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José María Ceballos González Guatemala, Noviembre 2014 UNIVERSIDAD MARIANO GÁLVEZ DE GUATEMALA FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS JURÍDICAS Y SOCIALES ESCUELA DE CIENCIAS CRIMINOLÓGICAS Y CRIMINALÍSTICAS ESTUDIO CRIMINOLÓGICO Y CRIMINALÍSTICO DE RIESGOS DEL CONSUMO DE HONGOS TÓXICOS Y POTENCIALMENTE TÓXICOS MODULO: Paxillus involutus (paxilo enrollado) JOSÉ MARÍA CEBALLOS GONZÁLEZ GUATEMALA, NOVIEMBRE 2014 UNIVERSIDAD MARIANO GALVEZ DE GUATEMALA FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS JURÍDICAS Y SOCIALES ESCUELA DE CIENCIAS CRIMINOLÓGICAS Y CRIMINALÍSTICAS ESTUDIO CRIMINOLÓGICO Y CRIMINALÍSTICO DE RIESGOS DEL CONSUMO DE HONGOS TÓXICOS Y POTENCIALMENTE TÓXICOS MODULO: Paxillus involutus (paxilo enrollado) TESIS DE LICENCIATURA PRESENTADA POR JOSÉ MARÍA CEBALLOS GONZÁLEZ PREVIO A OPTAR AL TITULO DE LICENCIADO EN CIENCIAS CRIMINOLOGICAS Y CRIMINALISTICAS GUATEMALA, NOVIEMBRE 2014 AUTORIDADES DE LA FACULTAD DECANO DE LA FACULTAD: LICENCIADO LUIS ANTONIO RUANO CASTILLO DIRECTORA DE LA ESCUELA DE CIENCIAS CRIMINOLÓGICAS Y CRIMINALÍSTICAS : DOCTORA MIRIAM DOLORES OVALLE GUTIERREZ DE MONROY ASESOR: LICENCIADO ALLAN ESTUARDO URBIZO REVISORA: LICENCIADA SONIA MARIBEL VÁSQUEZ SÚCHITE iii REGLAMENTO DE TESIS Artículo 8: RESPONSABILIDAD Solamente el autor es responsable de los conceptos expresados en el trabajo de tesis. Su aprobación en manera alguna implica responsabilidad para la Universidad vii INDICE PAG. 1. INTRODUCCION ........................................................................................................................... 1 A. Enfoque introductorio ............................................................................................................. 1 B. Antecedentes .......................................................................................................................... 3 C. Objetivo general ...................................................................................................................... 5 D. Objetivos específicos ............................................................................................................... 5 E. Glosario especifico .................................................................................................................. 6 F. Glosario genérico .................................................................................................................... 7 2. CUERPO DE LA TESIS .................................................................................................................. 10 A. Texto relativo al seminario ................................................................................................ 10 i. Que son los hongos ...................................................................................................... 10 ii. Hongos venenosos ........................................................................................................ 10 iii. Análisis criminológico .................................................................................................... 11 iv. Análisis criminalìstico .................................................................................................... 12 B. Texto relativo al módulo ................................................................................................... 14 i. Descripción del hongo ............................................................................................... 14 ii. Clasificación ............................................................................................................... 15 iii. Distribución y Hábitat ................................................................................................ 15 iv. Toxicidad ................................................................................................................... 16 v. Síntomas y síndrome que causa la intoxicación por Paxillus involutus..................... 16 vi. Estudio criminológico y criminalìstico de riesgos del consumo de hongos tóxicos y potencialmente tóxicos Paxillus involutus. ....................................................................... 17 vii. Constitución Política de la República de Guatemala ............................................ 18 viii. Ley que regula la Alimentación y Seguridad Alimentaria Decreto 32-2005. ........ 20 ix. Código de Salud Decreto 90-97 ................................................................................. 20 x. Código Penal Decreto 17-73 ...................................................................................... 21 xi. Legislación Internacional ........................................................................................... 22 viii xii. Caso publicado en medios de comunicación en relación a Paxillus involutus a nivel nacional o internacional. .......................................................................................... 23 xiii. Doctrina del informe pericial................................................................................. 23 C. Resultados ......................................................................................................................... 27 D. Análisis de Resultados ....................................................................................................... 28 3. CONCLUSIONES ......................................................................................................................... 29 4. RECOMENDACIONES ................................................................................................................. 30 5. APENDICES ................................................................................................................................ 31 i. REFERENCIA A UN INFORME PERICIAL RELACIONADO AL HONGO Paxillus involutus ........... 31 ii. Embalaje: ................................................................................................................................... 40 iii. Cadena de custodia ................................................................................................................... 41 6. BIBLIOGRAFIA ............................................................................................................................ 43 ix 1. INTRODUCCION A. Enfoque introductorio El Seminario denominado “ESTUDIO CRIMINOLÓGICO Y CRIMINALÍSTICO DE RIESGOS DEL CONSUMO DE HONGOS TÓXICOS Y POTENCIALMENTE TÓXICOS” fue seleccionado como tema de Tesis por el grupo de alumnos del Seminario en virtud de la importancia y peligro que reviste el consumo de los mismos, por la gran variedad de especies de hongos que existen y por la gravedad de las intoxicaciones que producen en una persona luego de su ingesta, llegando a provocar la muerte en algunos casos. Las setas tóxicas pueden provocar diversos trastornos en función de la toxina que contengan. Aunque los hongos superiores no se encuentran en alta proporción en la dieta humana, presentan un alto riesgo tóxico, principalmente por la frecuencia de la intoxicación, incluso con una alta fatalidad, en relación al número de personas expuestas. Debido a que las distintas especies de hongos varían ampliamente en las toxinas que contienen y porque identificarlas con certeza es difícil, se utiliza la clínica más que un sistema taxonómico de clasificación. Aun así existen 8 grupos de hongos tóxicos reconocidos con mayor frecuencia en función del tipo de toxina que contienen: ciclopéptidos, giromitrina, orellanina, muscarina, coprina, ácido iboténico/ muscinol, psilocibina y toxinas gastrointestinales (Rios, 2012) Por lo expuesto anteriormente es necesario conocer la etiología de la intoxicación, en el entendido que la etiología (gr. aitia, causa) consiste en la búsqueda y conocimiento del origen o motivación de una intoxicación. Conforme a esto, para clasificar las intoxicaciones, es importante considerar si en su producción ha habido o no voluntariedad, es decir, si el sujeto activo ha deseado realizarla o si la intoxicación se produjo de forma accidental. (Repetto, 2007) 1 2 El propósito que se persigue con la elaboración del trabajo y los distintos módulos que lo conforman es que la investigación realizada llegue a la población guatemalteca y dé a conocer los riesgos y las consecuencias a que puede llevar el consumo de estos productos. La metodología y modalidad empleada para el desarrollo del trabajo es eminentemente investigativa bibliográfica; este tipo de trabajos ha sido descrito por algunos autores como “de transcripción” y procuran dar extensión y profundidad al tema. En el trabajo se incluyeron varias partes así en los antecedentes del tema, se incluyeron asimismo estudios realizados por expertos tanto a nivel nacional como internacional, casos que por el consumo inadecuado de estos productos han generado situaciones calificadas como impericias, imprudencias, dolos o criminalidad premeditada. Un glosario genérico del tema y un glosario especializado se añadió también. Se definirán los objetivos que finalmente pretenden arribar al desarrollo del tema grupal “Estudio Criminológico y Criminalìstico del consumo de hongos tóxicos” y a profundizar sobre el módulo Paxillus involutus 3 B. Antecedentes El consumo de hongos o setas tóxicas es un hecho relativamente frecuente que data de la antigüedad: Sebastián de Covarrubias, en el primer diccionario de la Lengua Castellana (siglo XVII) cita a Plinio el Viejo, quien consideraba las setas como manjares exquisitos pero peligrosos y alertaba sobre su riesgo. Los hongos han servido de alimento al hombre, seguramente desde que éste era recolector nómada y se alimentaba de los productos que encontraba en su camino, aunque, también
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