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Dissertation DISSERTATION Titel der Dissertation La política lingüística respecto de las lenguas extranjeras en la Argentina a partir de 1993 Verfasser Roberto Bein angestrebter akademischer Grad Doktor der Philosophie (Dr.phil.) Wien, 2012 Studienkennzahl lt. Studienblatt: A 092 236 352 Dissertationsgebiet lt. Studienblatt: Romanistik - Spanisch Betreuer: o. Univ.-Prof. Dr. Georg Kremnitz 2 Dedicatoria y agradecimientos Esta tesis está dedicada a mi familia, en especial a mi madre y al recuerdo de mi padre, quienes trabajaron toda su vida para que sus hijos accedieran a una educación de la que ellos no pudieron gozar a raíz de la persecución nazi y la necesidad de emigrar. También está dedicada a mis maestros Elvira Narvaja de Arnoux, de la que aprendí casi todo lo que sé de políticas lingüísticas, y a Georg Kremnitz, quien me enseñó a darles sustento material a categorías teóricas aparentemente idealistas y que sobre todo, con gran paciencia, dirigió y reencauzó esta tesis. Y a quienes constituyeron la red de afectos, en especial a Fernanda. Una lista de agradecimientos siempre es incompleta. Prefiero expresárselos colectivamente a todos los que me ayudaron y alentaron a completar la tesis: mis colegas y alumnos de la UBA, de la Universität Wien –Gonzalo Blanco, Max Doppelbauer y Barbara Tiefenbacher me prestaron especial apoyo logístico–, y del IES en Lenguas Vivas “Juan R. Fernández”, así como los de las Universidades Nacionales del Litoral y del Nordeste. Debo nombrar a María Imelda Blanco, tempranamente fallecida, que ya hace años me dio copias de todos los planes de estudio que investigó. Todo esto vale para los aciertos de la tesis. Para los errores me he bastado yo solo. Roberto Bein, enero de 2012 3 Roberto Bein Tesis de doctorado La política lingüística respecto de las lenguas extranjeras en la Argentina a partir de 1993 Índice INTRODUCCIÓN ............................................................................................................................ 8 Justificación de la organización de la tesis ............................................................................ 12 CAPÍTULO 1. Marco teórico general........................................................................................... 14 1.1. Conceptos fundamentales ................................................................................................. 14 1.1.1. Sociología del lenguaje .................................................................................................. 14 1.1.2. Política lingüística, planificación del lenguaje, glotopolítica .................................... 15 1.1.2.1. Factores objetivos que condicionan la eficacia de políticas lingüísticas ............... 22 1.1.2.2. Factores subjetivos: las ideas sobre el lenguaje ........................................................ 28 1.1.2.2.1. Representaciones, ideologías y actitudes ............................................................... 28 1.1.2.2.2. El fetiche lingüístico .................................................................................................. 30 CAPÍTULO 2. Las políticas lingüísticas anteriores a la década de 1990 ................................ 33 2.1. Desde el período colonial hasta comienzos del siglo XX .............................................. 33 2.2. Desde comienzos del siglo XX hasta los años noventa ................................................. 39 2.2.1. Variedad del español ..................................................................................................... 40 2.2.2. Lenguas extranjeras ........................................................................................................ 41 2.2.2.1. Convenios culturales ................................................................................................... 41 2.2.2.2. Medios masivos ............................................................................................................ 42 2.2.2.3. Derechos civiles ............................................................................................................ 43 2.2.2.4. Medidas relativas al sistema escolar.......................................................................... 45 2.2.2.5. Formación docente ....................................................................................................... 49 El Profesorado en Lenguas Vivas .................................................................................... 49 4 El contenido del decreto ................................................................................................... 49 Otras instituciones ............................................................................................................. 52 2.3. Síntesis ................................................................................................................................. 53 CAPÍTULO 3. La evolución de las lenguas extranjeras ............................................................ 54 3.1. Datos generales ................................................................................................................... 54 3.2. Alemán ................................................................................................................................. 55 3.2.1. Introducción ..................................................................................................................... 55 3.2.2. Consideraciones teóricas previas ................................................................................. 56 3.2.3. Algunos datos históricos y demolingüísticos ............................................................. 57 3.2.3.1. La situación 1840-1960 ................................................................................................. 57 3.2.3.2. Situación actual ............................................................................................................. 61 3.2.3.3. Intentos de explicación a partir de la teoría ............................................................. 62 3.3. Francés ................................................................................................................................. 67 3.3.1. La inmigración francesa ................................................................................................. 69 3.3.2. Excursus: reflexiones teóricas sobre la base de las lenguas de los fundadores de Pigüé ........................................................................................................................................... 69 3.3.3. Escuelas privadas francesas ........................................................................................... 73 3.3.4. La Alianza Francesa ........................................................................................................ 74 3.3.5. El francés en el sistema escolar: políticas lingüísticas argentina y francesa ........... 76 3.4. Inglés .................................................................................................................................... 81 3.4.1. Conocimientos de inglés y política lingüística ............................................................ 81 3.4.2. Inmigración del Reino Unido ........................................................................................ 83 3.4.3. Escuelas inglesas ............................................................................................................. 85 3.4.4. Escuelas argentinas ......................................................................................................... 85 3.4.5. Enseñanza extracurricular ............................................................................................. 85 3.4.6. Política lingüística británica y estadounidense en la Argentina............................... 86 3.4.7. Conclusión ........................................................................................................................ 88 3.5. Italiano ................................................................................................................................. 88 3.5.1. La inmigración italiana ................................................................................................... 89 5 3.5.2. La doble imagen de Italia ............................................................................................... 89 3.5.3. Mantenimiento y pérdida de la lengua italiana .......................................................... 91 3.5.4. Las iniciativas glotopolíticas de la colectividad inmigrante y la política del Estado italiano ........................................................................................................................................ 92 3.5.4.1. Escuelas comunitarias.................................................................................................. 92 3.5.4.2. Enseñanza extraescolar ................................................................................................ 94 3.5.5. Política lingüística del Estado argentino ...................................................................... 95 3.5.5.1. Escuelas estatales .......................................................................................................... 97 3.5.5.2. Formación docente ....................................................................................................... 97 3.5.6. Discusión: la vitalidad del italiano ............................................................................... 98 3.6. Portugués..........................................................................................................................
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