Geoscientific Review of the Sedimentary Sequence in Southern Ontario
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Natural Ground-Water Quality in Michigan, 1974-87
NATURAL GROUND-WATER QUALITY IN MICHIGAN, 1974-87 By T. Ray Cumnings U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Open-File Report 89-259 Prepared in cooperation with the MICHIGAN DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY DIVISION Lansing, Michigan July 1989 DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR MANUEL LUJAN, JR., Secretary U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Dallas L. Peck, Director For additional information Copies of this report can write to: be purchased from: District Chief U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Geological Survey Books and Open-File Reports Section 6520 Mercantile Way, Suite 5 Federal Center, Building 810 Lansing, Michigan 48911 Box 25425 Denver, Colorado 80225 CONTENTS Page Abstract l Introduction 1 Purpose and scope 2 Methods of investigation 2 General water-quality conditions 3 Areal variations in water quality 12 Relation of water quality to geologic source 17 Relation of water quality to mineral associations 25 Conclusions 28 Selected references 30 Definition of terms 32 Appendix: Median values of chemical and physical characteristics of water from geologic sources 33 ill ILLUSTRATIONS Page Figure 1. Relation of dissolved-solids concentration to chemical characteristics of water 6 2. Relation of specific conductance to dissolved-solids concentration of water 7 3. Areal variation of dissolved solids in water 13 4. Areal variation of ammonia and hardness of water 14 5. Areal variation of total recoverable lead and total recoverable mercury in water- 15 6. Areal variation of total recoverable iron and total recoverable copper in water 16 7. Relation of depth of well to dissolved-solids concentration 18 8. Chemical characteristics of water from glacial deposit s 20 9. -
Stories in Sand
Above: Cliffs along the trail east of Miners Castle Stories in Sand Sandstone cliffs-ochre, tan, and brown with layers of Moving ice ground volcanic and sedimentary rock from Twelvemile Beach are horn coral from an ancient sea, white and green-tower 50 to 200 feet above the water. previous eras into rubble and slowly enlarged river valleys polished granite and quartz rounded like eggs, and Vast, blue Lake Superior glistens against a cloud-streaked into the wide basins that would become the Great Lakes. disk-shaped fragments of the Jacobsville sandstone. sky. Deep forests of emerald, black, and gold open onto small lakes and waterfalls. The images are like a painter's The last glacier began retreating about 10,000 years ago. Colorful Cliffs The name Pictured Rocks comes from the work. A palette of nature's colors, textures, and shapes Over time its meltwater formed powerful rivers and streaks of mineral stain decorating the face of the cliffs. sets the scene at Pictured Rocks National Lakeshore. scattered rubble onto outwash plains and into crevasses. The streaks occur when groundwater oozes out of cracks. Water scooped out the basins and channels that harbor The dripping water contains iron, manganese, limonite, This place of beauty was authorized as the first national wetlands in the park today. Eventually, as the weight of copper, and other minerals that leave behind a colorful lakeshore in 1966 to preserve the shoreline, beaches, the glacier lessened, the land rose and exposed bedrock stain as the water trickles down a cliff face. cliffs, and dunes and to provide an extraordinary place to lake erosion. -
Table of Contents Figures
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY DIVISION STATE OF MICHIGAN BULLETIN #7 James J. Blanchard, Governor DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES SUBSURFACE STRATIGRAPHY OF CAMBRIAN David F. Hales, Director ROCKS IN THE SOUTHERN PENINSULA OF NATURAL RESOURCES COMMISSION MICHIGAN: MICHIGAN BASIN Raymond Poupore, Chairman by Thomas J. Anderson Marlene J. Fluharty RANDALL L MILSTEIN Gordon E. Guyer MICHIGAN DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL Kerry Kammer RESOURCES Ellwood A. Mattson O. Stewart Myers GEOLOGICAL SURVEY DIVISION R. Thomas Segall State Geologist and Chief Edited by Tyrone J. Black LANSING, MICHIGAN 1989 Published by authority of State of Michigan CL '48 s.321.6. Available from Information Services Center, Michigan Department of Natural Resources, P. O. Box 30028, Lansing, Michigan 48909. On deposit in public libraries, state libraries, and university libraries in Michigan and other selected localities. TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction ........................................................................2 Previous Work....................................................................2 Stratigraphy........................................................................4 Lake Superior Group......................................................5 Mt. Simon Sandstone .............................................. 5 Munising Formation........................................................5 Eau Claire Member.................................................. 5 Dresbach (Galesville) Member................................ 5 Franconia Member ................................................. -
Summary of Hydrogelogic Conditions by County for the State of Michigan. Apple, B.A., and H.W. Reeves 2007. U.S. Geological Surve
In cooperation with the State of Michigan, Department of Environmental Quality Summary of Hydrogeologic Conditions by County for the State of Michigan Open-File Report 2007-1236 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey Summary of Hydrogeologic Conditions by County for the State of Michigan By Beth A. Apple and Howard W. Reeves In cooperation with the State of Michigan, Department of Environmental Quality Open-File Report 2007-1236 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Department of the Interior DIRK KEMPTHORNE, Secretary U.S. Geological Survey Mark D. Myers, Director U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia: 2007 For more information about the USGS and its products: Telephone: 1-888-ASK-USGS World Wide Web: http://www.usgs.gov/ Any use of trade, product, or firm names in this publication is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Although this report is in the public domain, permission must be secured from the individual copyright owners to reproduce any copyrighted materials contained within this report. Suggested citation Beth, A. Apple and Howard W. Reeves, 2007, Summary of Hydrogeologic Conditions by County for the State of Michi- gan. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2007-1236, 78 p. Cover photographs Clockwise from upper left: Photograph of Pretty Lake by Gary Huffman. Photograph of a river in winter by Dan Wydra. Photographs of Lake Michigan and the Looking Glass River by Sharon Baltusis. iii Contents Abstract ...........................................................................................................................................................1 -
Paleozoic Stratigraphic Nomenclature for Wisconsin (Wisconsin
UNIVERSITY EXTENSION The University of Wisconsin Geological and Natural History Survey Information Circular Number 8 Paleozoic Stratigraphic Nomenclature For Wisconsin By Meredith E. Ostrom"'" INTRODUCTION The Paleozoic stratigraphic nomenclature shown in the Oronto a Precambrian age and selected the basal contact column is a part of a broad program of the Wisconsin at the top of the uppermost volcanic bed. It is now known Geological and Natural History Survey to re-examine the that the Oronto is unconformable with older rocks in some Paleozoic rocks of Wisconsin and is a response to the needs areas as for example at Fond du Lac, Minnesota, where of geologists, hydrologists and the mineral industry. The the Outer Conglomerate and Nonesuch Shale are missing column was preceded by studies of pre-Cincinnatian cyclical and the younger Freda Sandstone rests on the Thompson sedimentation in the upper Mississippi valley area (Ostrom, Slate (Raasch, 1950; Goldich et ai, 1961). An unconformity 1964), Cambro-Ordovician stratigraphy of southwestern at the upper contact in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan Wisconsin (Ostrom, 1965) and Cambrian stratigraphy in has been postulated by Hamblin (1961) and in northwestern western Wisconsin (Ostrom, 1966). Wisconsin wlle're Atwater and Clement (1935) describe un A major problem of correlation is the tracing of outcrop conformities between flat-lying quartz sandstone (either formations into the subsurface. Outcrop definitions of Mt. Simon, Bayfield, or Hinckley) and older westward formations based chiefly on paleontology can rarely, if dipping Keweenawan volcanics and arkosic sandstone. ever, be extended into the subsurface of Wisconsin because From the above data it would appear that arkosic fossils are usually scarce or absent and their fragments cari rocks of the Oronto Group are unconformable with both seldom be recognized in drill cuttings. -
NIAGARA ROCKS, BUILDING STONE, HISTORY and WINE
NIAGARA ROCKS, BUILDING STONE, HISTORY and WINE Gerard V. Middleton, Nick Eyles, Nina Chapple, and Robert Watson American Geophysical Union and Geological Association of Canada Field Trip A3: Guidebook May 23, 2009 Cover: The Battle of Queenston Heights, 13 October, 1812 (Library and Archives Canada, C-000276). The cover engraving made in 1836, is based on a sketch by James Dennis (1796-1855) who was the senior British officer of the small force at Queenston when the Americans first landed. The war of 1812 between Great Britain and the United States offers several examples of the effects of geology and landscape on military strategy in Southern Ontario. In short, Canada’s survival hinged on keeping high ground in the face of invading American forces. The mouth of the Niagara Gorge was of strategic value during the war to both the British and Americans as it was the start of overland portages from the Niagara River southwards around Niagara Falls to Lake Erie. Whoever controlled this part of the Niagara River could dictate events along the entire Niagara Peninsula. With Britain distracted by the war against Napoleon in Europe, the Americans thought they could take Canada by a series of cross-border strikes aimed at Montreal, Kingston and the Niagara River. At Queenston Heights, the Niagara Escarpment is about 100 m high and looks north over the flat floor of glacial Lake Iroquois. To the east it commands a fine view over the Niagara Gorge and river. Queenston is a small community perched just below the crest of the escarpment on a small bench created by the outcrop of the Whirlpool Sandstone. -
Geology of Michigan and the Great Lakes
35133_Geo_Michigan_Cover.qxd 11/13/07 10:26 AM Page 1 “The Geology of Michigan and the Great Lakes” is written to augment any introductory earth science, environmental geology, geologic, or geographic course offering, and is designed to introduce students in Michigan and the Great Lakes to important regional geologic concepts and events. Although Michigan’s geologic past spans the Precambrian through the Holocene, much of the rock record, Pennsylvanian through Pliocene, is miss- ing. Glacial events during the Pleistocene removed these rocks. However, these same glacial events left behind a rich legacy of surficial deposits, various landscape features, lakes, and rivers. Michigan is one of the most scenic states in the nation, providing numerous recre- ational opportunities to inhabitants and visitors alike. Geology of the region has also played an important, and often controlling, role in the pattern of settlement and ongoing economic development of the state. Vital resources such as iron ore, copper, gypsum, salt, oil, and gas have greatly contributed to Michigan’s growth and industrial might. Ample supplies of high-quality water support a vibrant population and strong industrial base throughout the Great Lakes region. These water supplies are now becoming increasingly important in light of modern economic growth and population demands. This text introduces the student to the geology of Michigan and the Great Lakes region. It begins with the Precambrian basement terrains as they relate to plate tectonic events. It describes Paleozoic clastic and carbonate rocks, restricted basin salts, and Niagaran pinnacle reefs. Quaternary glacial events and the development of today’s modern landscapes are also discussed. -
An Inventory of Trilobites from National Park Service Areas
Sullivan, R.M. and Lucas, S.G., eds., 2016, Fossil Record 5. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin 74. 179 AN INVENTORY OF TRILOBITES FROM NATIONAL PARK SERVICE AREAS MEGAN R. NORR¹, VINCENT L. SANTUCCI1 and JUSTIN S. TWEET2 1National Park Service. 1201 Eye Street NW, Washington, D.C. 20005; -email: [email protected]; 2Tweet Paleo-Consulting. 9149 79th St. S. Cottage Grove. MN 55016; Abstract—Trilobites represent an extinct group of Paleozoic marine invertebrate fossils that have great scientific interest and public appeal. Trilobites exhibit wide taxonomic diversity and are contained within nine orders of the Class Trilobita. A wealth of scientific literature exists regarding trilobites, their morphology, biostratigraphy, indicators of paleoenvironments, behavior, and other research themes. An inventory of National Park Service areas reveals that fossilized remains of trilobites are documented from within at least 33 NPS units, including Death Valley National Park, Grand Canyon National Park, Yellowstone National Park, and Yukon-Charley Rivers National Preserve. More than 120 trilobite hototype specimens are known from National Park Service areas. INTRODUCTION Of the 262 National Park Service areas identified with paleontological resources, 33 of those units have documented trilobite fossils (Fig. 1). More than 120 holotype specimens of trilobites have been found within National Park Service (NPS) units. Once thriving during the Paleozoic Era (between ~520 and 250 million years ago) and becoming extinct at the end of the Permian Period, trilobites were prone to fossilization due to their hard exoskeletons and the sedimentary marine environments they inhabited. While parks such as Death Valley National Park and Yukon-Charley Rivers National Preserve have reported a great abundance of fossilized trilobites, many other national parks also contain a diverse trilobite fauna. -
Phase I Hydrogeologic Modelling
Supporting Technical Report Phase I Hydrogeologic Modelling November 30, 2008 Prepared by: J.F. Sykes, E.A. Sykes, S.D. Normani, Y. Yin and Y.-J. Park University of Waterloo OPG 00216-REP-01300-00009-R00 OPG’s DEEP GEOLOGIC REPOSITORY FOR LOW & INTERMEDIATE LEVEL WASTE Supporting Technical Report Phase I Hydrogeologic Modelling November 30, 2008 Prepared by: J.F. Sykes, E.A. Sykes, S.D. Normani, Y. Yin and Y.-J. Park University of Waterloo OPG 00216-REP-01300-00009-R00 Phase I Hydrogeologic Modelling - iii - November 30, 2008 DOCUMENT HISTORY /trunk/doc/report.tex 2008-11-27 11:56 SVN:R114 Phase I Hydrogeologic Modelling - v - November 30, 2008 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY A Deep Geologic Repository (DGR) for Low and Intermediate Level (L&IL) Radioactive Waste has been proposed by Ontario Power Generation (OPG) for the Bruce site near Tiverton, Ontario Canada. This report presents hydrogeologic modelling and analyses at the regional-scale and site-scale that were completed as part of the Phase 1 Geosynthesis DGR work program. As envisioned, the DGR is to be constructed at a depth of about 680 m below ground surface within the argillaceous Ordovician limestone of the Cobourg Formation. The objective of this report is to develop a geologic conceptual model for the DGR site and to describe modelling using FRAC3DVS-OPG and analyses that illustrate the influence of conceptual model, parameter and scenario uncertainty on predicted long-term geosphere barrier performance. The modelling also provides a framework for hydrogeologic and geochemical investigations of the DGR. It serves as a basis for exploring potential anthropogenic and natural perturbations of the sedimentary sequence beneath and in the vicinity of the Bruce site. -
Hydrogeologic Modelling
Hydrogeologic Modelling March 2011 Prepared by: J.F. Sykes, S.D. Normani, and Y. Yin NWMO DGR-TR-2011-16 Hydrogeologic Modelling March 2011 Prepared by: J.F. Sykes, S.D. Normani, and Y. Yin NWMO DGR-TR-2011-16 Hydrogeologic Modelling - ii - March 2011 THIS PAGE HAS BEEN LEFT BLANK INTENTIONALLY Hydrogeologic Modelling - iii - March 2011 Document History Title: Hydrogeologic Modelling Report Number: NWMO DGR-TR-2011-16 Revision: R000 Date: March 2011 AECOM Canada Ltd. Prepared by: J.F. Sykes (University of Waterloo), S.D. Normani (University of Waterloo), Y. Yin (University of Waterloo) Reviewed by: R.E.J. Leech Approved by: R.E.J. Leech Nuclear Waste Management Organization Reviewed by: M. Jensen Accepted by: M. Jensen Hydrogeologic Modelling - iv - March 2011 THIS PAGE HAS BEEN LEFT BLANK INTENTIONALLY Hydrogeologic Modelling - v - March 2011 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY A Deep Geologic Repository (DGR) for Low and Intermediate Level Waste (L&ILW) has been proposed by Ontario Power Generation (OPG) for the Bruce nuclear site in the Municipality of Kincardine, Ontario, Canada. This report presents hydrogeologic modelling and analyses that were completed as part of the Geosynthesis DGR work program. As envisioned, the proposed DGR would be constructed at a depth of about 680 m below ground surface within the argillaceous Ordovician limestone of the Cobourg Formation. The objectives of this report are to develop the regional-scale hydrogeological conceptual model for the DGR site, to undertake numerical modelling using the computational models FRAC3DVS-OPG and TOUGH2-MP and to support the safety case for the DGR. A primary focus of the numerical modelling study is the investigation of a DGR program hypothesis that solute transport in the Ordovician sediments is diffusion dominant. -
Bedrock Maps
1987 BEDROCK GEOLOGY OF MICHIGAN BEDROCK GEOLOGY OF EASTERN UPPER PENINSULA MACKINAC BRECCIA BOIS BLANC FORMATION GARDEN ISLAND FORMATION BASS ISLAND GROUP SALINA GROUP SAINT IGNACE DOLOMITE POINT AUX CHENES SHALE ENGADINE GROUP MANISTIQUE GROUP BURNT BLUFF GROUP KEWEENAW CABOT HEAD SHALE MANITOULIN DOLOMITE QUEENSTON SHALE BIG HILL DOLOMITE HOUGHTON STONINGTON FORMATION UTICA SHALE MEMBER COLLINGWOOD SHALE MEMBER TRENTON GROUP BLACK RIVER GROUP ONTONAGON BARAGA PRAIRIE DU CHIEN GROUP TREMPEALEAU FORMATION MUNISING FORMATION GOGEBIC LU CE MARQUETTE ALGER CHIPPEWA IRON MACKINAC SCHOOLC RAF T DELT A DICKIN SON BEDROCK GEOLOGY OF WESTERN UPPER PENINSULA MACKINAC BRECCIA JACOBSVILLE SANDSTONE EMMET MENOMINEE FREDA SANDSTONE CHEBOYGAN NONESUCH FORMATION PRESQUE ISLE COPPER HARBOR CONGLOMERATE OAK BLUFF FORMATION CHAR LEVOIX PORTAGE LAKE VOLCANICS MONTMORENCY SIEMENS CREEK FORMATION ANT RIM ALPENA INTRUSIVE OTSEGO QUINNESEC FORMATION LEELANAU PAINT RIVER GROUP RIVERTON IRON FORMATION BIJIKI IRON FORMATION GRAND TR AVERSE ALCONA KALKASKA CRAW FOR D OSCOD A NEGAUNEE IRON FORMATION BENZIE IRONWOOD IRON FORMATION DUNN CREEK FORMATION BADWATER GREENSTONE MICHIGAMME FORMATION MANISTEE WEXFORD MISSAUKEE ROSCOMMON OGEMAW IOSCO GOODRICH QUARTZITE HEMLOCK FORMATION BEDROCK GEOLOGY OF ARENAC MENOMINEE & CHOCOLAY GROUPS LOWER PENINSULA EMPEROR VULCANIC COMPLEX MASON LAKE OSCEOLA CLARE GLADWIN SIAMO SLATE & AJIBIK QUARTZITE RED BEDS HURON PALMS FORMATION GRAND RIVER FORMATION CHOCOLAY GROUP SAGINAW FORMATION BAY RANDVILLE DOLOMITE BAYPORT LIMESTONE MICHIGAN -
Post-Martinsburg Ordovician Stratigraphy of Virginia and West Virginia
VIRGINIA DIVISION OF MINERAL RESOURCES PUBLICATION 57 POST-MARTINSBURG ORDOVICIAN STRATIGRAPHY OF VIRGINIA AND WEST VIRGINIA Richard J. Diecchio COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA DEPARTMENT OF MINES, MINERALS AND ENERGY DIVISION OF MINERAL RESOURCES R<>bert C. Milici, Commissioner of Mineral Resources and State Geologist CHARLOTTESVI LLE, VIRG IN IA 1 985 VIRGINIA DIVISION OF MINERAL RESOURCES PUBLICATION 57 POST-MARTINSBURG ORDOVICIAN STRATIGRAPHY OF VIRGINIA AND WEST VIRGINIA Richard J. Diecchio COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA DEPARTMENT OF MINES, MINERALS AND ENERGY DIVISION OF MINERAL RESOURCES Robert C. Milici, Commissioner of Mineral Resources and State Geologist CHARLOTTESVI LLE, VI RGI N IA 1 985 FRONT COVER: Two cycles within the Juniata Formation, Cumberland, Maryland. Jacob's staff is 5 feet long, graduated in feet. Bottom of staff marks base of lowermost sandstone bed (base of cycle). Basal sandstone is here channeled into the underlying mudstone. Top of Jacob's staff marks the middle Sholithos- bearing portion of cycle. Mudstone overlies the Skoli,thos facies and continues up to base of overlying sandstone bed, marking the base of the next cycle. VIRGINIA DIVISION OF MINERAL RESOURCES PUBLICATION 57 POST-MARTINSBURG ORDOVICIAN STRATIGRAPHY OF VIRGINIA AND WEST VIRGINIA Richard J. Diecchio COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA DEPARTMENT OF MINES, MINERALS AND ENERGY DIVISION OF MINERAL RESOURCES Robert C. Milici, Commissioner of Mineral Resources and State Geologist CHARLOTTESVI LLE, VI RGI N IA 1985 DEPARTMENT OF MINES, MINERALS AND ENERGY Richmond, Virginia O. GENE DISHNER, Director COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA DEPARTMENT OF PURCHASE AND SUPPLY RICHMOND 1985 Publication available from Virginia Division of Mineral Resources, Box 366?, Charlottesville, VA 22g0g.