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Phenantridine alkaloids from Zanthoxylum myriacanthum . Fitoterapia , 70, 197. CHAPTER 32 Medicinal Plants Classified in the Family Loganiaceae 32.1 GENERAL CONCEPT The family Loganiaceae (Martius, 1827 nom. conserv., the Logania Family) consists of approximately 20 genera and 500 species of tropical trees, shrubs, and climbers that commonly produce iridoids and monoterpenoid indole alkaloids that are formed by the condensation of tryptamine and secologanin (an iridoid). Look H2N ing for Loganiaceae in the field might not be a very easy task; it is advised to look for trees or O dichotomous climb- O OH ers with opposite simple leaves, interpetiolar stipules, no Strychnine Glycine latex, and tubular flowers which are whitish with five lobes, a 2-celled gynaecium, and fruits which are always superior capsules, berries, or drupes. Classical examples of pharmaceutical products of Loganiaceous origin are the dried ripe seeds of Strychnos nux-vomica L., a plant of India, Ceylon, Thailand, Cam-H3CO bodia, Laos, Vietnam, and North Malaysia. Nux vomica (British Pharmacopoeia , 1963) and Strychnos ignatii H3CO (Ignatia, PHAN TẤT HOÀ --- NHỮNG CÂY THUỐC CHÂU Á THÁI BÌNH DƯƠNG 220 British Pharmaceutical Codex , 1934) consist of the dried ripe seeds containing not less than 1.2% of strychnine (Figure 32.1). It was used as a bitter and as Brucine an ingredient of purgative pills and tablets. Strychnine Figure 32.1 Examples of bioactive alka( British Pharmaceutical Codex , 1959) was formerly used loids from the family Logato stimulate blood circulation during surgical shock, but niaceae. its use is now more limited to invigorating breathing during poisoning. Strychnine given in a small dose to humans and animals binds to the glycinergic receptor and enhances the motor response of the spinal reflex. Large doses cause tremors and slight twitching of the limbs, followed by sudden convulsions of all muscles. The body becomes arched backwards in hyperextension with the legs and arms extended and the feet turned inward. The facial muscles produce a characteristic grinning expression known as risus sardonicus. Death from medullary paralysis usually follows the second or fifth seizure. The convulsions are mediated spinally and believed to result from a blockade of inhibitory glycinergic sites. Antidotes for strychnine poisoning are short-acting barbiturates and muscle-relaxing drugs. The seeds of Strychnos nux-vomica L. are used to treat eye diseases because strychnine instilled locally increases the ability to discriminate colors and intensities of illumination, particularly in the area of the blue visual field. Strychnos nux-vomica L. was once used to treat amblyopia. The dried rhizome and roots(Buy now from http://www.drugswell.com ) of Gelsenium sempervirens (Gelsenium , British Pharmaceutical Codex , 1963) contain no less than 0.32% of gelsemine, which has been used as a tincture to treat migraine (Gelsenium Tincture, British Pharmaceutical Codex , 1963). Note that Gelsemium sempervirens (L.) Ait. f. (Evening Trumpet Flower) is a common ornamental garden plant in North America. Another example of medicinal Loganiaceae is Gelsemium nitidum (American Yellow Jasmine), the roots(Buy now from http://www.drugswell.com ) of which are occasionally used to reduce headache. While the genus Strychnos has attracted a great deal of interest, very little is known about the pharmacological potential of the remaining genera, a gap that is worth investigating further. 1–10 An exciting reserve of potentially active Loganiaceae is in the medicinal plants of the Pacific Rim, where about 20 species are used to invigorate, to counteract putrefaction, to treat eye diseases, and to expel worms from the intestines. Among these are Fagraea auriculata Jack, Fagraea blumei G. Don., Fagraea obovata (non Wall.) King, and Neuburgia corynocarpa (A. Gray) Leenh. PHAN TẤT HOÀ --- NHỮNG CÂY THUỐC CHÂU Á THÁI BÌNH DƯƠNG 221 32.2 FAGRAEA AURICULATA JACK [After J. T. Fagraeus (1729–1747), a Swedish naturalist, and from Latin auriculata = with ears.] 32.2.1 Botany Fagraea auriculata Jack is a climber or small tree that grows from sea level to 1200m in Burma, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, and throughout the Malay Archipelago.