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Exploring Communist Ruins and Memory Politics in Albania Kailey Rocker 24
1 2 3 4 Contents Introduction. Memory and Portrayal of Communism in Albania in the Public and in the Private Sphere Jonila Godole & Idrit Idrizi 7 Public Depictions and Discourses Specters of Communism. Albanian Post-Socialist Studies and the Return of the Communist Repressed Federico Boni 15 Ruins, Bodies, and Pyramids: Exploring Communist Ruins and Memory Politics in Albania Kailey Rocker 24 Bunk’Art Project – A Glimpse into the Communist Past in Albania Alsena Kokalari 34 Pragmatist Politics on Memory and Oblivion. Post-Communist Attitudes towards Communist Museology in Albania Konstantinos Giakoumis 46 Everyone for and against Communism. The Paradoxes of the Change in the Political System 1990–1992 and of Its Memory Afrim Krasniqi 60 Remembrance between the Public and the Private Sphere The Young Generation’s Borrowed Memory of the Communist Period Jonila Godole 73 Typologies of Private Memories of Communism in Albania. A Study Based on Oral History Interviews in the Region of Shkodra, with a Special Focus on the Period of Late Socialism (1976–1985) Idrit Idrizi 85 5 Photography and Remembrance. Questioning the Visual Legacy of Communist Albania Gilles de Rapper 103 Albania’s Relations with the Soviet Union and Their Traces in Individual and Collective Memory Brisejda Lala 120 Perspectives from the Region Post-Socialist Nostalgia: What Is It and What To Do about It? Daniela Koleva 133 Appendix Conference Programme 146 Authors 150 6 7 Introduction Memory and Portrayal of Communism in Albania in the Pub- lic and in the Private Sphere A survey conducted by the OSCE on Albanians’ knowledge and perceptions of the communist past awakened public reactions in Decem- ber of 2016.1 At the center of attention was the positive perception of the communist dictator on the part of almost half of those surveyed. -
Ligjvënësit Shqipëtarë Në Vite
LIGJVËNËSIT SHQIPTARË NË VITE Viti 1920 Këshilli Kombëtar i Lushnjës (Senati) Një dhomë, 37 deputetë 27 mars 1920–20 dhjetor 1920 Zgjedhjet u mbajtën më 31 janar 1920. Xhemal NAIPI Kryetar i Këshillit Kombëtar (1920) Dhimitër KACIMBRA Kryetar i Këshillit Kombëtar (1920) Lista emërore e senatorëve 1. Abdurrahman Mati 22. Myqerem HAMZARAJ 2. Adem GJINISHI 23. Mytesim KËLLIÇI 3. Adem PEQINI 24. Neki RULI 4. Ahmet RESULI 25. Osman LITA 5. Bajram bej CURRI 26. Qani DISHNICA 6. Bektash CAKRANI 27. Qazim DURMISHI 7. Beqir bej RUSI 28. Qazim KOCULI 8. Dine bej DIBRA 29. Ramiz DACI 9. Dine DEMA 30. Rexhep MITROVICA 10. Dino bej MASHLARA 31. Sabri bej HAFIZ 11. Dhimitër KACIMBRA 32. Sadullah bej TEPELENA 12. Fazlli FRASHËRI 33. Sejfi VLLAMASI 13. Gjergj KOLECI 34. Spiro Jorgo KOLEKA 14. Halim bej ÇELA 35. Spiro PAPA 15. Hilë MOSI 36. Shefqet VËRLACI 16. Hysein VRIONI 37. Thanas ÇIKOZI 17. Irfan bej OHRI 38. Veli bej KRUJA 18. Kiço KOÇI 39. Visarion XHUVANI 19. Kolë THAÇI 40. Xhemal NAIPI 20. Kostaq (Koço) KOTA 41. Xhemal SHKODRA 21. Llambi GOXHAMANI 42. Ymer bej SHIJAKU Viti 1921 Këshilli Kombëtar/Parlamenti Një dhomë, 78 deputetë 21 prill 1921–30 shtator 1923 Zgjedhjet u mbajtën më 5 prill 1921. Pandeli EVANGJELI Kryetar i Këshillit Kombëtar (1921) Eshref FRASHËRI Kryetar i Këshillit Kombëtar (1922–1923) 1 Lista emërore e deputetëve të Këshillit Kombëtar (Lista pasqyron edhe ndryshimet e bëra gjatë legjislaturës.) 1. Abdyl SULA 49. Mehdi FRASHËRI 2. Agathokli GJITONI 50. Mehmet PENGILI 3. Ahmet HASTOPALLI 51. Mehmet PILKU 4. Ahmet RESULI 52. Mithat FRASHËRI 5. -
Kalendari I Kujtesës 2021
KALENDARI I KUJTESËS 2021 TË DHËNAT PERSONALE EMËR, MBIËMER TELEFON ADRESA FAX VENDI E-MAIL IDMC - Instituti për Demokraci, Media dhe Kulturë është një organizatë e pavarur, jo- © IDMC 2020 fitimprurëse dhe joqeveritare me qendër në Tiranë. IDMC promovon zhvillimin e vlerave Institute for Democracy, Media & Culture demokratike, rolin dhe impaktin e medias e të kulturës brenda dhe jashtë vendit. IDMC Address: Bardhok Biba Street, Entrance A, synon të promovojë vlerat demokratike duke shërbyer si një Think Tank, duke inkurajuar Trema Building, 11th Fl., Apt. 36, Tirana, Albania sondimin e opinionit publik për çështje të ndryshme të politikbërjes. Si dhe përmes www.idmc.al mbështetjes dhe motivimit të brezit të ri drejt formave të reja të pjesëmarrjes politike. Duke marrë si shembull Shqipërinë, ku reflektimi mbi të shkuarën e saj totalitare nuk Kalendari i Kujtesës botohet me mbështetjen e ka zënë në këto 25 vjet vendin që meriton, IDMC ka si mision që përmes aktiviteteve Fondacionit Konrad Adenauer në Tiranë. sensibilizuese ta inkurajojë brezin e ri të njohë historinë dhe të reflektojë mbi të shkuarën për një të ardhme më të sigurt demokratike. Konrad Adenauer Stiftung Address: “Dëshmorët e Kombit” Blvd. Twin Tower 1, 11th Fl., Tirana, Albania www.kas.de/albanien/ Për kalendarin online kanë punuar disa autorë. IDMC falënderon historianin Uran Butka, i cili përpiloi versionin e parë më 2016 me 130 data përkujtimore. Gjatë vitit 2020, kalendari online u pasurua me rreth 65 data të reja përkujtimore për periudhën kohore 1944–1992 nga historiani i ri Pjerin Mirdita, drejtor i Muzeut të Dëshmisë dhe Kujtesës në Shkodër. -
Gjon Boriçi - Akademia E Studimeve Albanologjike, Tiranë
Gjon Boriçi - Akademia e Studimeve Albanologjike, Tiranë Pohimi nga Byroja Politike e PPSH tё dhunёs ndaj të burgosurve dhe internuarve nga organet e Sigurimit të Shtetit deri nё vitin 1953 Abstrakt Kumtesa pёrqendrohet nё vitin 1953: Diskutimet e Byrosё Politike dhe të MP të Brendshme për “gabimet” e Sigurimit të Shtetit ndaj të burgosurve dhe internuarve, pёrgjegjёsia e ministrit të brendshёm, Mehmet Shehu dhe shpërblimi i tij duke e promovuar në detyrë. Dokumentet zyrtare pohojnë sjelljen terroriste të shtetit kundrejt një pjese të madhe të popullit, të cilin e vrau, burgosi, torturoi, dëboi, internoi pa asnjë ligj. Hyrje - Rëndësia e studimit të kujtesës në histori Historia si shkencë, të paktën në pjesë të ndryshme të saj është një produkt njerëzor, intelektual, shoqëror dhe politik. Historia përpiqet të na sjellë të vërtetën. Jo pak historianë me famë kanë njësuar kujtesën dhe historinë në një gjë të vetme.1 Por, tregimi i historisë dhe akoma më shumë të shkruarit e saj, janë tërësisht të ndryshëm nga kujtesa. Por, kjo nuk do të thotë se nuk ka ngjashmëri ndërmjet historisë dhe kujtesës. As kujtesa dhe as historia nuk na japin një tregim për ngjarjen me paanshmëri të plotë.2 Të dyja krijojnë versionin e tyre për të kaluarën dhe që të dyja janë produkt i kohës që jetojnë. Interesi për të studiuar kujtesën (memorien) e së kaluarës ndikon në faktin për të kuptuar ashtu si duhet njerëzit që kanë jetuar ngjarjet e ndodhura atëherë si dhe vetëkuptimin që njerëz të veçantë duan t'i japin ngjarjeve që kanë përjetuar. Duke ndodhur kjo, për historinë bëhet e vështirë për të kuptuar botëkuptimin e individëve që kanë përjetuar ngjarjet dhe botën e tyre. -
Enver Hoxha the Superpowers 1959-1984
ENVER HOXHA THE SUPERPOWERS 1959-1984 EXTRACTS FROM THE POLITICAL DIARY TIRANA, 1986 THE INSTITUTE OF MARXIST-LENINIST STUDIES AT THE CENTRAL COMMITTEE OF THE PARTY OF LABOUR OF ALBANIA «8 NENTORI» PUBLISHING HOUSE FOREWORD In the rich fund of the all-sided creative work of Comrade Enver Hoxha, the beloved and unforgettable leader of the Albanian Party and people, along with the series of volumes of his Works, theoretical books, volumes of reminiscences, correspondence with the people, etc., his Political Diary on International Questions (1958-1984), which is kept in the Central Archives of the Party, takes an important place. Up till now the following publications: «Reflections on China» in two volumes, «Reflections on the Middle East» and «Two Friendly Peoples», have come from this Diary. And now here is a new publication «The Superpowers». This whole book reflects many acute and important events of international political life which have occurred during the quarter century (June 1959 to December 1984). In particular, while observing all aspects of the policy and stand of the United States of America and the Soviet Union with unremitting attention, in this book Comrade Enver Hoxha makes a profound analysis of them. He explains how the superpowers were created, what they represent and what characterizes their internal and external policies, what is their true nature and strategy, their place, and the role which they play in the various political developments of our time. By means of notes, reflections and political panoramas, written with great passion and expressive and generalizing force, the author makes a wide-ranging analysis of the aims and efforts of American imperialism to establish and extend its hegemony everywhere in the world. -
How the Soviet-Albanian Relations Came to an End
ISSN 2039-2117 (online) Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences Vol 12 No 4 ISSN 2039-9340 (print) www.richtmann.org July 2021 . Research Article © 2021 Geri Pilaca and Alban Nako. This is an open access article licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) Received: 4 May 2021 / Accepted: 21 June 2021 / Published: 8 July 2021 Splitting Apart: How the Soviet-Albanian Relations Came to an End Geri Pilaca Alban Nako Faculty of Law and Social Sciences, Department of Political Science and International Relations, Epoka University, Tirana, Albania DOI: https://doi.org/10.36941/mjss-2021-0028 Abstract Albania was the only Eastern European country to exit from the Warsaw Pact and consequently become diplomatically isolated by its member states by late 1961. Such an event was the result of the continuous accusations exchanged between the Albanian and the Soviet Leaders, primarily between Enver Hoxha and Nikita Khrushchev. In the midst of the turbulent Soviet-Albanian relations, China offered its alliance to Albania which only worsened the situation. This study aims to illustrate how the curve of the Albanian- Soviet partnership changed over time, starting from the Stalin era and finishing with the Khrushchev era. More precisely, this study explains how Khrushchev’s decision-making concerning other countries, especially Yugoslavia, pushed the Albanian leaders into changing attitude towards the Soviet Union and make alliances with Mao Zedong. Keywords: Albania, Soviet Union, split, China 1. Introduction The story of the Soviet-Albanian split remains a particular and interesting case study not only because Albania was the second communist state after Yugoslavia to seize all the possible relations with the USSR but also because of the main factors that lead to the disruption of what was seen as very close relations. -
Enver Hoxha on Mehmet Shehu
Hoxha on Shehu 1/ 31 bjoerna.dk Kultursociolog Bjørn Andersen [email protected] Enver Hoxha on Mehmet Shehu Version 1.5 - 05.09.2006. From: Enver Hoxha: »The Titoites, Historical notes«, Tirana 1982. Republished on the occasion of the publication of Ismail Kadarë's novel »The Successor« Cf.: Article in Danish on Ismail Kadaré [2006]. Appendices in English Wikipedia (Danish) on Enver Hoxha: http://bjoerna.net/Kadare/Hoxha-WIKI-060904.pdf [PDF] Wikipedia (Danish) on Mehmet Shehu: http://bjoerna.net/Kadare/Shehu-WIKI-060904.pdf [PDF] Bjoern Andersen, http://bjoerna.dk Enver Hoxha. Photo in the book The plots continue Already in May-June 1948 we were more than aware that Tito and the Titoites, as traitors to Marxism-Leninism, were and would remain inimical and dangerous to all the communist parties, to the revolutionary movements and national liberation struggles everywhere in the world, but for us, the Albanian communists and people, besides this, they were and would remain direct, savage, sworn anti-Albanian enemies. We were convinced that they would never give up their plans and aims to gobble up Albania, and to this end would not lay down their arms of subversion, interference and plots against our Party and country. We would be vigilant and with our fist clenched at every moment, because, although it had http://bjoerna.dk/dokumentation/Hoxha-on-Shehu.htm 05-09-2006 Hoxha on Shehu 2/ 31 suffered heavy blows, the Titoite agency in Albania would not cease working for the future and for long-term plans and variants. In this context, in a thousand and one ways, Tito and company would do everything in their power to regain their lost positions, to create conditions and the terrain in order to penetrate amongst us and destroy us. -
Nako Spiru at the Head of Albanian Economy 1944-1947 Nako Spiru Ne Krye Te Ekonomise Shqiptare Ne Vitet 1944-1947
AKTET ISSN 2073-2244 Journal of Institute Alb-Shkenca www.alb-shkenca.org Revistë Shkencore e Institutit Alb-Shkenca Copyright © Institute Alb-Shkenca NAKO SPIRU AT THE HEAD OF ALBANIAN ECONOMY 1944-1947 NAKO SPIRU NE KRYE TE EKONOMISE SHQIPTARE NE VITET 1944-1947 ILIR SALLATA [email protected] AKTET VI, 3: 198 - 201, 2013 PËRMBLEDHJE Studimi përqendrohet në rolin e Nako Spirut në qeverisjen e vendit në vitet 1944-1947, sidomos në drejtim të ekonomisë shqiptare. Bazuar në dokumente arkivore, shtypin i kohës, botime të ndryshme dhe gjithashtu në kujtimet e bashkëpunëtores dhe ish-bashkëshortes Liri Belishova dhënë autorit. Nako Spiru mbajti postin e Ministrit të Ekonomisë dhe Kryetarit të Komisionit të Planit të Shtetit. Ishte ekonomisti më i mirë dhe njohës shembullor i praktikave legjislative. Rrezatonte profesionalizëm dhe përkushtim. Në fillim Nako Spiru e shikonte udhëheqjen jugosllave me syzet e romantikës së komunistëve të ndershëm të asaj kohe dhe mendonte se dhe ata ishin të tillë, kundërshtarë të shovinizmit serb dhe do ta ndihmonin vllazërisht Shqipërinë e re. Mirëpo sa u ndesh me realitetin e hidhur, ai iu kundërvu çdo aspekti negativ të politikës jugosllave dhe mbrojti interesat e vendit deri në fundin e tij tragjik. Fjalët çelës: marrëdhëniet shqiptaro-jugosllave, marrëveshje ekonomike SUMMARY The study is focused in Nako Spiru’s active governmental role in years 1944 -1947, especially in the directing of the Albanian economy. It based on wide collection of sources, like archive documents, press of the time, several publications and also memories of his collaborator and ex-wife Liri Belishova collected by the author. -
TS No. 104642/62 , Copy No. CURRENT INTELLIGENCE STAFF STUDY SOVIET
I I 22 June 1962 TS No. 104642/62 , --. I Copy No. I I APPROVED FOR RELEASE DATE: MAY 2007 I CURRENT INTELLIGENCE STAFF STUDY SOVIET - ALBANIAN RELATIONS, 1940-1960 (Reference Title: ESAU XIX-62) I Office or Current lnzelllge ,I 1 CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY I I WITHIN THE TITLE 18, USC, STN OR REVE I PERSON IS PROHIBI 1 SOVIET-ALBANIAN RELATIONS, 3.940-1960 This is a working paper, reviewing the course of Ssviez- Albanian relations from the birth of the Albanian Communist party in 1940 through the walkout of the Albanian leaders from the meeting of the 81 Communist parties in Moscow in November 1960. The paper examines the origins and course of the Soviet-Albanian differences and their relationship to the Sino-Soviet controversy. In preparing the paper we have had valuable assistance from a number of analysts-andcomponents of the Agency. Personnel of the Biograpbic Register of OCR have been very helpful in assist- ing us to obtain information on the early members of the AP- banian Communist party; and others of QCR, as well as OO/F.DD and @O/FBHS personne1,have been helpful in obtaining for us <' useful documents and translations of foreign Ilofthe Sino-Soviet Bloc Area of OCI and of ONE have given us useful comments and especially grateful toIr1of SsBA/QcI, whose excel- lent files have proven inva ua e and who has offered many helpful suggestions throughout the preparation of the study. The Sino-Soviet Studies Group would welcome further comment on this paper, addressed to Carroll-VaaDeventer, who -wrote the paper, or to the coordinator of the group, both at SOVIET-ALBANIAN RELATIONS 1940-1960 SU.ARY .................................................... -
History of the Party of Labour of Albania. Second Edition
The electronic version of the book is created by http://www.enverhoxha.ru Workers of all countries, unite! HISTORY OF THE PARTY OF LABOUR OF ALBANIA Second edition THE INSTITUTE OF MARXIST-LENINIST STUDIES AT THE CENTRAL COMMITTEE OF THE PARTY OF LABOUR OF ALBANIA THE «8 NËNTORI» PUBLISHING HOUSE TIRANA 1982 THE HISTORY OF THE PARTY OF LABOUR OF ALBANIA IS PREPARED BY THE IN STITUTE OF MARXIST-LENINIST STUDIES AND ITS PUBLICATION IS AUTHORIZED BY THE CENTRAL COMMITTEE OF THE PARTY OF LABOUR OF ALBANIA INTRODUCTION The period since the founding of the Party of Labour of Albania (PLA) is the most brilliant period in the age-long history of the Albanian people. During this period deep revolutionary changes have been brought about in the political, economic, social and cultural life of the country, major achievements of vital importance have been attained, putting an end to oppression and exploitation of the broad working masses and ensuring a rapid and uninterrupted development of the country on the road of socialism. These achievements have been attained by the Albanian people under the leadership of the Party of Labour of Albania. With the formation of the Party, the working class, the labour ing masses brought forth from their ranks, in the heat of battle against the fascist invaders and traitors to the country, a revolutionary national leadership absolutely determined to defend the interests of the people, capable of ensuring their national liberation and social emancipation. The Party of Labour of Albania has always had Marxism- Leninism as its only and reliable guide. -
The Shining Beacon of Socialism in Europe Jagiellon Ian Studies in History
THE SHINING BEACON OF SOCIALISM IN EUROPE JAGIELLON IAN STUDIES IN HISTORY Editor in chief Jan Jacek Bruski Vol. 3 Tadeusz Czekalski THE SHINING BEACON OF SOCIALISM IN EUROPE The Albanian State and Society in the Period of Communist Dictatorship 1944-1992 The publication of this volume was financed by the Jagiellonian University - Faculty of History REVIEWER Andrzej Chwalba SERIES COVER DESIGN Jan Jacek Bruski COVER DESIGN Agnieszka Winciorek Cover photography: Albanian youth work brigade, 1946 Translated from the Polish by Ian Corkill © Copyright by Tadeusz Czekalski & Jagiellonian University Press First edition, Kraków 2013 All rights reserved No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any eletronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers ISBN 978-83-233-3515-3 ISSN 2299-758X I wydawnictwo] www.wuj.pl Jagiellonian University Press Editorial Offices: Michałowskiego St. 9/2, 31-126 Cracow Phone: +48 12 631 18 81, +48 12 631 18 82, Fax: +48 12 631 18 83 Distribution: Phone: +48 12 631 01 97, Fax: +48 12 631 01 98 Cell Phone: + 48 506006 674, e-mail: [email protected] Bank: PEKAO SA, IBAN PL80 1240 4722 1111 0000 4856 3325 Contents Index of abbreviations.............................................................................................. 7 Introduction.............................................................................................................. -
Stony Brook University
SSStttooonnnyyy BBBrrrooooookkk UUUnnniiivvveeerrrsssiiitttyyy The official electronic file of this thesis or dissertation is maintained by the University Libraries on behalf of The Graduate School at Stony Brook University. ©©© AAAllllll RRRiiiggghhhtttsss RRReeessseeerrrvvveeeddd bbbyyy AAAuuuttthhhooorrr... Creating Light Music at the Festival of Song: Politics, Personhood, and Cultural Production in Tirana, Albania (1944-present) A Dissertation Presented by Nicholas Tochka to The Graduate School in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Music (Ethnomusicology) Stony Brook University December 2012 Copyright by Nicholas Tochka 2012 Stony Brook University The Graduate School Nicholas Tochka We, the dissertation committee for the above candidate for the Doctor of Philosophy degree, hereby recommend acceptance of this dissertation. Jane C. Sugarman – Dissertation Advisor Professor of Music, City University of New York Graduate Center Sarah Fuller – Dissertation Co-Advisor Professor, Department of Music Peter Winkler - Chairperson of Defense Professor, Department of Music Frederick Moehn Lecturer in Music, King’s College London Katherine Verdery Distinguished Professor of Anthropology, City University of New York Graduate Center This dissertation is accepted by the Graduate School Charles Taber Interim Dean of the Graduate School ii Abstract of the Dissertation Creating Light Music at the Festival of Song: Politics, Personhood, and Cultural Production in Tirana, Albania (1944-present) by Nicholas Tochka Doctor of Philosophy in Music (Ethnomusicology) Stony Brook University 2012 Though different orders organize subjects in audibly distinguishable ways, only rarely have ethnomusicologists theorized how musical practice articulates to practices of government. Through a diachronic case study of Tirana, Albania, this dissertation interrogates how the production of popular music has supported the production of popular consent to illiberal regimes both socialist (1944-1992) and capitalist (1992-present).