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Tropical Peat Swamp Forest Silviculture in Central Kalimantan a Series of Five Research Papers

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Tropical Peat Swamp Forest Silviculture in Central Kalimantan a Series of Five Research Papers TECHNICAL PAPERS Tropical Peat Swamp Forest Silviculture in Central Kalimantan A series of five research papers Banjarbaru Forestry Research Unit, FORDA and Laura L. B. Graham Kalimantan Forests and Climate Partnership TECHNICAL REPORTS Tropical peat swamp forest silviculture in Central Kalimantan A series of five research papers Banjarbaru Forestry Research Unit, FORDA and Laura L. B. Graham January 2014 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This report was prepared for the Kalimantan Forests and Climate Partnership (KFCP) by researchers at the Banjarbaru Forestry Research Unit (Litbang Banjarbaru), a regional research unit under the Forestry Research and Development Agency (FORDA) within the Indonesian Ministry of Forestry. Researchers included Rusmana, Dony Rachmanadi, Purwanto Budi Santosa, Tri Wira Yuwati, Pranatasari Dyah Susanti under the supervision of Laura L. B. Graham, Abdi Mahyudi and Grahame Applegate. We wish to thank all team members for their inputs into this report and KFCP for funding the activities. We would like to thank Rachael Diprose for editing this work and KFCP’s communications team (James Maiden and Nanda Aprilia) for their publishing assistance. This research was carried out in collaboration with the Governments of Australia and Indonesia, but the analysis and findings presented in this paper represent the views of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of those Governments. Any errors are the authors’ own. The papers in this compendium constitute technical scientific working papers and as such, there is potential for future refinements to accommodate feedback, emerging evidence and new experiences. Tropical Peat Swamp Forest Silviculture in Central Kalimantan Page i EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The Kalimantan Forests and Climate Partnership (KFCP) undertook a program of silviculture research for reforestation trials in the KFCP site in Central Kalimantan province. Seedlings were cultivated from seeds or wildlings in local community nurseries and then transplanted and monitored in the field. To increase biodiversity and speed-up natural succession, a wide range of native tropical peat swamp forest tree species were used (following the Framework Species Method). Tropical peat swamp forests (TPSF) house over 500 floral species. There is little species-specific literature published on their silvicultural or ecological traits. To this end, KFCP undertook an extensive grey-literature review and produced ‘A literature review of the ecology and silviculture of tropical peat swamp forest tree species found naturally occurring in Central Kalimantan’. This report, together with discussions with local community members in the KFCP area, facilitated the selection of 46 TPSF tree species native to Central Kalimantan that would become the ‘focal reforestation species’ prioritised in the reforestation trials. There are large gaps in the knowledge on the silvicultural and ecological traits of TPSF species, particularly in the Central Kalimantan peatlands. To address this issue and provide information to KFCP’s reforestation teams, three research activities were commissioned: 1) Two reports documenting the phenology of TPSF tree species in Central and Kalimantan and, more specifically, the focal species mentioned above, based on the analysis of previously collected data, 2) Investigations on the optimal growth conditions and ecological tolerances of the focal species in response to a range of extreme environmental conditions (drought, flooding, light intensity and microbial and nutrient availabilities), 3) Investigations on the extent to which the focal species, post-transplantation, could tolerate the natural environmental conditions of the degraded tropical peatlands in the study site under a range of treatments (weeding, nutrient addition, distance from canal). This report provides the results of the work undertaken to address Research Question 2 above. The research and analysis were undertaken by the Litbang Banjarbaru (Banjarbaru Forestry Research Unit) research team, under the supervision of Laura Graham and Grahame Applegate. The report presents findings on responses of the focal species (between 15–22 species, dependent on specific study) to light intensity, flooding, drought, nutrient and microbial availability. Each of these five environmental conditions are explored separately in five sub-papers presented as a compendium in this report. Paper 1: Light intensity. Twenty species (30 seedlings per species) were cultivated as seedlings, and then grown for four months under three different light intensity treatments: 25 percent, 50 percent and 100 percent light intensity (10 seedlings per treatment). After the four months of treatment, half of the species showed consistently high survival at all light intensity treatments, whilst other species had a lower survival rate at 100 percent light intensity compared with 25 percent or 50 percent light intensity. Nearly all species however, regardless of light intensity, maintained a survival rate of over 80 percent. At 25 percent or 50 percent light intensity, seedlings were able to attain greater height increments. However, no species attained their highest height growth increments at 100 percent light intensity. Over half the species, however, attained their highest stem diameter increments at 100 percent light intensity, with the remaining species showing no difference in stem diameter across the light intensity treatments. The above findings show that all the 21 species chosen have good survival rates for use in silviculture and reforestation activities. The results also indicate that most of the species demonstrate adaptability to light conditions; under low light, species exhibit height growth, whilst under high light species invest in stem strength. Seedling acclimatisation to high light, therefore, should always be carried out for at least two months before seedlings are planted in degraded, open areas of the peatlands. Knowledge of how each species responds to high light intensity can be used to influence selection of planting sites and growth patterns in nurseries (i.e. rapid height growth, or structure-strength investments). A more detailed summary of the tolerance of each species to high light intensity is presented in the analysis. Paper 2: Effects of drought. Twenty-one species (40 seedlings per species) were cultivated as seedlings and then grown under four watering intensity treatments for four months; once per day, twice per week, once Tropical Peat Swamp Forest Silviculture in Central Kalimantan Page ii per week, once per fortnight (10 seedlings per treatment). Based on the recommendations of the available literature, the 21 species were split into two species groups: a pioneer species group and a climax species group. Overall it was found that only a few species could tolerate drought conditions. Survival rates, shoot growth and leaf numbers commonly reduced in response to drought. Root length also reduced or was not affected by drought conditions. This was a surprising finding as this is counter to what the literature would suggest—the roots should grow and forage for water. Instead, the results demonstrate that there was often little difference between watering once per day and twice weekly. Shoot and root biomass generally decreased under drought conditions; there was no consistent trend regarding the shoot-root ratio. In the analysis, it was helpful to delineate the results by species groups as trends were sometimes distinct between them. For example, for the pioneer species group, shoot biomass gradually decreased as watering frequency decreased, which contrasted strongly with the climax species group that had increasing shoot biomass with decreasing watering frequency, except for the once a fortnight treatment. Generally, the pioneer species groups displayed more tolerance to drought than the climax species group. Overall, the results indicate that drought tolerance should be considered when selecting species for reforestation activities. This study has found that several species display good drought tolerance, such as Alstonia spatulata, Knema mandarahan, Licania splendens and Parartocarpus venenosus. Paper 3: Effects of flooding. Seventeen species (40 seedlings per species) were cultivated as seedlings and then grown under four different water-level treatments for four months: half of the roots/polybag submerged, all of the roots/polybag submerged, all of the roots and half the stems submerged, and the entire plant submerged (10 seedlings per treatment). Based on the survival rates and leaf change results, of the 17 species studied, 16 showed at least some adverse reaction to flooding, with only Lophopetalum javanicum maintaining good leaf numbers and survival rates, even during complete submersion for four months. A further five species showed some degree of tolerance, maintaining good survival rates and leaf numbers during partial stem submersion for four months; Alstonia spatulata, Calophyllum sclerophyllum, Dacrydium pectinatum, Disopyros bantamensis, Stemonurus scorpioides. The remaining 11 species, however, showed poor survival and leaf maintenance once some of the stem was submerged. These results indicate the importance of considering flood depths, seedlings transplant size, season, and species-selection when developing a reforestation plan. Paper 4: Macro-nutrients. Nineteen species (50 seedlings per species) were cultivated as seedlings, and then grown under five nutrient addition treatments for four months: control, plus Nitrogen, plus
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