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Suomen Helttasienten Ja Tattien Ekologia, Levinneisyys Ja Uhanalaisuus

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Suomen Helttasienten Ja Tattien Ekologia, Levinneisyys Ja Uhanalaisuus Suomen ympäristö 769 LUONTO JA LUONNONVARAT Pertti Salo, Tuomo Niemelä, Ulla Nummela-Salo ja Esteri Ohenoja (toim.) Suomen helttasienten ja tattien ekologia, levinneisyys ja uhanalaisuus .......................... SUOMEN YMPÄRISTÖKESKUS Suomen ympäristö 769 Pertti Salo, Tuomo Niemelä, Ulla Nummela-Salo ja Esteri Ohenoja (toim.) Suomen helttasienten ja tattien ekologia, levinneisyys ja uhanalaisuus SUOMEN YMPÄRISTÖKESKUS Viittausohje Viitatessa tämän raportin lukuihin, käytetään lukujen otsikoita ja lukujen kirjoittajien nimiä: Esim. luku 5.2: Kytövuori, I., Nummela-Salo, U., Ohenoja, E., Salo, P. & Vauras, J. 2005: Helttasienten ja tattien levinneisyystaulukko. Julk.: Salo, P., Niemelä, T., Nummela-Salo, U. & Ohenoja, E. (toim.). Suomen helttasienten ja tattien ekologia, levin- neisyys ja uhanalaisuus. Suomen ympäristökeskus, Helsinki. Suomen ympäristö 769. Ss. 109-224. Recommended citation E.g. chapter 5.2: Kytövuori, I., Nummela-Salo, U., Ohenoja, E., Salo, P. & Vauras, J. 2005: Helttasienten ja tattien levinneisyystaulukko. Distribution table of agarics and boletes in Finland. Publ.: Salo, P., Niemelä, T., Nummela- Salo, U. & Ohenoja, E. (eds.). Suomen helttasienten ja tattien ekologia, levinneisyys ja uhanalaisuus. Suomen ympäristökeskus, Helsinki. Suomen ympäristö 769. Pp. 109-224. Julkaisu on saatavana myös Internetistä: www.ymparisto.fi/julkaisut ISBN 952-11-1996-9 (nid.) ISBN 952-11-1997-7 (PDF) ISSN 1238-7312 Kannen kuvat / Cover pictures Vasen ylä / Top left: Paljakkaa. Utsjoki. Treeless alpine tundra zone. Utsjoki. Kuva / Photo: Esteri Ohenoja Vasen ala / Down left: Jalopuulehtoa. Parainen, Lenholm. Quercus robur forest. Parainen, Lenholm. Kuva / Photo: Tuomo Niemelä Oikea ylä / Top right: Lehtolohisieni (Laccaria amethystina). Amethyst Deceiver (Laccaria amethystina). Kuva / Photo: Pertti Salo Oikea ala / Down right: Vanhaa metsää. Sodankylä, Luosto. Old virgin forest. Sodankylä, Luosto. Kuva / Photo: Tuomo Niemelä Takakansi / Back cover: Ukonsieni (Macrolepiota procera). Parasol mushroom (Macrolepiota procera). Kuva / Photo: Pertti Salo Taitto: DTPage Oy Paino: Painotalo Casper Oy, Kurikka 2005 ○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○ 2 ○○○○ Suomen ympäristö 769 Esipuhe Suomessa eliölajiston uhanalaisuus on arvioitu jo kolmasti. Edellytyksenä uhan- alaisuuden arvioinnille on, että tiedämme mitä lajeja Suomessa esiintyy. Heltta- sienten ja tattien uhanalaisuuden arviointia on vaikeuttanut koko lajiston katta- van lajiluettelon (check-list) puuttuminen. Myöskään tietoja lajien levinneisyy- destä ja ekologiasta ei ole ollut helposti saatavilla. Kolmatta valtakunnallista uhanalaisuustarkastelua tehtäessä käynnistettiin hanke, jossa tavoitteena oli laatia ja julkaista uusimpaan taksonomiseen tietoon perustuva lajiluettelo helttasienis- tä ja tateista. Lisäksi tavoitteena oli koota yksiin kansiin tieto lajien levinneisyy- destä ja yleisyydestä eliömaakunnittain. Tarkastelu kattaa koko tunnetun lajis- ton, myös elinvoimaiset (LC) ja puutteellisesti tunnetut (DD) lajit, jotka uhan- alaisuustarkastelussa mainitaan vain kokonaislajimäärinä. Työn tuloksena syn- tyi julkaisun osa II, helttasienten ja tattien uhanalaisuus, levinneisyys ja ekologia luvut sekä levinneisyys- ja ekologiataulukot. Lisäksi julkaisuun haluttiin sisäl- lyttää laajahko helttasieniä ja tatteja käsittelevä yleisteksti, osa I. Vastaavanlai- nen työ on tehty ja julkaistu Suomen lehti- ja maksasammalista, ja on tekeillä jäkälistä Hanketta rahoitettiin aluksi ympäristöministeriön uhanalaisten lajien suo- jelu- ja hoitomomentin määrärahoilla, ja vuonna 2003 siitä tuli osa ympäristömi- nisteriön puutteellisesti tunnettujen lajien tutkimusohjelmaa. Julkaisun pohjalta tullaan Luonnontieteelliseen keskusmuseoon luomaan verkkopohjainen tieto- kanta, jonka päivityksestä vastaa Kasvimuseon sieniosasto. Julkaisun levinneisyys- ja ekologiataulukot ovat koonneet ja kirjoittaneet Ilkka Kytövuori, Ulla Nummela-Salo, Esteri Ohenoja, Pertti Salo ja Jukka Vauras. Ympäristöministeriön puutteellisesti tunnettujen lajien tutkimusohjelma on ra- hoittanut Ulla Nummela-Salon työtä päätoimisena tutkijana 2003–2004. Tutki- muksen johtajana toimi Tuomo Niemelä vuonna 2003 ja Pertti Salo vuonna 2004. Julkaisun muut artikkelit ovat kirjoittaneet Katriina Bendiksen, Veli Haiko- nen, Marja Härkönen, Stefan Jakobsson, Jarkko Korhonen, Annamari Markkola, Tuomo Niemelä, Esteri Ohenoja, Tiina Rahko, Pertti Renvall, Veikko Salonen, Veli Saari, Oili Tarvainen ja Henry Väre. Työn aikana eri sieniryhmien tutkijat ja asiantuntijat ovat määrittäneet ja varmistaneet lukuisia epävarmoja määrityksiä, joskaan kaikkia taulukon levin- neisyystietojen näytemäärityksiä ei ole pystytty vielä tarkistamaan. Lisäksi her- baarioiden hoitajat ovat täydentäneet puuttuvia levinneisyys- ja ekologiatietoja. Erityiset kiitokset osoitetaan seuraaville henkilöille: Harri Harmaja (Clitocybe, Cystoderma), Paavo Höijer (Amanita, Hygrocybe, Camarophyllus, Coprinus, Laccaria), Markku Kirsi (Joensuun herbaario), Mauri Korhonen (Lactarius, Boletus, Suillus, Xerocomus), Lasse Kosonen (Volvariella ja monet yksittäiset lajit), Tuula Niskanen (Cortinarius), Pertti Renvall (Kuopion herbaario), Juhani Ruotsalainen (Russula), Reima Saarenoksa (Cystoderma ja monet yksittäiset lajit) ja Unto Söderholm. Ulla Nummela-Salo, Pertti Salo, Esteri Ohenoja ja Tuomo Niemelä ovat toi- mittaneet julkaisun. Heidi Kaipiainen muokkasi tekstin Suomen ympäristökes- kuksen julkaisuohjeiden mukaiseksi. Kaikille työhön osallistuneille lämpimät kiitokset. Suomen ympäristö 769 ○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○ 3 ○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○ 4 ○○○○ Suomen ympäristö 769 Sisältö Esipuhe ............................................................................................ 3 OSA I .............................................................................................. 7 1 Kantasienten nimistä ja luokittelusta .................................... 9 Tuomo Niemelä 2 Sienten kerääminen ja näytteiden tallentaminen ............... 12 Pertti Salo 3 Sienten levinneisyydestä Suomessa ..................................... 15 Esteri Ohenoja ja Jarkko Korhonen 4 Sienten uhanalaisuus ........................................................... 18 Esteri Ohenoja 5 Sienten käytön historiaa ..................................................... 21 Marja Härkönen 6 Sienimyrkyistä ja myrkkysienistä ......................................... 28 Ulla Nummela-Salo ja Pertti Salo 6.1 Johdanto.......................................................................................................... 28 6.2 Sienimyrkytykset ......................................................................................... 28 6.3 Sienimyrkytysten oireet .............................................................................. 28 6.4 Sienimyrkyt ja allergiat............................................................................... 30 6.5 Lopuksi ........................................................................................................... 34 7 Sienten ekologiaa ................................................................ 37 7.1 Metsät .............................................................................................................. 37 Pertti Renvall 7.2 Suot .................................................................................................................. 40 Veli Saari ja Veikko Salonen 7.3 Perinteiset kulttuuribiotoopit ................................................................... 44 Stefan Jakobsson 7.4 Kalkkipaikat, kalkkivaikutus ja muut emäksiset kivilajit ................. 48 Veli Haikonen 7.5 Palaneen maan sienet .................................................................................. 50 Tiina Rahko 7.6 Paljakan sienistä ........................................................................................... 55 Esteri Ohenoja ja Katriina Bendiksen 8 Elintapa ............................................................................... 58 8.1 Sienijuuret ..................................................................................................... 58 Henry Väre 8.2 Laho ja puuta lahottavat sienet ................................................................. 59 Tuomo Niemelä 9 Sienisadosta ........................................................................ 62 Esteri Ohenoja 10 Ilmansaasteet ja mykorritsasienet ...................................... 68 Annamari Markkola ja Oili Tarvainen Liite 1. Kuvia sienten elinympäristöistä ......................................... 71 Suomen ympäristö 769 ○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○ 5 OSA II ............................................................................................ 77 1 Helttasienten ja tattien uhanalaisuus ................................. 79 Pertti Salo, Tuomo Niemelä, Ulla Nummela-Salo, Esteri Ohenoja ja Heidi Kaipiainen 1.1 IUCN:n uhanalaisuusluokat ...................................................................... 79 1.2 Helttasienten ja tattien jakautuminen IUCN:n uhanalaisuus- luokkiin .......................................................................................................... 82 1.3 Suojelusuunnitelmat ................................................................................... 84 2 Helttasienten ja tattien levinneisyys .................................... 87 Pertti Salo, Tuomo Niemelä, Ulla Nummela-Salo, Esteri Ohenoja ja Heidi Kaipiainen 2.1 Johdanto.........................................................................................................
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