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Home , Agaricus silvicola, Amanita citrina, Amanita fulva, Armillaria mellea, Astraeus (fungus), Auriscalpiaceae

OF THE OTTAWA NATIONAL

Compiled by Dana L. Richter, School of Forest Resources and Environmental Science, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI for Ottawa National Forest, Ironwood, MI March, 2011

Introduction

There are many thousands of fungi in the Ottawa National Forest filling every possible niche imaginable. A remarkable feature of the fungi is that they are ubiquitous! The is the large -producing structure made by certain fungi. Only a relatively small number of all the fungi in the Ottawa forest ecosystem make mushrooms. Some are distinctive and easily identifiable, while others are cryptic and require microscopic and chemical analyses to accurately name.

This is a list of some of the most common and obvious mushrooms that can be found in the Ottawa National Forest, including a few that are uncommon or relatively rare. The mushrooms considered here are within the phyla Ascomycetes – the morel and cup fungi, and Basidiomycetes – the toadstool and shelf-like fungi. There are perhaps 2000 to 3000 mushrooms in the Ottawa, and this is simply a guess, since many have yet to be discovered or named. This number is based on lists of fungi compiled in areas such as the Huron Mountains of northern Michigan (Richter 2008) and in the state of Wisconsin (Parker 2006).

The list contains 227 species from several authoritative sources and from the author’s experience teaching, studying and collecting mushrooms in the northern Great Lakes States for the past thirty years. Although comments on edibility of certain species are given, the author neither endorses nor encourages the eating of wild mushrooms except with extreme caution and with the awareness that some mushrooms may cause life-threatening illness or even death. This list is not intended as a guide for persons interested in consuming wild mushrooms as food; for these daring individuals it is recommended that guidebooks or an expert in mushroom identification be consulted.

In the table below, abundance is categorized as widespread and abundant, occasional, uncommon or rare.

Scientific Name Common Name Abundance Habitat Comments ASCOMYCETES Chlorociboria aeruginescens Green stain occasional Hardwoods, in dead stems Year round Daldinia concentrica Carbon balls occasional Hardwoods, on dead stems Summer and fall Gyromita esculenta False morel occasional Aspen, , , open Early spring, poisonous Gyromita gigas False morel occasional Aspen, birch, pine, open woods Early spring, poisonous crispa White saddle occasional Mixed woods on ground late summer and fall Black saddle occasional Mixed woods on ground late summer and fall lactifluorum mushroom occasional Mixed woods on ground Late summer and fall Leotia lubrica Jelly sticks occasional Mixed woods out of ground Late summer and fall angusticeps Black morel occasional Aspen, birch, pine, open woods Early spring, edible, prized Morchella esculenta White morel occasional Aspen, birch, pine, open woods Early spring, edible, prized Sarcoscypha coccinea Scarlet cups abundant Mixed woods on ground Early spring Spathularia flavida Fairy fan occasional on ground late summer and fall Urnula craterium Devil's cups occasional Mixed woods on ground Early spring Verpa bohemica Half-free morel occasional Aspen, birch, pine, open woods Early spring, caution Xylaria polymorpha Dead man's fingers occasional Hardwoods, from roots Summer and fall

BASIDIOMYCETES arvensis Horse pinkbottom occasional fields and lawns summer and fall Field pinkbottom occasional fields and lawns summer and fall Agaricus silvicola Forest pinkbottom occasional Mixed woods on ground summer and fall

Amanitaceae brunnescens Cleft foot Amanita occasional Mixed woods on ground late summer and fall Amanita citrina Lemon Amanita occasional Mixed woods on ground late summer and fall Amanita flavoconia Yellow patches occasional Mixed woods on ground late summer and fall Amanita fulva Tawney grisette occasional Mixed woods on ground late summer and fall Fly occasional Mixed woods on ground late summer and fall Amanita pantherina Panther Amanita occasional Mixed woods on ground late summer and fall Amanita rubescens Blushing Amanita occasional Mixed woods on ground late summer and fall Grisette occasional Mixed woods on ground late summer and fall Amanita virosa Death angel occasional Mixed woods on ground late summer and fall

Cortinariaceae aboviolaceus Silver-violet cort occasional Mixed woods on ground late summer and fall Ringed cort occasional Mixed woods on ground late summer and fall Slimy cort occasional Mixed woods on ground late summer and fall Spotted cort occasional Mixed woods on ground late summer and fall Red cort occasional Mixed woods on ground late summer and fall Cortinarius semisanguineus Red-gilled cort occasional Mixed woods on ground late summer and fall Cortinarius sphaerosporus uncommon Mixed woods on ground late summer and fall Fat purple cort occasional Mixed woods on ground late summer and fall uncommon Mixed woods on ground late summer and fall Violet cort occasional Mixed woods on ground late summer and fall fastigiata Fiber head occasional Mixed woods on ground late summer and fall Rozites caperata Gypsy occasional Mixed woods on ground late summer and fall

Entolomataceae prunulus The miller occasional Mixed woods on ground late summer and fall abortivum Hunter's heart abundant Mixed woods on ground fall; resembles a Entoloma aprile Spring Entoloma abundant Mixed woods on ground spring occasional Mixed woods on ground late summer and fall

Hydnangiaceae amethystina Purple Laccaria occasional Mixed woods on ground late summer and fall Laccaria bicolor Purple foot laccaria occasional Mixed woods on ground late summer and fall Common Laccaria occasional Mixed woods on ground late summer and fall

Hygrophoraceae coccineus Scaret waxy cap abundant Mixed woods on ground late summer and fall Hygrophorus conicus Witch's hat occasional Mixed woods on ground late summer and fall Hygrophorus eburneus White waxy cap occasional Mixed woods on ground late summer and fall Hygrophorus pittacina Green waxy cap occasional Mixed woods on ground late summer and fall Hygrophorus Robust waxy cap occasional Mixed woods on ground fall

Lepiotaceae Lepiota americana American parasol occasional Mixed woods on ground late summer and fall Lepiota rachodes Shaggy parasol occasional Mixed woods on ground late summer and fall Leucoagaricus naucinus occasional fields and lawns late summer and fall Macrolepiota procera Tall parasol occasional Mixed woods on ground late summer and fall

Lycophyllaceae Hypsizygus tessulatus Oyster occasional On living hardwoods fall Lyophyllum decastes occasional Mixed woods on ground fall

Lycoperdaceae cyathiformis Purple spored puffball occasional Open fields summer and fall Calvatia gigantea Giant pufball occasional Open fields summer and fall, edible Lycoperdon perlatum Gem-studded puffball abundant Open fields and woods summer and fall Lycoperdon pyriforme Pear-shaped puffball abundant On decaying hardwoods summer and fall

Marasmiaceae mellea (s.l.) Honey mushroom abundant On decaying hardwoods fall, a popular edible mushroom abundant Fields and lawns summer and fall, edible Pinwheel occasional On decaying hardwoods summer and fall Xerula radicata Rooted occasional Hardwoods summer and fall

Mycenaceae galericulata occasional On decaying hardwoods summer and fall Mycena haematopsis Bleeding Mycena occasional On decaying hardwoods summer and fall Mycena leaiana Orange Mycena occasional On decaying hardwoods summer and fall Gray Mycena occasional On decaying hardwoods summer and fall

Pleurotaceae Pleurotus dryinus Veiled oyster uncommon On decaying hardwoods summer and fall Oyster mushroom abundant On decaying hardwoods summer and fall Pleurotus serotinus Late fall oyster occasional On decaying hardwoods fall

Plutaceae cervinus Deer mushroom occasional On decaying hardwoods summer and fall Volvariella bombycina Silky Volvariella rare On decaying hardwoods summer and fall

Psatharellaceae Coprinus atramentarius Gray Inky cap occasional On decaying hardwoods summer and fall Coprinus comatus Shaggy mane abundant Out of ground open woods and fields summer and fall Coprinus disseminatus Delicate inky cap occasional On decaying hardwoods summer and fall Coprinus micaceus Inky cap abundant On decaying hardwoods summer and fall Psathyrella candolleana abundant On decaying hardwoods summer and fall Psathyrella foenisecii Haymaker mushroom abundant On ground open woods and fields summer and fall

Schizophyllaceae Schizophyllum commune Split-gill abundant On decaying hardwoods summer and fall

Stropharieaceae Hebeloma crustuliniforme occasional Mixed woods on ground late summer and fall Hebeloma mesophaeum occasional Mixed woods on ground late summer and fall Hypholoma capnoides occasional On decaying summer and fall Hypholoma sublateritium Brick cap occasional On decaying hardwoods summer and fall Pholiota adiposa Fatty Pholiota occasional On decaying hardwoods summer and fall Pholiota destruens occasional On decaying hardwoods summer and fall Pholiota squarrosa Scaley Pholiota occasional On decaying hardwoods summer and fall Pholiota squarrosoides occasional On decaying hardwoods summer and fall Stropharia rugosoannulata Wine cap occasional On litter and chips summer and fall

Tricholomotaceae umbonata Grayling occasional On litter, conifer woods late summer and fall clavipes Fat foot Clavipes occasional On litter, mixed woods summer and fall occasional On litter, mixed woods summer and fall Clitocybe gibba Funnel cap occasional On litter, mixed woods summer and fall Clitocybe gigantea Giant Clitocybe occasional On ground, mixed woods fall Blewit occasional On litter, mixed woods summer and fall Clitocybe odora Fragrant Clitocybe occasional On litter, mixed woods summer and fall Clitocybe robusta Robust Clitocybe occasional On litter, mixed woods fall Collybia butyracea occasional On litter, mixed woods summer and fall Collybia dryophila occasional On litter, mixed woods summer and fall Collybia maculata Spotted Collybia occasional On litter, mixed woods summer and fall Leucopaxillus albissimus Skunky Clitocybe occasional On ground, mixed woods fall Megacollybia platyphylla Platterfull mushroom occasional On decaying hardwoods summer and fall Omphalotus olearius Jack-o-lantern uncommon On decaying hardwoods summer and fall Panellus stypticus Luminescent Panellus occasional On decaying hardwoods summer and fall Phyllotopsis nidulans Fetid Orange Oyster occasional On decaying hardwoods summer and fall flavovirens Yellow Tricholoma occasional On ground, mixed woods fall Tricholoma magnivelare rare On ground, red & jack pine woods fall, highly prized edible Tricholoma pardinum occasional On ground, mixed woods fall Tricholoma populinum Poplar Tricholoma occasional On ground, mixed woods fall Tricholoma saponaceum Soapy Tricholoma occasional On ground, mixed woods fall Tricholoma sejunctum occasional On ground, mixed woods fall Tricholoma vaccinum Scaly Tricholoma occasional On ground, mixed woods fall Xeromphalina campanella occasional On decaying softwoods summer and fall

BOLETALES chrysenteroides occasional On ground, mixed woods late summer and fall Boletellus russellii Tall bolete occasional On ground, mixed woods late summer and fall meruloides Ash bolete occasional On ground, near ash late summer and fall bicolor occasional On ground, mixed woods late summer and fall King Bolete occasional On ground, mixed woods late summer and fall, edible Boletus pallidus occasional On ground, mixed woods late summer and fall Boletus piperatus Peppery Bolete occasional On ground, mixed woods late summer and fall Boletus projectellus rare On ground, mixed woods late summer and fall Boletus subglabripes Yellow Bolete occasional On ground, mixed woods late summer and fall Boletus subtomentosus occasional On ground, mixed woods late summer and fall castaneus Bolete occasional On ground, mixed woods late summer and fall Blue-staining Bolete occasional On ground, mixed woods late summer and fall Leccinum aurantiacum Orange scaber stalk occasional On ground, mixed woods summer and fall Leccinum insigne Aspen scaber stalk occasional On ground, mixed woods summer and fall Leccinum scabrum Scaber stalk occasional On ground, mixed woods summer and fall Strobilomyces floccopus Old man of the woods occasional On ground, mixed woods late summer and fall Tylopilus chromapes Yellow-footed Bolete occasional On ground, mixed woods late summer and fall Tylopilus felleus Bitter Bolete occasional On ground, mixed woods late summer and fall

Gomphidiaceae rutilans occasional On ground, mixed woods late summer and fall Chroogomphus vinicolor occasional On ground, mixed woods late summer and fall

Hygrophopsidaceae aurantiaca False occasional On ground, conifer woods summer and fall

Paxillaceae Paxillus atrotomentosus occasional On conifer wood summer and fall occasional On ground, mixed woods late summer and fall

Sclerodermataceae hygrometricus Earthstar occasional In sand around late summer and fall citrinum Pigskin puffball occasional On ground, mixed woods late summer and fall, poison Scleroderma cepa Onion puffball occasional On ground, mixed woods late summer and fall, poison

Suillaceae Suillus albidipes White Suillus occasional On ground, conifer woods late summer and fall Suillus americanus White pine Suillus occasional On ground, white pine woods late summer and fall Short foot Suillus occasional On ground, conifer woods late summer and fall Suillus cavipes Larch Suillus occasional On ground, tamarack woods late summer and fall Suillus granulatus Spotted stalk Suillus occasional On ground, conifer woods late summer and fall Suillus intermedius occasional On ground, conifer woods late summer and fall Slippery Jack occasional On ground, conifer woods late summer and fall Suillus pictus Painted Suillus occasional On ground, conifer woods late summer and fall Suillus punctipes occasional On ground, conifer woods late summer and fall Velvety Suillus occasional On ground, conifer woods late summer and fall

APHYLLOPHORALES Cantharellaceae cibarius Chanterelle occasional On ground, mixed woods summer and fall, edible Cantharellus lutescens Yellow-foot Chanterelle occasional On ground, mixed woods summer and fall Cantharellus tubaeformis Bog Chanterelle occasional On ground, bogs summer and fall Craterellus cornucopioides Horn of plenty occasional On ground, mixed woods summer and fall repandum Hedgehog occasional On ground, mixed woods summer and fall, edible

DACRYMYCETALES Dacrymyces palmatus Witch's occasional On decaying conifer wood summer and fall

HYMENOCHAETALES Inonotus obliquus Birch cinder conk occasional On living birch all year Inonotus tomentosus Velvety occasional On ground, conifer woods summer and fall Phellinus igniarius Hardwood conk occasional On living hardwoods all year Phellinus tremulae Aspen conk abundant On living poplars all year

PHALLALES ligula Club occasional On ground, mixed woods summer and fall Clavariadelphus pistillaris Club fungus occasional On ground, mixed woods summer and fall Clavariadelphus truncatus Club fungus occasional On ground, mixed woods summer and fall Gomphus floccosus Scaley vase occasional On ground, mixed woods summer and fall Phallus impudicus Stinkhorn occasional On ground, mixed woods summer and fall, foul smell Ramaria formosa Coral fungus occasional On ground, mixed woods summer and fall Ramaria stricta Coral fungus occasional On ground, mixed woods summer and fall

POLYPORALES unicolor Mossy maze conk abundant On dead hardwoods all year Climacodon septentrionale occasional On living summer and fall occasional On dead hardwoods all year Favolus alveolarus Hexagonal polypore occasional On dead wood all year Tinder conk abundant On dead hardwoods all year Red belt conk occasional On dead wood all year applanatum Artist conk occasional On dead hardwoods all year Ganoderma tsugae Varnish conk occasional On dead hemlock all year sepiarium occasional On dead conifer wood all year Grifola frondosa Hen of the Woods occasional Around living summer and fall, edible Irpex lacteus Milky tooth abundant On dead hardwoods all year resinosum occasional On dead hardwoods summer and fall Laetiporus huroniensis Hemlock sulfur shelf rare On dead and dying hemlock summer and fall Laetiporus sulphureus Sulfur shelf occasional On live heart-rotted oak summer and fall, edible Lentinus lepideus Train wrecker occasional On dead conifers summer and fall Lenzites betulina occasional On dead hardwoods all year Dyer's conk occasional On dead conifer roots summer and fall Piptoporus betulinus Birch conk abundant On standing dead birch all year Polyporus brumalis occasional On dead hardwoods all year Pycnoporus cinnabarinus Cinnamon polypore occasional On dead hardwoods all year Turkey tail abundant On dead hardwoods all year Tyromyces chioneus White cheese occasional On dead hardwoods all year

RUSSULALES pyxidata Coral fungus abundant Hardwoods, on wood late summer and fall

Russulaceae aquifluus Watery Lactarius occasional On ground, mixed woods summer and fall Lactarius argillaceifolius Clay Lactarius occasional On ground, mixed woods summer and fall Lactarius camphoratus Camphor Lactarius occasional On ground, mixed woods summer and fall Lactarius chrysorrheus Yellow-milk Lactarius occasional On ground, mixed woods summer and fall Lactarius deceptivus occasional On ground, mixed woods summer and fall Lactarius deliciousus Delicious Lactarius occasional On ground, mixed woods summer and fall Lactarius indigo Indigo Lactarius occasional On ground, mixed woods summer and fall Lactarius lignyotus Black stem Lactarius occasional On ground, mixed woods summer and fall Lactarius piperatus Peppery Lactarius occasional On ground, mixed woods summer and fall Lactarius rufus Rusty Lactarius occasional On ground, mixed woods summer and fall Lactarius thyinos occasional On ground, mixed woods summer and fall Lactarius torminosus occasional On ground, mixed woods summer and fall Lactarius uvidus Purple-staining Lactarius occasional On ground, mixed woods summer and fall Lactarius vinaceorufescens occasional On ground, mixed woods summer and fall Lactarius volemus occasional On ground, mixed woods summer and fall Short-stem Russula occasional On ground, mixed woods summer and fall Russula claroflava Yellow Russula occasional On ground, mixed woods summer and fall Russula emetica Emetic Russula abundant On ground, mixed woods summer and fall Russula foetens Fetid Russula occasional On ground, mixed woods summer and fall Russula fragilis Fragile Russula occasional On ground, mixed woods summer and fall Russula laurocerasi Almond Russula occasional On ground, mixed woods summer and fall Russula nigricans Black-staining Russula occasional On ground, mixed woods summer and fall Russula paludosa Orange spored Russula occasional On ground, mixed woods summer and fall Russula variata Forked-gill Russula occasional On ground, mixed woods summer and fall Russula virescens Green Russula occasional On ground, mixed woods summer and fall Russula xerampelina Dark purple Russula occasional On ground, mixed woods summer and fall

THELEPHORALES coralloides Bear's head occasional On decaying hardwood summer and fall, edible Hericium ramosum Coral fungus occasional On decaying hardwood summer and fall, edible aurantiacum Orange tooth fungus occasional On ground, conifer woods summer and fall Hydnellum caeruleum Blue tooth fungus occasional On ground, conifer woods summer and fall Hydnellum scrobiculatum Tooth fungus occasional On ground, conifer woods summer and fall Hydnellum suaveolens Tooth fungus occasional On ground, conifer woods summer and fall Hydnellum zonatum Zoned tooth fungus occasional On ground, conifer woods summer and fall Sparassis crispa Cauliflower mushroom uncommon On ground, conifer woods summer and fall, edible Thellephora terrestris Brown vase occasional On ground, mixed woods summer and fall

TREMELLALES glandulosa Black jelly occasional On decaying hardwood summer and fall Pseudohydnum gelatinosum Jelly tooth fungus occasional On decaying wood summer and fall

Sources Ammirati, J.F., I. Bartelli and N. Weber. 1981. The fourth annual A.H. Smith Lakes States foray. The Michigan Botanist 20: pp 99-104.

Mollen, C. and L. Weber. 2007. Fascinating Fungi of the North Woods. Kollath & Stensaas Publishing, Duluth, MN. 113 pp.

Parker, A.D. 2006. A Catalog of the Fungi and Fungus-like Organisms of Wisconsin. University of Wisconsin - Waukesha, Department of Biological Sciences.199 pp.

Richter, D.L. and J.N. Bruhn. 1989. Revival of saprotrophic and mycorrhizal basidiomycete cultures from cold storage in sterile water. Can. J. Microbiol. 35:1055-1060.

Richter, D.L. and J.N. Bruhn. 1993. Mycorrhizal fungus colonization of Pinus resinosa Ait. transplanted on northern hardwood clearcuts. Soil Biol. & Biochem. 25:355 369.

Richter, D.L. 2004. Rare and unusual fungi () of the Huron Mountains, Marquette Co., MI. The Michigan Botanist 43 (2):65-80.

Richter, D.L. 2008. Kingdom Fungi. Occasional Publications of the Huron Mountain Wildlife Foundation. In: Woods, K. D. (compiler), An all-taxa inventory of the Huron Mountain Club., No. 5. http://www.hmwf.org/species_list.php.

Richter, D.L. 2010. Mycorrhizal fungi of native red pine stands in the Huron Mountains, 15th year survey. Report to the Huron Mountain Wildlife Foundation, Nov. 2010. 12 pp.

Smith A.H. and H.V. Smith. 1976. Some common mushrooms of Michigan’s parks and recreation areas. Michigan Botanical Club Special Publication No. 1, 6th Printing. 80 pp.

Smith A.H. and N. Smith-Weber. 1980. The Mushroom Hunter’s Field Guide. University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor, MI. 316 pp.

Acknowledgements The following individuals provided helpful comments and discussions regarding mushroom identifications, collection records, and editing assistance; their help in the field is also appreciated while sharing an appreciation of the fungi: Ms. Cora L. Mollen and Dr. Joseph G. O’Brien, USDA Forest Service, Forest Health Protection. Funding was provided through the Ottawa National Forest, U.S. Forest Service and Michigan Technological University.

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