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Komposisi Dan Struktur Pohon Riparian Di Sungai Kahala Kabupaten Kutai Kartanegara

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Komposisi Dan Struktur Pohon Riparian Di Sungai Kahala Kabupaten Kutai Kartanegara KOMPOSISI DAN STRUKTUR POHON RIPARIAN DI SUNGAI KAHALA KABUPATEN KUTAI KARTANEGARA Muhammad Basrowi1*, Medi Hendra1, Nova Hariani1 Jurusan Biologi, FMIPA, Universitas Mulawarman Corresponding author: 1*[email protected] Abstract The aim of this study is to assess the design of physiognomy of riparian trees and the composition and vegetation structure of riparian trees formation in some forest types in Kahala river of Kutai Kartanegara district, East Kalimantan. The method used in this study was the vegetation ecology which the quadrant technique was applied to collect main primary data of the riparian trees. Points of data retrieval were carried out by as much as 3-point observations at the upper, middle and lower of Kahala river basin. The location of each point was marked by GPS with the length of each transect was 1 km away. The parameters of plant composition and structure ware analyzed by measuring density (K-i), frequency (F) and (dominance). The result showed that physiognomy of riparian trees in 3 main locations was mature secondary forest (in the upstream), perupuk forest (the midstream) and early immature secondary forest (the downstream). There were 22 species belonging to 16 families of riparian trees were recorded in Kahala river. The plant species that have high the importance value (I.V) were recoded namely Antidesma ghaemsembilla which 122.8 % (in the downstream) and Lophopetalum javanicum which 58.5 % (in the upstream). Keywords: Kahala River, Riparian Trees and Quadrant Method. PENDAHULUAN dapat diklasifikasikan menjadi daerah Daerah Aliran Sungai (DAS) hulu, tengah dan hilir (Notohadiprawiro, secara umum didefinisikan sebagai suatu 2006). hamparan wilayah atau kawasan yang Hutan mempunyai peranan penting dibatasi oleh pembatas topografi yang dalam mengkonservasi DAS. Dengan menerima, mengumpulkan air hujan, semakin berkurangnya hutan, maka sedimen, dan unsur hara serta timbul berbagai masalah dalam mengalirkannya melalui anak-anak pengelolaan DAS, karena hutan sungai dan keluar pada satu titik (outlet) mempunyai sifat: (Sinukaban, 1995). 1. Meredam tingginya debit sungai pada DAS merupakan ekosistem, di musim hujan, dan berpotensi mana unsur organisme dan lingkungan memelihara kestabilan aliran air biofisik serta unsur kimia berinteraksi sungai pada musim kemarau. secara dinamis dan di dalamnya terdapat 2. Mempunyai serasah yang tebal keseimbangan inflow dan outflow dari sehingga memudahkan air meresap ke material dan energi (Asdak, 1995). dalam tanah dan mengalirkannya Dalam mempelajari ekosistem DAS, secara perlahan ke sungai. Selain itu, 637 ISSN e-journal 2579-7557 Jurnal Pro-Life Volume 5 Nomor 3, November 2018 lapisan serasahnya juga melindungi (DAS) sangatlah penting untuk dilakukan permukaan tanah dari gerusan aliran guna menganalisis kaitannya dengan permukaan sehingga erosi pada tanah peranannya atau manfaatnya pada suatu hutan sangat rendah. DAS. Tujuan penelitian adalah 3. Mempunyai banyak pori makro dan menganalisis komposisi dan struktur pipa di dalam tanah yang vegetasi pohon-pohon riparian di DAS memungkinkan pergerakan air secara Kahala, Kabupaten Kutanegara. cepat ke dalam tanah (Agus dan Penelitian secara khusus yaitu (1) Ruijter, 2004). mengkaji fisiognomi vegetasi pohon Riparian biasanya menggambarkan riparian di ketiga wilayah DAS Kahala; komunitas biotik yang terdapat pada dan (2) mengkaji komposisi jenis tepian sungai, kolam, danau dan lahan tumbuhan pohon riparian di DAS Kahala. basah lainnya (Naiman et al. 2000; Naiman et al. 2005). METODE PENELITIAN Kehadiran vegetasi pada suatu Lokasi dan Waktu Penelitian landscape akan memberikan dampak Penelitian ini dilaksanakan pada positif bagi keseimbangan ekosistem bulan September - Desember 2017. dalam skala yang lebih luas. Secara Lokasi penelitian dilakukan di sepanjang umum, peranan vegetasi dalam suatu sungai Kahala Kecamatan Kenohan ekosistem terkait dengan pengaturan Kabupaten Kutai Kartanegara, keseimbangan karbon dioksida dan Kalimantan Timur dan melewati tiga desa oksigen dalam udara, perbaikan sifat yaitu desa Semayang, Tubuhan dan fisik, kimia dan biologis tanah, kahala, dengan koordinat S 0008,717' pengaturan tata air tanah dan lain – lain. dan E 11624.941'. Identifikasi dan Meskipun secara umum kehadiran pengolahan data dilakukan di vegetasi pada suatu area memberikan Laboratorium Anatomi dan Sistematika dampak positif, tetapi pengaruhnya Tumbuhan Fakultas Matematika dan bervariasi tergantung pada struktur dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam Universitas komposisi vegetasi yang tumbuh pada Mulawarman Samarinda. daerah itu (Indriyanto, 2006). Oleh karena itu, pengkajian komposisi dan struktur vegetasi dari suatu kawasan Daerah Aliran Sungai 638 ISSN e-journal 2579-7557 Basrowi Muhammad: KOMPOSISI DAN STRUKTUR POHON RIPARIAN DI SUNGAI KAHALA KABUPATEN KUTAI KARTANEGARA Gambar 1. Lokasi pengambilan data vegetasi poh on riparian di Sungai Kahala Pengumpulan Data Lapangan pengukuran jarak pengukuran pohon Pengukuran dan pengambilan dengan kriteria memiliki garis lingkar sampel dilakukan di 3 lokasi Penentuan sebesar <31 cm dengan tinggi titik koordinat dengan menggunakan GPS pengukuran setinggi dada. Penentuan titik di setiap titik. Di dalam metode kuadran sampling menggunakan teknik purposive pada setiap titik pengukuran dibuat garis sampling, dengan penentuan lokasi ini absis dan ordinal khayalan, sehingga mengacu pada fisiografi lokasi agar dapat pada setiap titik pengukuran terdapat mewakili keadaan dari hutan riparian. empat buah kuadran. Dipilih 4 pohon Berdasarkan kondisi fisiognomi terdekat di setiap titik pengamatan dan lokasi penelitian, maka lokasi penelitian diukur jarak dari masing-masing pohon dibagi menjadi 3 wilayah Daerah Aliran ke titik pengukuran dan dilakukan Sungai (Hulu, Tengah dan Hilir), yakni pengukuran dimensi pohon. Penentuan sungai dengan melewati 3 desa yang jarak kuadran antara titik pertama ke titik dialiri Sungai Kahala yaitu Desa Kahala, selanjutnya yaitu sejauh lebih besar dua Tubuhan dan Semayang. Untuk kali jarak rata-rata antar pohon yang ada pengambilan data vegetasi dilakukan di daerah vegetasi yang akan dianalisis dengan menggunakan teknik kuadran Pada setiap kuadran dilakukan yang mana teknik ini hanya digunakan 639 ISSN e-journal 2579-7557 Jurnal Pro-Life Volume 5 Nomor 3, November 2018 untuk pengambilan sampel bertipe pohon a. Kerapatan suatu spesies (K-i) yang menjadi objek kajiannya. Panjang total transek untuk setiap titiknya yaitu b. Kerapatan relatif (KR) sejauh 1 km. Titik pengambilan transek KR x 100 % dilakukan dengan mengambil garis lurus c. Frekuensi (F) dengan menggunakan kompas untuk arah pergerakan disesuaikan dengan arah transek. d. Frekuensi relatif (FR) Untuk pengumpulan data lapangan menggunkan berbagai alat dan bahan, e. Dominansi (D) seperti meteran gulung, meteran kain, D = rata – rata basal area per pohon Global Positioning System (GPS), x jumlah pohon dalam jenis kompas, tally sheet, alat tulis, kamera, f. Dominansi relatif (DR) gunting tanaman, parang, oven dan buku identifikasi. Sementara itu, beberapa bahan yang digunakan dalam penelitian, g. Indeks nilai penting (INP) antara lain tali, alkohol 70%, plastik INP = KR + FR + DR sampel, kertas koran, label gantung dan Indeks nilai penting (INP) sampel tumbuhan. merupakan nilai yang menggambarkan Analisis data peranan keberadaan suatu jenis dalam Untuk mengetahui komposisi dan komunitas tumbuhan. Jenis yang struktur pohon riparian dinanalisis memiliki INP tertinggi merupakan jenis dengan menggunakan beberapa yang sangat mempengaruhi suatu parameter yaitu kerapatan (K-i), komunitas tumbuhan. Parameter Indeks kerapatan relatif (KR), frekuensi (F), Nilai Penting, berdasarkan pendapat yang frekuensi relatif (FR), dominansi (D), dikemukakan oleh Sutrisno (1993) dalam dominansi relatif (DR) dan indeks nilai Heriyanto (2004) bahwa tingkatan penting (INP). vegetasi (pohon dan tiang) suatu jenis Penghitungan beberapa parameter dapat dikatakan berperan jika INP > 15 tersebut menggunanakan rumus sebagai %. Jenis tersebut tergolong memiliki berikut: (Muller-Dombois & Ellenberg peran untuk komunitas jenis tumbuhan 1974; Soerianegara dan Indrawan 1978 riparian yang tumbuh disekitarnya. Bratawinata 2001). 640 ISSN e-journal 2579-7557 Basrowi Muhammad: KOMPOSISI DAN STRUKTUR POHON RIPARIAN DI SUNGAI KAHALA KABUPATEN KUTAI KARTANEGARA Kehilangan spesies ini akan berdampak itu, tidak dilakukan perhitungan analisa terhadap kestabilan ekosistem. vegetasi pada lokasi ini, tetapi tetap diamati tumbuhan-tumbuhan yang dapat HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN berasosiasi di lokasi tersebut. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan Komposisi Vegetasi Pohon Riparian bahwa kondisi di wilayah hulu Sungai Sungai Kahala Kahala termasuk kedalam hutan sekunder Komposisi vegetasi pohon riparian tua yang masih belum banyak gangguan di Sungai Kahala diperoleh bahwa di di dalamnya, sedangkan di wilayah hilir wilayah hilir paling banyak ditemukan kondisi hutan termasuk kedalam hutan dari jenis Antidesma ghaesembilla. Hal campuran antara hutan sekunder dengan ini disebabkan tumbuhan ini dapat hutan pinggir danau. Pada bagian tengah beradaptasi dengan kondisi habitat yang sungai yang merupakan wilayah secara berkala tergenang. Jenis yang pertemuan muara sungai dengan pinggir paling sedikit ditemukan adalah danau, terbentuk formasi vegetasi yang Lophopetalum javanicum, Mitragyna khas di dominasi oleh perupuk speciosa dan Pternandra coerulescens. (Lophopetalum javanicum). Oleh karena Gambar 2. Komposisi Pohon Riparian di Sungai Kahala 641 ISSN e-journal 2579-7557 Jurnal Pro-Life Volume
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