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Corso Di Aggiornamento Tassonomico Sull'ordine

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Corso Di Aggiornamento Tassonomico Sull'ordine CORSO DI AGGIORNAMENTO TASSONOMICO SULL’ORDINE BOLETALES IN ITALIA ALLA LUCE DEI NUOVI ORIENTAMENTI FILOGENETICI MOLECOLARI 1a lezione Matteo Gelardi Ordine Boletales E.-J. Gilbert Delimitazione tassonomica • Monofiletico (tutti i taxa appartenenti a questo ordine condividono una singola, comune origine) • Costituito esclusivamente da omobasidiomiceti (basidi unicellulari) • Trama omoiomera • Sistema ifale monomitico, eccezionalmente dimitico o trimitico • Marcata diversità morfologica e imenoforale (non sono presenti forme clavarioidi e coralloidi) • Presenza di particolari composti chimici, soprattutto derivati dell’acido pulvinico (acido variegatico , acido xerocomico, variegatorubina, ecc.) • Modalità nutritiva prevalentemente ectomicorrizica (90% sul totale), altrimenti saprotrofa o mico-parassitica • I generi lignicoli provocano esclusivamente carie bruna, inoltre non sono apparentemente presenti funghi patogeni di piante forestali • I basidiomi sono spesso colonizzati da alcune specie del genere ascomicete parassita Hypomyces (teleomorfo) o Sepedonium (anamorfo), in particolare H. chrysospermus Tulasne & C. Tulasne e taxa affini L’ordine Boletales comprende attualmente 5 subordini, 18 famiglie, oltre 135 generi + 1 genere fossile e circa 1500 specie sinora descritte a livello mondiale! Sistematica ranghi superiori all’ordine Boletales Regno Fungi R.T. Moore Subregno Dikarya Hibbett, T.Y. James & Vilgalys Divisione Basidiomycota R.T. Moore SubDivisione Agaricomycotina Doweld Classe Agaricomycetes Doweld SottoClasse Agaricomycetidae Parmasto Ordine Amylocorticiales K.H. Larss., Ordine Atheliales Jülich Manfr. Binder & Hibbett Ordine Agaricales Underwood Ordine Lepidostromatales B.P. Hodk. & Lücking Ordine Boletales E.-J. Gilbert SISTER Ordine Boletales E.-J. Gilbert – Inquadramento sistematico sovragenerico • Subordine Tapinellineae Agerer o Famiglia Tapinellaceae C. Hahn • Subordine Coniophorineae Agerer & C. Hahn o Famiglia Coniophoraceae Ulbrich o Famiglia Hygrophoropsidaceae Kühner • Subordine Suillineae Besl & Bresinsky o Famiglia Gomphidiaceae R. Maire ex Jülich o Famiglia Rhizopogonaceae Gäumann & C.W. Dodge o Famiglia Suillaceae (Singer) Besl & Bresinsky o Famiglia Truncocolumellaceae Agerer • Subordine Sclerodermatineae Manfr. Binder & Bresinsky o Famiglia Boletinellaceae P.M. Kirk, P.F. Cannon & J.C. David o Famiglia Calostomataceae E. Fischer o Famiglia Diplocystidiaceae Kreisel o Famiglia Gyroporaceae (Singer) Manfr. Binder & Bresinsky o Famiglia Pisolithaceae Ulbrich o Famiglia Sclerodermataceae Corda • Subordine Boletineae Rea emend. E.-J. Gilbert o Famiglia Paxillaceae Lotsy o Famiglia Boletaceae Chevallier Incerta saedis o Famiglia Gasterellaceae Zeller o Famiglia Serpulaceae Jarosch & Bresinsky Filogenesi sovragenerica ordine Boletales (basato su Binder & Hibbett, Mycologia 98(6), 2006 e AFTOL (nuc-ssu, nuc-lsu, 5.8S, mt-lsu, atp6) Boletineae Boletaceae Paxillaceae Sclerodermataceae Calostomataceae Boletaceae Gyroporaceae (Singer, AMT, Diplocystidiaceae 1986) Sclerodermatineae Pisolithaceae Boletinellaceae Suillaceae Suillineae Gomphidiaceae Truncocolumellaceae Boletales Rhizopogonaceae Coniophorineae Coniophoraceae Hygrophoropsidaceae Tapinellineae Tapinellaceae Boletales – morfologia: esempi di taxa boletoidi italiani Boletus reticulatus (Boletaceae) Gyrodon lividus (Paxillaceae) Gyroporus castaneus (Gyroporaceae) Suillus granulatus (Suillaceae) Boletales – morfologia: esempi di taxa agaricoidi italiani Paxillus involutus (Paxillaceae) Phylloporus pelletieri (Boletaceae) Gomphidius glutinosus Hygrophoropsis aurantiaca (Gomphidiaceae) (Hygrophoropsidaceae) Boletales – morfologia: esempi di taxa gasteroidi italiani Pisolithus arhizus Astraeus hygrometricus (Pisolithaceae) (Diplocystidiaceae) Scleroderma bovista Rhizopogon roseolus (Sclerodermataceae) (Rhizopogonaceae) Boletales – morfologia: esempi di taxa corticioidi italiani Coniophora puteana Leucogyrophana mollusca (Coniophoraceae) (Hygrophoropsidaceae) Serpula lacrimans (Serpulaceae) Esempi di taxa secozioidi presenti in Italia Setchelliogaster tenuipes (Bolbitiaceae, Agaricales) Russula mediterraneensis sp.nov. (Russulaceae, Russulales) Manifestazioni secozioidi aberranti in taxa italiani dell’ordine Boletales Gyroporus castaneus Chroogomphus rutilus Esempio di Boletacea “secozioide” extraeuropea Gymnogaster boletoides J.W. Cribb Dinamiche evolutive nell’ordine Boletales Direzione evolutiva Morfologia Forme Forme Forme pileo/stipitate Forme gasteroidi corticioidi boletoidi e agaricoidi secozioidi epigee e resupinate ipogee Imenoforo Tubulo- Liscio/merulioide Lamellato Gleba poroide Trofismo Saprotrofismo Simbiosi Micoparassitismo Genesi e prima diversificazione dell’ordine Boletales e di alcuni principali ranghi inferiori Ordine Boletales (91) 146 (178) ma (era Mesozoica o Secondaria, periodo Giurassico/primo Cretaceo) Subordini Boletineae e Sclerodermatineae Subordine Suillineae (41) 80 (133) ma (50) 55 (64) ma Boletus s.str. (primo Cenozoico o (era Mesozoica o Secondaria, Terziario) tardo Cretaceo) (34) 39 (44) ma (medio Cenozoico o Terziario) L’ordine Boletales discenderebbe da un fungo lignicolo saprotrofo resupinato o più probabilmente poliporoide provocante carie bruna su legno degradato di conifera, sicuramente non da un fungo boletoide! http://www.iltuffetto.it/sibolla/flora.html Genere Boletus s.str. Subordine Suillineae Subordini Boletineae e Sclerodermatineae Ordine Boletales L’ordine Boletales risulterebbe più giovane dell’ordine Agaricales e appena più antico dell’ordine Russulales Distribuzione biogeografica ordine Boletales ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Tropico del Cancro Equatore ? ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Tropico del Capricorno Principali essenze arboree associate alle specie ectomicorriziche italiane dell’ordine Boletales Conifere Pinaceae • Pinus spp. • Picea spp. • Abies spp. • Larix decidua • Pseudotsuga menziesi Latifoglie Fagaceae • Quercus spp. • Castanea sativa • Fagus sylvatica Betulaceae • Betula spp. • Alnus spp. • Carpinus spp. • Ostrya carpinifolia • Corylus avellana Salicaceae • Populus spp. • Salix spp. Cistaceae • Cistus spp. Commestibilità e velenosità nell’ordine Boletales • La maggior parte delle specie dell’ordine Boletales sono commestibili e utilizzate come cibo dal genere umano sin dalla fine del Paleolitico (periodo Magdaleniano) • Alcune specie, come i “porcini”, sono largamente apprezzate per le loro qualità organolettiche e commercializzate a livello globale • Poche specie sono sicuramente velenose anche da cotte e provocano sindrome gastroenterica con sintomi quali nausea, vomito violento e diarrea (Rubroboletus satanas, R. pulchrotinctus, Tylopilus felleus, Gyroporus ammophilus, ecc.) mentre altre risultano commestibili dopo cottura (Neoboletus luridiformis, Suillellus luridus, S. queletii, ecc.) • Alcune specie, come Imperator torosus, sono sospettate di provocare sindrome coprinica • Paxillus involutus e specie affini provocano sindrome paxillica o sindrome emolitica o sindrome citotossica allergica, ossia una sindrome allergenica potenzialmente letale caratterizzata da gastroenterite e insufficienza renale acuta dovuta ad anemia emolitica (formazione di immunocomplessi sui globuli rossi) • Con l’esclusione del genere Paxillus, nelle Boletales non è conosciuta ad oggi a livello mondiale nessuna specie velenosa mortale! Generi italiani segregati da Boletus Fries s.l. Boletus Fries s.str. (= Boletus sez. Boletus o Edules) Butyriboletus D. Arora & J.L. Frank (= Boletus sez. Appendiculati Konrad & Maublanc) Caloboletus Vizzini (= Boletus sez. Calopodes Fries) Cyanoboletus Gelardi, Vizzini & Simonini (= Boletus sez. Subpruinosi Fries pro parte) Baorangia G. Wu & Zhu L. Yang (= Boletus sez. Fragrantes Lannoy & Estadès pro parte) Lanmaoa G. Wu, Zhu L. Yang & Halling (= Boletus sez. Fragrantes Lannoy & Estadès pro parte) Boletus sez. Luridi Fries in Italia si divide attualmente in almeno sei generi: Suillellus Murrill (gruppo di B. luridus) Rubroboletus Kuan Zhao & Zhu L. Yang (gruppo di B. satanas) Neoboletus Gelardi, Simonini & Vizzini (gruppo di B. luridiformis = B. erythropus) Imperator G. Koller, Assyov, Bellanger, Bertéa, Loizides, G. Marques, P.-A. Moreau, J.A. Muñoz, Oppicelli, Puddu & F. Richard (gruppo di B. rhodopurpureus) Exsudoporus Vizzini, Simonini & Gelardi (gruppo di B. permagnificus) Cupreoboletus Simonini, Gelardi & Vizzini Generi italiani segregati da Xerocomus Quélet s.l. Xerocomus Quélet s.str. (= gruppo di X. subtomentosus) Xerocomellus Šutara s.str. (= gruppo di X. chrysenteron) Hortiboletus Simonini, Vizzini & Gelardi (= gruppo di X. rubellus) Rheubarbariboletus Vizzini, Simonini & Gelardi (= gruppo di X. armeniacus) Generi italiani segregati da Leccinum Gray s.l. Leccinum Gray s.str. (comprendente Leccinum sez. Leccinum e sez. Scabra) Leccinellum Bresinsky & Manfr. Binder (= Leccinum sez. Luteoscabra) Altri generi comprendenti specie italiane assegnate in passato a Boletus s.l., Xerocomus s.l. o Leccinum s.l. Hemileccinum Šutara Imleria Vizzini Alessioporus Gelardi, Vizzini & Simonini Pulchroboletus Gelardi, Vizzini & Simonini Pseudoboletus Šutara Famiglia Boletaceae Chevallier – Inquadramento sistematico attuale • Subfamiglia Boletoideae Singer o Genere Boletus Fries s.str. o Genere Hortiboletus Simonini, Vizzini
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