DOCSLIB.ORG

The Genus Amanita  3Huv ,1/80%,1,=21( Nepal

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Genus Amanita  3Huv ,1/80%,1,=21( Nepal THE GENUS AMANITA 3HUV ,1/80%,1,=21( NEPAL Hari Prasad Aryal * and Usha Budhathoki ** 3DNOLKDZD&DPSXV,QVWLWXWHRI$JULFXOWXUHDQG$QLPDO6FLHQFH%KDLUDKDZD &HQWUDO'HSDUWPHQWRI%RWDQ\7ULEKXYDQ8QLYHUVLW\.LUWLSXU.DWKPDQGX1HSDO Abstract: 'XULQJWKHVXUYH\RIZLOGHGLEOHPXVKURRPVLQWURSLFDOWRWHPSHUDWHEHOWRI1HSDOGXULQJUDLQ\VHDVRQVLQ DQGPDQ\PDFURIXQJDOVSHFLHVZHUHFROOHFWHGDQGLGHQWL¿HG7KHSDSHUKLJKOLJKWVRQWKH¿YHVSHFLHVRI genus Amanita 3HUVLQFOXGLQJQHZVSHFLHV Amanita volvata 3HFN /OR\G ZLWKWKHLULGHQWL¿FDWLRQDQGGRFXPHQWDWLRQ The new species was LGHQWL¿HGDQGWKLVLVEHLQJUHSRUWHGDQGUHGHVFULEHGIRUWKH¿UVWWLPHIURP1HSDO Amanita characterized by stipe with volva or rudiments of volva, annulus present, in some may be absent, clamp connection SUHVHQWRUDEVHQWVSRUHVDP\ORLGRULQDP\ORLG7KHVWXG\DUHDRFFXSLHGVTNPDPRQJWKHVT.PODQG DQGOLHVZLWKLQDQDOWLWXGHEHWZHHQDQGPDVOLQWURSLFDOGHFLGXRXVULYHULQHIRUHVWWRORZHUWHPSHUDWHPL[HG EURDGOHDYHGIRUHVW7KHGULHGVSHFLPHQVDUHKRXVHGLQWKH7ULEKXYDQ8QLYHUVLW\&HQWUDO+HUEDULXP 78&+ .LUWLSXU .DWKPDQGX1HSDO7KHDUHDHPEUDFHVPDQ\P\FRSKDJRXVHWKQLFFRPPXQLWLHV7KHP\FRHOHPHQWVSUHYDLOLQJLQWKLV DUHDQHHGVXVWDLQDEOHFRQVHUYDWLRQDQGXWLOL]DWLRQ Keywords: Tasonomy; %DVLGLRP\FHWHV Amanita volvata; 0DFURIXQJL INTRODUCTION 7KH LQYHVWLJDWLRQ DQG VWXG\ RQ PXVKURRPV RI 1HSDO started since 19 th FHQWXU\ /OR\G %HUNHOH\ 7KH JHQXV Amanita FRQWDLQV RYHU QDPHG VSHFLHV DQG YDULHWLHV $GKLNDUL et al Amanita IURP1HSDOKDVEHHQUHSRUWHGVLQFH th century (Singh, DE VLQFHWKHQVHYHUDOSDSHUVKDYHEHHQSXEOLVKHG 42 species and 2 subspecies of Amanita are reported IURP1HSDO $GKLNDUL et al VLQFHWKHQVHYHUDO ERWDQLFDOLQYHVWLJDWLRQVKDYHEHHQGRQH$PRQJWKHVH very few reveal the studies and investigation on wild PXVKURRPVIURPZHVWHUQ1HSDO7KLVDUHDKDVQRWEHHQ SUHYLRXVO\ LQYHVWLJDWHG VR IDU This is a preliminary report on KLJKOLJKWRQSUHVHQWO\¿YHWD[DRIWKHJHQXV Amanita 3HUV ZLWK WKH DGGLWLRQ RI QHZ VSHFLHV IURP /XPELQL]RQHDUHJLRQRIWURSLFDOWRWHPSHUDWHPRQVRRQ FOLPDWH DQG ZHVWVRXWK UHJLRQ RI 1HSDO Amanita volvata 3HFN /OR\G ZDV LGHQWL¿HG DQG WKLV LV EHLQJ UHSRUWHGDQGUHGHVFULEHGIRUWKH¿UVWWLPHIURP1HSDO KDYH QRW UHSRUWHG SUHYLRXVO\ EHHQ UHFRUGHG7KH QHZ Figure 1: Sample Collection sites ¿QGLQJVKDYHSXEOLVKHGKHUH 5VXQJD*XOPL P RI PLGZHVW UHJLRQ RI 1HSDO o o STUDY AREA ,W OLHV EHWZHHQ 1 ODWLWXGH DQG o ( ORQJLWXGH 7KH YHJHWDWLRQ LQ 7KHVWXG\DUHD ¿J OLHVLQ/XPELQL=RQH3DUWLDOSDUWV forest is dominated by members of the Combretaceae, RI 3DNOLKDZD5XSDQGHKL P 7LNNDU.DSLOZDVWX 'LSWHURFDUSDFHDH)DJDFHDHDQG/HJXPLQRVDH7KHDUHD P 5DPQDJDU1DZDOSDUDVL P 7KDGD RFFXSLHVKDODQGEHWZHHQDQGPDVO7KH $UJKDNKDQFKL P 6LPDOGDQGD3DOSD P DQG Author for Correspondence : +DUL3UDVDG$U\DO3DNOLKDZD&DPSXV,QVWLWXWHRI$JULFXOWXUHDQG$QLPDO6FLHQFH%KDLUDKDZD(PDLOKDKDULSUDVDGDU\DO#JPDLOFRP 113 Scientic World, Vol. 11, No. 11, July 2013 DYHUDJHDQQXDOUDLQIDOOLVPP RESULTS: Phytogeographically the area lies in tropical and 1. Amanita volvata 3HFN /OR\G temperate zones embracing interesting different types Amanita volvata I DYHOODQHRVTXDPRVD 6 ,PDL (- RI IRUHVWV DQG VRLO FRPSRVLWLRQ 7KH WURSLFDO ULYHULQH *LOEHUW LQ %UHVDGROD Iconogr. Mycol. 6XSSO belt composed of Acacia cateachu, Adina cordifolia, Anogeissus latifolius, Bombax ceiba, Dalbergia Local name %HVDUHFK\DX latifolia, Dalbergia sissoo, Eugeina jambolana, Taxonomic position %DVLGLRP\FHWHV $JDULFDOHV Mallotus philippensis, Phoenix sylvestris, Shorea Amanitaceae )LJXUHDQG robusta, Schleihera oleosa, Syzygium cumini, Tectona grandis, Terminalia alata, T. tomentosa and T. belerica HWFZLWKDQLQFUHDVLQJDOWLWXGHRI Castanopsis indica, Ehretia acuminata, Leucosceptrum canum, Lithocarpus elegans, mallotus nepalensis, Quercus lamellosa, Quercus semecarpifolia, Rhododendron arboreum and Schima wallichii. The northern belt of this area has loamy sand, while the southern belt consists of sandy ORDPWRORDP\VRLO MATERIALS AND METHODS Surveyed was done from 15 th to 31 th 0D\DQGVSHFLPHQV were collected from 1 st -XQH WR st 2FW LQ DQG 0XVKURRP VDPSOHV ZHUH SKRWRJUDSKHG LQ WKHLU natural habitat and their morphological characters were QRWHG6SRUHSULQWVZHUHWDNHQ7KHVDPSOHVZHUHZHOO GULHGDQGSDFNHGLQZD[SDSHUEDJVDQGZUDSSLQJZLWK Figure 1.1: Amanita volvata aluminums foil to prevent from the external infection as well as prevent from the intermixing of the spores, with SURSHU WDJ QXPEHUV 7KH KDELWDW LQFOXGLQJ HFRORJLFDO SDUDPHWHUV YL] DOWLWXGH E\ DOWLPHWHU YHJHWDWLRQ composition, soil type, soil pH (by digital pH meter), soil moisture (by nail pH meter), humidity, temperatures and WLPH E\PHDQVRIWKHUPR+\JURPHWHU ZHUHUHFRUGHG The paper bags were brought to central Department of ERWDQ\ 7ULEKXYDQ 8QLYHUVLW\ IRU IXUWKHU PLFURVFRSLF H[DPLQDWLRQ Some of the collected specimens were also preserved LQDOLTXLGSUHVHUYDWLYH POUHFWL¿HGDOFRKRO IRUPDOLQGLVWLOOHGZDWHU +DZNVZRUWK et. al., The specimens were studied based on the macroscopic, PLFURVFRSLF DQG KDELWDW FKDUDFWHULVWLFV ;DQWKRFKRULF reaction (Tulloss, 1994) was determined by placing a Figure 1.2: Spores print VPDOOSLHFHRIPDWHULDOLQ.2+VROXWLRQIROORZHG WRWKH1+ 32+ ,DQG)H62 6ROXWLRQ &U\VWDO DQGLWV colour compared with the commercial colour chart leaf- OHW)RUPLFURVFRSLFVWXG\WKHVSHFLPHQVZHUHVHFWLRQHG E\ XVLQJ D VKDUS UD]RU EODGH 7KH F\DQRSKLOLW\ ZDV REVHUYHGLQFRWWRQEOXHPRXQWHGLQODFWRSKHQROUHDJHQW 7KHSKRWRJUDSKVZHUHWDNHQZLWKD621<'6&6 Camera, macroscopic and microscopic characters were VWXGLHGXQGHUWKHFRPSRXQGPLFURVFRSH2O\PSXV1R 7RN\R -DSDQ DQGODWLWXGHDQGORQJLWXGHZHUH WDNHQE\PHDQVRI*36FRPSDVV 7KHYRXFKHUVSHFLPHQVZHUHLGHQWL¿HGZLWKWKHKHOSRI UHOHYDQWWD[RQRPLFOLWHUDWXUHYL] 6LQJHU.XPDU et al., DQG:DWNLQVRQ et al PRQRJUDSK *HUULW DQG :HEVLWH -VWRU RUJ ,QGH[ IXQJRUXP WURSLFRVRUJ 0\FREDQNRUJ ELRGLYHUVLW\ OLEUDU\RUJ 7KH YRXFKHU VSHFLPHQV DUH )LJXUH6SRUHV GLY P GHSRVLWHGLQ78&+1HSDO Scientic World, Vol. 11, No. 11, July 2013 114 Identifying characters 7KH VSHFLHV LV TXLWH UDUH Absence of annulus and the presence of the large VRPHZKDW FXSVKDSHG SHUVLVWHQW YROYD 7KH SLOHXV LV not smooth as is usually the case in the species with a persistent membranous volva, but it is more or less VFDO\ ZLWK PLQXWH WXIWV RI ¿EULOV RU WRPHQWRVH KDLUV 6RPHWLPHVWKHPDUJLQLVQRWYHU\GLVWLQFWO\VWULDWH7KH FRORXU YDULHV IURP ZKLWH WR EURZQLVK 7KH ODPHOODH which are white in the fresh, in dried specimens assume a dull yellowish-brown colour, except on the edge which UHPDLQVZKLWHDQGLVPRUHRUOHVVÀRFFRVH -XVWL¿FDWLRQ : Another species of A. volvaceus %XOOKDV VLPLODUYROYDEXWLWVVSRUHDQGODPHOODHDUHSLQNLVKRU ÀHVKFRORXUHGDQGLWEHORQJVWKHUHIRUHWRWKHVXEJHQXV Volvaria +HQFHWKLVQHZVSHFLHV A. volvata distinctly Figure 2.1: Amanita caesarea, differed from the A volvaceus Taxonomic description: Pileus: FP FRQYH[ WR ÀDW PDUJLQ ZLWK UDGLDO VWULDWLRQV KDLU\ RU ÀRFFRVHVFDO\ ZKLWH WR FUHDP pale yellow; surface often with numerous patches RI WKLQ YHLO UHPQDQWV Gills : free, broad, crowded; ZKLWH Stipe [FPZKLWHVXUIDFHÀRFFRVH scaly to powdery, also discoloring; slightly tapering XSZDUG EDVH HPHUJLQJ IURP D WKLFN PHPEUDQRXV ÀHVK\ VDFFDWH YROYD SHUVLVWHQW QR ULQJ LV OHIW RQ WKH VWLSHEXOERXVEDVH Flesh: white, discolour when cut, EUXLVHGRUGDPDJHG Odor QRWGLVWLQFWLYH Taste : not Figure 2.2: Spores print GLVWLQFWLYH Spores : elliptic, smooth ornamentation, FHOOZDOOWKLFNFRORXUK\DOLQHDP\ORLGGHSRVLWZKLWH FUHDPRU\HOORZLVKPHDVXUHPHQW[PLQVL]H Spore print ZKLWH Habitat LQRSHQ¿HOGRIWHQVDQG\VRLOVLQPL[HGZRRGV DQG URDGVLGHV 5DUH QRW FRPPRQ )RXQG LQ HDVWHUQ 1RUWK $PHULFD Ecology 0\FRUUKL]DO Season: -XO\ 2FWREHU Edibility 3RLVRQRXV1RWHGLEOH Chemical reaction 7XOORVV5( : :LWK1+ 3 :negative on all the SDUWV :LWK.2+ \HOORZLVKJUH\RQFDSVXUIDFH :LWK )H6R 4 solution: 6WLSH RXWHU QHJDWLYH LQQHU %HDFRQ&DSQHJDWLYH*LOOV5DZ6LON :LWK )H6R 4 crystal: Stipe outer: negative, inner: %HDFRQ&DSQHJDWLYH*LOOV6DQGDOZRRG Specimen examined: 1HSDO 5XSDQGHKL 'XGUDFKK\D :1PORQJ ¶1ODW ¶( &ROO1RRQKXPXVULFKOLWHUVRLOLQ6DOIRUHVW $U\DO+31HZWR1HSDO&RPPRQ Distribution 1RUWK$PHULFDDQG1HSDO )LJXUH6SRUHV GLY P 2. Amanita caesarea 6FRS 3HUV 6\QPHWKIXQJ *RWWLQJHQ 2 PDUJLQ VWULDWH Gills: IUHH FURZGHG \HOORZ Stipe: &DHVDU¶VPXVKURRP (QJ cylindrical, 8-15 x 2-3 cm, narrowing at the top, hollow Local name: Suntale chyau, Salle chyau, Phul chyau, when mature, with yellow falling annulus, slightly 'KDUVK\DPR 7DPDQJ swollen at the base, with large white membranous Taxonomic position %DVLGLRP\FHWHV $JDULFDOHV YROYD Flesh: whitish, \HOORZLVKEHQHDWKFXWLFOH Odor : $PDQLWDFHDH )LJXUHDQG ZLWKRXWHYLGHQW Taste: JRRG Spores: elliptical, oval to Taxonomic description: VSKHULFDORUQDPHQWDWLRQVPRRWKFHOOZDOOWKLFNFRORXU Pileus: FP KHPLVSKHULFDO WR ÀDW RUDQJH UHG K\DOLQHZKLWHPHDVXUHPHQW[PLQVL]H washing out to yellow, cuticle separable sometimes with Spore print: ZKLWH evident membranous remains of white veil, 115 Scientic World, Vol. 11, No. 11, July 2013 Habitat: 6RLO RQ 4XHUFXV5KRGRGHQGURQ IRUHVW Ecology P\FRUUKL]DO Season -XQH$XJXVW Edibility: (GLEOHH[FHOOHQW8VHGDVYHJHWDEOH Chemical reaction 7XOORVV5( : :LWK1+ 3 UHGGLVKRQFDSVXUIDFH :LWK.2+ \HOORZLVKJUH\RQFDSVXUIDFH :LWK)H6R 4 solution : 6WLSH RXWHU QHJDWLYH LQQHU 3DOH &UHDP &DS QHJDWLYH *LOOV ,YRU\ :LWK )H6R 4 crystal: Stipe: outer: negative, inner: $QWLTXH :KLWH &DS QHJDWLYH *LOOV 0DFUDPH Specimen examined: 1HSDO 5XSDQGHKL 'XGUDFKK\D Figure 3.1: A manita chepangiana, :1PORQJ ¶1ODW ¶( &ROO1RRQKXPXVULFKOLWHUVRLOLQ6DOIRUHVW $U\DO +3 1HZ WR DUHD RI FROOHFWLRQ (GLEOH5V.J&RPPRQ Previously reported: 0DQLFKXU $GKLNDUL .DWKPDQGX PDUNHW $GKLNDULD JURZLQJRQVRLO,QPRLVWVKDG\SODFH in Pinus roxburghii IRUHVW %DMUD\RJLQL P QR ) $GKLNDULE .DWKPDQGXPDUNHW $GKLNDUL DQG$GKLNDUL JURZLQJRQVRLOLQPRLVWVKDG\ place, in Pinus roxburghii
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Molecular Phylogenetic Studies in the Genus Amanita
    1170 Molecular phylogenetic studies in the genus Amanita I5ichael Weiß, Zhu-Liang Yang, and Franz Oberwinkler Abstracl A group of 49 Amanita species that had been thoroughly examined morphologically and amtomically was analyzed by DNA sequence compadson to estimate natural groups and phylogenetic rclationships within the genus. Nuclear DNA sequences coding for a part of the ribosomal large subunit were determined and evaluated using neighbor-joining with bootstrap analysis, parsimony analysis, conditional clustering, and maximum likelihood methods, Sections Amanita, Caesarea, Vaginatae, Validae, Phalloideae, and Amidella were substantially confirmed as monophyletic groups, while the monophyly of section Lepidell.t remained unclear. Branching topologies between and within sections could also pafiially be derived. Stbgenera Amanita an'd Lepidella were not supported. The Mappae group was included in section Validae. Grouping hypotheses obtained by DNA analyses are discussed in relation to the distribution of morphological and anatomical chamcters in the studied species. Key words: fungi, basidiomycetes phylogeny, Agarrcales, Amanita systematics, large subunit rDNA, 28S. R6sum6 : A partir d'un groupe de 49 esp,ces d'Amanita prdalablement examinees morphologiquement et anatomiquement, les auteurs ont utilisd la comparaison des s€quences d'ADN pour ddfinir les groupes naturels et les relations phylog6ndtiques de ce genre. Les sdquences de I'ADN nucl6aire codant pour une partie de la grande sous-unit6 ribosomale ont 6t6 ddterminEes et €valu6es en utilisant l'analyse par liaison en lacet avec le voisin (neighbor-joining with bootstrap), l'analyse en parcimonie, le rcgroupement conditionnel et les m€thodes de ressemblance maximale. Les rdsultats confirment substantiellement les sections Afiarira, Caesarea, Uaqinatae, Ualidae, Phalloideae et Amidella, comme groupes monophyldtiques, alors que la monophylie de la section Lepidella demerxe obscure.
    [Show full text]
  • Forest Fungi in Ireland
    FOREST FUNGI IN IRELAND PAUL DOWDING and LOUIS SMITH COFORD, National Council for Forest Research and Development Arena House Arena Road Sandyford Dublin 18 Ireland Tel: + 353 1 2130725 Fax: + 353 1 2130611 © COFORD 2008 First published in 2008 by COFORD, National Council for Forest Research and Development, Dublin, Ireland. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, or stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, electrostatic, magnetic tape, mechanical, photocopying recording or otherwise, without prior permission in writing from COFORD. All photographs and illustrations are the copyright of the authors unless otherwise indicated. ISBN 1 902696 62 X Title: Forest fungi in Ireland. Authors: Paul Dowding and Louis Smith Citation: Dowding, P. and Smith, L. 2008. Forest fungi in Ireland. COFORD, Dublin. The views and opinions expressed in this publication belong to the authors alone and do not necessarily reflect those of COFORD. i CONTENTS Foreword..................................................................................................................v Réamhfhocal...........................................................................................................vi Preface ....................................................................................................................vii Réamhrá................................................................................................................viii Acknowledgements...............................................................................................ix
    [Show full text]
  • Mushroom Toxins & Poisonings in New Jersey
    Mushroom Toxins & Poisonings in New Jersey & Nearby Eastern North America What this document doesn’t do: (1) This document is not intended to be used as a guide for treatment and should not be so used. (2) Mushrooms should not be selected for eating based on the content of this document. [In identifying mushrooms in poisoning cases, this document does not replace expertise that should be obtained by calling NJPIES and obtaining contact with an experienced mycologist.] (3) This document is not a replacement for a detailed toxicological review of the subject of mushroom poisoning. (4) This document is intended for use with a broad set of audiences; for this reasons, it should not be used uncritically in setting protocols [for example, carrying out a Meixner test would be inappropriate for a first responder who would appropriately focus on collecting a poi- soning victim, the relevant objects from the scene of the poisoning, and the critical timing characteristics of the event such as the delay between ingestion and onset of symptoms.] POISON CONTROL: New Jersey “Poison Control” is called NJPIES (New Jersey Poison Information & Education System). Telephone: 1-800-222-1222 [works in all states—(WARN- ING) WILL CONNECT TO A MOBILE PHONE’S HOME STATE—IF YOU’RE UNCERTAIN, USE A LAND- LINE] If the victim is unconscious, call “911.” Background of these notes: This document was originally compiled by Rod Tulloss and Dorothy Smullen for an NJ Mycol. Assoc. workshop, 25 March 2006. Version 2.0 was compiled by Tulloss. When viewed with Acrobat Reader, underlined red or gray words and phrases are “hot linked cross-references.” We have included a few notes on fungal poisons that are not from “mushrooms.” The notes were prepared by mycologists with experience in diagnosis of fungi involved in cases in which ingestion of toxic fungi was suspected.
    [Show full text]
  • Diversity of Ectomycorrhizal Fungi in Minnesota's Ancient and Younger Stands of Red Pine and Northern Hardwood-Conifer Forests
    DIVERSITY OF ECTOMYCORRHIZAL FUNGI IN MINNESOTA'S ANCIENT AND YOUNGER STANDS OF RED PINE AND NORTHERN HARDWOOD-CONIFER FORESTS A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA BY PATRICK ROBERT LEACOCK IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY DAVID J. MCLAUGHLIN, ADVISER OCTOBER 1997 DIVERSITY OF ECTOMYCORRHIZAL FUNGI IN MINNESOTA'S ANCIENT AND YOUNGER STANDS OF RED PINE AND NORTHERN HARDWOOD-CONIFER FORESTS COPYRIGHT Patrick Robert Leacock 1997 Saint Paul, Minnesota ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am indebted to Dr. David J. McLaughlin for being an admirable adviser, teacher, and editor. I thank Dave for his guidance and insight on this research and for assistance with identifications. I am grateful for the friendship and support of many graduate students, especially Beth Frieders, Becky Knowles, and Bev Weddle, who assisted with research. I thank undergraduate student assistants Dustine Robin and Tom Shay and school teacher participants Dan Bale, Geri Nelson, and Judith Olson. I also thank the faculty and staff of the Department of Plant Biology, University of Minnesota, for their assistance and support. I extend my most sincere thanks and gratitude to Judy Kenney and Adele Mehta for their dedication in the field during four years of mushroom counting and tree measuring. I thank Anna Gerenday for her support and help with identifications. I thank Joe Ammirati, Tim Baroni, Greg Mueller, and Clark Ovrebo, for their kind aid with identifications. I am indebted to Rich Baker and Kurt Rusterholz of the Natural Heritage Program, Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, for providing the opportunity for this research.
    [Show full text]
  • Species List for Arizona Mushroom Society White Mountains Foray August 11-13, 2016
    Species List for Arizona Mushroom Society White Mountains Foray August 11-13, 2016 **Agaricus sylvicola grp (woodland Agaricus, possibly A. chionodermus, slight yellowing, no bulb, almond odor) Agaricus semotus Albatrellus ovinus (orange brown frequently cracked cap, white pores) **Albatrellus sp. (smooth gray cap, tiny white pores) **Amanita muscaria supsp. flavivolvata (red cap with yellow warts) **Amanita muscaria var. guessowii aka Amanita chrysoblema (yellow cap with white warts) **Amanita “stannea” (tin cap grisette) **Amanita fulva grp.(tawny grisette, possibly A. “nishidae”) **Amanita gemmata grp. Amanita pantherina multisquamosa **Amanita rubescens grp. (all parts reddening) **Amanita section Amanita (ring and bulb, orange staining volval sac) Amanita section Caesare (prov. name Amanita cochiseana) Amanita section Lepidella (limbatulae) **Amanita section Vaginatae (golden grisette) Amanita umbrinolenta grp. (slender, ringed cap grisette) **Armillaria solidipes (honey mushroom) Artomyces pyxidatus (whitish coral on wood with crown tips) *Ascomycota (tiny, grayish/white granular cups on wood) **Auricularia Americana (wood ear) Auriscalpium vulgare Bisporella citrina (bright yellow cups on wood) Boletus barrowsii (white king bolete) Boletus edulis group Boletus rubriceps (red king bolete) Calyptella capula (white fairy lanterns on wood) **Cantharellus sp. (pink tinge to cap, possibly C. roseocanus) **Catathelesma imperiale Chalciporus piperatus Clavariadelphus ligula Clitocybe flavida aka Lepista flavida **Coltrichia sp. Coprinellus
    [Show full text]
  • Poisonous Mushrooms
    POISONOUS MUSHROOMS DR. SURANJANA SARKAR ASSISTANT PROFESSOR IN BOTANY, SURENDRANATH COLLEGE, KOLKATA Dr. Suranjana Sarkar, SNC INTRODUCTION It was difficult not to since eating wild mushrooms and mushroom poisoning seem to be closely related subjects. This is a rather important topic since mushrooms have apparently been gathered for eating throughout the world, for thousands of years, and it is also likely that during that time many people became ill or died when they inadvertently consumed poisonous mushrooms. Because some mushrooms were known to cause death when consumed, they were also known to be used by assassins. Dr. Suranjana Sarkar, SNC Used as Poison in Assassinations and Murders The most famous of all planned murders was that of Emperor Claudius by his fourth wife, Agrippina, The Younger (also his niece!). The story behind this assassination, as well as the political intrigue that was present during this period of the Roman Empire would have made a great mini series or soap opera. Claudius became emperor, in 41 A.D., following the assassination of his nephew Caligula, and married Agrippina, his fourth wife, after disposing of Messalina, his third wife, for adultery. Agrippina came into the marriage with Nero, a son from a previous marriage and wanted him to follow Claudius as emperor. Agrippina persuaded him to adopt her son so that Nero would be in line to become emperor. Once Nero was adopted, Agrippina plotted to kill Claudius, which involved a number of people. Although ClaudiusDr. Suranjana Sarkar,had SNCa son, Brittanicus, by Messalina, and should have succeeded him as emperor, Claudius shielded him from the responsibilities as heir to the throne and promoted Nero as his successor.
    [Show full text]
  • Toxic Fungi of Western North America
    Toxic Fungi of Western North America by Thomas J. Duffy, MD Published by MykoWeb (www.mykoweb.com) March, 2008 (Web) August, 2008 (PDF) 2 Toxic Fungi of Western North America Copyright © 2008 by Thomas J. Duffy & Michael G. Wood Toxic Fungi of Western North America 3 Contents Introductory Material ........................................................................................... 7 Dedication ............................................................................................................... 7 Preface .................................................................................................................... 7 Acknowledgements ................................................................................................. 7 An Introduction to Mushrooms & Mushroom Poisoning .............................. 9 Introduction and collection of specimens .............................................................. 9 General overview of mushroom poisonings ......................................................... 10 Ecology and general anatomy of fungi ................................................................ 11 Description and habitat of Amanita phalloides and Amanita ocreata .............. 14 History of Amanita ocreata and Amanita phalloides in the West ..................... 18 The classical history of Amanita phalloides and related species ....................... 20 Mushroom poisoning case registry ...................................................................... 21 “Look-Alike” mushrooms .....................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Classification of Amanita Species Based on Bilinear Networks With
    agriculture Article Classification of Amanita Species Based on Bilinear Networks with Attention Mechanism Peng Wang, Jiang Liu, Lijia Xu, Peng Huang, Xiong Luo, Yan Hu and Zhiliang Kang * College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an 625000, China; [email protected] (P.W.); [email protected] (J.L.); [email protected] (L.X.); [email protected] (P.H.); [email protected] (X.L.); [email protected] (Y.H.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +86-186-0835-1703 Abstract: The accurate classification of Amanita is helpful to its research on biological control and medical value, and it can also prevent mushroom poisoning incidents. In this paper, we constructed the Bilinear convolutional neural networks (B-CNN) with attention mechanism model based on transfer learning to realize the classification of Amanita. When the model is trained, the weight on ImageNet is used for pre-training, and the Adam optimizer is used to update network parameters. In the test process, images of Amanita at different growth stages were used to further test the generalization ability of the model. After comparing our model with other models, the results show that our model greatly reduces the number of parameters while achieving high accuracy (95.2%) and has good generalization ability. It is an efficient classification model, which provides a new option for mushroom classification in areas with limited computing resources. Keywords: deep learning; bilinear convolutional neural networks; attention mechanism; trans- fer learning Citation: Wang, P.; Liu, J.; Xu, L.; Huang, P.; Luo, X.; Hu, Y.; Kang, Z.
    [Show full text]
  • Fungi of National Park Mavrovo
    Project “Protection, Economic Development and Promotion of Eco Tourism in Mavrovo National Park” Fungi of National Park Mavrovo Final Report Mitko Karadelev Institute of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Ss Cyril and Methodius University, Skopje, Macedonia 1 Contents 1. Introduction 3 2. Review of Fungi Research in the Area 5 3. Inventory of Fungi Species in Mavrovo NP 7 3.1. Fungi Species from Mavrovo NP on European Fungi Red List 8 3.2. Fungi Species from Mavrovo NP on Preliminary Red List of Macedonia 14 3.3. Threatened Fungi Species from Mavrovo NP - Candidates for Listing in Appendix I of the Bern Convention 17 3.4. Threatened Fungi Species Included in ECCF Atlas of 50 Threatened European Species 18 3.5. Macrofungi Known Only from Mavrovo NP in Macedonia 20 3.6. New Fungi Species for Macedonia Recorded for the First Time from Mavrovo NP in 2009-2010 22 3.7. Species from Mavrovo NP with Globally Significant Status 29 3.8. Key Species from Mavrovo NP 30 4. Species and Habitat Analysis 34 4.1. Edible and Toxic Species in MNR 42 5. Conservation Problems 46 5.1. Gaps in Knowledge of Macromycetes 46 5.2. Fragility 47 6. Protection Measures 47 7. Prime Mushroom Areas 49 8. Recommendations 54 9. References 55 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Annex I: List of Published Fungi Species from MNP Annex II: Full List of Recorded Fungi Species from MNP Annex III: List of New Species for MNP (Project Results) Annex IV: List of Edible and Poisonous Fungi in MNP Annex V: List of New Species for MK 2 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Macrofungi Determined in Uzungöl Nature Park (Trabzon)
    http://dergipark.gov.tr/trkjnat Trakya University Journal of Natural Sciences, 18(1): 15-24, 2017 ISSN 2147-0294, e-ISSN 2528-9691 Research Article/Araştırma Makalesi DOI: 10.23902/trkjnat.295542 MACROFUNGI DETERMINED IN UZUNGÖL NATURE PARK (TRABZON) Ilgaz AKATA1*, Yasin UZUN2 1Ankara University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Ankara, Turkey 2Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey University, Kamil Özdağ Science Faculty, Department of Biology, Karaman, Turkey *Corresponding author: [email protected] Received (Alınış): 28 Fabruary 2017, Accepted (Kabul): 20 March 2017, Online First (Erken Görünüm): 4 April 2017, Published (Basım): 15 June 2017 Abstract: In the present study, macrofungi samples collected from Uzungöl Nature Park (Trabzon) between 2011 and 2013 were identified and classified. After field and laboratory studies, a total of 205 macrofungi species were determined. A list of 212 species, by including the previously reported 7 species in the research area, belonging to 129 genera and 64 families within 2 divisions were given. Fourty-six species were determined to belong to Ascomycota and 166 to Basidiomycota. Key words: Biodiversity, macrofungi, Uzungöl Nature Park, Turkey. Uzungöl Tabiat Parkı (Trabzon)’ndan Belirlenen Makrofunguslar Özet: Bu çalışmada, Uzungöl Tabiat Parkı (Trabzon)’ndan 2011 ve 2013 yılları arasında toplanan makrofungus örnekleri teşhis edilmiş ve sınıflandırılmıştır. Arazi ve laboratuvar çalışmaları sonrasında 205 makromantar türü tespit edilmiştir. Daha önceden araştırma alanından rapor edilmiş 7 tür de dâhil olmak üzere, toplam 2 bölüm içinde yer alan 64 familya ve 129 cinse ait toplam 212 tür verilmiştir. Tespit edilen türlerden 46’sı Ascomycota, 166’sı Basidiomycota bölümüne mensuptur. Anahtar kelimeler: Biyoçeşitlilik, makromantarlar, Uzungöl Tabiat Parkı, Türkiye.
    [Show full text]
  • MUSHROOMS of the OTTAWA NATIONAL FOREST Compiled By
    MUSHROOMS OF THE OTTAWA NATIONAL FOREST Compiled by Dana L. Richter, School of Forest Resources and Environmental Science, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI for Ottawa National Forest, Ironwood, MI March, 2011 Introduction There are many thousands of fungi in the Ottawa National Forest filling every possible niche imaginable. A remarkable feature of the fungi is that they are ubiquitous! The mushroom is the large spore-producing structure made by certain fungi. Only a relatively small number of all the fungi in the Ottawa forest ecosystem make mushrooms. Some are distinctive and easily identifiable, while others are cryptic and require microscopic and chemical analyses to accurately name. This is a list of some of the most common and obvious mushrooms that can be found in the Ottawa National Forest, including a few that are uncommon or relatively rare. The mushrooms considered here are within the phyla Ascomycetes – the morel and cup fungi, and Basidiomycetes – the toadstool and shelf-like fungi. There are perhaps 2000 to 3000 mushrooms in the Ottawa, and this is simply a guess, since many species have yet to be discovered or named. This number is based on lists of fungi compiled in areas such as the Huron Mountains of northern Michigan (Richter 2008) and in the state of Wisconsin (Parker 2006). The list contains 227 species from several authoritative sources and from the author’s experience teaching, studying and collecting mushrooms in the northern Great Lakes States for the past thirty years. Although comments on edibility of certain species are given, the author neither endorses nor encourages the eating of wild mushrooms except with extreme caution and with the awareness that some mushrooms may cause life-threatening illness or even death.
    [Show full text]
  • 2 the Numbers Behind Mushroom Biodiversity
    15 2 The Numbers Behind Mushroom Biodiversity Anabela Martins Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, School of Agriculture (IPB-ESA), Portugal 2.1 ­Origin and Diversity of Fungi Fungi are difficult to preserve and fossilize and due to the poor preservation of most fungal structures, it has been difficult to interpret the fossil record of fungi. Hyphae, the vegetative bodies of fungi, bear few distinctive morphological characteristicss, and organisms as diverse as cyanobacteria, eukaryotic algal groups, and oomycetes can easily be mistaken for them (Taylor & Taylor 1993). Fossils provide minimum ages for divergences and genetic lineages can be much older than even the oldest fossil representative found. According to Berbee and Taylor (2010), molecular clocks (conversion of molecular changes into geological time) calibrated by fossils are the only available tools to estimate timing of evolutionary events in fossil‐poor groups, such as fungi. The arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiotic fungi from the division Glomeromycota, gen- erally accepted as the phylogenetic sister clade to the Ascomycota and Basidiomycota, have left the most ancient fossils in the Rhynie Chert of Aberdeenshire in the north of Scotland (400 million years old). The Glomeromycota and several other fungi have been found associated with the preserved tissues of early vascular plants (Taylor et al. 2004a). Fossil spores from these shallow marine sediments from the Ordovician that closely resemble Glomeromycota spores and finely branched hyphae arbuscules within plant cells were clearly preserved in cells of stems of a 400 Ma primitive land plant, Aglaophyton, from Rhynie chert 455–460 Ma in age (Redecker et al. 2000; Remy et al. 1994) and from roots from the Triassic (250–199 Ma) (Berbee & Taylor 2010; Stubblefield et al.
    [Show full text]