnredlist.org/

28 Annex 3. Visayan hornbill nest hole coordinates 2017

29

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