Annotated checklist of macrofungi recorded from Singapore: MacRitchie-Pierce

F. Y. Tham and R. Watling

QK 609.2 Tha.Mp 2017

Original from and digitized by National University of Singapore Libraries Original from and digitized by National University of Singapore Libraries Original from and digitized by National University of Singapore Libraries Original from and digitized by National University of Singapore Libraries Annotated checklist of macrofungi recorded from Singapore: MacRitchie-Pierce

F. Y. Tham and R. Watling

Original from and digitized by National University of Singapore Libraries Copyright © 2017 F. Y. Tham and R. Watling

Email: [email protected]

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise), without the prior written permission of the authors.

ISBN: 978-981-11-3805-8

Printed In Singapore

Original from and digitized by National University of Singapore Libraries Abbreviations

aff. affinis b/w black and white cf. conferre

comb. nov. combinatio nova det. determinavit f. form FB fruitbody fig- figure herb herbarium id. idem incl. including leg. legit no. number

q.v. quod vide P- page pp. pages PI. plate ser. series

s.l. sensu lato

s.n. sine numero

spp species s. str. sensu stricto subsp. subspecies tr. tribe var. variety

v Original from and digitized by National University of Singapore Libraries Original from and digitized by National University of Singapore Libraries Contents

Pages

Abbreviations v

Introduction 1

Checklist of macrofungi collected from the areas 9 of MacRitchie and Pierce in Singapore

Conclusion 71

Acknowledgements 76

References 77

Appendix I 85

Appendix II 98

Glossary 101

vii

Original from and digitized by National University of Singapore Libraries Original from and digitized by National University of Singapore Libraries Introduction

Background The fungal flora of Singapore was first listed in a report of the fungi of the Straits Settlements territories which also included records from Malacca and Penang (Chipp, 1921). A list of the fungi solely from Singapore was compiled by Turner et al. (1994) when an inventory of the biodiversity of the island was carried out. Most of the fungal records from Singapore are from the late 1800s to the 1970s. Many of the fungi were collected by the late Prof E. J. H. Corner (1906-1996). He was Assistant Director of the

Singapore Botanic Gardens from 1929 to 1945 and famous both as a botanist and a mycologist. His fungal collections from Singapore which include specimens (dried and in alcohol-formalin), paintings, and notes are now preserved in various herbaria, with the greater part being in the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, as well as the Singapore Botanic Gardens. We wanted to review the macrofungal records from Singapore and group the fungi under the main locations from which they were collected. The locations are Bukit Timah (mainly the Nature Reserve), the Singapore Botanic Gardens (including the surrounding areas of Cluny Road and Dalvey Road), MacRitchie and Pierce (referred to as Reservoirs' Jungle by Corner), and Mandai and Seletar. Each of these areas has varying protection status and has undergone development at different rates in the modernisation of Singapore. This publication lists the macrofungi (or larger fungi) collected from MacRitchie and Pierce (the island's main water catchment area for a long time). There is growing interest in the natural history of Singapore with more people participating in nature

1 Original from and digitized by National University of Singapore Libraries activities - such as guided walks or exploring marked trails that are within MacRitchie and Pierce - to learn more about the island's biodiversity. The data compiled here can be used by persons keen to study and record fungi of this locality to refer to as a historical baseline.

Macrofungi What are macrofungi? Macrofungi are the fungi often referred to as mushrooms or toadstools. They belong to the phyla (or divisions) Basidiomycota and Ascomyota and have large visible fruiting bodies. Many of these fungi are ecologically important as mycorrhiza and help plants gain access to greater water and mineral nutrient supplies (Van der Heijden et al., 1998). The partnership between plants and specific mycorrhizal fungi in the soil is fundamental to the healthy establishment of forests in several sites. Other macrofungi serve as decomposers in the environment by returning nutrients to the ecosystem. Many are sources of food for animals in the wild (e.g. tortoises, monkeys, squirrels, and a vast number of insects and other arthropods), not to mention also humans (Izzo et al., 2005; Walleyn & Rammeloo, 1994; Corner, 1988). Several macrofungi also provide compounds of medicinal value and yet others are economically important because they cause decay and disease. A general classification of what we consider macrofungi is provided in Appendix I.

MacRitchie-Pierce (Reservoirs' Jungle)

The forested area around MacRitchie Reservoir and the Lower and Upper Pierce Reservoirs (Figure 1) consists of mainly old secondary forests surrounding patches of primeval rainforests (Corlett, 1997). The area has also been referred to as the Reservoirs' Jungle by Corner and other collectors. Much of the virgin forest in

2

Original from and digitized by National University of Singapore Libraries the area had been replaced by gambier and pepper plantations by the end of the 19th century. The development of the reservoirs in the early 20th century however helped to prevent further destruction of the forest and offered some protection through its status as a water catchment site (Corlett, 1995). The secondary forest buffers the remnants of primary vegetation and also offers a habitat for forest-dependent animal species. In the last few years, the areas immediately around the reservoirs have experienced considerable change with intense demand for recreational space in land-scarce Singapore. Parks and accompanying amenities have sprung up around the reservoirs and designated walking trails have been created to allow greater visitor access. A proposal to run a stretch of a new 50 km subway line under the Catchment Area was announced in 2016. This additional train line - the Cross Island Line - which will run from Changi to Jurong, linking several densely populated residential regions, is slated to be completed by 2030. Feasibility studies are currently being conducted to assess the impact of tunnelling to the forests and wildlife and a final decision of whether to build the line through the forest (albeit 40 km below the surface), or have the line skirt around it but at additional cost, is expected to be made in about one to two years time. More changes to the area are inevitable.

Annotations on the checklist

In addition to published literature, the checklist in this book includes locations of the fungal specimens in the different herbaria in which they are now housed. Drawings, paintings and photographs of the fungal species in figures and plates in the publications cited are indicated. Additional illustrations such as original paintings of the fungi preserved in different herbaria

3 Original from and digitized by National University of Singapore Libraries worldwide are included (a number have not been written up in known publications but remain as the only known records of the fungi). This information can be used to facilitate retrieval of materials for those wishing to study these specimens in greater detail, or to focus on consolidating materials from a single group of fungi. The annotations also include brief extracts of field notes and comments made by the collectors. Such notes and comments, often excluded from conventional scientific listings, provide some context and background to the collections from a natural history or biographical perspective. While they may appear arbitrary or not strictly scientifically relevant, they do reveal interesting observations, or details about the people who collected the scientific data, and the period or circumstances in which the work was undertaken, and help make the lists more accessible to the general reader.

There is overlap of some of the literature sources included here with the work of Lee et al. (2012a & b) who published a complete checklist of the literature relevant to the study of Malaysian macrofungi, as well as a checklist of fungi in Malaysia, which included records from Singapore. Recently, Horak (2011) also reviewed the boletales, a group of fleshy pored fungi, described by

Corner between 1972 and 1974. In addition, Hattori made an extensive and systematic examination of Corner's polypores or bracket fungi (2000; 2001a & b; 2003a & b; 2005; 2013). We have thus updated some of the names and records in the checklist in this book based on the work of these researchers; new names and family concepts resulting from changes in the taxonomy of the various groups, and ambiguous identifications are indicated. Horak and Hattori's publications also remarked that several of the fungal specimens, including those from Singapore, have

4 Original from and digitized by National University of Singapore Libraries deteriorated with age and problems in storage, and there is thus a pressing need to re-examine and consolidate our knowledge of the collections from Singapore before it is too late.

5 Original from and digitized by National University of Singapore Libraries Original from and digitized by National University of Singapore Libraries Singapore.infromAreas1.Figurerecordedandcollectedweremacrofungiwhich

Original from and digitized by National University of Singapore Libraries Original from and digitized by National University of Singapore Libraries Checklist fromofmacrofungicollected MacRitchieSingaporeinPierceareasofand

Original from and digitized by National University of Singapore Libraries As Source Heinemann, 1980; 32-34pp. above Heinemann, 1980; 29p. Heinemann, 1980; 55-56pp.

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N N N (Y/N) Y

duplocingulatus Heinem. endoxanthus Broome&Berk. lutescens Heinem. Table1. No. 2 3 Macrofungi ORDER: 1 PierceMacRitchiefromtheandofareascollected Speciesa BASIDIOMYCOTAPHYLUM: AGARICALES AgaricaceaeFamily: Agaricus Agaricus Micropsalliota Singapore.inJungle)(Reservoirs' Original from and digitized by National University of Singapore Libraries As RBGE database Heinemann, 1980; 55-56pp. Heinemann, 1980; 55-56pp. above RBGE database RBGE database Heinemann, 1980; 61-62pp. Asabove Asabove

As As of Line HerbariumbarcodeRBGEinspecimenno.- E00186750 Colourfig.illustration28(5) BR;In Colourfig.illustrationfig.28(5)is28(5a)paintingof- holotype Collector'sPSALLIOTA22;no. Colourfig.illustration28(5) HerbariumbarcodeRBGEinspecimenno.- E00186749(isotype) Collector'sPSALLIOTA20;no. HerbariumbarcodeRBGEinspecimenno.- E00186764 drawingfig.21;illustration27(4)colour above above

Aug91939 1940 1940 1940 1940 1941

N N N N N YAug20 Aug20 Apr16 Aug20 Apr10

MicropsalliotaNSep28 Heinem.1934repanda

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Original from and digitized by National University of Singapore Libraries Watling Corner&Bas, 1962; 269-270pp. Lee2002al.,et etal., 2002 CornerBas,& 1962; 302-303pp. Lee2002al.,et

Water No No Spore seen "... Plate colour Reported data;printwithout Terrestrialforest;largeintrooponeeveryrainy ferninforest;BukitinTimahseasonvalley deepReservoirinJungle;theoccasionallyalsonot Malaya;denizenindeeptheanywhereelseaof forest; thistomonkeysrefusedeatspecies" Collector'sAmanita18;no. lc; drawingsandnotes; materialpreserved; forestTerrestrialin befungitoputativeectomycorrhizal Collector'sAmanitopsis2;no. materialpreserved Reportedbefungitoputativeectomycorrhizal 1941

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1934Nov7N

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28 1950; Apr 1931 1931

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Original from and digitized by National University of Singapore Libraries Horak,1980; 148-150pp.

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Nov13YEntoloma 1943pulverulentum E.&Corner Horak Oct193914YEntoloma rubromaculatum E.&Corner Horak Apr19305YEntoloma xanthomyces E.&Corner Horak

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firmus&Berk. Broomevar. pachyphyllus Corner Berk.firmus& Broomevar. Cornerpallidipes subochracea Corner aciebrunneus Corner

3 2 recorded 4 1 DateNHygrophorusnot NHygrophorus1930-1932 MarasmiaceaeFamily: AugYCrinipellis19401 AugY19405Marasmius

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N 1930Mar9Y Aug25

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As On On the Line Plate Line Plate the Line Plate In dead In 1; "This bodies Herbarium E00547345 1; "This bodies above Herb 16b; stems Corner,RBGE;to(holotype)CornerHerbtransferred- 20-226;5,figs.drawingspp. forest,inthecaespitose;orgregariousground fruitTheisuncommon.notprobablyspecies lifelonghaveoldestvigorousanda...the Lentinelluscochleatus..." even...resemble RBGEbarcodeRBGEinno.specimen- database(holotype) Corner,6;5,figs.drawings 20-22pp. forest,inthecaespitose;orgregariousground fruitTheisuncommon.notprobablyspecies lifelonghaveoldestvigorousanda...the Lentinelluscochleatus..." even...resemble Asabove Corner,Corner; 130fig.35;drawingp. Plectocomiathepalmclimbingof 1994; 1996;22 1994; 1940 1940 1939 Dec

Aug29N Apr23N

Aug25YLepistamutabilis 1940Corner YResupinatus plectocomiae Corner

Original from and digitized by National University of Singapore Libraries Corner,1994; 65-66pp. RBGE database Corner,1994; 65-66pp. Corner,1994; 68-70pp.

On

On On Plate On Plate dead Line Plate the Line Plate the In 9; dead "Thisis Herbarium E00547315 9; is"This 7; ground clusters roots 9; ground "Thiscan RBGE;to(holotype)CornertransferredHerb- forest,falleninthetrunksorsolitary gregarious; frequentspeciesanot..." barcodeRBGEinno.specimen- (holotype) forest,infallenthetrunksorsolitary gregarious; frequentspeciesanot..." figs.15,16;drawings indenselyforest,inthecaespitose immerseddeadfrombodies,fruit70toup Corner,1994;fig.17;drawing 71-72pp. forest,inthegregarious;orsolitary (Mass)flavidumEntolomaforbemistaken 1940

N Aug20N Sep19395

brunneicirrus Corner (Berk.)crassum Sacc. Tricholoma cutifractum Corner

7 6 Sep4YTricholoma5 NovNTricholoma 1939 M 1940 (JO

Original from and digitized by National University of Singapore Libraries 1994;Corner, 132-133pp.

On On made Line Plate the and out In Herbarium Corner the in always alcohol in261BurkhilltheEMTheHorak.paintinget butthisherbariumSingaporespecies,representmay beenhavetonamed" notappearscollection 1994;Corner,fig.39;drawing 129-130pp.17; forestinground RBGE;to(holotype)CornertransferredHerb- forest,inthesolitary;ground T.buttoIfungus"Thiscloseseemsonce,metwhich fruitbodybutthesmallermuchwasprimulibrunneum Mybrightarenotestheyellow.gillssubdistant behyphaedetaillittlebecausetheimperfectcanof haveIisdriedthatthewhyandmaterial, intotriedmaterialsupplementarycollect formalin" RBGEbarcodeRBGEinno.specimen- database(holotype)E00547341

Sep19399NTricholoma var.uropus Corneruropus Sep19394YTricholoma xanthophyllum Corner

Original from and digitized by National University of Singapore Libraries Corner,1972; 80-85pp. 2011;Horak, 204-205pp. Corner,1972; 165-166pp.

DNA The = = Line material ? In In the Possible dictyotusdictyotus(Boedijn)Boletusvar.nov.comb. 26;figs.25,24d,drawings troopscattereda RBGE; forestlowlandOnintropicalEctomycorrhizal.soil- September-October lost...Indonesia]...[from"Typeprobablymaterial is"dictyotus"notactuallycomplexspecies betodisentangledtaxonomytheneedsandyet freshdocumentedbasedproperlyonclarified SEM-pictures(includingtheandsporesof sequences)..." Corner;latisporusloiigipesBoletusvar. isJungleReservoirfromThisthenotcollection boletes;MalaysianCorner'slistedinofcollectiona isBTNR,fromdatetypeistheandrecordedsame RBGE.CGEin(holotype)totransferredspecimen- error?

dictyotusvar. dictyotus Wolfe(Boedijn) 1931var.malaccensis latisporus E.(Corner) Horak

2 BOLETALESORDER: BoletaceaeFamily: Oct193430NAustroboletus1 Mar21YAustroboletus

Original from and digitized by National University of Singapore Libraries p. RBGE RBGE database 2011;Horak, 200-201pp. Corner,1972; 165-166pp. RBGE database Corner,1972; 77 database

= Line Plate Line = This In Herbarium barcodeRBGEinHerbariumno.specimen- (holotype)E00085032 fig.104:1;drawing lowlandinOntropicalEctomycorrhizal.soil Marchforestdipterocarp- in"Typeconditionpoorpartlymaterial..." latisporus;Corner(Massee)longipesBoletusvar. barcodeRBGEinHerbariumno.specimen- E00085016 2011;Horak,listedisJungleReservoirfromthenotcollection 200-201Horak'sboletesCorner'sMalaysianpp.inofrevisionand boletalesCorner's latisporusAustroboletusCurrentvar.malaccensisname: Corner;Boletusmucosus fig.23;drawing 7(2); inforest,troopsinhumusdeeptheusually barcodeRBGEinno.specimen- (holotype)E00085033 1931 1930

Mar22N Mar28Y

Austroboletus mucosus Wolfe(Corner)

Original from and digitized by National University of Singapore Libraries Horak, pp. p. p. 2011; 208-209 Corner,1972; 77 RBGE database 2011;Horak, 208-209pp. RBGE database Horak,2011; 203

The = Line This = fig.drawing105:1; lowlandOnEctomycorrhizal.intropicalsoil forestMarchdipterocarp- in"Typeconditionpoormaterial... fromknownlocalityisintypetheonlyspecies Singapore..." Corner;Boletusmucosus barcodeRBGEinHerbariumspecimenno.- E00085035; fromlistedJungleReservoiristhecollectionnot boletesMalaysianCorner'sHorak'sinandofrevision boletalesCorner's CurrentAustroboletusmucosusname: Corner;Boletusrubiicolor Collector'sBOLETUS50;no. barcodeRBGEinHerbariumspecimenno.- E00086555; Sporeonlyprint CurrentAustroboletusname:rubiicolor.

Oct30N1930

Oct30NAustroboletus1934 rubiicolor E.(Corner) Horak

Original from and digitized by National University of Singapore Libraries As Corner,1972; 86-87pp. 2011;Horak, 203p. Corner,1972;, 86-87pp. Horak,2011; 203p. above

As = Line Plate Material Line = Line Plate date Line In In In Corner;Boletusrubiicolor fig.drawing24e; 16(2); forest,humusdeepinInscattered RBGE; formalin;inalcohol: fig.3;drawing105: lowlandOnEctomycorrhizal.intropicalsoil forestAugust,March,kerangas)(anddipterocarp- October-November Corner;Boletusrubiicolor fig.drawing24e; 16(2); forest,deephumusinscattered databaseRBGE(?thisofcollectioncaptures Reservoirs'TimahBukitfromisotypenotandas Jungle); fig.3;drawing105: lowlandOninEctomycorrhizal.tropicalsoil forestAugust,March,kerangas)(anddipterocarp- October-November above 1939

Oct30N1934 Aug19N 1941Nov3N

Original from and digitized by National University of Singapore Libraries p. p. p. Horak, pp. Corner,1972; 86-87pp. 2011;Horak, 203 2011;Horak, 203 Corner,1972; 98 RBGE database 2011; 190-191

= Line = Material Line Plate This Plate ? In In In in in Additional 5(2) Herbarium database, Collector's Corner;Boletusrubiicolor fig.24e;drawing 16(2); forest,inhumusdeepscattered listedisfromJungleReservoirthenotcollection boletalesCorner'sHorak'sofrevision JunglefromReservoirthenotcollection boletales;Corner'sMalaysianlistedin RBGE Corner;dissiliensBoletus 8(1);Plate& Quercusforestinhumustheunder barcodeRBGEinno.specimen- (holotype)E00084564 RBGE(1972a)CornerContradictorytoand SBG;holotypeindicatedasofsitecollection Corner26B;no. formalin;alcohol: fig.98:1-3;drawing lowlandOninEctomycorrhizal.tropicalsoil

28 26 Dec10 1940 Mar 1930 Mar 1931

N N

YBoletellus dissiliens Pegler(Corner) YoungT.W.K.&

Original from and digitized by National University of Singapore Libraries As As p. pp. p. Horak, 1972;Corner, 98 2011;Horak, 190 above above 1972;Corner, 92-93pp. 2011; 165-169

As As = Line Material ? ?= = Plate In Plate In in byQuercusforest(dominateddipterocarpspp.)- August-OctoberMarch-April, in"Typeconditionpoormaterial..." Corner;dissiliensBoletus 8(1);Plate&5(2) QuercusforestinhumusIntheunder dissiliens;BoletellusCurrentname: RBGEIn above above Ces.longicollisBoletus figs.28-30;drawings 1(1); forest,inhumusthesolitary RBGE; formalin;alcohol: 1934;March21Alsocollectionanother Boletopsis(Massee)Boletusand=altissimus Baker);(Pat.&singaporeansis

Oct193430 1940 1940

N Apr24N Aug22N

Mar21NBoletellus 1931(Ces.)longicollis T.W.K.&Pegler Young

Original from and digitized by National University of Singapore Libraries As Asabove 1972;Corner, 119-120pp. above

As As

As Line Plate Material "In of October above In In in neotype above butabove lowlandinOntropicalEctomycorrhizal.soil forestFeb-May,kerangas)(alsodipterocarp- ... fig.2;drawing 3(1);Plate&2(2) largeinforest,troopsinhumustheoften Horak,RBGE; 134-135formalin;pp.alcohol: lowlandinOntropicalEctomycorrhizal.soil September-NovemberMarch,forestdipterocarp- taxonomicallytherelevanttore-defineorder theofcharactersmicroscopicalandmacroscopical B.basidiomes'fairlyofconspicuousandcommon' isittoacreateeventuallynecessarycraspedius, GardensBotanicalinthecollectedpreferably locality]"[typeSingapore Asabove driedinspecimenmaterial 2011; 1930 1930

N N Oct193430N Mar29 Sep24

1929SepNBoletus craspedius Massee

Original from and digitized by National University of Singapore Libraries p. As p. 115 above 1972;Corner, 132 2011;Horak, 71-72pp. Corner,1972;

As On of Plate CGE In = the Material Line B. persist above Boletusgraveolens CGE;In forestintheground RBGE;to(holotype)transferredcollection- (holotype);E00297414barcodeRBGEInno.- formalin;inalcohol: fig.27:1-4;drawing lowlandinOntropicalEctomycorrhizal.soil Octoberforestdipterocarp- in"Typeconditionsatisfactorymaterial... homonymlateris(1972)CornerBoletusagraveolens... fromdescribed(1928)Pat.originallygraveolens Madagascar. isfarinodorusBoletusAccordingly,thenamenew Singaporefortaxon"theproposed 46;BOLETUSCollector'sno. 9(3); isforest;inthehumusthemoderatelyspecies fruitbodiesfrequentmaturegrowth;slowofand forweekaabout

N 1940Nov4N 1930Oct28

1934Oct30YBoletus E.farinodorus Horak Boletus rufoaureus Massee

Original from and digitized by National University of Singapore Libraries Corner& Hawker,1953; 131p.

Plate Material HerbariumbarcodeRBGEinRBGEspecimenno.- E00086567;database Sporeprintonly 9(3);Corner,1972; forest;humusIninis115thethespeciesmoderatelyp. frequentfruitbodiesslowofandmaturegrowth; foraaboutpersistweek HerbariumbarcodeRBGEinRBGEspecimenno.- E00086566database Collector'sBOLETUS46;Horak,2011;no. formalin;in115-116alcohol:pp. OnEctomycorrhizal.lowlandintropicalsoil dipterocarp(kerangas)fagaleanforestmontaneand- August-January HerbariumbarcodeRBGEinRBGEspecimenno.- E00086565;database Collector'sBOLETUS46;Horak,2011;no. Materialformalinin115-116alcohol:pp. leafAmongburiedhalfjungle;inmould GardenSepJungle3lost1934collection

Oct28N1930 Oct28N1930

ChamonixiaDateNnot (Petri)mucosarecorded Corner& Hawker

Original from and digitized by National University of Singapore Libraries Lee2002al.,et Corner,1972; 188p. Horak,2011; 126-127p. RBGE database

On = the Material Line The The = In in beReportedfungitoectomycorrhizalputative levitinctusBoletusCorner; forestinground from(holotypeRBGETimah);Bukit formalin;alcohol: fig.drawing(fromBTNR65:1-6collection); lowlandOnEctomycorrhizal.intropicalsoil Septemberforest-June,dipterocarp fair"Typeinconditionmaterial... themacroscopicalofcombinationand (Tylopilus)B.incharactersmicroscopicalobserved forlevitinctusTylopilus.areofspeciesatypical featurestheaforementionedsupportrather Fistulinella.taxonomicallyofpositioncorrect Accordingly,istransferredthisthistospeciesgenus" Massee;Boletusnanus barcodeRBGEHerbariuminspecimenno- E00085038; fromSpore94321print

FistulinellaSepN16 levitincta1939 E.(Corner) Horak FistulinellaJulN193029nana (Massee)E. Horak

Original from and digitized by National University of Singapore Libraries pp. pp. Horak, pp. pp. Corner, 811p. RBGE Corner,1972; 150-151pp. 2011;Horak, 74-75 RBGE database 1972;Corner, 150-151 2011; 74-75 1970;Corner, 806-807 1970; database

Onthe This = This Plate Plate In In Herbarium in listedisJungleReservoirfromnotthecollection Horak'sboletesofMalaysianCorner'srevisioninand boletalesCorner's FistulinellaCurrentnananame: Massee;Boletusnanus barcodeRBGEinno.Herbariumspecimen- E00085037 listedisJungleReservoirfromnotthecollection Horak'sboletesofMalaysianCorner'srevisionand boletalesCorner's isotype;?(type);CGE 4C; forestintheSolitarythegroundon RBGE;totransferredCGEtypespecimen- 6B; forestinfallenthetrunksonandground barcodeRBGEinno.specimen- (holotype)E00083822

1930Jul29 1940

N Sep15Y

Apr10NPhylloporus 1941incarnatus Corner Phylloporus var.orientalis brevisporus Corner

Original from and digitized by National University of Singapore Libraries Watling Lee2002ah,et al.,et 2002 Corner,1970; 811p. Corner,1970; 811-812pp. RBGE database 2002Leeal.,et Corner,1970; 811-812pp. Corner,1972; 179-180pp.

On

On Plate the Line Plate Line Plate = Plate the beReportedfungitoputativeectomycorrhizal 6B; fallenforestinthetrunksgroundonand CGEInRBGE;typetransferredtospecimen- fig.drawing2a; 7B; forestSolitaryinthegroundon HerbariumbarcodeRBGEinspecimenno.- (holotype)E00083823 beReportedfungitoectomycorrhizalputative fig.drawing2a; 7B; Solitaryforestinthetheonground BoletusSchwein.;albo-ater 14(3); lowlandforestingroundmountainand

1940 1941 1931

NNov28 NApr10 NMar18

PhylloporusAugY20 1939parvisporus Corner Tylopilusalboater (Schwein.) Murrill

Original from and digitized by National University of Singapore Libraries Watling RBGE database 2011;Horak, 135-138pp. & Turnbull,1994

On This = Plate are in to Current the ground Herbarium 2011;Horak,fromSingaporeanMalaysian"Severalcollectionsand 233-234forestsfagaleandipterocarplowlandpp.mountainand interpretationHowever,Cornerinlistedtheof... Thedoubtful.itstaxonremainssynonymsand Accordingrevision.needsurgentlyspecies-complex boleteisliterature,thisthewidelyprobably inbothdistributedthesouthernandnorthern hemisphere" Corner,1972;Corner;brunneirubensBoletus 186-18715(2);pp. forestin barcodeRBGEinno.specimen- E00084013 listedisJungleReservoirfromthenotcollection boletalesCorner'sHorak'sofrevision brunneirubensTylopilusname:

1931Jul5NTylopilus brunneirubens (Corner) E.&Watling Turnbull

Original from and digitized by National University of Singapore Libraries Horak pp. p. Horak, pp. RBGE database ,2011; 152-154 Corner,1972; 183 2011; 152-154 Comer,1972; 171-172pp. Horak,2011; 231-232pp.

On On = CGE This = Line Plate the Line = Plate the Material In In BoletusCorner;cervinicoccineus HerbariumbarcodeRBGEinspecimenno.- E0008402 fromlistedJungleReservoiristhecollectionnot Horak'sboletalesCorner'sinofrevision CurrentTylopilusname:cervinococcineus BoletusCorner;cervinicoccineus fig.drawing61; 16(4); forest,ingroundgregariousorsolitary RBGE; fig.drawing82:1-5; OnEctomycorrhizal.lowlandintropicalsoil forestdipterocarpAugust,November- Comer;Boletuscutifractus CGE; 15(3); forestintheground (holotype)RBGE;totransferredcollection- barcodeRBGEInE00297413;no.- inalcohol-formalin;

NovN19342

TylopilusJan2N1934 cervinicoccineus E.(Corner) Horak TylopilusSepY26 1943cutifractus E.(Corner) Horak

Original from and digitized by National University of Singapore Libraries Corner,1972 176-177pp. RBGE database Horak,2011; 63-64pp.

Due On to = Line the = This Plate ? In "Typepreservedpoorlymaterial... informationtaxonomicallytheaboutpoor features,ListisT.thetoofaddedcutifractusrelevant Species"Excluded funerariusMassee;Boletus fig.drawing59; 9(1); forest,humusdeepinthescatteredground barcodeRBGEHerbariuminno.specimen- E00084582 Sameabove;ascollection RBGE; lowlandOninEctomycorrhizal.tropicalsoil forestAugustdipterocarpMarch,- RBGECorner;Boletusmaculatus databasebarcodeRBGEinHerbariumno.specimen- E00085026 listed2011;Horak,isJungleReservoirfromthenotcollection boletalesCorner's98-99Horak'sinpp.ofrevision 1931 1931

Mar22N Mar23N

Tylopilus funerarius Pegler(Massee) YoungT.W.K.& Mar22NTylopilus E.1931maculatoides Horak

Original from and digitized by National University of Singapore Libraries Corner,1972; 160-161pp. Horak,2011; 98-99pp. Corner,1972; 159p. RBGE database

Line On Line = In Line Plate Material drawingfig.59; forestintheground RBGE; drawingfig.48:1-4; Ectomycorrhizal.Onlowlandintropicalsoil dipterocarpforestMarch-April- "Typeinmaterialconditiongood...... Boletus(Tylopilus)Cornerlaterismaculatusa... homonymTylopilustheaccordinglyandnewname ismaculatoidesproposed" BoletusHeim;nigerrimus drawingfig.52; 15(1); humusforestIninthe HerbariumbarcodeRBGEinspecimenno.- E00085039 formalin;inHorak,2011;alcohol: Ectomycorrhizal.Onlowlandintropical150-151soilpp. dipterocarpfagaleanforestMarch,montaneand- August-Nvembero 1931

NMar21

TylopilusNOct301934 (R.nigerrimus HongoHeim)& EndoM.

Original from and digitized by National University of Singapore Libraries 1972;Corner, 159p. RBGE database

On Line Material Line Plate = Plate Plate In In 52;fig.drawing 15(1); forestinhumustheIn barcodeRBGEinno.Herbariumspecimen- E00085040 2011;Horak,formalin;inalcohol: 150-151lowlandpp.inOntropicalEctomycorrhizal.soil March,forestfagaleandipterocarpmontane-and August-November 1972;Corner,fig.52;drawing 159p.15(1); forestinhumusthe 2011;Horak,RBGE; 150-151lowlandpp.inOntropicalEctomycorrhizal.soil March,forestfagaleandipterocarpmontane-and August-November 1972;Corner,Massee;Boletustristiculus 188-190pp.6(3); inforest,troops,intheorsolitaryground isspeciesthisvariableandcommonacommon; 1940 1940

Aug21N Aug28N

Mar22NTylopilus 1931tristiculus E.(Massee) Horak

Original from and digitized by National University of Singapore Libraries RBGE database Horak,2011; 111-113pp. 2002Leeal.,et RBGE database Corner,1972; 188-190pp. Horak,2011; 111-113pp.

Material Line Plate On Material Line In in in Herbarium in in barcodeRBGEinspecimenno.- E00088019 formalin;alcohol: fig.drawing57:1-6; lowlandOnEctomycorrhizal.intropicalsoil forestdipterocarpAugust-NovemberMarch,- HerbariumEdinburgh"Theinthespecimensare... condition"good befungiReportedtoectomycorrhizalputative BOLETUSCollector's42;no. barcodeRBGEHerbariuminspecimenno.- E00088021; Spore98097ofonlyprint 6(3); forest,introops,theorsolitaryground isthiscommon;speciesvariableandcommona RBGE; formalin;alcohol: fig.drawing57:1-6; lowlandOnEctomycorrhizal.intropicalsoil forestdipterocarpAugust-NovemberMarch,- Edinburgh"TheHerbariuminthespecimensare... condition"good

Mar22 1931 Sep16 1939

N N

Original from and digitized by National University of Singapore Libraries RBGE database 2011;Horak, 154-155pp. 2002Leeal.,et 154-155pp.

May, = = = Plate and Corner;Boletusvalens barcodeRBGEinno.Herbariumspecimen- E00088027; Sporeonlyprint TylopilusCurrentvalensname: fungibeReportedtoectomycorrhizalputative RBGECorner;Boletusvalens databasebarcodeRBGEinHerbariumno.specimen- E00088026 2011;Horak,TylopilusCurrentvalensname: 1972;Corner,Comer;Boletusvalens 161-162pp.13(4); lowlandinfrequentforest,inhumusInthesolitary, forestmountain 2011;Horak,RBGE;In 154-155lowlandinOnpp.tropicalEctomycorrhizal.soil January,forestfagaleandipterocarpmontaneand- August-November

Sep19394N Nov19348N

Sep30NTylopilusvalens 1929Hongo(Corner) Nagas.&

Original from and digitized by National University of Singapore Libraries Corner,1972; 222p. 2011;Horak, 89-90pp. Corner,1972; 236p. RBGE database

On On X. = CGE Plate Line Material Malayan = the In "... Plate BoletusCorner;catervatus CGE; 14(6); forestinground (holotype)RBGE;transferredtocollection- drawingfig.40:1-3; formalin;inalcohol: Ectomycorrhizal.lowlandOnintropicalsoil dipterocarpforest Xerocomustypicalthegenusofrepresentativeand belongstothespeciesnumerousofgroupsmall,with brownbasidiomesfuscousintotheencounteredoften beisRegiontoexpectedcloselyrelated... junghuhnii" BoletusCorner;cyaneirufescens holotype;CGEIn 7(1); forestinground HerbariumbarcodeRBGEinspecimenno.- E00084029(isotype)

1940catervatus E.(Corner) Horak YXerocomusDec27 1930cyaneirufescens E.(Corner) Horak 25 YXerocomusNov28 26

un UJ Original from and digitized by National University of Singapore Libraries p. Horak, p. pp. RBGE 2011;Horak, 244-245pp. Corner,1972; 236; 2011; 244 1972;Corner, 234-235 database

On CGE On = Line as the Material a Plate the ? "Type In Plate fig.1-5;126:drawing lowlandinOntropicalEctomycorrhizal.soil Decemberforestdipterocarp- fragmentaryinconditionmaterial... ListtheistoX.ofaddedcyaneirufescensresult, Species"Excluded Corner;Boletuscyaneirufescens CGE; 7(1); forestinground RBGEtotransferredcollection RBGE;?to(holotype)CGEtransferredIn- 12(1); inforest,troopsintheoftenground barcodeRBGEinHerbariumno.specimen- (isotype)E00084979print;sporeseparatewith 1931Mar21indicateddateascollection 2011;Horak,RBGE(1972a)CornerContradictorytoand 59-61SBG;indicatedholotypedatabase,pp.asofsitecollection formalin;inalcohol: 1931Jan18

N

Mar23YBoletus 1931(Xerocomus) Cornerintentus

Original from and digitized by National University of Singapore Libraries RBGE database Corner,1972; 237p.

Line Horak On From = Plate the fig.drawing21:1-3; Ectomycorrhizal.Onlowlandintropicalsoil dipterocarpforestMarch- "Typebutinmaterialgoodspecimenscondition... barelythethetaxonmaturegenericpositionof... beItthatthisuncertain.remainscanspeculated belongsboleteFistulinella"to listsintentusBoletus(Xerocomus)Boletusstillas forintentusthepresent MacRitchie; HerbariumRBGEbarcodeinspecimenno.- E00458481; Liquid-preservedmaterial BoletusCorner;prebadius CGE(holotype)InRBGE;transferredto- 14(2); forest;ingroundgregarious MacRitchie;FromRBGE HerbariumRBGEbarcodeindatabasespecimenno.- E00458474(holotype); Liquid-preservedmaterial

Nov28 1940 1940

N YNov28

Boletus (Xerocomus) prebadius (Corner)E. Horak

Original from and digitized by National University of Singapore Libraries On

of = CGE The by Material Line ? the In the In in solely small CGE "Type Herbarium. 2011;Horak,RBGE;totransferred(holotype)collection- 120-121pp.3E;BoletusCollector'sno. RBGE; formalin;alcohol: fig.62:1-5;drawing lowlandinOntropicalEctomycorrhizal.soil Novemberforestdipterocarp- fairin"Typeconditionmaterial...... bolete,descriptionthischaracterisedoforiginal isbasidiomesbrowndarkcontext,cyanescentand Singapore"frombasedcollectiononeon 1972;Corner,Corner;Boletussemitarius 224p.CGE; difficulttheisforest;inthisofanotherground occurrencesporadicofspecies Horak,RBGE;to(holotype)transferredcollection- 243lowlandinp.OntropicalEctomycorrhizal.soil Octoberforestdipterocarp- Edinburghinlocatedthenotmaterial lackDuelost.thetoSpecimenprobably istotransferredtaxonthiscollection,authentic Species"ExcludedListof 30 2011; Oct1934

(Xerocomus) semitarius Corner YBoletus29

Original from and digitized by National University of Singapore Libraries Corner,1970; 821-822pp. RBGE database Corner,1970; 821-822pp. RBGE database

On On &CornerCollector's734-749;no. 1953;Hawker,isotype;?Type; fig.130lh(i)-(iv);drawingLinep. belowbeginningbybankbareOnthepath;a becomingbreakingbutthroughandsoonground superficial; 3HydnangiumCorner'snotespersonal- AsCorner749Collector'saboveno. formalininMaterialalcohol: RBGE;CGEinTypetotransferred- fig.8;drawingLine forestbybankinthestreamaofearth barcodeRBGEinHerbariumno.specimen- (holotype)E00083807 fig.drawing8;Line forestbybankinthestreamaofearth barcodeRBGEHerbariuminno.specimen- E00083805

FebN193114 Sep8N1939

striaespora Corner& Hawker Corner OctavianiaceaeFamily: JanN193118Wakefieldia1 PaxillaceaeFamily: Jan19314YPaxillus1ripicola Original from and digitized by National University of Singapore Libraries Geesteranus, 691971;p. 1950;Comer, 600-601pp.

On On On

= the 1971;Corner,Petch;Broome)&(Berk.Meruliuseurocephalus 366-367bamboostrees,fallenpp.trunksdeadofstandingand forest;indeadtheroots,onalsopalms,and Singapore,MalayainfrequentPantropical,and lowland 1971Ginns,SerpulaCurrentsimilisname: Maasfig.2)I,(PlateRecordedpaintingasonly 2002Leefungibeal.,etReportedtoectomycorrhizalputative 1950;Corner,249-254;figs.drawingsLine 580forestinbankbarep.theaonearth fig.259;drawingsLine forestintheground

&(Berk. GinnsBroome) 1940L.exrepandum Fr. 1939Corner longicaulis Corner(Peck) 1 2 recorded ORDER: 1 ORDER: 1 SerpulaceaeFamily: DateNSerpulanotsimilis CANTHARELLALES HydnaceaeFamily: Aug27NHydmim GOMPHALES GomphaceaeFamily: Aug22NflavoalbaRamaria Oct193020NRamaria

Original from and digitized by National University of Singapore Libraries As Corner,1991a; 46p. above Corner,1991a; 92p. Corner,1991a; 122p.

No On On Line Plate very As 1; in above further Collector's Herbarium figs.drawings19-21; hollowinsidetrunkstrunks,generallyrotten forestthe information Timoniuswallichianus Corner,199128251;F.N.SINGa;no. barcode126RBGEinp.no.specimen- E00186334

1930AugN

dependens(Berk. Curtis)M.A.& Murrill glaucescens Ryv.(Petch) pectinatus Quel.(Klotzsch) periclitatus Corner

2 3 4 HYMENOCHAETALESORDER: HymenochaetaceaeFamily: JulN1929Coltriciella1 1929-1931NPhellinus MayN1932Phellinus MarN1930Phellinus

Original from and digitized by National University of Singapore Libraries 1984;Corner, 156-160pp. RBGE database 2000Hattori,

On On Ona This Type; fallen Herbarium Line dead Herbarium Tyromyces In ground Herbarium E00159648 dead E00159673 6;figs.5,j;fig.li,drawings forestinthestump barcodeRBGEinno.specimen- E00547326 badlyisaprobablymoulded;collection Hattorifidesp. Corner,RBGE;to(holotype)transferredCornerHerb- 72-73forestpp.inthe RBGEbarcodeRBGEinno.specimen- database(holotype) 1983;Corner, 159-160forestpp.inthetrunks RBGEbarcodeRBGEinno.specimen- database(holotype) 1983; 25 1932 May

Y

Cornerflavus leucosporum Corner Ganoderma luteicinctum Corner

2 1 POLYPORALESORDER: FomitopsidaceaeFamily: 1939Oct14YBuglossoporus1 GanodermataceaeFamily: 1931Apr4YAmauroderma

Original from and digitized by National University of Singapore Libraries Asabove Corner,1987;

fairly157-159common:;pp.

On On

Line = Line a Malayan It fallen Herbarium rotten in elata thin Herbarium forestdeadinthetrunks barcodeRBGEinspecimenno.- E00186270 drawingfig.20; barkintheandwood ReservoirJungle heritieraeBuglossoporusCorner;Corner,1984; drawingsfigs.7;Id,160-162pp. livingParasiticbaseHeritierathetreesofatrootson Singapore;(Sterculiaceae), Buglossoporus"Thisissubgloboseminutewithspores, habit.thecrustradicicolousandpileus,on forbutAmaurodermathewouldpasssmooth Thehostinthoughtree,thespores.scatteredrather difficultforest,istorecognise"not barcodeRBGEinRBGEspecimenno.- E00159653(holotype)database Augl932

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cystidioides Corner(Lloyd) heritieme1940 Hatt.T.(Corner)

1 recorded 1 Family:Meripilaceae NRigidoporusDatenot Family:Phanerochaetaceae YAntrodiellaAug20 Original from and digitized by National University of Singapore Libraries Corner,1987; 41-42pp. RBGE database Corner,1989; 115-117pp.

On On On As Line = Line Line more to fallen hyphae fallen in above or be Herbarium ground 2000Hattori,fig.3a-e;drawing "Cornertheskeletalofoccurrenceoverlooked... inthisintramathespeciesputand hyphaetramaBuglossoporusmonomyticwith..." Corner,1987;fig.3;drawing 32-34forestinbranchesthetwigstrunks,pp.andand theopen Asabove forest;logsinlessburiedandwood didbutSingaporefromappearnotsterilespecimens fromBrazilfertilefromdifferentspecimens (type) barcodeRBGEinno.specimen- E00186345 Corner;Trametesmalaysiana fig.9;drawing fromforestinthetrunksparasiticand livinghighleveltrunks10toonm

1930Jul20N 1930Feb8N

licmophora Corner(Massee) Cornerochracea malaysiana Hatt.T.(Corner) Sotome&

1930 2 3 PolyporaceaeFamily: Mar18NFlabellophora1 1930Feb8NFlabellophora Jul1929NFomitella

Original from and digitized by National University of Singapore Libraries Hattori & Sotome,2013 Corner,1989; 121-122pp. Hattori& Sotome,2013 Corner,1984; 168-170pp. RBGE database Hattori,2000

On At Fomitella proposed malaysiana = Plate6; dead Line Colour = Line the Herbarium Line and (Corner)Hatt.T.Sotome&malaysianawas forTrametesnewaascombination Corner TrametesCorner;microporoides branchesforestintrunkstheand drawingfig.2a-g; fig.13bphotograph BuglossoporusCorner;marmoratus drawingsfigs,10;lc, basedeadforest;intreestheofandstumpson Singaporeinfrequent,Apr-Jul,OctNovtonotand RBGEbarcodeinspecimenno.- E00159654(holotype) drawingfig.5a-f fig.(Note:b,f5a,fromholotypee,specifically fromReservoirJungle);thecollected "Thisisbyspeciescharacterisedapatchedwatery freshdextrinoidlargecheesycontextwhenand basidiospores"

subvernicipes (Murrill)T. Hatt.Sotome& marmorata (Corner)T.Hatt.

4 MicroporusNMar1932 Perenniporia5YNov3 CT1 1929 (JO Original from and digitized by National University of Singapore Libraries 1987;Corner, 100-103pp. 65-66pp.

On = Line Plate Line dead Line Plate Note: 4 the Microporus Corner Corner;(Lloyd)burkilliiMicroporellus figs.drawing10-12; 1984;Corner,904;CornerCollector'sno. 85-86fig.15;drawingpp. inbranches,treesonsnagsandsticks,wood, CornerbyGardensBotanicalinforest;thegrown 1934Jan-May 1984;Corner,871;CornerCollector'sno. 90figs.16,17drawingp. Corner,1989;7 isTrametesAlthoughaffinisofnamecurrent bytheacceptednotwasgenusaffinis, Trametesinstaymustcombinationsanyand fortime.the

DateNPolyporusnot Lloydburkilliirecorded 1934DecNPolyporus Mont,leprieurii Avar. 1930Apr5NPolyporus Mont,miquelii curcullatusvar. Corner(Mont.) 1930Mar3NTrametesaffinis Corner(Blume) glabricepsvar. Corner

Original from and digitized by National University of Singapore Libraries As Corner,1989; 79-80pp. RBGE database Corner,1989; 126-127pp. above Asabove Hattori& Sotome,2013

On On This As As Hatt. is ? & Collector:det.M.E.Wakefield; Collector'sSINGN.F.23720;no. fairlyTrametesacommonsmallrecognisable frombybrownishthethinsmallattachedpilei ochraceousmycelium Type;Corner,1989; fallenlowlandintrunksforest126-127montaneandpp. HerbariumRBGEbarcodeinspecimenno.- E00159674(holotype); Anotherholotype:specimenrecordedalsoas HerbariumRBGEbarcodeinspecimenno.- E00218199(holotype) fallenlowlandintrunksforestmontaneand above above TrametesCornerbemultiflabellatatoconcludedwas Microporus(Murrill)T.conspecificwithsubvernicipes Sotome recorded

N Datenot NJan193115 DecN193011 NNov31941

(Lloyd)Corner biogilvavar. Corner 1940multiflabellata Corner Trametesbiogilva10 Trametes11YMar12

cn en Original from and digitized by National University of Singapore Libraries As pp. RBGE 1989;Corner, 135-136pp. above 1989;Corner, 173-174 database

On On On As a The forestlowlandinbranchesfallen above 1989;Corner,23707;N.F.SINGCollector'sno. 142-14416Fomesforest;pp.infallenthedeadtrunkut forestinthebranchesdeadsticksand barcodeRBGEinno.Herbariumspecimen- E00159804 1987;Corner,bodiesfruitSingaporeseasonal;wascollection 225-226pp.2-4inmonthsawayrotted 2001bHattori,Hatt.T.(Corner)aslacunosaproposedCoriolopsiswas CornerlacunosumTrichaptumforcombinationnewa thedatathatgenusRecentshowmolecular thetoofisTrichaptummembersrelatedcloselymore PolyporalesthethanHymenochaetalesorder 1932Jan27

N N N 1932Mar 1932MayY 1930Mar3Y 1931Apr3

Trametes polyblastes Corner Trametes rubrigrisea Corner Trametesturpis Corner Trichaptum lacunosum Corner

Original from and digitized by National University of Singapore Libraries Corner,1992; 149p.

On On very forestdeadinthesticks RBGEbarcodeRBGEinHerbariumno.specimen- database(holotype)E00604904 2003aHattori,badlyisHolotypecontaminated; GloeoporusTyromycessp.;apossiblyrubricarneus Polyporales);Order:Meruliaceae;(familyGloeoporus brownishGloeoporustubes"...andwithsp. hyphalsystem" monomitic Corner,1989;1840;LYADDavid,A.leg.Collector'sno. 120-121forestinfallenthetrunkspp.earthyrotten

Apr1929Y

rubricarneus Corner (A.dimidiatum &David Rajchenb.) Corner

1 Tyromyces16 RUSSULALESORDER: WrightoporiaceaeFamily: July1974NStecchericium Original from and digitized by National University of Singapore Libraries 2005Weber,

Line Under Material Line Plate Onthe In MaasLeiden;In Geesteranus,fromMalay24(fig.figs.19-25drawingsspores 1971;Pensinsular); 27-29pp-Lithocarpussp. MaasLeiden; Geesteranus,formalin;inalcohol: 1971;figs.150-152;drawings 110fig.p.1;VI, forestintheground RBGEbarcodeRBGEinHerbariumno.specimen- databaseE00192923 Ectomycorrhizalspecies

1940(Pers.)confluens Pouzar 1940Geest.Maas D.A.ramarioides Reid 2 THELEPHORALESORDER: BankeraceaeFamily: Dec29NPhellodon1 Aug25YhumilisSarcodon ThelephoraceaeFamily: 1939NThelephora1

Original from and digitized by National University of Singapore Libraries David & Jaquenoud, 1977; 151-152pp.

AD1820; forest,Onthetrunk,ofedgewithinasection JungleMacRitchie LYLyonUniversityDavid,A.HerbariumInJuly1974Nof- A.hexagonoides Jaq.&David

1 d a b National ORDER: c the Gardens TREMELLALES TremellaceaeFamily: Aporpium Speciesinorderalphabetical NoN:Yes;Y:Holotype;HT: H.J.E.bySingaporefromAllmadewerecollections datestheavailable,whereandmade,werecollections lineherbariumbythecode,specimencollector,assigned NatureTimahBukitBTNR:information.theofsource NationalHerbarium,BRTheBR:USA;Beltsville,Collections, beenhasHerbariumUniversityCambridgesincewhich- beenKewRBGE;hasherbariumtotransferredwhichofmost- RoyalTheHerbarium,RBGE:Nederland;Herbarium ?:Herbarium;UniversityZurichZT:Herbarium; (colouredfiguresdrawingillustrationsLineorplatesand sources Original from and digitized by NationaldataincludeTheindicated.Cornerassuchnotesotherwiseunless fieldthethethenumbercollection,onnotescollector'sofsome drawingsillustrationsthetheUniversityandcollection,ofcolour FungusNationalU.S.USDA):Herb(orSingapore;BPIReserve, Cantab):Herb(orCGEGardenBelgium;Botanicalof ofCorner'sH.J.E.Corner:HerbRBGE;totransferredpersonal SingaporeLeiden:Kew;Gardens,BotanicRoyalHerbarium,Herb: BotanicSingaporeSBG:Edinburgh;Garden,Botanical byLibrariesthereferencesourceofauthorusednameuncertain;=: inthethosetoundercitedpublicationsreferphotographs) Original from and digitized by National University of Singapore Libraries Conclusion

Checklist of macrofungi from MacRitchie and Pierce (Reservoirs' Jungle) The 129 species and varieties of macrofungi recorded in this area are distributed across 27 different families (Table 1). The genera with the most number of species are Amanita (12 species), Entoloma (8 species), Marasmius (13 species) and Tylopilus (9 species). Close to half of the species recorded from this location are not listed from the other localities in Singapore. As with Bukit Timah Nature Reserve, the largest number of macrofungi recorded in this area is from the Boletaceae family with 29 species recorded. In addition to these records from the Reservoirs' Jungle, several paintings of macrofungi from this locality exist. They include those from the genera Clitopilus, Entoloma, Hydnum, Lactarius, Marasmius, Russula and Stereopsis. These were identified only to genus level and numbered. Species identification has as yet not been made and they are represented by paintings and field notes made by Prof E. J. H. Corner. At least 50 of the collections from the Reservoirs'

Jungle are holotypes of the species. This checklist covers only the macrofungi recorded from the MacRitchie-Pierce area. It is part of a series of four covering different localities in Singapore. The lists for the other three localities, Bukit Timah, Singapore Botanic Gardens, and Mandai- Seletar are printed separately. As is for the lists from the other localities, the macrofungi documented here are drawn from the published literature on the macrofungal flora of this region and from the database of mycological specimens and paintings of the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh.

71 Original from and digitized by National University of Singapore Libraries Additional remarks on the checklists of macrofungi from Singapore1 The figures in the series of checklists show a rich macrofungi record in Singapore with a high number of different species and varieties found in the Bukit Timah Nature Reserve (227), the Singapore Botanic Gardens (313), the Reservoirs' Jungle comprising MacRitchie and Pierce (129), the Mandai-Seletar Forests (82) and from various other localities throughout the island (114). Many additional species and varieties from the genera such as Russula, Lactarius, Hydnum and Lepiota were also observed by Prof E. J. H. Corner who recorded them in the form of paintings and field notes. These have not been formerly written up and published. The numbers of species thus is certainly higher especially if the over 30 different as yet undescribed Russula and more than 20 Lepiota are included. Many of the sites from which the macrofungi were recorded collectively form the Central Catchment area for water for the island's main reservoirs. Some of the sites from which these fungi were collected are gone, in particular those in the Mandai-Seletar area. High visitor numbers to the popular green areas of the Bukit Timah Nature Reserve, the MacRitchie and Pierce Reservoirs and the Singapore Botanic Gardens have also meant changes to these sites. They have been considerably developed and redeveloped over the years. Inevitably some old species are lost because of habitat changes and new species are introduced from soil and equipment brought in as a result of construction activities and on

1 This section 'Additional remarks on the checklists of macrofungi from Singapore' appears in the conclusions of the checklists for each of the four localities.

72 Original from and digitized by National University of Singapore Libraries the feet and clothing of travellers traversing through the many paths that penetrate the areas. It will be interesting to consider these checklists with more recent field collections and surveys and take stock of the changes. The bulk of the over 650 different macrofungal species and varieties recorded from Singapore and presented in the current lists are basidiomycetes. Members of the boletales feature strongly from the sites. The late Prof E. J. H. Corner who published on the boletes collected from Malaysia had recognised only the genera Boletus, Gyroporus, Hemiella (Hemioporus) and Strobilomyces (Corner, 1972a). The subgenera he recognised as Austroboletus, Boletellus, Boletus s. str., Ixocomus, Leccinum, Pulveroboletus, Tylopilus and Xerocomus are however now accepted as valid genera and have been transferred to the appropriate genus level (Watling, 2008; Horak, 2011). The second author of this book, Prof Roy Watling has also examined in detail Baker's boletes identified by Patouillard in the Farlow Herbarium Massachusetts, USA and numerous new collections from S. E. Asia and Australia (Watling, 1994; Watling, 2001a, b & c; Watling, 2008; Watling & Lee, 1995, 1999; Watling et al., 2002). The Singapore checklists thus follow the nomenclature for the boletales as revised by Watling (2008) and Horak (2011) but with indication of where these boletoid genera and species are described in Prof Corner's quintessential monograph. In addition to updating the names and status of the bolete species described by Corner, we have consulted the systematic revisiting of his collections by Hattori (2000, 2001a & b, 2003a & b,

2005) and Hattori & Sotome (2013) for current names and status of the polypore species. For other species we have also referred to the databases, Species Fungorum (http://www.speciesfungorum.org/) and MycoBank (http://www.mycobank.org/), as well as other

73 Original from and digitized by National University of Singapore Libraries recommended literature where possible. We know that although some of the entries of Corner's taxa in the present checklists are really referable to other more modern genera, they cannot be placed there for the time being as the appropriate combination has not been made. Extensive revision of fungal systematics with sequence data from molecular studies is also underway (Hibbert et al., 2016) and more changes are to be expected and will need to be made.

Many boletes are known to be mycorrhizal with trees and are an integral part of the forest habitat. The bolete mycobiota in the Malayan region is linked to the Dipterocarpaceae, the huge trees characterising the lowland tropical primary forest found in the Bukit Timah Nature Reserve and the Central Catchment Nature Reserve in Singapore. A number of the amanitas have also been reported to be putative ectomycorrhizas. We have tried to indicate the mycorrhizal status of the fungi in the various lists where published information is available. It will be useful to conduct further research to establish unequivocally the nature of these mycorrhizal associations with the tropical lowland dipterocarp forest species to better understand how to manage healthy forests which are capable of sustained regeneration. It must also be noted that the figures in the checklist published here do not represent any actual number of fungal species within each of the sites. Other than indicating that there are indeed many fungal taxa present, these checklists drawn from published records cannot make any firm conclusions on comparisons of the diversity of macrofungi between the various sites, or the accurate representation of different taxa within each site. Many factors may have affected the number of collections and fungal types from each site such as sampling frequency, sampling times, the conspicuous or ephemeral nature of the macrofungi there, and possibly even

74 Original from and digitized by National University of Singapore Libraries ease of collection, identification, preservation and storage of specimens. To obtain more meaningful information on the real fungal diversity in each of these areas in Singapore, systematic surveys with regular unbiased sampling over an extended period of time are needed. Over time, the lists will likely be increased in many aspects and in others will be decreased or lost entirely with shrinking niches and competition. Of the macrofungi collected from Singapore and listed in the series, at least 330 are marked holotypes of the species from which scientific descriptions were made and published. The majority of these holotypes are from the Bukit Timah Nature Reserve and the

Singapore Botanic Gardens. These voucher specimens are important primarily because they are scientifically crucial for verification of the results of taxonomic identification and research.

They also hold additional value as archival specimens of past botanical research in Singapore, and are an integral part of the mycological legacy of the island and its natural history.

75 Original from and digitized by National University of Singapore Libraries Acknowledgements

We gratefully acknowledge the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh (RBGE) for access to literature and to the herbarium where the majority of Prof E. J. H. Corner's specimens are held. Special thanks are also due to Ms E. Turnbull for her help with specimens and information from the database from RBGE.

76 Original from and digitized by National University of Singapore Libraries References

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Corlett, R. T. (1997). The vegetation in the nature reserves of Singapore. Garden's Bulletin, Singapore 49:147-159.

Corner, E. J. H. (1936). Hygrophorus with dimorphous basidiospores. Transactions of the British Mycological Society 20: 157- 184.

E. Corner, J. H. (1950). A monograph of Clavaria and allied genera (Annals of Botany Memoirs No. 1). UK: Oxford University Press.

Corner, E. J. H. (1966). A monograph of cantharelloid fungi (Annals of Botany Memoirs No. 2). UK: Oxford University Press.

Corner, E. J. H. (1970). Phylloporus Quel, and Paxillus Fr. in Malaya and Borneo. Nova Hedwigia 20: 793-822. Germany: Verlag Von J. Cramer.

Corner, E. J. H. (1971). Merulioid fungi in Malaysia. Gardens' Bulletin, Singapore 25: 355-381.

Corner, E. J. H. (1972). Boletus in Malaysia. Singapore: Government Printing Office.

77 Original from and digitized by National University of Singapore Libraries Corner, E. J. H. (1983). Ad Polyporaceas I. Amauroderma and Ganoderma. Beihefte Zur Nova Hedwigia (Heft 75). Germany: Verlag von J. Cramer.

Corner, E. J. H. (1984). Ad Polyporaceaes II & III. Beihefte Zur Nova Hedwigia (Heft 78). Germany: Verlag von J. Cramer.

Corner, E.J.H. (1987) Ad Polyporaceas IV. Beihefte Zur Nova Hedwigia (Heft 86). Germany: Verlag von J. Cramer.

Corner, E. J. H. (1988). Chapter 8 - Higher fungi. In: Earl of Cranbrook (Editor), Key Environments: Malaysia. UK: Pergamon Press.

Corner, E. J. H. (1989). Ad Polyporaceas VI. The genus Trametes. Beihefte Zur Nova Hedwigia (Heft 97). Germany: Verlag von J. Cramer.

Corner, E. J. H. (1991a). Ad Polyporaceas VII. The xanthochroic polypores. Beihefte Zur Nova Hedwigia (Heft 101). Germany: Verlag von J. Cramer.

Corner, E. J. H. (1991b). Trogia (Basidiomycetes). Gardens' Bulletin, Singapore Supplement No. 2.

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78 Original from and digitized by National University of Singapore Libraries Corner, E. J. H. (1993). Psathyrella (Agaricales) with ornamented spores in the Malay Peninsula. Gardens' Bulletin, Singapore 45: 337- 357.

Corner, E. J. H. (1994). Agarics in Malesia I. Tricholomatoid II. Mycenoid. Nova Hedwigia Beiheft 109. Germany: Verlag von J. Cramer.

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Corner, E. J. H. & Bas, C. (1962). The genus Amanita in Singapore and Malaya. Persoonia 2(3): 241-304.

Corner, E. J. H. & Hawker, Lillian E. (1953). Hypogeous fungi from Malaya. Transactions of the British Mycological Society 36(2): 125-137.

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Ginns, J. (1971). The genus Merulius IV. Species proposed by Berkeley, by Berkeley & Curtis, and by Berkeley & Broome. Mycologia 63: 219-236.

Hattori, T. (2000). Type studies of the polypores described by E. J. H. Corner from Asia and the West Pacific Areas I. Species described in Polyporus, Buglossoporus, Meripilus, Daedalea, and Flabellophora. Mycoscience 41(4): 339-349.

79 Original from and digitized by National University of Singapore Libraries Hattori, T. (2001a). Type studies of the polypores described by E. j. H. Corner from Asia and the West Pacific Areas II. Species described in Gloeophyllum, Heteroporus, Microporellus, Oxyporus, Parcitrichaptum, and Rigidoporus. Mycoscience 42(1): 19-28.

Hattori, T. (2001b). Type studies of the polypores described by E. J. H. Corner from Asia and West Pacific Areas III. Species described in Trichaptum, Albatrellus, Bletopsis, Diacanthodes, Elmerina, Fomitopsis and Gloeoporus. Mycoscience 42(5): 423-431.

Hattori, T. (2003a). Type studies of the polypores described by E. J. H. Corner from Asia and the West Pacific areas V. Species described in Tyromyces (2). Mycoscience 44(4): 265-276.

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Hattori, T. & Sotome, K. (2013). Type studies of the polypores described by E. J. H. Corner from Asia and West Pacific areas VIII. Species described in Trametes (2). Mycoscience 54(4): 297-308.

80 Original from and digitized by National University of Singapore Libraries Heinemann, P. (1980). Le genres Agaricus et Micropsalliota en Malaise et en Indonesie. Bulletin du Jardin botanique national de Belgique, Bulletin van de Nationale Plantentuin van Belgie 50(1/2): 3-68.

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on roots and in small mammal diet in a mixed-conifer forest. Forest Science 51(3): 243-254.

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84 Original from and digitized by National University of Singapore Libraries Appendix I:

Classification of fungi Traditionally, grouping or classification of fungi was based on similarities in shape, in particular that of the fruit bodies, often the most visible part of the fungus. This grouping based on form (morphology) for identification has very practical uses in the field. However, convenient as it may be, species that look superficially similar may not always be closely related. DNA analysis is now widely used to determine relationships among fungi to produce a more natural classification that will bring fungi that are genetically related together, irrespective of how they look. This has changed the way we traditionally group fungi as some previously distinct groups are found to be actually closely related, while others that appear similar are more distant in lineage. Organisms in the kingdom fungi are currently grouped into eight major phyla and most of the larger fungi or macrofungi fall within the two phyla Basidiomycota and Ascomycota. Tables A-l and A-2 show in part the general classification of the Basidiomycota and the Ascomycota, respectively (only classes, orders and families which contain macrofungi have been included).

How do we interpret the species names of the fungi in the lists in this book? The scientific name of a fungus is in Latin and consists of two parts - the genus and the specific epithet. This is followed by the name of the person who originally described it. For example, in Psathyrella verrucispora Corner, the genus is Psathyrella and the specific epithet is verrucispora, and the author who first described this fungal species is E. J. H. Corner. This author citation may also be abbreviated (Table A-3 shows a list of

85 Original from and digitized by National University of Singapore Libraries the authors and author abbreviations for the fungi in this publication). When a species has been transferred to another genus because of new information available, the original author's name is retained but placed in parentheses, and the name of the author who made the transfer is placed after this. For example, when we see the name Phylloporia chrysita (Berk.) Ryvarden, it indicates that the fungus has been transferred to the genus Phylloporia by Ryvarden although it was originally described by Berkeley (abbreviated 'Berk.') as Polyporus chrysite.

86 Original from and digitized by National University of Singapore Libraries Table A-l. Classification of Basidiomycota.

Phylum: BASIDIOMYCOTA Subphylum: Agaricomycotina Class: Agaricomycetes Order: Agaricales Families: Agaricaceae Marasmiaceae Amanitaceae Mycenaceae Bolbitaceae Niaceae Clavariaceae Physalacriaceae Cortinariaceae Pleurotaceae Cyphellaceae Pluteaceae Entolomataceae Psathyrellaceae Fistulinaceae Pterulaceae Hydnangiaceae Schizophyllaceae Hygrophoraceae Strophariaceae Inocybaceae Tricholomataceae Lyophyllaceae Typhulaceae

Order: Auriculariales Family: Auriculariaceae

Order: Boletales Family: Amylocorticiaceae Octavianiaceae Boletaceae Paxillaceae Calostomataceae Rhizopogonaceae Coniophoraceae Sclerodermataceae Diplocystidiaceae Serpulaceae Gomphidiaceae Suillaceae Gyroporaceae Tapinellaceae Hygrophoropsidaceae

87 Original from and digitized by National University of Singapore Libraries Order: Cantharellales Family: Aphelariaceae Clavulinaceae Bortryobasidiaceae Hydnaceae Cantherellaceae Tulasnellaceae Ceratobasidiaceae

Order: Corticiales Family: Corticiaceae

Order: Geastrales Family: Geastraceae

Order: Gloeophyllales Family: Gloeophyllaceae

Order: Gomphales Family: Clavariadelphaceae Gomphaceae

Order: Hymenochaetales Family: Hymenochaetaceae Repetobasidiaceae Schizoporaceae

88 Original from and digitized by National University of Singapore Libraries Order: Hysterangiales Family: Gallaceaceae Mesophelliaceae Hysterangiaceae Phallogastraceae

Order: Phallales Family: Phallaceae

Order: Folyporales Family: Fomitopsidaceae Phanerochaetaceae Ganodermataceae Polyporaceae Meripilaceae Sparassidaceae Meruliaceae

Order: Poriales Family: Grammothelaceae

Order: Russulales Family: Albatrellaceae Russulaceae Auriscalpiaceae Stephanosporaceae Bondarzewiaceae Stereaceae Echinodontiaceae Wrightoporaceae Lachnocladiaceae

Order: Sebacinales Family: Sebacinaceae

89 Original from and digitized by National University of Singapore Libraries Order: Thelephorales Family: Bankeraceae Thelephoraceae

Order: Trechisporales Family: Hydnodontaceae

Class: Dacrymycetes Order: Dacrymycetales Family: Dacrymycetaceae

Class: Tremellomycetes Order: Tremellales Family: Carcinomycetaceae Tremellaceae Exidiaceae

Note: The families included here are not exhaustive.

90 Original from and digitized by National University of Singapore Libraries Table A-2. Classification of Ascomycota.

Phylum: ASCOMYCOTA Subphylum: Pezizomycotina Class: Eurotiomycetes Order: Onygenales Family: Elaphomycetaceae Onygenaceae

Class: Lecanoromycetes Order: Lecanorales Family: Cladoniaceae Parmeliaceae

Order: Peltigerales Family: Collemataceae Pannariaceae Lobariaceae Peltigeraceae

Order: Teloschistales Family: Teloschistaceae

Order: Umbilicariales Family: Umbilicariaceae

Class: Leotiomycetes Order: Cyttariales Family: Cyttariaceae

91 Original from and digitized by National University of Singapore Libraries Order: Helotiales Family: Dermataceae Rutstroemiaceae Geoglossaceae Sclerotiniaceae Heliotiaceae Vibrisseaceae Hyaloscyphaceae

Order: Leotiales Family: Bulgariaceae Leotiaceae

Order: Rhytismatales Family: Cudoniaceae

Class: Orbiliomycetes Order: Orbiliales Family: Orbiliaceae

Class: Pezizomycetes Order: Pezizales Family: Caloscyphaceae Pyronemataceae Discinaceae Rhizinaceae Glaziellaceae Sarcoscyphaceae Helvellaceae Sarcosomataceae

Morchellaceae Tuberaceae Pezizaceae

92 Original from and digitized by National University of Singapore Libraries Class: Sordariomycetes Order: Hypocreales Family: Clavicipitaceae Nectriaceae Cordycipitaceae Orphiocordycipitaceae Hypocreaceae

Order: Xylariales Family: Xylariaceae

Note: Thefamilies included here are not exhaustive.

93 Original from and digitized by National University of Singapore Libraries Table A-3. List of authors and author abbreviations.

Author Abbreviation

Albertini, Johannes Baptista von (1769-1831) Alb. Baker, John Gilbert (1834-1920) Baker Banker, Howard James (1866-1940) Banker Bas, Cornelius ('Kees') (1928-2013) Bas Beeli, Maurice (1879-1957) Beeli Berkeley, Miles Joseph (1803-1889) Berk. Blume, Carl [Karl] Ludwig von (1796-1862) Blume Boedijn, Karel Bernard (1893-1964) Boedijn Bourdot, Hubert (1861-1937) Bourdot Bresadola, Giacopo (1847-1929) Bres. Broome, Christopher Edmund (1812-1886) Broome Bulliard, Jean Baptiste Francois ('Pierre') (1752- Bull. 1793) Cash, Edith Katherine (1890-1992) E.K. Cash Cesati, Vincenzo de (1806-1883) Ces. Cooke, Mordecai Cubitt (1825-1914) Cooke Corner, Edred John Henry (1906-1997) Corner Cunningham, Gordon Herriott [Heriot] (1892- G. Cunn. 1962) Currey, Frederick (1819-1881) Curr. Curtis, Moses Ashley (1808-1872) M.A. Curtis David, Alix (D.) (1927 ) A. David Dickson, James [Jacobus] J. (1738-1822) Dicks. Dodge, Bernard Ogilvie (1872-1960) B.O. Dodge Dodge, Carroll William (1895-1988) C.W. Dodge Dodge, H.R. (pub. 1935) H.R. Dodge Dorfelt, Heinrich (pub. 1973) Dorfelt Ellis, Job Bicknell (1829-1905) Ellis Endo, M. (pub. 1976) M. Endo Everhart, Benjamin Matlack (1818-1904) Everh. Fries, Elias Magnus (1794-1878) Fr.

94

Original from and digitized by National University of Singapore Libraries Galzin, Amedee (1853-1925) Galzin Geesteranus, Rudolph Arnold Maas (1911-2003) Maas Geest. Gilbert, Edouard-Jean [Edward] (1888-1954) E.-J. Gilbert Gilbertson, Robert Lee (1925-2011) Gilb. Ginns, James Herbert (1938 ) Ginns Hattori, Tsutomu (pub. 1995) T. Hatt. Hawker, Lilian Edith (1908-1991) Hawker Heim, Roger ('Jean') (1900-1979) R. Heim Heinemann, Paul (1916-1996) Heinem. Henkel, Terry W. (pub. 1999) T.W. Henkel Hennings, Paul Christoph (1841-1908) Henn. Hoffmann, George Franz (1761-1826) Hoffm. Hohnel, Franz Xaver Rudolf von (1852-1920) Hohn. Hongo, Tsuguo (1923-2007) Hongo Hooker, William Jackson (1785-1865) Hook. Horak, Egon (1937 ) E. Horak Hudson, William (1730-1793) Huds. Humphrey, Clarence John (1882-1970) C.J. Humphrey Imazeki, Rokuya (1904 ) Imazeki Jaquenoud, M. (pub. 1976) Jaq. Junghuhn, [Friedrich] Franz Wilhelm (1809-1864) Jungh. Karsten, Petter [Peter] Adolf (1834-1917) P. Karst. Kawamura, A. (pub. 1958) A. Kawam. Kawamura, Eikichi (pub. 1931) E. Kawam. Kawamura, Seiichi ( -1946) Kawam. Klotzsch, Johann Friedrich (1805-1860) Klotzsch Kreisel, Hanns (1931-2017) Kreisel Kuntze, Carl [Karl] Ernst [Eduard] Otto (1843- Kuntze 1907) Le Gal, Marcelle Louise Fernande (1895-1979) Le Gal Leveille, Joseph-Henri (1796-1870) Lev. Liberta, Anthony E. (1933 ) Liberta Lloyd, Curtis Gates (1859-1926) Lloyd

95 Original from and digitized by National University of Singapore Libraries Martin, George Willard (1886-1971) G.W. Martin Massee, George Edward (1850-1917) Massee Metrod, Georges (pub. 1938) Metrod Moller, F.H. (1887 ) F.H. Moller Moncalvo, Jean-Marc (pub. 1995) Moncalvo Montagne, Jean Pierre Francois Camille (1784- Mont. 1866) Murrill, William Alphonso (1869-1957) Murrill Nagasawa, Eiji (1948- ) Nagas. Nees von Esenbeck, Christian Gottfried Daniel Nees (1776-1858) Nees von Esenbeck, Theodor Friedrich Ludwig T. Nees (1787-1837) Nyman, Erik Olof August (1866-1900) E. Nyman Overeem, Casper van (1893-1927) Overeem Patouillard, Narcisse Theophile (1854-1926) Pat. Peck, Charles Horton (1833-1917) Peck Pegler, David Norman (1938 ) Pegler Persoon, Christiaan Hendrik (1761-1836) Pers. Petch, Thomas (1870-1948) Petch Petri, Lionello (1875-1946) Petri Pouzar, Zdenek (1932- ) Pouzar Quelet, Lucien (1832-1899) Quel. Rajchenberg, Mario (1953- ) Rajchenb. Ravenel, Henry William (1814-1887) Ravenel Redhead, Scott Alan (1950 ) Redhead Reid, Derek A. (1927-2006) D.A. Reid Relhan, Richard (1754-1823) Relhan Ryvarden, Leif (1935 ) Ryvarden Saccardo, Pier Andrea (1845-1920) Sacc. Schweinitz, Lewis [Ludwig] David von (1780- Schwein. 1834) Singer, Rolf (1906-1994) Singer Sotome, Kozue (pub. 2014) Sotome

96 Original from and digitized by National University of Singapore Libraries Spegazzini, Carlo Luigi [Carlos Luis] (1858-1926) Speg. Steyaert, Rene Leopold Alix Ghislain Jules (1905- Steyaert 1978) Swartz, Olof (Peter) (1760-1818) Sw. Sydow, Hans (1879-1946) Syd. Trotter, Alessandro (1874-1967) Trotter Turnbull, Evelyn (pub. 1994) E. Turnbull Vilgalys, Rytas (1958 ) Vilgalys Wakefield, Elsie Maud (1886-1972) Wakef. Wakefield, Elsie Maud (1886-1972) EM Wakefield Watling, Roy (1938 ) Watling Willdenow, Carl Ludwig von (1765-1812) Willd. Wolfe, Carl B. (1945- ) Wolfe Young, Anthony M. ('Tony') (pub. 1973) A.M. Young Young, Esther (1893 ) E. Young Young, Kavina (pub. 1924) K.Young Young, Paul Allen (1898 ) P.A. Young Young, Roy A. (pub. 1957) Roy A. Young Young, Thomas W.K. (pub. 1972) T.W.K. Young Zeller, Sanford Myron (1885-1948) Zeller

97 Original from and digitized by National University of Singapore Libraries Appendix II:

List of additional references from E. J. H. Corner's publications on fungi consulted but which did not contain records of fungi from Singapore.

Corner, E. J. H. (1929). Studies in the morphology of Discomycetes I. The marginal growth of apothecia. Transactions of the British Mycological Society 14: 261-274.

Corner, E. J. H. (1929). Studies in the morphology of Discomycetes II. The structure and development of the ascocarp. Transactions of the British Mycological Society 14: 275-291.

Corner, E. J. H. (1929). A humariaceous fungus parasitic on a liverwort. Annals of Botany 43: 491-505.

Corner, E. J. H. (1935). A Nectria parasite on a liverwort: with further notes on Neotiella crozalsiana. Gardens' Bulletin of the Straits Settlement 8:135-144.

Corner, E. J. H. (1947). Asterodon, a clue to the morphology of fungus fruit bodies: with notes on Asterostroma and Astrostromella. Transactions of the British Mycological Society 31: 234-245.

Corner, E. J. H. (1952). Generic names in the Clavariaceae. Transactions of the British Mycological Society 35: 285-298.

Corner, E. J. H. (1952). Addenda Clavariaceae I. Two new Pteruloid genera and Deflexula. Annals of Botany, N.S. 16: 269-291.

98 Original from and digitized by National University of Singapore Libraries Corner, E. J. H. (1952). Addenda Clavariaceae II. Pterula and Pterulicium. Annals of Botany, N.S. 16: 531-569.

Corner, E. J. H. (1953). Addenda Clavariaceae III. Annals of Botany, N.S. 17: 347-368.

Corner, E. J. H. (1957). Craterellus Pers., Cantharellus Fr. and Pseudocraterellus gen. nov. Beihefte Sydowia 1: 266-276.

Corner, E. J. H. & Thind, K. S. (1961). Dimitic species of Ramaria (Clavariaceae). Transactions of the British Mycological Society 44: 233- 238.

Corner, E. J. H. (1966). On Clavaria inaeqnalis Fr. Nova Hedwigia 12: 61-63.

Corner, E. J. H. (1966). The clavaroid complex of Aphelaria and Tremellodendropsis. Transactions of the British Mycological Society 49: 205-211.

Corner, E. J. H. (1966). Species of Ramaria (Clavariaceae) without clamps. Transactions of the British Mycological Society 49: 101-113.

Corner, E. J. H. (1973). Review of: tropical macrofungi - some common species by M. H. Zoberi. Mycologia 65: 981-982.

Corner, E. J. H. (1974). Boletus and Phylloporus in Malaysia: further notes and descriptions. Gardens' Bulletin, Singapore 27: 1-16.

Corner, E. J. H. (1976). Further notes on cantharelloid fungi and Thelephora. Nova Hedwigia 27: 325-342.

99 Original from and digitized by National University of Singapore Libraries Corner, E. J. H. (1977). A note on Gomphus. Mycologia 69: 431-432.

Corner, E. J. H. (1983). The clavaroid Ramaria subgenus Echinoramaria. Persoonia 12: 21-28.

Corner, E. J. H. (1986). The agaric genus Panellus Karst. (including Dictyopanus Pat.) in Malaysia. Gardens' Bulletin, Singapore 39: 103- 147.

Corner, E. J. H. (1986). The tropical complex of Mycena pura. Transactions of the Botanical Society of Edinburgh, 150th Anniversary, Supplement: 61-67.

Corner, E. J. H. (1994). The development of the gills in Amanita rubescens (Fr.) S. F. Gray. Nova Hedwigia 58:145-152.

Corner, E. J. H. (1994). Peat swamp forest in the Malay Peninsula. Malayan Nature Journal 47: 373-374.

100 Original from and digitized by National University of Singapore Libraries Glossary affinis [aff.] with affinity to or related to; often used to refer to a tentatively recognised taxon that is close to that named, but which attribution is still uncertain due to lack of sufficient characters; see cf. agglutinated firmly stuck together apud [ap.] meaning 'second hand from' or 'according to'; used in scholarly works to mean reference taken from; sometimes used in citations when one author validly publishes a name in the work of another ascomycete a fungus with sexual spores formed in a sac (ascus) often borne on the fertile layer of fruit bodies authority the name(s) of the author(s) of a scientific name; usually appended to the scientific name; also known as author citation basidiocarp a fruiting body, often macroscopic (large), produced by many basidiomycetes (mushrooms, toadstools, puffballs are commonly seen basidiomycete fruit bodies) basidiomycete a fungus with sexual spores formed from basidia (fertile cells) often borne on the surface of gills, pores or spines of fruit bodies bolete a macrofungus (larger fungus) with a fruit body that has a stalk and a cap bearing a spongy surface beneath usually with pores instead of gills bracket a macrofungus (larger fungus) having a fruit body like a shelf

101 Original from and digitized by National University of Singapore Libraries circumscription the diagnostic limits of a taxon which highlight the shared characters of the individuals within it and indicate how

they are different from other individuals which do not belong to it

combinatio nova [comb, nov.] from Latin meaning 'new

combination'; used when a new name is introduced based on a

pre-existing name

conferre [cf.] from Latin meaning 'to compare with' or 'confer'; used as a modifier to indicate material is not the same species but could be related to, and may be new

decurrent used to describe gills of a fungus that extend down the stalk or stem determinavit [det.] from Latin meaning 'identified by'; sometimes used in citation of specimens before the name of the determinator (the person who examined the material leading to new identification or correction) dextrinoid a reaction that produces a deep reddish to reddish- brown colour on addition of Melzer's reagent (a stain) dimitic having two types of hyphae , generative or living hyphae (branched, thin-walled, septate) and one other hyphal type which is often empty of cell contents (this may be skeletal hyphae which are long, unbranched and thick-walled with no septa, or binding hyphae which are often thick-walled and highly branched with no septa) emend to make corrections to, or improve a text by critical editing; sometimes used in author citations to indicate that an author has changed the circumscription or spelling of a taxon

102 Original from and digitized by National University of Singapore Libraries enzyme a protein that acts like a catalyst

ex out of; from; used in author citation of names to link the name

of the author who had not validly published a name to the author who subsequently validated the name

fide according to; used before the name of the author from whose reference is cited

form lowest principle rank recognised in taxonomic hierarchy; subordinate to species, subspecies, variety, or subvariety

gelatinous having a jelly-like consistency

holotype the one specimen or illustration used or designated by the author in the original publication as the nomenclatural type for the description of the species; the type specimen serves as a reference point for the species hymenium a fertile tissue which bears spore-producing cells hypha a fungal filament or thread which can amass together to form a mycelium hypogeous used to refer to fungi that produce macroscopic (large or easily observed) fruit bodies partially or completely embedded in the soil idem [id.] from Latin meaning 'the same' (identical with) inclusus [incl.] from Latin meaning 'including'; sometimes used to indicate the circumscription of a taxon by citation of its synonyms in herb, in herbarium; sometimes used to indicate names written on specimen labels but never validly published

103 Original from and digitized by National University of Singapore Libraries irpicoid having irregular, flattened teeth (spines) or short lamellae (folds) isotype a duplicate specimen of the holotype laccate having a shiny or waxy surface (like lacquer) legit [leg.] from Latin meaning 'he, she, or it collected'; specimen collected by lignin a complex compound formed by plants as structural material for support (often found in woody plants) mould refers either to a simple fungus with no cross walls in their hyphae and do not produce large fruiting bodies, or to the vegetative state (asexual stage) of higher fungi (ascomycota and basidiomycota) mushroom general term for a macrofungus (larger fungus), in particular those with a fruit body having gills beneath the cap; often also used to mean (incorrectly) edible fungi mycelium masses of thread-like filaments (hyphae) that make up a fungus mycologist a scientist who studies fungi mycorrhiza a symbiotic association between a fungus and a plant with the fungus growing in and/ or around the plant's roots phylogeny evolutionary history; history of descent with modification

Plate [PL] full page illustration

104

Original from and digitized by National University of Singapore Libraries polypore refers to macrofungi (larger fungi) with fruit bodies that have pores on the underside of the cap and which are usually leathery and woody (examples are the bracket or shelf fungi) polystictoid having fruit bodies which are leathery and bear pores (like those of the genus Polysticus) puffball a fungus with a fruit body that is essentially a sac or bag of enclosed powdery spores pseudosclerotium compact mass of mycelia mixed together with particles of earth, humus and silica quod vide [q.v.] Latin phrase meaning 'and consult, or see'; see cf.; 'species (q.v.)' is sometimes used after a generic name to indicate that the species identity is unknown rhizomorph thick cord of differentiated mycelium with a demarcated, dark outer region sarcodimitic having fusiform skeletal hyphae (thick-walled, tapering, unbranched hyphae) bound by generative hyphae (narrow, thin-walled, branched hyphae that is actively growing) sensu lato [s.l.] Latin phrase meaning 'in a broad sense'; to specify which taxon circumscription is meant where more than one has been described sensu stricto [s. str.] Latin phrase meaning 'in a strict sense'; referring to the use of a taxon name or circumscription by an author more exactly to that of the original author who described it

105

Original from and digitized by National University of Singapore Libraries sine numero [s.n.] Latin phrase meaning 'without number'; used after a collector's name when citing lists of specimens to indicate absence of a collector's number

Straits Settlements the Straits Settlements which comprised of Singapore, Malacca and Penang was an administrative unit of the East India Company from 1826 to 1867, and then the British Colonial Office from 1867 to 1946 subdistant refers to gills that are not spaced too far apart nor arranged too close together subgelatinous partially gelatinous substrate the substance on which an organism is growing (usually providing nutrition) synonym another taxonomic name used; often applies to a scientific name that has been superseded and not valid any more taxon a taxonomic unit or group at any rank into which a number of similar individuals (usually inferred to be phylogenetically related) is classified toadstool a general term used to refer to a macrofungus (larger fungus) found in the field which is inedible, and often poisonous (not all toadstools are poisonous) tribe subdivisions of genera ungulate hoof-like variety a category in taxonomic hierarchy between subspecies and form

106 Original from and digitized by National University of Singapore Libraries Original from and digitized by National University of Singapore Libraries Original from and digitized by National University of Singapore Libraries *hMD5EM3.K*

Original from and digitized by National University of Singapore Libraries Annotated checklist of macrofungi recorded from Singapore: MacRitchie-Pierce

Two main checklists have been published on fungi from Singapore, one in 1921, and another in 1994. Both provide records of species of macrofungi and microfungi found here. However, no notes about the fungi were included.

This publication is one in a series of four that re-visits the records of the macrofungi (larger fungi) collected from the island and organizes them into the localities from which they were collected. The lists in the books are annotated to provide some ecological information such as habit, habitat, and mycorrhizal status of the species, as well as where herbarium specimens and types are located. Illustrations such as line drawings and paintings that document these records are also listed. The sources for each entry can be used for tracing and possible follow- up work by those interested in studying the fungi of this region. The majority of the specimens recorded were collected by Prof E. J. H. Corner (1906-1996), a prolific mycologist and botanist of the South- East Asian region who was also Assistant Director of the Singapore Botanic Gardens from 1929 to 1945.

This checklist from the MacRitchie-Pierce region consists of 129 species and varieties of which at least 50 are type specimens.

Dr F. Y. Tham was a lecturer and associate professor at the National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.

Prof Roy Watling MBE, PhD, DSc, FRSE, FIBiol, Cbiol, FLS was former head of mycology and plant pathology and acting Regius Keeper at the Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh.

Original from and digitized by National University of Singapore Libraries