Chemical elements in Ascomycetes and Basidiomycetes The reference mushrooms as instruments for investigating bioindication and biodiversity Roberto Cenci, Luigi Cocchi, Orlando Petrini, Fabrizio Sena, Carmine Siniscalco, Luciano Vescovi Editors: R. M. Cenci and F. Sena EUR 24415 EN 2011 1 The mission of the JRC-IES is to provide scientific-technical support to the European Union’s policies for the protection and sustainable development of the European and global environment. European Commission Joint Research Centre Institute for Environment and Sustainability Via E.Fermi, 2749 I-21027 Ispra (VA) Italy Legal Notice Neither the European Commission nor any person acting on behalf of the Commission is responsible for the use which might be made of this publication. Europe Direct is a service to help you find answers to your questions about the European Union Freephone number (*): 00 800 6 7 8 9 10 11 (*) Certain mobile telephone operators do not allow access to 00 800 numbers or these calls may be billed. A great deal of additional information on the European Union is available on the Internet. It can be accessed through the Europa server http://europa.eu/ JRC Catalogue number: LB-NA-24415-EN-C Editors: R. M. Cenci and F. Sena JRC65050 EUR 24415 EN ISBN 978-92-79-20395-4 ISSN 1018-5593 doi:10.2788/22228 Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union Translation: Dr. Luca Umidi © European Union, 2011 Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged Printed in Italy 2 Attached to this document is a CD containing: • A PDF copy of this document • Information regarding the soil and mushroom sampling site locations • Analytical data (ca, 300,000) on total samples of soils and mushrooms analysed (ca, 10,000) • The descriptive statistics for all genera and species analysed • Maps showing the distribution of concentrations of inorganic elements in mushrooms • Maps showing the distribution of concentrations of inorganic elements in soils 3 Contact information: Address: Roberto M. Cenci - European Commission - DG JRC Institute for Environment and Sustainability, Land Management and Natural Hazards Unit, T.P. 280, I-21027 Ispra (VA), Italy E-mail: [email protected] Tel: +39 0332 789771 Fax: +39 0332 786394 http://eusoils.jrc.it/index.html Address: Luigi Cocchi – Member of the National Steering Group, the Organisational Office of the National Scientific Committee and of the Commission of Mycotoxicology belonging to the Bresadola mycological Association. Vice President of the “Renzo Franchi” mycological- naturalist group in Reggio Emilia, Italy. E-mail: [email protected] Address: Orlando Petrini – Istituto Cantonale di Microbiologia, via Mirasole, 22A, CH-6500 Bellinzona, Republic and Canton of Ticino, Switzerland E-mail: [email protected] Tel: +41 91 814 6031 Fax: +41 91 814 6019 http://www.ti.ch/dss/DSP/ISTCM/ Address: Fabrizio Sena - European Commission - DG JRC Institute for Environment and Sustainability, Rural, Water and Ecosystem Resources Unit, T.P. 270, I-21027 Ispra (VA), Italy E-mail: [email protected] Tel: +39 0332 785399 Fax: +39 0332 786645 http://ies.jrc.ec.europa.eu/rural-water-and-ecosystem-resources-unit http://www.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ http://ies.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ Address: Carmine Siniscalco - Istituto Superiore per la Protezione e la Ricerca Ambientale (ISPRA), Dipartimento Difesa della Natura, “Progetto Speciale Funghi”, via Curtatone, 3, I-00185 Roma, Italy E-mail: [email protected] Tel: +39 06 5007 4302 Fax: +39 06 5007 4013 http://www.isprambiente.it Address: Luciano Vescovi – Technician at Enia S.p.A. Laboratories, Reggio Emilia, Italy E-mail: [email protected] 4 Chemical elements in Ascomycetes and Basidiomycetes The reference mushrooms as an instrument for investigating bioindication and biodiversity R. M. Cenci, L. Cocchi, O. Petrini, F. Sena, C. Siniscalco e L. Vescovi Fungi in the wild are among the principal environmental research; from biodiversity agents in biogeochemical cycles; those and bioindication, through taxonomy right up cycles of matter and energy that enable to health and sanitation issues. ecosystems to work. The sheer volume of the collected data may By investigating the biodiversity of Italian prove to be useful as a comparison for data fungal species and concentration levels of collected in the future; such results would chemical elements in them, it may be also allow a better and more exhaustive possible to use these fungi as biological interpretation of the effects of environmental indicators for the quality of forest, woodland protection laws that have been in place over and semi-natural environments. the years to reduce or remedy current climate change phenomena and the The database of this EUR Report record the environmental damage caused by human dry-material concentrations of 35 chemical activity. elements, including heavy metals, in over 9,000 samples of higher mushrooms Studies pertaining to the frequency of (Ascomycetes and Basidiomycetes). These occurrence and the ecology of the various samples represent approximately 200 fungal species found on Italian soil have genera and a thousand species. As the tended to link the reference habitats used to database has attained statistical stability it European classification guidelines (Natura has been possible to define the concept of a 2000, CORINE Land Cover, CORINE “reference mushroom”. The use of a Biotopes and EUNIS). Thereby the “reference mushroom” may benefit – foundations have been laid for the use of perhaps only as a methodological approach mushrooms as biological indicators for the – various fields of mycological and measurement of soil and ecosystem quality. 5 Thanks The following people contributed to the creation of this document: DR. ANNA BENEDETTI (Paragraph 2.4) Consiglio per la Ricerca e la sperimentazione in Agricoltura - Centro per lo Studio delle Relazioni tra Pianta e Suolo [Advisory board for Research and Experimentation in Agriculture – Centre for the study of plant-soil relationships] ([email protected]) DR. PIETRO MASSIMILIANO BIANCO (Paragraph 2.3) Istituto Superiore per la Protezione e la Ricerca Ambientale - Dipartimento Difesa della Natura [Superior Institute for Environmental Protection and Research – Nature Protection Department] ([email protected]) PROF. MANUELA GIOVANNETTI (Paragraph 2.2) Dipartimento di Biologia delle Piante Agrarie - Università di Pisa [Department of Agrarian Plant Biology – University of Pisa] ([email protected]) DR. CARLO JACOMINI (Paragraphs 2.3 and 2.4) Istituto Superiore per la Protezione e la Ricerca Ambientale - Dipartimento Difesa della Natura [Superior Institute for Environmental Protection and Research – Nature Protection Department] ([email protected]) DR. STEFANO MOCALI (Paragraph 2.4) Consiglio per la Ricerca e la sperimentazione in Agricoltura - Centro per lo Studio delle Relazioni tra Pianta e Suolo [Advisory board for Research and Experimentation in Agriculture – Centre for the study of plant-soil relationships] ([email protected]) DR. LILIANE PETRINI (Paragraphs 2.1, 2.5 and 3.1) Lugano (CH) The creation of such broad and complex books always requires specific, detailed and thorough information that can only come from experts. We would like to thank everyone who helped us with their valuable contributions, without which this work would not have been possible, and in particular: DR. FAYÇAL BOURAOUI Comunità Europea - Centro Comune di Ricerca di Ispra - Istituto dell’Ambiente e Sostenibilità [European Community – Ispra Communal Research Centre – Environment and Sustainability Institute] ([email protected]) 6 DR. NAZARIA MACCHI Servizio Geologico, Sismico e dei Suoli della Regione Emilia Romagna [Geological, seismic and soil-information service of the Emilia Romagna region] ([email protected]) PROF. GIUSEPPE RASPA Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica e dei Materiali e Ambiente - Università “Sapienza” di Roma [Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials and Environments – Sapienza University, Rome] (giuseppe.raspa @ uniroma1.it). We also wish to thank: Franco BERSAN, Enrico BIZIO, Giorgio BUIZZA, Luca CAMPANA, Emanuele CAMPO, Maurella CASTOLDI, Maurizio CHIARI, Paolo FRANCHI, Luca GORRERI, Pier Giovanni JAMONI, Angela LANTIERI, Giorgio MARASCA, Mauro MARCHETTI, Giovanni MONTI, Carlo PAPETTI, Giovanni ROBICH, Mauro SARNARI, Cesare TUGLIOZZI, Gianfranco VISENTIN, the Gruppo Micologico dell’Etruria meridionale – AMB, the AMB Archives – CSM, the Società Veneziana di Micologia – AMB, all the mycologists and mycological group participants at the AMB who have submitted their findings to the herbarium at the Natural History Museum of Venice. A heartfelt thank you goes to members and friends who have worked for more than twenty years, in various ways and with different skills, on the work presented here.. It is therefore fitting and correct to offer collective thanks to the Associazione Micologica Bresadola and special thanks also to all members of the Comitato Scientifico Nazionale and the Gruppo Micologico e Naturalistico “R. Franchi” in Reggio Emilia. We thank the Province of Reggio Emilia for the sponsorship and support bestowed in 2004 to researching the “Presence of Chemical elements in higher mushrooms”. We also wish to thank the following people for their help in collecting mushroom samples: Maria Luisa BORRETTINI, President of the GGEV group in the Province of Reggio Emilia; Gioacchino PEDRAZZOLI, ex-President of the