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Home , Agaricus bernardii, Agaricus excellens, Agaricus placomyces, Clitocybe nuda, Clitocybe rivulosa, Entoloma decastes

First List of the Wild of Jordan

Prof. Dr. Ahmad Al-Raddad Al-Momany Royal Botanic Garden 1st Annual Scientific Day Thursday January 12, 2012 Amman, Jordan

Project Objectives 1- Establish a checklist of the wild mushrooms of Jordan as a part of the National species Database (NSD) 2- Establish the national museum of wild mushrooms of Jordan at the Royal Botanic Garden at Tell Ar-Rumman 3- Produce a book, a field guide and an online gallery about the wild mushrooms of Jordan The Nutritional Value of Mushrooms 100 grams for daily body requirements

1- Mushrooms are a good source of vitamins, essential amino acids and proteins. 2- Mushrooms are a great source of minerals such as phosphorus, magnesium, potassium and selenium. 3- In addition, mushrooms contain virtually no fat or cholesterol, and are naturally low in sodium. 4- Mushrooms are also a good source of fiber. 5- They are antioxidants and help in cancer treatment. 6- Mushrooms are low in calories and are an anti-aging food. What is a ?

A mushroom is actually the fruiting structure of a .

The fungus is simply a net of thread-like fibers, called a mycelium, growing in soil, wood or decaying organic matter. Most mushrooms are edible and highly delicious.

Others are not edible, and the rest are deadly poisonous. Wild Mushrooms

Poisonous Edible The function of a mushroom is to produce , which are the propagative structures of the fungus. identification is the master key for mushroom classification.

Basidiospores of of Mycena Mushroom Groups 1. Ascomycota which includes morels, cup fungi, and truffles. They produce their spores in a closed ascus which opens upon maturity. They are called spore shooters. Ascomycota/ Cup Fungi 2. , which includes most of the mushrooms present in this study as gilled , the boletes, the polypores and jelly fungi. They bear their spores on naked basidia and they are called spore droppers. Basidiomycota Agarics Jelly Fungi The mushrooms most people recognize are the gilled fungi.

These typical parasol-shaped mushrooms have caps with blade-like gills on the underside and stems, with or without rings. These are also mushrooms. Are these mushrooms? Yes

• Spores in pouches Gilled Mushrooms with and without Rings The pore fungi are similar in appearance but have a spongy layer of tubes of pores on the underside of the cap, instead of gills. Pore Mushrooms Pore Mushrooms Mushroom collection requires simple equipment, but it is tedious work and time consuming.

Our Lab and Office It is very important to record where the mushroom is growing (on wood, soil, moss); whether it grows singly or in clusters, the color of the cap, gills and stem; and any other distinctive features. These will facilitate classification. • To date, I have found in this study 55 different species belonging to 33 different genera. • We have more than 75 preserved samples under identification, and we are still in the beginning of the season. Agaricus 12 species 2 Coprinus 4 5 Pleurotus 2 3 Rhizopogon luteolus Fr. Ascomycota - Discomycetes Order: Pezizales Family: Helvellaceae – Not edible Location: Sakeb and near Ajloon,11/4/2011 Peziza repanda Ascomycota - Discomycetes Order: Pezizales Family: Pezizaceae – not edible Location: Sakeb,11/4/2011 Peziza succosa Ascomycota - Discomycetes Order: Pezizales Family: Pezizaceae – not edible Location: Aljob,11/4/2011 1. Agaricus altipes 2. Agaricus bernardii 3. 4. Agaricus bresadolianus 5. 6. Agaricus excellens 7. Agaricus lanipes 8. Agaricus littoralis 9. Agaricus micromegethus 10. Agaricus placomyces 11. Agaricus porphyrizon 12. Agaricus porphyrocephalus Agaricus altipes Basidiomycota - Hymenomycetes Order: Family: Location: RBG, Tell Ar-Rumman, 6/6/2011 Agaricus bernardii Basidiomycota - Hymenomycetes Order: Agaricales Family: Agaricaceae Location: Wadi sawadeh and Ras Altaf-Salt, 22/5/2011 Agaricus bisporus Basidiomycota - Hymenomycetes Order: Agaricales Family: Agaricaceae Location: Salt, 19/5/2011 and 16/3/2011 Ghor-Deir alla Agaricus bresadolianus Basidiomycota - Hymenomycetes Order: Agaricales Family: Agaricaceae Location: Salt, Tell Ar- Rumman, 6/6/2011 Agaricus campestris Basidiomycota - Hymenomycetes Order: Agaricales Family: Agaricaceae Location: Salt, Almuamaryeh-Irbid and Alzarqa, 17-20/8/2011 Agaricus excellens Basidiomycota - Hymenomycetes Order: Agaricales Family: Agaricaceae Location: University of Jordan, Amman, 25/4/2011 Agaricus lanipes Basidiomycota - Hymenomycetes Order: Agaricales Family: Agaricaceae Location: Deir alla, 16/3/2011 Agaricus littoralis Basidiomycota - Hymenomycetes Order: Agaricales Family: Agaricaceae: Edible Location: Thugret ASfor, 9/3/2011 Agaricus micromegethus Basidiomycota - Hymenomycetes Order: Agaricales Family: Agaricaceae : Edible Location: Tell Ar- Rumman, 26/10/2011 Agaricus placomyces Basidiomycota - Hymenomycetes Order: Agaricales Family: Agaricaceae Location: Marsa, 9/3/2011 Agaricus porphyrizon Basidiomycota - Hymenomycetes Order: Agaricales Family: Agaricaceae: Poisonous Location: Alzarqa, 12/10/2011 Agaricus porphyrocephalus Basidiomycota - Hymenomycetes Order: Agaricales Family: Agaricaceae: Poisonous Location: Alganeeh-Alsukneh, 6/8/2011 Boletus bicolor Basidiomycota - Hymenomycetes Order: Family: Boletaceae – Edible Location: Hashemite University Calvatia cyathiformis Edible Location: RBG, Madaba-Humret Alazaydeh and Ramtha, 30/11/2011 and 20/12/2011 Chondostereum purpureum (Fr.) Pouz. Basidiomycota - Hymenomycetes Order: Aphyllophorales Family: Stereaceae Location: Ajloon Castle, 11/4/2011 Chroogomphus rutilis (Fr.) Miller. Basidiomycota - Hymenomycetes Order: Boletales Family: Gomphidiaceae. Edible Location: Sakeb, 23/3/2011 and 11/4/2011 Clitocybe nuda Basidiomycota - Hymenomycetes Order: Agaricales Family: : Edible without alcohol. Location: Thugret Asfor, 9/3/2011 Clitocybe rivulosa Basidiomycota - Hymenomycetes Order: Agaricales Family: Tricholomataceae: Edible without alcohol Location: Tell Ar-Rumman, 21/3/2011 Conocybe pseudopilosella (Kühn.) Kühn. & Romagn. Basidiomycota - Hymenomycetes Order: Agaricales Family: Bolbitiaceae Location: RBG, Tell AR Rumman,12/1/2011. The first sample in this study, found by Princess Basma bint Ali at the RBG . Coprinopsis lagopus Basidiomycota - Hymenomycetes Order: Agaricales Family: Coprinaceae Location: Sakeb, 30/3/2011 Coprinus disseminatus Basidiomycota - Hymenomycetes Order: Agaricales Family: Coprinaceae Location: Jubaiha, 5/5/2011 Coprinus micaceus Basidiomycota - Hymenomycetes Order: Agaricales Family: Coprinaceae Location: Orjan-Ajloon, 23/3/2011 Coprinus truncorum Basidiomycota - Hymenomycetes Order: Agaricales Family: Coprinaceae Location: Kilda-Amman, 19/4/2011 Cyathus olla RBG, 12/1/2011. The second sample in this study found by Princess Basma bint Ali at the RBG. Disciotis venosa Location: Sakeb, 11/4/2011 subpolitum Location: Sakeb,11/4/2011 Fomes fomentarius Location: Salt,1/8/2011 Fuligo septica Location: Suwimeh,18/12/2011 Ganoderma applantum University of Jordan, 28/3/2011 Inocybe atripes Location: Sakeb, 11/4/2011 Inocybe cincinnata Location: Sakeb, 30/3/2011 Location: Ajloon, 11/4/2011 Inocybe hirtella Location: Ajloon Castle, 11/4/2011 Inocybe lacera Location: Amman, 11/4/2011 sulphureus Edible when young and fresh Location: Faisal Nursery-Jarash, 5/12/2011 americanus Edible Location: Amman, 18/9/2011 Leucoagaricus naucinus Edible Location: Umalbasateen, 25/10/2011 decastes Edible Location: Burma, 30/3/2011 Marasmius epiphyllus Inedible Location: Tell Ar-Rumman, 21/3/2011 Mycena delicatella Location: Ajloon, 11/4/2011 Panaeolina foenisecii (Pers. ex Fr) Maire. Basidiomycota - Hymenomycetes Order: Agaricales Family: Strophariaceae - Not edible. Poisonous Location: Umalbasateen, 26/10/2011 Phellinus pini Location: Almagdas-Ghor, 28/3/2011 Psathyrella candolleana Basidiomycota - Hymenomycetes Order: Agaricales Family: Coprinaceae - Edible Location: Amman, 28/3/2011 Sarcosphaera crassa Location: Sakeb, 30/3/2011

(Ascospores) Scleroderma verrucosum Inedible Location: Alramtha, 20/12/2011 Tremella mesenterica Location: Aljabal al Akhdar, Dibeen, 11/12/2011 and 8/1/2012 Tricholoma terreum Edible Location: Thugret Asfor and Sakeb, 30/3/2011 Volvariella speciosa Edible Location: Sakeb, 30/3/2011 and Alramtha, 20/12/2011 Calvatia utriformis Location: Aljabal Al Akhdar, Ajloon, 11/12/2011 Lepiota sp. Location: Aljabal Al Akhdar, Ajloon, 11/12/2011 and 8/1/2012 Schizophyllum commune Fr. Basidiomycota - Hymenomycetes Order: Polyporales Family: Schizophyllaceae - Not edible Location: Sakeb, 30.3.2011

Pleurotus eryngii (D.C.ex Fr.) Quel Basidiomycota – Hymenomycetes Order: Polyporales Family: Polyporaceae p.p. (gill fungi) – Edible Location: Tell AR Rumman,21.3.2011 and 26.12.2011

Local Community Collecting Mushrooms with Us in Ajloon Wild Mushroom Cultivation Goal: Low-cost and low-technology methods applicable to small-scale village mushroom production.

How ??? 1- Identification of the best nutritious wild mushrooms and production of pure cultures. 2- Identification of the best growing substrates. 3- Identification of the best growing conditions. Good Substrate Means Good Mushroom Growth Some fungi are primary and some are secondary decomposers of cellulose and lignin, and some are mycorrhizal, i.e. symbiotic on living roots. - Some fungi grow on straw - Some fungi grow on logs - Some fungi grow on standard compost (fermented and pasteurized compost). Neutralizing the ph of the substrate is very important, by adding limestone or gypsum CaCo3 or Ca(OH)2 to the substrate. The best temperature for mushroom growth is between 25°C and 30°C with a relative humidity of 80% to 90%. Substrate Preparation and Fermentation Pasteurization or sterilization is very important, even for the simplest growing mushrooms. Spawning (about 3% of fresh weight), and then substrate colonization takes 3 to 8 weeks. For some mushrooms, the substrate needs to be cased or covered with peat and soil to initiate fruiting after cold shock. Our results: Spawn production: We tried to grow mycelium on 1- Popcorn seeds: slow growth 2- Millet seeds: slow growth 3- Sorghum seeds: slow growth 4- Wheat seeds: best mycelium growth Jars must not be shaken or agitated during spawn production, but need ventilation by not tightly covering. Substrate We used: 1- Weeds collected from Tell Ar- Rumman: gave poor mycelium 2- Pine needles: gave slow but better mycelium 3- Wheat straw: was the best 4- Fermented and sterilized compost: was ideal and gave superior growth Promising Wild Mushrooms 1- Salt mushroom: Agaricus bernardi 2- Tell Ar-Rumman mushroom: Pleurotus eryngii 3- Jarash mushroom: Tricholoma terreum The Salt and Tell Ar-Rumman mushrooms require fermented and pasteurized compost for ideal growth, but using wheat straw takes a longer time and gave lower yields. The Jarash mushroom, Tricholoma, can be grown directly near pine tree roots in winter without any substrate. Autocalving Media and Glassware Pure Cultures Produced in Petri Dishes Mixing Substrate with Spawn Preparing the Growing Box Washing Perlite Small Boxes for Growing Mushrooms Fruiting Stage Our Spawn Commercially Produced Spawn Running Pleuorotus eryngii, lower surface. RBG فطر تل الرمان Upper Surface of the RBG Mushroom Producing Spawn in Glass Jars Mushroom Production Fully Developed Fruits Training of Local Community on Mushroom Production Straw Sterilization Inoculation of Growing Sacks Thank You