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Commercial use includes commercial distribution of the Content, the reproduction of multiple copies of the Content for any purpose whether or not commercial, use of the Content in commercial publications, and the creation of value-added products using the Content. Contact: FOR FURTHER PLEASE CONTACT: BY TELEPHONE: BY E-MAIL: INFORMATION ON The Reproduction of MNDM Publication Local: (705) 670-5691 Content Services Toll Free: 1-888-415-9845, ext. [email protected] 5691 (inside Canada, United States) The Purchase of MNDM Publication Local: (705) 670-5691 MNDM Publications Sales Toll Free: 1-888-415-9845, ext. [email protected] 5691 (inside Canada, United States) Crown Copyright Queen’s Printer Local: (416) 326-2678 Toll Free: 1-800-668-9938 [email protected] (inside Canada, United States) cm cm cm 1 ram by Robert J. Brigham mines and northern affairs petroleum resources section paper 71-2 structural geology of southwestern Ontario and southeastern michigan robert j. brigham toronto canada foreword The Department of Mines and Northern Affairs, in cooperation with the Department of Geology, University of Western Ontario, is pleased to have the opportunity to publish the thesis of Robert J. Brigham, submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philoso­ phy. We are hopeful that the results of this work will assist persons in both the public and private sectors to better understand the structural geology of southwestern Ontario and to assist in the evaluation and exploitation of Ontario's petroleum resources. With the consent of the author, several changes have been made in the original text to take into account recent modifications in the Ontario Well Data System. The stratigraphic nomenclature presently in use for southern Ontario has also been revised from that proposed by Beards (1967), and used throughout this paper. For reference purposes, the current rock stratigraphic succession is included as an appendix. D.A.S. Toronto 22.12.71 iii table of contents Page FOREWORD iii TABLE OF CONTENTS iv LIST OF FIGURES * vi ABSTRACT ix ACKNOWLEDGMENT x CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION 1 Description of Study Area 3 CHAPTER 2 - DEVELOPMENT OF DATA FILE AND COMPUTER PROGRAMS 5 Data Sources 5 Data Gathering and Reduction 5 File Maintenance, Updating and Access 8 File Usage Programs 9 Map Errors 14 Preparation of Illustrations 14 Contribution of the Data File and Programs to the Study 14 CHAPTER 3 - STRATIGRAPHY 15 Introduction 15 Cambrian 15 Ordovician 16 Silurian 21 Devonian 31 Discussion and Summary 35 CHAPTER 4 - REGIONAL STRUCTURE 37 Precambrian Surface 37 Trenton Surface 39 Queenston Surface 39 Clinton Surface 41 Guelph Surface 41 Bass Islands Surface 42 Dundee Surface 44 Pre-Pleistocene Erosional Surface 44 Discussion and Summary 45 CHAPTER 5 - HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF REGIONAL STRUCTURE. 47 Cambrian 48 Ordovician 48 Silurian 49 Devonian 49 Discussion 50 iv Page CHAPTER 6 - DEVELOPMENT OF SUBREGIONAL STRUCTURES 57 Trend Surface Analysis 57 Clinton Structure 59 A-2 Carbonate Structure 63 Bass Islands Structure 67 Detroit River Structure 67 Discussion and Summary 67 CHAPTER 7 - STRUCTURAL MANIFESTATIONS OF SALT REMOVAL 69 Regional Structural Effect 69 Time of Salt Dissolution 71 Lateral Variation in Time of Salt Leaching 71 Generation of Localized Structure due to Variations in Time of Leaching 75 Modification of Existing Structures by Salt Leaching 79 Mechanism of Salt Leaching 80 Discussion and Summary 81 CHAPTER 8 - REEFS 83 Definition 83 Reef Composition 84 Reefs in the Study Area 84 Porosity 86 Reef Structure 86 Time of Reef Growth 90 Relationship of Reefs to Regional Structure 92 Discussion and Summary 100 CHAPTER 9 - SUMMARY OF CONCLUSIONS 101 REFERENCES 103 APPENDIX I Card Formats for Ontario Well Data System 107 APPENDIX II Rock-Stratigraphic Succession Units Toronto-Windsor Area 110 v list of figures Figure Page 1 — 1 Regional basement structure 2 1—2 Subcrop map on base of Pleistocene 4 2—1 Distribution of present production 6 2—2 ODMNA well history summary card 7 2—3 Preprinted well printout form 7 2—4 Example map sheet 10 2—5 Cross section index map 12 2—6 Cross section 12 3—1 Index map of study area 16 3—2 Composite stratigraphic section, Lambton County, Ontario 17 3—3 Paleozoic nomenclature chart for southern Ontario 17 3—4 Index map of southwestern Ontario and southeastern Michigan 18 3—5 Isopachous map of Cambrian Formations 19 3—6 Isopachous map of Trenton — Black River Groups 19 3—7 Isopachous map of Meaford-Dundas-Collingwood Formations 20 3—8 Isopachous map of Queenston Formation 20 3—9 Isopachous map of Queenston-Collingwood Formations 22 3—10 Isopachous map of Cataract Group 22 3—11 Isopachous map of Clinton Group 24 3—12 Isopachous map of Guelph-Lockport Formations 24 3-13 West-east Salina cross section 26 3—14 Isopachous map of the total Salina 26 3—15 Isopachous map of A-1 Evaporite 28 3—16 Isopachous map of A-l Carbonate 28 3—17 Isopachous map of A-2 Evaporite 29 3—18 Isopachous map of A-2 Carbonate 29 3—19 Isopachous map of B Salt 30 3—20 Isopachous map of Bass Islands Formation 30 3—21 Isopachous map of Bois Blanc Formation 32 3—22 Isopachous map of Sylvania Formation 32 3-23 Isopachous map of Detroit River Group 33 3-24 Isopachous map of Dundee Formation 33 3-25 Isopachous map of Hamilton Formation 34 3—26 Isopachous map of Kettle Point Formation 34 4—1 Structure contours on Precambrian 38 4-2 Index of Control Wells 38 Table 4-1 Comparison of Rates of Dip on Structural Features of Southwestern Ontario 40 vi Figure Page 4—3 Structure contours on Trenton Group 41 4—4 Structure contours on Clinton Group 42 4—5 Structure contours on Guelph Formation 43 4—6 Structure contours on Bass Islands Formation 43 4—7 Structure contours on Dundee Formation 44 4—8 Topography on base of Pleistocence 45 5—1 Cross section across Algonquin Arch at right angles to strike of Precambrian 51 5—2 SW—NE cross section along Findlay-Algonquin Arches 52 5—3 Isopachous map of Queenston to Trenton 53 5—4 Isopachous map of Guelph-Lockport to Trenton 54 5—5 Isopachous map of A-2 Carbonate to Trenton 54 5—6 Isopachous map of Bass Islands to Trenton 55 5—7 Isopachous map of Detroit River to Trenton 55 6—1 Structure contours on Trenton Group 58 6—2 Structure contours on Clinton Group 58 6—3 First through fourth order Clinton trend surfaces 60 6—4 Second order residual from Clinton structure 62 6—5 Structure contours on A-2 Carbonate 62 6—6 Second order residual from A-2 Carbonate structure 64 6—7 Structure contours on Bass Islands Formation 64 6—8 Structure contours on Detroit River Group 66 6—9 Isopachous map of B Salt 66 7—1 Structure contours