DOCSLIB.ORG

Shifting Cultivation in the Upland Secondary Forests Of

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Shifting Cultivation in the Upland Secondary Forests Of Shifting cultivation in the upland secondary forests of the Philippines: Biodiversity and carbon stock assessment, and ecosystem services trade-offs in land-use decisions Sharif Ahmed Mukul BSc (Hons I), MSc in Forestry, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology MSc in Tropical Forestry and Management, Technische Universität Dresden MSc in Agricultural Development, University of Copenhagen A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at The University of Queensland in 2015 School of Agriculture and Food Sciences Abstract Secondary forest comprises a large area in the tropical region, and it has increasingly believed that the future of tropical forests depends on the effective management of such second growth forests largely modified by human activity. In tropical secondary forests, shifting cultivation, swidden or slash-and-burn is a major land-use that has been attributed to causing large scale deforestation and forest degradation. This view has been embedded in many policy documents, although there are conflicting views within the literature as to the impact of shifting cultivation on secondary forest dynamics. This is largely due to the complex nature of this land-use that makes any generalisation difficult. In the Philippines – a country overwhelmed with rich biodiversity and species endemism, shifting cultivation is locally known as kaingin and represents a dominant land-use in upland rural areas. Although not officially recognised, it has a major contribution to the livelihoods and food security of smallholder rural farmers. After post–logging secondary forests, post–kaingin secondary forests also form the largest group of secondary forests in the Philippines. This thesis based on an empirical study where secondary forest dynamics after shifting cultivation were investigated in an upland area in the Leyte Island, the Philippines. Chapter 2 of my thesis is a synthesis that reports, spatial and temporal distribution of research on shifting cultivation using a systematic literature search protocol, and the key findings of research in conservation biology, plant ecology, soil nutrients and chemistry, and soil physics and hydrology. A bias towards research on anthropology and/or human ecology was found with most research reported from tropical Asia-Pacific region. A great variation in findings on selected forest/environmental parameters was also evident. In Chapter 3, I report a field study where tree diversity, species composition and forest structure and their recovery in secondary forests after shifting cultivation was investigated along a fallow/shifting cultivation land-use gradient. Twenty-five individual sites representing four different fallow categories and old-growth forest as control were surveyed. Tree species richness was significantly higher in the oldest fallow sites while other diversity and forest structure indices were higher in the old-growth forest sites. A homogeneous species composition was found in older fallow sites and in old-growth forest. It was found that secondary forests disturbed by shifting cultivation recovers rapidly in terms of species richness and abundance, and that patch size is a strong predictor of this recovery. Uncertainties in the aboveground biomass carbon in degraded secondary forests after shifting cultivation are one of the main issues hindering its inclusion in the current REDD+ negotiations. In Chapter 4, the distribution and recovery of biomass carbon along a fallow gradient were reported from my study sites. It was found that aboveground total biomass carbon and living ii woody biomass carbon was significantly higher in the old-growth forest sites while coarse dead wood biomass carbon was high in the new fallow sites. The high level of dead wood biomass carbon in new fallow sites was due mainly to high levels of coarse dead wood remaining as an artefact of clearing. Relatively higher biomass carbon recovery in oldest fallow sites than other fallow category with patch size again as an influential factor in explaining the variation in biomass carbon recovery in regenerating secondary forests after shifting cultivation was evident. Shifting cultivation has been linked to an adverse impact on soil carbon and nutrients in the tropical region, albeit different conclusions from the studies. In Chapter 5, the distributions and recovery of soil organic carbon, soil nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in relation to shifting cultivation use in regenerating secondary forests were examined. Limited influence of shifting cultivation on soil carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus were found, although soil K recovery was low across the sites. Multivariate analysis revealed patch size together with slope and fallow age important in explaining the variation in soil carbon and nutrient recovery in different site categories and soil depths. It has commonly believed that tropical landscapes after shifting cultivation are not suitable for biodiversity and carbon benefits. Drawing on my present study in the Philippines in Chapter 6, I demonstrate that regenerating secondary forests following shifting cultivation have the potential for inclusion in programs on forest conservation under REDD+ and CDM. I argue that regenerating secondary forests after shifting cultivation can be a cost-effective conservation, restoration and forest management option not only in the Philippines but also in other countries where shifting cultivation is prevalent. Overall, my thesis highlights the key biophysical and some policy aspects of shifting cultivation on tropical secondary forest dynamics. My results indicate that regenerating forests after shifting cultivation can act as a low-cost refuge for biodiversity conservation and an important source and sink of carbon that increases with abandonment age. A better understanding of the forest dynamics associated with shifting cultivation land-use, however, is important for the future of tropical forest management and conservation. iii Declaration by author This thesis is composed of my original work, and contains no material previously published or written by another person except where due reference has been made in the text. I have clearly stated the contribution by others to jointly-authored works that I have included in my thesis. I have clearly stated the contribution of others to my thesis as a whole, including statistical assistance, survey design, data analysis, significant technical procedures, professional editorial advice, and any other original research work used or reported in my thesis. The content of my thesis is the result of work I have carried out since the commencement of my research higher degree candidature and does not include a substantial part of work that has been submitted to qualify for the award of any other degree or diploma in any university or other tertiary institution. I have clearly stated which parts of my thesis, if any, have been submitted to qualify for another award. I acknowledge that an electronic copy of my thesis must be lodged with the University Library and, subject to the policy and procedures of The University of Queensland, the thesis be made available for research and study in accordance with the Copyright Act 1968 unless a period of embargo has been approved by the Dean of the Graduate School. I acknowledge that copyright of all material contained in my thesis resides with the copyright holder(s) of that material. Where appropriate I have obtained copyright permission from the copyright holder to reproduce material in this thesis. iv Publications during candidature Peer reviewed papers – lead author Mukul, S.A., Herbohn, J., Firn, J. (in review) High resilience of tropical forest diversity and structure after shifting cultivation in the Philippines uplands. Applied Vegetation Science. Mukul, S.A., Herbohn, J., Firn, J., Ferraren, A., Congdon, R. (in review) Soil carbon and nutrients status in relation to shifting cultivation in regenerating secondary forests in the Philippines uplands. Land Degradation & Development. Mukul, S.A., Herbohn, J., Firn, J. (in press) Co-benefits of biodiversity and carbon from regenerating secondary forests in the Philippines uplands: Implications for forest landscape restoration. Biotropica. Mukul, S.A., Herbohn, J., Firn, J. (2016) Tropical secondary forests regenerating after shifting cultivation in the Philippines uplands are important carbon sinks. Scientific Reports 6: 22483. Mukul, S.A., Herbohn, J. (2016) The impacts of shifting cultivation on secondary forests dynamics in tropics: a synthesis of the key findings and spatio temporal distribution of research. Environmental Science & Policy 55: 167-177. Mukul, S.A., Rashid, A.Z.M.M., Uddin, M.B., Khan, N.A. (2015) Role of non-timber forest products in sustaining forest-based livelihoods and rural households’ resilience capacity in and around protected area: a Bangladesh study. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management DOI: 10.1080/09640568.2015.1035774. Mukul, S.A., Herbohn, J., Rashid, A.Z.M.M., Uddin, M.B. (2014) Comparing the effectiveness of forest law enforcement and economic incentive to prevent illegal logging in Bangladesh. International Forestry Review 16: 363-375. Mukul, S.A., Biswas, S.R., Rashid, A.Z.M.M., Miah, M.D., Uddin, M.B., Kabir, M.E., Khan, N.A., Alamgir, M., Sohel, M.S.I., Chowdhury, M.S.H., Rana, M.P., Khan, M.A.S.A., Rahman, S.A., Hoque, M.A. (2014) A new estimate of carbon in Bangladesh forest ecosystems, with their spatial distribution and REDD+ implication. International Journal of Research
Load more

Recommended publications
  • 'Slash and Burn' Farmers Is Deforesting Mainland Southeast Asia
    How Blaming ‘Slash and Burn’ Farmers is Deforesting Mainland Southeast Asia JEFFERSON M. FOX AsiaPacific ISSUES Analysis from the East-West Center SUMMARY For decades, international lenders, agencies, and foundations No. 47 December 2000 as well as national and local governments have spent millions of dollars trying The U.S. Congress established the East-West Center in 1960 to to “modernize” the traditional practices of farmers in many mountainous foster mutual understanding and cooperation among the govern- areas of Southeast Asia—an agenda driven by the belief that their age-old ments and peoples of the Asia Pacific region, including the United shifting cultivation practices (known pejoratively as “slash and burn”) are States. Funding for the Center comes from the U.S. government deforesting Asia. But a new look at how forests fare under shifting cultivation with additional support provided by private agencies, individuals, (as opposed to under permanent agriculture) clearly demonstrates that efforts corporations, and Asian and Pacific governments. to eliminate the ancient practice have actually contributed to deforestation, The AsiaPacific Issues series 1 contributes to the Center’s role as loss of biodiversity, and reduction in carbon storage. In fact, shifting cultiva- a neutral forum for discussion of issues of regional concern. The tion, rather than being the hobgoblin of tropical forest conservation, may be views expressed are those of the author and not necessarily those ecologically appropriate, culturally suitable, and under certain circumstances of the Center. the best means for preserving biodiversity in the region. The real threat to these tropical forests is posed by the steady advance of large-scale permanent and commercial agriculture.
    [Show full text]
  • Fifth World Forestry Congress
    Proceedings of the Fifth World Forestry Congress VOLUME 1 RE University of Washington, Seattle, Washington United States of America August 29September 10, 1960 The President of the United States of America DWIGHT D. EISENHOWER Patron Fifth World Forestry Congress III Contents VOLUME 1 Page Chapter1.Summary and Recommendations of the Congress 1 Chapter 2.Planning for the Congress 8 Chapter3.Local Arrangements for the Congress 11 Chapter 4.The Congress and its Program 15 Chapter 5.Opening Ceremonies 19 Chapter6. Plenary Sessions 27 Chapter 7.Special Congress Events 35 Chapitre 1.Sommaire et recommandations du Congrès 40 Chapitre 2.Preparation des plans en vue du Congrès 48 Chapitre 3.Arrangements locaux en vue du Congrès 50 Chapitre 4.Le Congrès et son programme 51 Chapitre 5.Cérémonies d'ouverture 52 Chapitre 6.Seances plénières 59 Chapitre 7.Activités spéciales du Congrès 67 CapItullo1. Sumario y Recomendaciones del Congreso 70 CapItulo 2.Planes para el Congreso 78 CapItulo 3.Actividades Locales del Congreso 80 CapItulo 4.El Congreso y su Programa 81 CapItulo 5.Ceremonia de Apertura 81 CapItulo 6.Sesiones Plenarias 88 CapItulo 7.Actos Especiales del Congreso 96 Chapter8. Congress Tours 99 Chapter9.Appendices 118 Appendix A.Committee Memberships 118 Appendix B.Rules of Procedure 124 Appendix C.Congress Secretariat 127 Appendix D.Machinery Exhibitors Directory 128 Appendix E.List of Financial Contributors 130 Appendix F.List of Participants 131 First General Session 141 Multiple Use of Forest Lands Utilisation multiple des superficies boisées Aprovechamiento Multiple de Terrenos Forestales Second General Session 171 Multiple Use of Forest Lands Utilisation multiple des superficies boisées Aprovechamiento Multiple de Terrenos Forestales Iv Contents Page Third General Session 189 Progress in World Forestry Progrés accomplis dans le monde en sylviculture Adelantos en la Silvicultura Mundial Section I.Silviculture and Management 241 Sessions A and B.
    [Show full text]
  • Slash-And-Burn Experiments to Reconstruct Late Neolithic Shifting Cultivation
    International Forest Fire News (IFFN) No. 30 (January – June 2004, 70-74) Slash-and-Burn Experiments to Reconstruct Late Neolithic Shifting Cultivation Introduction The origin of agriculture in the Near East was in a region where the wild ancestors of the cultivated plants grew in a more or less open landscape. The spread of agriculture to the northwest into Europe covered forested landscapes and therefore required clearing to practise agriculture. According to older opinions, Neolithic agriculture was rather simple and hadn’t developed sophisticated methods of manuring and tillage. Therefore people had to shift their fields regularly to avoid bad harvests (Childe 1929, 1952, 1960, Sangmeister 1950). But on the authority of later research the fertile soils of the loess belt in Central Europe, colonized during the Early Neolithic of Central Europe (about 5600 to 4300 B.C. cal.), allowed adequate yields for many years without manuring. Adequate yields in this case mean between five and eight dt/ha, as calculated for the Early Modern age three-field-system. Based on those yields are also quantitative models of Neolithic agriculture and nutrition (Jacomet and Schibler, 1985). For these reasons permanent fields and settlements were postulated (Modderman 1971, Lüning 1980 a, b). Neolithic agriculture was different from recent shifting cultivation in the tropics and also different from early modern age slash-and-burn agriculture on poor soils in mountains. In the late Neolithic, between 4300 and 2300 B.C., people colonized fresh landscapes outside the loess belt, in the low-mountain region and in the former glaciated regions of the pre-alpine lowlands and those of northern Central Europe and southern Scandinavia.
    [Show full text]
  • Kaingin in the Philippines: Is It the End of the Forest?
    RURAL DEVELOPMENT FORESTRY NETWORK FROM THE FIELD Kaingin in the Philippines: is it the end of the forest? Anna Lawrence A Synthesis of Results of the FTPP Farmer-initiated Research and Extension Practices Initiative in East Africa Christoffel den Biggelaar Slash-and-Burn in the History of the Swedish Forests Henning Hamilton Forest Genetic Resources in Central America: The Challenge of Conservation Adrian J. Barrance Network Paper 21f Summer 1997 Contents Page Kaingin in the Philippines: is it the end of the forest? Anna Lawrence 1 A Synthesis of Results of the FTPP Farmer-initiated Research and Extension Practices Initiative in East Africa Christoffel den Biggelaar 9 Slash-and-Burn in the History of the Swedish Forests Henning Hamilton 19 Forest Genetic Resources in Central America: The Challenge of Conservation Adrian J. Barrance 25 The authors may be contacted at the following addresses: Anna Lawrence, AERDD, The University of Reading, PO Box 238, Earley Gate, Reading RG6 6AL, UK. Christoffel den Biggelaar, 100 North Street, Apt 322, Columbus OH 43202, USA. Henning Hamilton, Skogens Hus, Falkvägen 22, 183 50 Täby, Sweden. Adrian Barrance, ESA Consultores, Apartado Postal 4227, Tegucigalpa, Honduras, CA. ISSN 0968-2627 (formerly Social Forestry Network ISSN 0951-1857) Kaingin in the Philippines: is it the end of the forest? Anna Lawrence Introduction Kummer (1992) writes that a lack of data and confusion over terms has given the impression that shifting cultivation, often known as kaingin (in tagalog), is the predominant form of agriculture in the Philippines, and that it is responsible for deforestation. His view is that both of these assertions are overstatements, and detailed work by Olofson (1980) shows that the word kaingin has a range of meanings which reveal the diversity of hillside farming systems in the Philippines.
    [Show full text]
  • Shifting Cultivation and Deforestation in Indonesia: Steps Toward Overcoming Confusion in the Debate
    RURAL DEVELOPMENT FORESTRY NETWORK Shifting Cultivation and Deforestation in Indonesia: Steps Toward Overcoming Confusion in the Debate William D. Sunderlin Network Paper 21b Summer 1997 The author wishes to thank Carol Pierce Colfer for insightful comments and Kate Schreckenberg and David Brown for helpful editorial suggestions on a draft of this article. The author is responsible for any errors of fact or interpretation that remain in the text. William D. Sunderlin may be contacted at: CIFOR (Center for International Forestry Research) P.O. Box 6596, JKPWB Jakarta 10065, Indonesia Tel: +62 251 622 622; Fax: +62 251 622 100 E-mail: [email protected] ISSN 0968-2627 (formerly Social Forestry Network ISSN 0951-1857) Shifting Cultivation and Deforestation in Indonesia: Steps Toward Overcoming Confusion in the Debate1 William D. Sunderlin Summary The role of shifting cultivation in deforestation in Indonesia has been an area of great debate. Some claim this farming system is the main cause of forest cover loss. Others claim that – far from being damaging – it is a key means for the conservation and sustainable management of remaining forests. The two sides of the debate are talking past each other, because each refers to different farming systems at opposite ends of what might be called the ‘forest farming continuum’. Recently, there has been progress in clarifying the meaning of certain terms but the debate remains confused. In order to better understand the causes and extent of forest cover change in Indonesia, it is necessary to clearly identify the different forms of agency affecting forests and also to define key terms and concepts such as ‘forest’, ‘deforestation’, ‘degradation’, and ‘causation’.
    [Show full text]
  • Biodiversity Assessment Study for New
    Technical Assistance Consultant’s Report Project Number: 50159-001 July 2019 Technical Assistance Number: 9461 Regional: Protecting and Investing in Natural Capital in Asia and the Pacific (Cofinanced by the Climate Change Fund and the Global Environment Facility) Prepared by: Lorenzo V. Cordova, Jr. M.A., Prof. Pastor L. Malabrigo, Jr. Prof. Cristino L. Tiburan, Jr., Prof. Anna Pauline O. de Guia, Bonifacio V. Labatos, Jr., Prof. Juancho B. Balatibat, Prof. Arthur Glenn A. Umali, Khryss V. Pantua, Gerald T. Eduarte, Adriane B. Tobias, Joresa Marie J. Evasco, and Angelica N. Divina. PRO-SEEDS DEVELOPMENT ASSOCIATION, INC. Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines Asian Development Bank is the executing and implementing agency. This consultant’s report does not necessarily reflect the views of ADB or the Government concerned, and ADB and the Government cannot be held liable for its contents. (For project preparatory technical assistance: All the views expressed herein may not be incorporated into the proposed project’s design. Biodiversity Assessment Study for New Clark City New scientific information on the flora, fauna, and ecosystems in New Clark City Full Biodiversity Assessment Study for New Clark City Project Pro-Seeds Development Association, Inc. Final Report Biodiversity Assessment Study for New Clark City Project Contract No.: 149285-S53389 Final Report July 2019 Prepared for: ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK 6 ADB Avenue, Mandaluyong City 1550, Metro Manila, Philippines T +63 2 632 4444 Prepared by: PRO-SEEDS DEVELOPMENT ASSOCIATION, INC C2A Sandrose Place, Ruby St., Umali Subdivision Brgy. Batong Malake, Los Banos, Laguna T (049) 525-1609 © Pro-Seeds Development Association, Inc. 2019 The information contained in this document produced by Pro-Seeds Development Association, Inc.
    [Show full text]
  • Xxx-Xxx, Xxxx
    PSRU Journal of Science and Technology 5(3): 74-96, 2020 ความหลากหลายของพรรณพืชในวัดป่าเขาคงคา อ าเภอครบุรี จังหวัดนครราชสีมา PLANT DIVERSITY IN KHAO KHONG KHA FOREST MONASTERY KHON BURI DISTRICT, NAKHON RATCHASIMA PROVINCE เทียมหทัย ชูพันธ์* นาริชซ่า วาดี ศรัญญา กล้าหาญ สุนิษา ยิ้มละมัย และ สุวรรณี อุดมทรัพย์ Thiamhathai Choopan*, Narissa Wadee, Saranya Klahan, Sunisa Yimlamai and Suwannee Udomsub คณะวิทยาศาสตร์และเทคโนโลยี มหาวิทยาลัยราชภัฏนครราชสีมา Faculty of Science and Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima Rajabhat University *corresponding author e-mail: [email protected] (Received: 27 July 2020; Revised: 8 October 2020; Accepted: 9 October 2020) บทคัดย่อ การวิจัยครั้งนี้เป็นการศึกษาความหลากหลายของพรรณพืชในวัดป่าเขาคงคา อ าเภอครบุรี จังหวัดนครราชสีมา ด้วยการสุ่มวางแปลงตัวอย่าง จ านวน 18 แปลง ขนาด 2020 เมตร เพื่อส ารวจ ไม้ต้น และขนาด 55 เมตร เพื่อส ารวจไม้พื้นล่างร่วมกับการส ารวจตามเส้นทางศึกษาธรรมชาติ ผลการศึกษาพบว่ามีไม้ต้น จ านวน 38 วงศ์ 83 สกุล 98 ชนิด โดยไม้ต้นชนิดที่พบมากที่สุด ได้แก่ ติ้วเกลี้ยง (Cratoxylum cochinchinense (Lour.) Blume) รองลงมา คือ เสี้ยวป่า (Bauhinia saccocalyx Pierre) และแดง (Xylia xylocarpa (Roxb.) W. Theob. var. kerrii (Craib & Hutch.) I.C. Nielsen) ตามล าดับ ส่วนไม้ต้นชนิดที่มีค่าดัชนีความส าคัญสูงที่สุด คือ เสี้ยวป่า ติ้วเกลี้ยง และแดง ตามล าดับ ค่าดัชนี ความหลากหลายของไม้ต้น มีค่าเท่ากับ 3.6656 ค่าความสม่ าเสมอในการกระจายตัว มีค่าเท่ากับ 0.7995 ค่าความหลากหลาย มีค่าเท่ากับ 39.0785 นอกจากนั้นพบว่ามีไม้พื้นล่าง จ านวน 61 วงศ์ 137 สกุล 145 ชนิด ไม้พื้นล่างชนิดที่พบมากที่สุด ได้แก่ พลูช้าง (Scindapus officinalis
    [Show full text]
  • Social-Sciences in Forestry. a Current Selected Bibligraphy, No. 61. Blacksburg. Div. of Forestry and Wildlife Reference Materia
    'DOCUMENT RESUME ED 230 412 SE 041 612 AUTHOR Schwab, Judith L., Ed. TITLE Social-Sciences in Forestry. A Current Selected Bibligraphy, No. 61. INSTITUTION Virginia Polytechnic Inst. and State Univ., Blacksburg. Div. of Forestry and Wildlife Resources. SPONS AGENCY Forest Service (DOA), Washington, D.C. PUB DATE Jun 83 NOTE 64p. PUB TYPE Reference Materials - Bibliographies (131) -- Collected Works - Serials (022) JOUUNAL CIT Social Sciences in Forestry; n61 Jun 1983 EDRS PRICE MF01/PC03 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS Business; Conservation (Environment); Economics; *Forestry; *Lumber Industry; *Natural Resources; *Publications; Resource Materials; *Social Science Research; *Social Sciences ABSTRACT Provided in thisdocument is a bibliography of selected materials addressing tiiesinterface between forestry and the social sciences. Materials include articles appearing in United States and foreign professional journals, bibliographies, conference proceedings, and other types of publicntions. A subject-matter classification scheme, in outline format, is provided at the beginning of the document. Entries (numbered 3355-3564) are liited alphabetically by author according to the topics indicated in this , scheme. Major topic areas include social science-applied to: (1) forestry at large; (2) forestry's productive agents; (3) forest production; (4) manufacturing; and (5) to marketing, trade, and demancLfor forest output. Each entry includes citation number, author(s), title, source, year, number of pages, and a code related to specific sections in the subject-matter classification scheme. In °addition, if the publication is not in English, the language used is indicated. Brief annotations are provided for most entries. An author index and subject index are also pr6vided. It is recommended that the subject index be used in conjunction with the subject-laatter classification scheme to locate specific citations.
    [Show full text]
  • Framing Fires: a Country-By- IUCN Country Analysis of Forest and Land the World Conservation Union Fires in the ASEAN Nations
    Framing Fires: A country-by- IUCN country analysis of forest and land The World Conservation Union fires in the ASEAN nations Prepared by European Union Dr. David Ganz Project FireFight South East Asia P.O. Box 6596 JKPWB Jakarta, Indonesia Tel: +62 251 622 622 Fax: +62 251 622 100 www.pffsea.org IUCN The World Conservation Union IUCN - World Headquaters Rue Mauverney 28 CH-1196 Gland, Switzerland Tel: +41 22 999 0001 Fax: +41 22 999 0002 ASEAN nations in the and land fires A country-by-country analysis of forest Framing Fires: www.iucn.org WWF International Avenue du Mont-Blanc CH-1196 Gland, Switzerland Tel: +41 22 364 9019 Fax: +41 22 364 064 www.panda.org/forests4life Panda Symbol © 1986 WWF ® WWF Registered Trademark Framing Fires: A country-by- country analysis of forest and land fires in the ASEAN nations Prepared by Dr. David Ganz Cover photos: Background picture: Eucalyptus plantation in Congo by Dr. Takeshi Toma, CIFOR Four small cover pictures from left to right: Efforts to extinguish fires East Kalimantan in 1998; © WWF-Cannon/WWF Indonesia Forest fires in Kinabatangan, Sabah in 1998; © WWF-Cannon/WWF Malaysia Haze from 1998 fires in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; © WWF-Cannon/WWF Malaysia Forest fire in Costa Rica by Stephen Homer, ACDI-CIDA Large cover picture: Kahayan River Under Smoke (d) © WWF/ Alain Compost Project FireFight South East Asia is a Global Initiative of IUCN – The World Conservation Union and WWF – The World Wide Fund for Nature funded by the European Union and supported by the US Forest Service This publication was prepared by staff and consultants of Project FireFight South East Asia.
    [Show full text]
  • Shifting Cultivation in Laos: Transitions in Policy and Perspective
    Shifting Cultivation in Laos: Transitions in Policy and Perspective This report has been commissioned by the Secretariat of the Sector Working Group For Agriculture and Rural Development (SWG-ARD) and was written by Miles Kenney-Lazar Graduate School of Geography, Clark University, USA [email protected] The views contained in this report are those of the researcher and may not necessary reflect those of the Government of Lao PDR 1 Abbreviations and acronyms ACF Action Contre la Faim CCAFS Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security CGIAR Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research CPI Committee for Planning and Investment DAEC Department of Agricultural Extension and Cooperatives DCCDM Department of Climate Change and Disaster Management DAFO District Agriculture and Forestry Office DLUP Department of Land Use Planning EC European Commission FS 2020 Forest Strategy to the Year 2020 GOL Government of Laos ha hectares IIED International Institute for Environment and Development Lao PDR Lao People‘s Democratic Republic LFAP Land and Forest Allocation Program LPRP Lao People‘s Revolutionary Party MAF Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry MONRE Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment MPI Ministry of Planning and Investment NAFRI National Agriculture and Forestry Research Institute NA National Assembly NEM New Economic Mechanism NLMA National Land Management Authority NGPES National Growth and Poverty Eradication Strategy NNT NPA Nakai-Nam Theun National Protected Area NPEP National Poverty Eradication Program NTFPs
    [Show full text]
  • NH NG CÂY THU C CHÂU Á THÁI BÌNH DƯƠNG 218 17. Tiwawech
    PHAN TẤT HOÀ --- NHỮNG CÂY THUỐC CHÂU Á THÁI BÌNH DƯƠNG 218 17. Tiwawech, D., Hirose, M., Futakuchi, M., Lin, C., Thamavit, W., Ito, N., and Shirai, T. 2000. Enhancing effects of Thai edible plants on 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo(4,5-f)quinoxaline- hepatocarcinogenesis in a rat medium-term bioassay, Cancer Lett ., 158, 195. 18. Sunthitikawinsakul, A., Kongkathip, N., Kongkathip, B., Phonnakhu, S., Daly, J. W., Spande, T. F., Nimit, Y., Napaswat, C., Kasisit, J., and Yoosook, C. 2003. Anti-HIV-1 limonoid: first isolation from Clausena excavata . Phytother. Res. , 17, 1101. 19. Sunthitikawinsakul, A., Kongkathip, N., Kongkathip, B., Phonnakhu, S., Daly, J. W., Spande, T. F., Nimit, Y., and Rochanaruangrai, S. 2003. Coumarins and carbazoles from Clausena excavata exhibited antimycobacterial and antifungal activities. Planta Med. , 69, 155. 20. Sunthitikawinsakul, A., Kongkathip, N., Kongkathip, B., Phonnakhu, S., Daly, J. W., Spande, T. F., Nimit, Y., and Rochanaruangrai, S. 2003. Coumarins and carbazoles from Clausena excavata exhibited antimycobacterial and antifungal activities. Planta Med. , 69, 155. 21. Hirata, K., Ito, C., Furukawa, H., Itoigawa, M., Cosentino, L. M., and Lee, K. H. 1999. Substituted 7H-pyrido[4,3-c]carbazoles with potent anti-HIV activity. Biorg. Med. Chem. Lett. , 9, 119. 22. Li, W. S., McChesney, J. D., and El-Feraly, F. S. 1991. Carbazole alkaloids from Clausena lansium . Phytochemistry , 30, 343. 23. Kumar, V., Vallipuram, K., Adebajo, A. C., and Reisch, J. 1995. 2,7-Dihydroxy-3-formyl-1- (3′-methyl2′-butenyl)carbazole from Clausena lansium . Phytochemistry , 40, 1563. 24. Yang, M. H., Chen, Y. Y., and Huang, L.
    [Show full text]
  • Teak Production by Shifting Cultivators in Northern Lao P.D.R
    Page 1 of 12 Technical Report No. 9, TR 9 Teak production by shifting cultivators in Northern Lao P.D.R. By Peter Kurt Hansen 1, Houmchitsavath Sodarak 2 and Sianouvong Savathvong Shifting Cultivation Research Sub-programme Lao Swedish Forestry Programme Luang Prabang, Lao P.D.R. July 1997 Key words : Shifting cultivation, Taungya, improved fallows, teak (Tectona grandis), Laos, ABSTRACT Shifting cultivation is the most important farming system in Northern Laos, but population pressure and government regulations are increasingly undermining its productivity and sustainability. Identifying and promoting alternative production systems is a high priority of the Lao Government. However, farmers' adoption of new technologies is often hampered by the predominantly mountainous topography, the undeveloped infrastructure, the limited market demand, the relative poverty of the population, and by other factors. Teak (Tectona grandis ) planting by shifting cultivators is one of the more promising possibilities, and has expanded rapidly since about 1988. Despite the high income potentials and ready adoption by farmers, the benefits of teak planting are limited by the inferior genetic material currently planted, by the inadequate management of farmers' teak plantations, by the competition with agriculture for arable land, and by the inability of farmers to hold on to plantations for 20-30 years. There are also concerns that plantations may be prone to serious pest attacks, excessive erosion, and soil depletion. Teak planting may provide an alternative or supplement to shifting cultivation, but is not likely to have a role in improved fallow systems. 1. INTRODUCTION Shifting cultivation is the dominant cropping system in the uplands and mountains of Lao P.D.R.
    [Show full text]