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Johannes Parlindungan Siregar Thesis (PDF 15MB) THE MEANING CHANGE OF URBAN HERITAGE: A SOCIO-SEMIOTIC INVESTIGATION OF HISTORIC AREAS IN YOGYAKARTA, INDONESIA Johannes Parlindungan Siregar Bachelor of Engineering (Architecture) Master of Engineering (Regional and Urban Planning) Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy School of Design Faculty of Creative Industry Queensland University of Technology 2018 KEYWORDS Urban form; typo-morphology; meaning; socio-semiotic; meaning production; meaning consumption; cultural heritage; philosophical axis; Kotabaru; Kotagede; Yogyakarta. 1 ABSTRACT The past and present of a city cannot be separated. The historic city of Yogyakarta is a well-recognised centre of Javanese culture and the urban form and architecture of this city are representations of traditional Javanese philosophy. Throughout its history, the physicality of this city has also been influenced by several other ideologies introduced by the colonialist government, as well as the Indonesian Government during the independence process. This research aims to understand the relationship between the transformation in urban form and cultural meaning, and how the current development process influences material culture and perceived meaning in Indonesian historic cities. This research suggests an integrated approach in investigating the cultural meaning from the perspective of urban planning and social practices. Considering this, the research focuses on Yogyakarta as an exemplary case of a prominent historic town facing rapid growth. The study finds that the socio-political aspect of a society impacts the physical representation of a city and its meanings. In the past, cultural influences were expressed by the symbolical tensions between the traditional court and colonialists. Today, new development brings modernity by introducing contemporary buildings, activities and images. The application of heritage principles in managing old districts plays an important role in producing new meanings and preserving old symbols. These findings have an implication for the production and consumption of meanings. The symbolic representations of urban form are created in two different epochs: the historical and the urban. The historical epoch expresses the initial production of meaning while the urban epoch demonstrates the reproduction of the historical epoch paradigm and the production of new representations. These two epochs present meanings through spatial experiences. Social agents in different epochs have different intentions for producing representations and experiencing the urban space. 2 The study also finds that the durability of typo-morphological elements is essential to prolonging historical and traditional meanings. By investigating the signification process and the context of social milieu, the study reveals an issue about regionalism. There is a contestation between locality and globalisation, between the local and western culture in Yogyakarta urban space. 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS KEYWORDS 1 ABSTRACT 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS 4 LIST OF FIGURES 8 LIST OF TABLES 10 LIST OF APPENDICES 12 GLOSSARY 13 STATEMENT OF ORIGINAL AUTHORSHIP 16 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 17 1. INTRODUCTION 19 1.1 RESEARCH BACKGROUND 19 1.2 RESEARCH PROBLEM AND AIM 21 1.3 RESEARCH QUESTIONS AND OBJECTIVES 23 1.4 RESEARCH SIGNIFICANCES AND CONTRIBUTIONS 24 1.5 ORGANISATION OF THE THESIS 28 2. LITERATURE REVIEW 29 2.1 INTRODUCTION 29 2.2 CULTURAL HERITAGE 29 2.2.1 DEFINING CULTURAL HERITAGE 29 2.2.2 CULTURAL HERITAGE IN INDONESIAN CONTEXT 31 2.3 URBAN FORM CHANGE AND URBAN DEVELOPMENT 32 2.3.1 CONCEPTION OF CHANGE 33 2.3.2 SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL ASPECTS OF URBAN CHANGE 33 2.4 MATERIAL CULTURE AND MEANING 35 2.4.1 URBAN FORM AS A MATERIAL CULTURE 36 2.4.2 MEANINGS OF MATERIAL CULTURE 37 2.4.3 THE STUDY OF MEANING IN A BUILT ENVIRONMENT SETTING 40 2.5 SUMMARY 44 3. RESEARCH LOCATION AND CASE STUDIES 46 3.1 INTRODUCTION 46 3.2 THE CONTEXT IN SOUTH EAST ASIA AND INDONESIA 46 4 3.3 RELEVANCE OF YOGYAKARTA AS THE STUDY LOCATIO 49 3.4 CASE STUDIES 51 3.5 A SHORT HISTORY OF YOGYAKARTA 57 4. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 59 4.1 INTRODUCTION 59 4.2 PHILOSOPHICAL STANCE 59 4.2.1 ONTOLOGY 60 4.2.2 EPISTEMOLOGY 61 4.2.3 METHODOLOGY 62 4.3 ANALYTICAL APPROACHES 62 4.3.1 SOCIO-SEMIOTIC 63 4.3.2 TYPO-MORPHOLOGY 64 4.3.3 THEMATIC ANALYSIS AND TRIANGULATION METHOD 66 4.4 DATA COLLECTION APPROACHES 67 4.4.1 EXO-SEMIOTIC DATA 70 4.4.2 MATERIAL CULTURE DATA 71 4.4.3 CULTURAL MEANING DATA 72 4.5 RESEARCH TIME SPAN 74 4.6 ANALYTICAL STAGES 75 4.6.1 STEP ONE: EXO-SEMIOTICS ANALYSIS 75 4.6.2 STEP TWO: SEMIOTIC ANALYSIS 77 4.6.3 STEP THREE: SEMIOTIC PROCESS 82 4.7 RESEARCH ETHICS 83 5. CONTEXT OF SYMBOLISM 84 5.1 INTRODUCTION 84 5.2 SOCIAL AND DEMOGRAPHICAL CONTEXT 84 5.3 POLITICAL INFLUENCES ON URBAN FORM AND HERITAGE CONSERVATION 86 5.4 CURRENT CONDITION OF YOGYAKARTA URBAN SPACE 91 5.4.1 URBAN GROWTH AND MODERNITY 92 5.4.2 HERITAGE ISSUES 95 5.5 SUMMARY 97 6. FIRST CASE STUDY: PHYLOSOPHICAL AXIS 99 6.1 INTRODUCTION 99 6.2 EXPRESSION: URBAN TYPO-MORPHOLOGY 100 5 6.3 CONTENT: MEANINGS OF URBAN MORPHOLOGY 119 6.3.1 REPRESENTATIONS OF TRADITIONAL PHILOSOPHY 119 6.3.2 REPRESENTATIONS OF COLONISATION 123 6.3.3 PERCEIVED UNIQUE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PHILOSOPHICAL AXIS 125 6.3.4 PERCEIVED USES OF URBAN SPACE 128 6.4 SEMIOTIC ANALYSIS 129 6.4.1 EXPRESSION AND CONTENT OF THE PHILOSOPHICAL AXIS 130 1. STREET NETWORK 131 2. LAND USES 133 3. BUILDING STRUCTURES. 135 6.4.2 MEANING CHANGES 137 6.5 SUMMARY 141 7. SECOND CASE STUDY: KOTABARU 143 7.1 INTRODUCTION 143 7.2 EXPRESSION: URBAN TYPO-MORPHOLOGY 143 7.3 CONTENT: THE MEANINGS OF URBAN FORM 157 7.3.1 THE COLONIAL CONCEPT OF KOTABARU 157 7.3.2 PERCEIVED UNIQUE CHARACTERISTICS OF KOTABARU 159 7.3.3 PERCEIVED USES OF URBAN SPACE 162 7.4 SEMIOTIC ANALYSIS 163 7.4.1 EXPRESSION AND CONTENT OF KOTABARU 164 1. STREET NETWORK 164 2. LAND USES 167 3. BUILDING STRUCTURES. 168 7.4.2 MEANING CHANGES 171 7.5 SUMMARY 178 8. THIRD CASE STUDY: KOTAGEDE 180 8.1 INTRODUCTION 180 8.2 EXPRESSION: URBAN TYPO-MORPHOLOGY 180 SITUATION BEFORE THE DECLARATION OF INDONESIAN INDEPENDENCE 181 SITUATION AFTER THE DECLARATION OF INDONESIAN INDEPENDENCE 183 8.3 CONTENT: THE MEANINGS OF URBAN FORM 193 8.3.1 THE TRADITIONAL CONCEPT OF KOTAGEDE 194 8.3.2 PERCEIVED UNIQUE CHARACTERISTICS OF KOTAGEDE 196 8.3.3 PERCEIVED USES OF URBAN SPACE 200 6 8.4 SEMIOTIC ANALYSIS 201 8.4.1 EXPRESSION AND CONTENT OF KOTAGEDE 201 1. STREET NETWORK 202 2. LAND USES 203 3. BUILDING STRUCTURES. 205 8.4.2 MEANING CHANGES 207 8.5. SUMMARY 212 9. DISCUSSION 214 9.1 INTRODUCTION 214 9.2 THE CURRENT MEANINGS OF URBAN FORM 214 9.2.1 COMPARING THE CASE STUDIES 215 9.2.1 SEMIOTIC STRUCTURE OF TYPO-MORPHOLOGICAL ELEMENTS 218 9.3 MEANING CHANGES 220 9.4 MEANING PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION 223 9.4.1 MEANING PRODUCTION 223 9.4.2 MEANING CONSUMPTION 230 9.5 THE MEANINGS OF URBAN FORM 233 9.5.1 PROPOSING THE CONCEPT OF LOCALITY 233 9.5.2 EMBRACING LOCALISM TODAY 236 9.6 SUMMARY 240 10. CONCLUSION 241 10.1 RESEARCH RESULTS 241 10.1.1 SOCIAL AND POLITICAL ASPECTS OF MEANING 241 10.1.2 CATEGORIES OF TYPO-MORPHOLOGICAL ELEMENTS AND MEANINGS 243 10.1.3 THE MEANINGS OF URBAN FORM 245 10.2 LIMITATIONS AND DEVELOPMENT FOR FUTURE RESEARCH 249 REFERENCES 252 APPENDICES 265 7 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2.1. Interrelationship between production and consumption of meaning ................... 43 Figure 3.1. Java Island on the map of Indonesia ................................................................... 49 Figure 3.2. Yogyakarta on the map of Java ........................................................................... 50 Figure 3.3. Case study locations ........................................................................................... 52 Figure 3.4. Diagrammatic illustration of Yogyakarta symbolic axis ........................................ 54 Figure 3.5. Recent condition in philosophical axis ................................................................. 54 Figure 3.6. Recent situation in Kotabaru ............................................................................... 55 Figure 3.7. Recent situation in Kotagede ............................................................................... 57 Figure 4.1 An ilustration of syntagmatic and paradigmatic axes ........................................... 82 Figure 5.1 Yogyakarta town plan in 1936 .............................................................................. 88 Figure 5.2 Current urban plan of Yogyakarta ........................................................................ 90 Figure 5.3 Some issues relating to urban growth in Yogyakarta ........................................... 94 Figure 6.1 Yogyakarta urban centre in 1925 ....................................................................... 101 Figure 6.2 Land uses in philosophical axis based on 1925 map ......................................... 103 Figure 6.3 Building structures in the northern axis based on 1925 map .............................. 104 Figure 6.4 Building structures in the northern axis based on 1925 map (continue) ............. 104 Figure 6.5 Building structures in the southern axis based on 1925 map ............................. 106 Figure 6.6 The current street network in philosophical axis ................................................. 107 Figure 6.7 Current street network and land uses in the northern axis area ......................... 108 Figure 6.8 Current street network and land uses in the southern axis area ........................ 109 Figure 6.9 Current building structures
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