Hertle, Hans-Hermann, Die DDR an Die Sowjetunion
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The Fall of the Wall: the Unintended Self-Dissolution of East Germany’S Ruling Regime
COLD WAR INTERNATIONAL HISTORY PROJECT BULLETIN, ISSUE 12 /13 131 The Fall of the Wall: The Unintended Self-Dissolution of East Germany’s Ruling Regime By Hans-Hermann Hertle ast Germany’s sudden collapse like a house of cards retrospect to have been inevitable.” He labeled this in fall 1989 caught both the political and academic thinking “whatever happened, had to have happened,” or, Eworlds by surprise.1 The decisive moment of the more ironically, “the marvelous advantage which historians collapse was undoubtedly the fall of the Berlin Wall during have over political scientists.”15 Resistance scholar Peter the night of 9 November 1989. After the initial political Steinbach commented that historians occasionally forget upheavals in Poland and Hungary, it served as the turning very quickly “that they are only able to offer insightful point for the revolutions in Central and Eastern Europe and interpretations of the changes because they know how accelerated the deterioration of the Soviet empire. Indeed, unpredictable circumstances have resolved themselves.”16 the Soviet Union collapsed within two years. Along with In the case of 9 November 1989, reconstruction of the the demolition of the “Iron Curtain” in May and the details graphically demonstrates that history is an open opening of the border between Hungary and Austria for process. In addition, it also leads to the paradoxical GDR citizens in September 1989, the fall of the Berlin Wall realization that the details of central historical events can stands as a symbol of the end of the Cold War,2 the end of only be understood when they are placed in their historical the division of Germany and of the continent of Europe.3 context, thereby losing their sense of predetermination.17 Political events of this magnitude have always been The mistaken conclusion of what Reinhard Bendix the preferred stuff of which legends and myths are made of. -
Bstu / State Security. a Reader on the GDR
Daniela Münkel (ed.) STATE SECURITY A READER ON THE GDR SECRET POLICE Daniela Münkel (ed.) STATE SECURITY A READER ON THE GDR SECRET POLICE Imprint Federal Commissioner for the Records of the State Security Service of the former German Democratic Republic Department of Education and Research 10106 Berlin [email protected] Photo editing: Heike Brusendorf, Roger Engelmann, Bernd Florath, Daniela Münkel, Christin Schwarz Layout: Pralle Sonne Originally published under title: Daniela Münkel (Hg.): Staatssicherheit. Ein Lesebuch zur DDR-Geheimpolizei. Berlin 2015 Translation: Miriamne Fields, Berlin A READER The opinions expressed in this publication reflect solely the views of the authors. Print and media use are permitted ON THE GDR SECRET POLICE only when the author and source are named and copyright law is respected. token fee: 5 euro 2nd edition, Berlin 2018 ISBN 978-3-946572-43-5 6 STATE SECURITY. A READER ON THE GDR SECRET POLICE CONTENTS 7 Contents 8 Roland Jahn 104 Arno Polzin Preface Postal Inspection, Telephone Surveillance and Signal Intelligence 10 Helge Heidemeyer The Ministry for State Security and its Relationship 113 Roger Engelmann to the SED The State Security and Criminal Justice 20 Daniela Münkel 122 Tobias Wunschik The Ministers for State Security Prisons in the GDR 29 Jens Gieseke 130 Daniela Münkel What did it Mean to be a Chekist? The State Security and the Border 40 Bernd Florath 139 Georg Herbstritt, Elke Stadelmann-Wenz The Unofficial Collaborators Work in the West 52 Christian Halbrock 152 Roger Engelmann -
Andreas Malycha Die SED in Der Ära Honecker Quellen Und Darstellungen Zur Zeitgeschichte
Andreas Malycha Die SED in der Ära Honecker Quellen und Darstellungen zur Zeitgeschichte Herausgegeben vom Institut für Zeitgeschichte Band 102 Andreas Malycha Die SED in der Ära Honecker Machtstrukturen, Entscheidungsmechanismen und Konfliktfelder in der Staatspartei 1971 bis 1989 ISBN 978-3-486-74709-6 E-ISBN 978-3-11-034785-2 ISSN 0481-3545 Bibliografische Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbiblio- grafie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über http://dnb.dnb.de abrufbar. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A CIP catalog record for this book has been applied for at the Library of Congress. © 2014 Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag GmbH Rosenheimer Straße 143, 81671 München, Deutschland www.degruyter.com Ein Unternehmen von De Gruyter Einbandgestaltung: hauser lacour Druck und Bindung: Hubert & Co, Göttingen Gedruckt in Deutschland Dieses Papier ist alterungsbeständig nach DIN/ISO 9706. Inhalt Danksagung ..................................................... VII Einführung ...................................................... 1 I. Von Ulbricht zu Honecker..................................... 11 1. Die Machtzentren der SED: Politbüro und Sekretariat des Zentralkomitees .......................................... 11 2. Die Waldsiedlung bei Wandlitz .............................. 20 3. Das Politbüro der späten Ulbricht-Ära ....................... 31 4. Der Abbruch der Wirtschaftsreformen und das Ende der Ära Ulbricht -
The German Question
Part II The German Question Gorbachev and the GDR 145 Chapter 7 Gorbachev and the GDR Daniel S. Hamilton The German Democratic Republic (GDR) was the illegitimate off- spring of the Cold War, in the words of one writer, the “state that can- not be.”1 Even after forty years of separate existence, the GDR never became a nation; it was never seen as a 1egitimate state by its own people, by West Germans or even by its own superpower patron, the Soviet Union.2 The illegitimate nature of the East German regime proved to be an incurable birth defect. It was also a characteristic that distinguished East Germany from its socialist neighbors. Unlike Polish, Hungarian or Czechoslovak rulers, the GDR regime could not fall back on distinct national traditions or a sense of historical continuity binding its citi- zens to its leaders. The Finnish diplomat Max Jacobson captured the essence of the GDR’s precarious position: The GDR is fundamentally different from all other Warsaw Pact members. It is not a nation, but a state built on an ideological con- cept. Poland will remain Poland, and Hungary will always be Hun- gary, whatever their social system. But for East Germany, main- taining its socialist system is the reason for its existence.3 As J.F. Brown put it, “history has been full of nations seeking state- hood, but the GDR was a state searching for nationhood.”4 This lack of legitimacy afflicted the regime during the entire 40-year existence of the East German state. Without legitimacy, the regime could never consolidate its internal authority or its external stability. -
The London School of Economics and Political Science Defying Moscow
The London School of Economics and Political Science Defying Moscow, engaging Beijing: The German Democratic Republic’s relations with the People’s Republic of China, 1980-1989 Zhong Zhong Chen A thesis submitted to the Department of International History of the London School of Economics for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, London, June 2014 Declaration I certify that the thesis I have presented for examination for the MPhil/PhD degree of the London School of Economics and Political Science is solely my own work other than where I have clearly indicated that it is the work of others (in which case the extent of any work carried out jointly by me and any other person is clearly identified in it). The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. Quotation from it is permitted, provided that full acknowledgement is made. This thesis may not be reproduced without my prior written consent. I warrant that this authorisation does not, to the best of my belief, infringe the rights of any third party. I declare that my thesis consists of 87,593 words. Abbreviations BA Bundesarchiv, Berlin BStU Der Bundesbeauftragte für die Unterlagen des Staatssicherheitsdienstes der ehemaligen Deutschen Demokratischen Republik CAAC Civil Aviation Administration of China CC Central Committee CCP Chinese Communist Party CDU Christlich Demokratische Union CIA Central Intelligence Agency CoCom Coordinating Committee on multilateral exports control COMECON Council for Mutual Economic Assistance CPGB Communist Party of Great Britain CPSU Communist Party of the -
Stasi State Or Socialist Paradise?
Stasi State or Workers’ Paradise – socialism in the German Democratic Republic and what became of it by Bruni de la Motte & John Green First published in Britain in 2015 Copyright © John Green & Bruni de la Motte Designed by Michal Boncza Printed by ACIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 978-0-9558228-6-5 Artery Publications, 11 Dorset Road, London W5 4HU Contents Introduction A difficult birth - how the GDR came about A more egalitarian society Social ethos – the community spirit Equal rights for women Childcare Young people Social wage Voluntary work Education A comprehensive system for all age groups The polytechnic principle Economy Workers’ rights Pros and cons of central planning Farming and Co-operatives Public transport Health service Culture, media and sport Freedom and democracy Justice and legal rights Religious freedom The state security services Internationalism and foreign aid The demise of the GDR The fall of the Wall Currency union The Treuhand and the asset-stripping process The so-called old debts The decapitation of the GDR’s intellectual workforce Housing vultures Women – the biggest losers East Germans treated worse than the Nazis Conclusion Notes Bibliography Foreword History is famously written by the victors. Nowhere is that more obvious than in the former communist states of central and eastern Europe. Their successor governments have systematically sought to demonise or even punish any attempt to recognise the social and economic achievements of east European- style socialism, alongside its constantly rehearsed failures and injustices. The more their citizens balk at such a one-sided account of their own lived experiences, the more any honest or remotely sympathetic discussion of the experience of post-war European communism is met with official denunciation and legal bans, from Hungary to Ukraine. -
The East German Revolution of 1989
The East German Revolution of 1989 A thesis submitted to the University of Manchester for the degree of Ph.D. in the Faculty of Economic and Social Studies. Gareth Dale, Department of Government, September 1999. Contents List of Tables 3 Declaration and Copyright 5 Abstract 6 Abbreviations, Acronyms, Glossary and ‘Who’s Who’ 8 Preface 12 1. Introduction 18 2. Capitalism and the States-system 21 (i) Competition and Exploitation 22 (ii) Capitalism and States 28 (iii) The Modern World 42 (iv) Political Crisis and Conflict 61 3. Expansion and Crisis of the Soviet-type Economies 71 4. East Germany: 1945 to 1975 110 5. 1975 to June 1989: Cracks Beneath the Surface 147 (i) Profitability Decline 147 (ii) Between a Rock and a Hard Place 159 (iii) Crisis of Confidence 177 (iv) Terminal Crisis: 1987-9 190 6. Scenting Opportunity, Mobilizing Protest 215 7. The Wende and the Fall of the Wall 272 8. Conclusion 313 Bibliography 322 2 List of Tables Table 2.1 Government spending as percentage of GDP; DMEs 50 Table 3.1 Consumer goods branches, USSR 75 Table 3.2 Producer and consumer goods sectors, GDR 75 Table 3.3 World industrial and trade growth 91 Table 3.4 Trade in manufactures as proportion of world output 91 Table 3.5 Foreign trade growth of USSR and six European STEs 99 Table 3.6 Joint ventures 99 Table 3.7 Net debt of USSR and six European STEs 100 Table 4.1 Crises, GDR, 1949-88 127 Table 4.2 Economic crisis, 1960-2 130 Table 4.3 East Germans’ faith in socialism 140 Table 4.4 Trade with DMEs 143 Table 5.1 Rate of accumulation 148 Table 5.2 National -
Towards Mobility. Varieties of Automobilism in East and West FPD Forschungen Positionen Dokumente 03
Towards Mobility. Varieties of Automobilism in East and West FPD Forschungen Positionen Dokumente 03 Schriften zur Unternehmensgeschichte von Volkswagen, Band 3 Towards Mobility. Varieties of Automobilism in East and West IMPRINT EDITORS for Corporate History Department of Volkswagen Aktiengesellschaft Manfred Grieger, Ulrike Gutzmann, Dirk Schlinkert EDITORIAL WORK in cooperation with the German Historical Institute Moscow by Corinna Kuhr-Korolev, Dirk Schlinkert DESIGN design agenten, Hanover PRINTED BY Hahn Druckerei ISSN 1613-5776 ISBN 978-3-935112-34-5 © Volkswagen AG Wolfsburg 2009 Towards Mobility. Varieties of Automobilism in East and West Table of contents 1. Introduction 09 2. The Impact of Motorization on Soviet Society after 1945 Lewis Siegelbaum 21 3. The Wheels of Desire. Automobility Discourses in the Soviet Union Luminita Gatejel 31 4. The Introduction of Motor Vehicles on a Mass Scale in the USSR: from Idea to Implementation Maria R. Zezina 43 5. Motorization of German Societies in East and West Kurt Möser 55 6. The Use of German Industrial and Scientific Technical Potential in the Development of the Soviet Motor Industry, 1945-1950 Andrei I. Miniuk 73 7. Difficult Relations: German Automobile Construction and the Economic Alliance in Eastern Europe, 1945-1990 Burghard Ciesla 87 8. Business with the Socialist Automotive Industry. Volkswagen’s Economic Relations with the Soviet Union and the German Democratic Republic Manfred Grieger 101 9. Skill Formation in Škoda’s Path to Mass Production: Reworking Imported Technological and Organizational Knowledge Valentina Fava 111 10. “Corporate Culture”– some Remarks on Concept and Practice and a Brief Case Study Dirk Schlinkert 121 11. Changes in the Workforce at the Volga Motor Works during the Soviet Period Andrei K. -
Graf GDR Paneur1970s-Workshop
Desire, Dependence and Demarcation: The GDR and the West in the “long 1970s”1 Maximilian Graf I. Aims and Scope of this project When researching the GDR’s dealing with the West in the “long 1970s”2 one initially must admit that he is not going to rewrite the whole story, which regarding the cornerstones is comparatively well researched. The Soviet Union and West Germany will remain in the center of attention when locating East Germany between East and West. Politically and economically those two were the by far most important partners and opponents. However, the existing common narrative on the East German concept of détente and East German economics within the international context is a bit too narrow. Not only West Germany, but the West in general was an object of desire on which the GDR continuously became more and more dependent. Thus, fearing the repercussions of the subsequently unavoidable opening-up, the East German leadership aimed at demarcation – far more regarding West Germany than the rest of the West. Hence, this project will explicitly aim at broadening our understanding of the East German rationale and actions by widening the perspective to a pan-European view. Before going into detail, it needs to be clarified what can be considered the East German “long 1970s.” Period under consideration In my view they can be described as the period from 1971 to 1984 – although the endpoint is more randomly picked than the starting point. In 1971, after a quarrelsome power struggle over his Germany policy and economic reforms, Walter Ulbricht was ousted from power. -
The East German Struggle to Avoid Bankruptcy During the Debt Crisis Revisited
The International History Review ISSN: 0707-5332 (Print) 1949-6540 (Online) Journal homepage: https://www.tandfonline.com/loi/rinh20 Before Strauß: The East German Struggle to Avoid Bankruptcy During the Debt Crisis Revisited Maximilian Graf To cite this article: Maximilian Graf (2019): Before Strauß: The East German Struggle to Avoid Bankruptcy During the Debt Crisis Revisited, The International History Review, DOI: 10.1080/07075332.2019.1641542 To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/07075332.2019.1641542 © 2019 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group Published online: 05 Aug 2019. Submit your article to this journal Article views: 140 View related articles View Crossmark data Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at https://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=rinh20 THE INTERNATIONAL HISTORY REVIEW https://doi.org/10.1080/07075332.2019.1641542 Before Strauß: The East German Struggle to Avoid Bankruptcy During the Debt Crisis Revisited Maximilian Graf Department of History and Civilization, European University Institute, Florence, Italy ABSTRACT KEYWORDS Due to costly ‘consumer socialism’ and continuous trade deficits with Debt crisis; GDR; FRG; the West, the East German balance of payments crisis was aggravated USSR; detente towards the end of the 1970s. Declining Soviet support, the tense inter- national situation, rising interest rates and the financial turbulences of other Socialist states (Poland, Romania) made the situation even worse. Facing a Western ‘credit boycott’, in spring 1982 bankruptcy seemed unavoidable to many of the GDR’s economic experts. However, after the adoption of several emergency measures, solvency was secured in the short-run and finally the loans negotiated by Bavarian Prime Minister Franz Josef Strauß in 1983/84 released the GDR from the acute debt cri- sis. -
State Security. a Reader on the Gdr Secret Police Contents 7
Daniela Münkel (ed.) STATE SECURITY A READER ON THE GDR SECRET POLICE Daniela Münkel (ed.) STATE SECURITY A READER ON THE GDR SECRET POLICE Imprint Federal Commissioner for the Records of the State Security Service of the former German Democratic Republic Department of Education and Research 10106 Berlin [email protected] Photo editing: Heike Brusendorf, Roger Engelmann, Bernd Florath, Daniela Münkel, Christin Schwarz Layout: Pralle Sonne Originally published under title: Daniela Münkel (Hg.): Staatssicherheit. Ein Lesebuch zur DDR-Geheimpolizei. Berlin 2015 Translation: Miriamne Fields, Berlin A READER The opinions expressed in this publication reflect solely the views of the authors. Print and media use are permitted ON THE GDR SECRET POLICE only when the author and source are named and copyright law is respected. token fee: 5 euro Berlin 2016 ISBN 978-3-942130-97-4 6 STATE SECURITY. A READER ON THE GDR SECRET POLICE CONTENTS 7 Contents 8 Roland Jahn 104 Arno Polzin Preface Postal Inspection, Telephone Surveillance and Signal Intelligence 10 Helge Heidemeyer The Ministry for State Security and its Relationship 113 Roger Engelmann to the SED The State Security and Criminal Justice 20 Daniela Münkel 122 Tobias Wunschik The Ministers for State Security Prisons in the GDR 29 Jens Gieseke 130 Daniela Münkel What did it Mean to be a Chekist? The State Security and the Border 40 Bernd Florath 139 Georg Herbstritt, Elke Stadelmann-Wenz The Unofficial Collaborators Work in the West 52 Christian Halbrock 152 Roger Engelmann The GDR State -
European Socialist Regimes' Fateful Engagement
European Socialist Regimes’ Fateful Engagement with the West This edited volume analyses European socialist countries’ strategy of engagement with the West and the European Economic Community in the “long 1970s”. The book focuses on a time when the socialist regimes of Central and Eastern Europe banked their hopes for prosperity and stability on enhanced relations with the West. Crossing the traditional differences among diverse fields of historiography, it assesses the complex influence of European and global processes of transformation on the socialist elites’ reading of the international political and economic environment and their consequent decision-making. The volume also explores the debate in each country among and within the elites involved in policymaking as they elaborated this strategic view and coped with shortcomings and unexpected turns. A comparative analysis of national cases shows a shared logic and common patterns, together with national variations and a plurality of views on the desirability of exchanges with their capitalist neighbours and on the ways to promote them. The multinational coverage of seven countries makes this volume a starting point for anyone interested in each socialist state’s foreign policy, intra-bloc relations, economic strategy, transformation and collapse, relations with the European Community and access to the EU. This book will be of much interest to students and researchers of Cold War studies, European history, and international relations. Angela Romano is Lecturer of International Political Economy, University of Glasgow, UK. Federico Romero is Professor of Post-War European Cooperation and Integration, and Dean of Research at the European University Institute, Italy. Cold War History Series Editors: Odd Arne Westad John F.