DIVISION OF MINERAL RESOURCES PUBLICATION 57

POST-MARTINSBURG OF VIRGINIA AND

Richard J. Diecchio

COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA

DEPARTMENT OF MINES, MINERALS AND ENERGY DIVISION OF MINERAL RESOURCES

R<>bert C. Milici, Commissioner of Mineral Resources and State Geologist

CHARLOTTESVI LLE, VIRG IN IA

1 985 VIRGINIA DIVISION OF MINERAL RESOURCES PUBLICATION 57

POST-MARTINSBURG ORDOVICIAN STRATIGRAPHY OF VIRGINIA AND WEST VIRGINIA

Richard J. Diecchio

COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA

DEPARTMENT OF MINES, MINERALS AND ENERGY DIVISION OF MINERAL RESOURCES Robert C. Milici, Commissioner of Mineral Resources and State Geologist

CHARLOTTESVI LLE, VI RGI N IA

1 985 FRONT COVER: Two cycles within the , Cumberland, . Jacob's staff is 5 feet long, graduated in feet. Bottom of staff marks base of lowermost bed (base of cycle). Basal sandstone is here channeled into the underlying mudstone. Top of Jacob's staff marks the middle Sholithos- bearing portion of cycle. Mudstone overlies the Skoli,thos and continues up to base of overlying sandstone bed, marking the base of the next cycle. VIRGINIA DIVISION OF MINERAL RESOURCES PUBLICATION 57

POST-MARTINSBURG ORDOVICIAN STRATIGRAPHY OF VIRGINIA AND WEST VIRGINIA

Richard J. Diecchio

COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA

DEPARTMENT OF MINES, MINERALS AND ENERGY DIVISION OF MINERAL RESOURCES Robert C. Milici, Commissioner of Mineral Resources and State Geologist

CHARLOTTESVI LLE, VI RGI N IA 1985 DEPARTMENT OF MINES, MINERALS AND ENERGY

Richmond, Virginia

O. GENE DISHNER, Director

COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA DEPARTMENT OF PURCHASE AND SUPPLY RICHMOND

1985

Publication available from Virginia Division of Mineral Resources, Box 366?, Charlottesville, VA 22g0g.

Portions of this publication may be quoted if credit is given to the Virginia Division of Mineral Resources. It is recommended that reference to this report be made in the following form: Diecchio, R. J., 1985, Post-Martinsburg Ordovician stratigraphy of Virginia and West Virginia: Virginia Division of Mineral Resources Publication 57,77 p. CONTENTS

Page

Abstract 1 Introduction ...... 1 3 Acknowledgments 3 Location and geologic setting 3 Methods 3 Background and previous work 6 Stratigraphic framework ...... 6 and equivalent strata 6 Oswego Sandstone ...... 9 11 Juniata Formation . 16 Regional depositional patterns 2l Deposition of Upper Martinsburg strata 2l Deposition of Oswego and Juniata strata 27 Lateral relationships ...... 30 Ordovician- boundary 30 Sea level history 31 References 32 Appendix I: Measured sections ...... 39 Appendix II: Well log data 69 Index 77

ILLUSTRATIONS

Figure

1. Ordovician-Silurian correlation chart 2 2. Location map 4 3. Tectonic map 5 4, Palinspastic location map 7 5. Upper Ordovician-Lower Silurian correlation chart ...... 8 6. Isopach map of Martinsburg Formation and equivalent strata 10 7. Photomicrograph of Oswego Sandstone 11 8. Photomicrographs of lithic clasts in Oswego Sandstone t2 13 9. Photograph of impression in Oswego Sandstone . 10. Isopach map of Oswego Sandstone, palinspastic base 14 11. Trace in Juniata Formation 15 t2. Outcrop photograph of cyclieal deposition within Juniata Formation 16 13. Diagrammatic generalized cycle within Juniata Formation 16 14. Depth zonation chart of trace fossils 16 15. Isopach and lithofacies map of Juniata Formation, palinspastic base t7 16. Paleocurrent histograms of Oswego and Juniata formations 18 t7. Summary map of paleoeurrent data 19 18. Photomicrograph of 19 19. Isopach map of Tuscarora Sandstone 2A 20. Stratigraphic cross section A-A' 22 2r. Stratigraphic cross section B-B' 23 22. Stratigraphic cross section C-C' 24 23. Stratigraphic cross section D-D' 25 24. Stratigraphic cross section E-E' 26 25. at top of Martinsburg Formation 27 26. Maysville age paleogeography 27 27. Richmond age paleogeography 29 POST-MARTINSBURG ORDOVICIAN STRATIGRAPHY

OF VIRGINIA AND WEST VIRGINIA

Richard J. Diecchiot

ABSTRACT The Ordovician/Silurian boundary exposed in the Valley and Ridge is disconformable in the eastern The Ashgillian (uppermost Ordovician) clastic synclinoria, conformable in the central Valley and strata of the Central Appalachian basin were stu- Ridge, and paraconformable in the western anti- died in order to interpret their paleoenvironmental clines. history and sedimentary tectonics. Forty-three out- crop and thirteen subsurface data localities were investigated in the Valley and Ridge and Appala- INTRODUCTION chian Plateau provinces of central and northern Virginia, eastern West Virginia, and western Ma- The Ordovician and Silurian strata of the Central ryland. Appalachian basin may be subdivided into three The upper portion of the Martinsburg and Reeds- gross lithologic units. The lowermost unit is the ville formations is eharacterized by to upper portion of the Cambro-Ordovician carbonate mudstones containing shallow water fauna of the sequence, which terminates within the Upper Or- Orthorlrynchula br aehiopod biozone. This interval dovician, and is represented, throughout much of marks a eustatic lowering of sea level at the be- the Valley and Ridge, by the top of the Trentonian ginning of the Ashgill epoch. . The top ofthis carbonate sequence generally The Oswego Sandstone and the Juniata Forma- is younger in the basin center (uppermost Edenian), tion, each of which overlies the Martinsburg, are and older toward the eastern basin margin (top facies-equivalent to each other. West of 80o W of the Black River stage), consistent with the west- longitude the Oswego is.absent, and the Juniata ward progradation and associated overstep by the conformably overlies the Martinsburg and Reeds- overlying clastic wedge. The middle unit is com- ville formations, except in the Salem (Catawba) prised of the Cincinnatian (Upper Ordovician) syncline where the Juniata is for the most part also through Niagaran (Lower Silurian) strata, a west- disconformably absent. To the east, and throughout ward-transported clastic sequence that was derived most of the Valley and Ridge, the Oswego confor- from an eastern source. Cayugan (Upper Silurian) mably lies above the Martinsburg and Reedsville strata make up the basal portion of the upper unit, and below the Juniata. In easternmost outcrop a carbonate sequence thaf terminates at the top belts, the Juniata is absent, having of the Lower Helderbergian Stage. changed facies into the Oswego. The Oswego con- Figure 1 is a correlation diagram of the Ordovician formably overlies the Martinsburg, except in the and Silurian units of the Central Appalachians. Massanutten synclinorium where it is disconfor- and Silurian units of the Central Appalachians. mably absent. The earliest appearance of the Ordovician-Si- The Oswego Sandstone, green to gray litharenite lurian clastic sequence exposed in northern and to lithic wacke, was derived from an eastern (oro- central Virginia and adjacent West Virginia is the genic) source area. The Oswego was probably de- Martinsburg Formation. These strata are equiva- posited in shallow marine conditions. The Juniata lent to late Champlainian Trenton age Formation is a cyclically bedded sequence of red in southern Virginia (Twenhofel and others, 1954). to green sandstone, mudstone, and derived Farther southwest in Virginia and , e- from a source area in . The Juniata quivalent intervals are occupied by the Bays-Moc- Formation is nonmarine to shallow marine, and casin redbeds, which comprise the Blount delta, was deposited during a low stand of sea level. The an early phase (Blount phase of Rodgers, 1971, p. widespread transition from the Juniata Formation 1165) of sedimentation associated with the Taconic to the Tuscarora Sandstone probably represents a Orogeny. The Martinsburg is a coarsening-upward eustatic rise in sea level at the end of the Ordovician. clastic unit whose upper, sandy intervals pass lDepartment of Geology, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030 VIRGINIA DIVISION OF MINERAL RESOURCES

q u g o z E SOUTHWEST VA. BASIN CENTER ALLEGHENY FRONT GREAT U ff$ -8 -a Fz bz (LEE CO., VA.) (CENTRAL W. VA.) (HTGHLAND-CBATG CO., VA.) VALLEY :< x< (ROCKTNGHAM-BOTETOURT CO., VA.) ^E zi )"' z=E U U U = 1-" Salina Tonoloway Ls. Tonoloway Ls. Group

Wills Creek Wills Creek Fm. Wills Creek Fm. ! Hancock Dol Williamspof Williamsport Fm ' Bloomsburg J Fm. McKenzae z Dol Fm. - G "Keefer" l Ss. Bochester Sh Mitflintown 6 Fm. z.g ; Keefer Ss. -=Keetef Ss. .E 6 Rose Hill Fm Rose Hillfm. Rose Hill Fm. Rose Hill Fm. - Massanutten 55. ! J Clinch Ss. Tuscarora Ss Tuscarora Ss Tuscarora Ss. Sequatchie Fm. Juniata Fm. Ju,niataH Fm. H\ g .; Reedsville Fm.

Reedsville Sh. Reedsville sh. Fm. .g Martinsburg

"Trenlon" ls. Dolly Ridge Trenton Ls. .g Fm.

Eggleston E Nealmgnt z Eggleston Fm. Fm. g F Fm. t o Edinburg limestone of -Btack Htver oI E limestone (Liberty Hall) Black River age ts. River age Black Fm.

_g limestone of Lincolnshire Ls. Dot Ls Wells Creek Chazy age -qJ

Blackford Fm. New Market Ls .q E o j 'iiYii:iii::::::::::::ii:EiiitLz-

.s' Rockdale E Run Fm. upper Knox Beekmantown Group o

Stonehenge Ls F

Figure 1. Ordovician-Silurian correlation chart, modified from Swartz and others (1942), Twenhofel and others (1954), Dennison (1982) and Rader (1982). PUBLICATION 57

westward into interbedded marine , silt- Transmission Corporation, the Virginia Division of stones, and of the . Mineral Resources, and the West Virginia Geolog- These units are in turn overlain by the Oswego ical and Economic Survey. Sandstone or the Juniata Formation. The Juniata Formation is a redbed sequence that is well de- Location and Geologic Setting veloped in the deep subsurface of the Appalachian basin. Throughout most of the Valley and Ridge, The strata investigated were all deposited within the Oswego lies below the Juniata. In the eastern the Central Appalachian basin. The study area is portion of the Valley and Ridge, the Juniata within the Valley and Ridge province, where the changes facies into the Oswego Sandstone. late Ordovician strata erop out, and occur in the Together the Oswego and Juniata represent the subsurface of synclinoria, and in the Appalachian southern portion of the Queenston "delta complex" Plateau province, where the units are present in in Virginia, West Virginia, and Maryland and are the subsurface. The study area includes portions the primary units discussed in this study. of the states of.Yirginia, West Virginia, and Ma- The Juniata and the Oswego (where the Juniata ryland. Figure 2 is a map of the study area showing is absent) are everywhere overlain by the Tuscarora the outcrop trace of the Upper Ordovician units, Sandstone, the first of at least five tongues of outcrop and subsurface control localities, and lines quartzarenite that extended into the basin from of cross sections. an eastern source during the Silurian. Each sand- Figure 3 is a simplified tectonic map that shows stone pulse is bounded above and below by a marine only those structural features that affect the dis- transgressive unit. These sandstones are a prom- tribution of Upper Ordovician outcrops throughout inent part of the section through the Upper Ni- the study area. West of the North Mountain and agaran,above which lies the Cayugan (Upper Silur- Pulaski faults all of the latest Ordovician units crop ian) and Helderberg (lowermost Devonian) out in anticlinal exposures. East of these faults the carbonate sequence. units crop out in the Massanutten synclinorium and the Salem (Catawba) syncline and in the Ingles Purpose Mountain and Read-Coyner Mountain windows.

This study is an investigation of the Ashgillian Methods strata of the northern two-thirds of Virginia, east- ern West Virginia, and western Maryland. Stratigraphic sections were measured at each Ashgillian (upper Cincinnatian, uppermost Ordo- outcrop locality (Figure 2) with a Jacob's staff vician) strata that were studied in detail include except where the orientation of the beds prohibited the upper portion of the Martinsburg and Reeds- this, in which case the section was measured by ville formations, the Oswego Sandstone, and the plane table and alidade. Sections were described Juniata Formation. The purposes of this investi- according to lithology, bedding characteristics, pa- gation are to interpret the physical stratigraphy, leontology, and sedimentologic features (Appendix sedimentology, and paleoenvironmental history of r). these units and to refine the interpretation of the Cross-bed dip directions were measured to in- Ordovician-Silurian boundary. dicate paleocurrent directions. The orientation of the cross-bed was then corrected for tilt by meas- Acknowledgements uring strike and dip of true bedding and using a computer program by Parks (L974) to reorient the This investigation originally constituted a disser- cross-beds to original horizontality. Other pro- tation (Diecchio, 1980b) completed at the Univer- grams by Parks (197 4) were used to calculate vector sity of under the supervision of John means and to plot rose diagrams for the cross-bed M. Dennison, whose guidance is gratefully acknow- paleocurrents at each outcrop at which cross-bed ledged. Many people have provided field assistance, data were taken. assistance in collecting subsurface data, and have Azimuths of primary sedimentary linear fea- critically read this manuscript. These people tures were measured directly in the field using a include Katharine L. Avary, Mervin J. Barthol- reorientation device and method described by Diec- omew, Janet A. Diecchio, Thomas M. chio (1980a). Channel troughs were recognized in Gathright II, Robert C. Milici, Douglas G. Patchen, some outcrop exposures. Where possible, strike and William J. Perry, Jr., and Eugene K. Rader. dip were measured at three points along the chan- Research funds were provided by Columbia Gas nel surface transverse to the channel axis. After VIRGINIA DIVISION OF MINERAL RESOURCES

1...,, ,i , ! .rg.Ar{ll' .Y t\-.Hompshir. I Hordy t - -- -- 'fi t \.r/' / {ucrct $; w-7 f '1"''t1..:"r,. Gitm.r ( _ -\, t, ,/ t) woren / ,,' / ) w-9 .r ,/ \iunst'ut I o t'\-t- B to\ r ) /1 /nv ) Broxloo Tn-.* ) \ .U \ / // \. Rondolph -'ti Ln:'/ ,n '\ ) tl ctoy ./) wdbsre' t"rTl:?{. j .'t ( ^r.. ( ,( i '-^i"*'"nni' q ,r^ J Wi'*," u' I w- /. tPocohontos / ) I t \Augu3to

\ SCALE Y\ / to o to 20 30 MtLEs ) a, G.ecnbrier z- ,!. \ ) ---^, / summers / gt \ /uon,o" -/ outcrop of Oswego-Junioto J outcrop dolo locolity O subsurfoce doto locolify - locofion of cross- / sections r^"":o9 ('"'"""'ouGff^",, :t' Eff--'-'\"

Figure 2. trocation map. Iocality numbers refer to measured sections or deep wells in the appendixes. PUBLICATION 57

,,/.-j

I J J\-^ {9^ 'Y ) I \ /\_ \')/- .t ( *\ u-\ .' ,rt -^/, .L ..t / ) "' i\-r r\ -w rJ /1 ) lf ,/ /i{ 9l --f 'nl'/' /\ // t/-(,,,2 ) /' I l','^ " /f ,'u )\./ ''-. ( J A _\/ q ''/)l.//l )r"/, | ff\ \.r}-/\ ./ t> 1\.-,/'"( - \\\- " I & /(- ( -t< --\ \ MILES ) KM. , --\ / .{ onticline X syncline

thrust foult (teeth on overthrust sheet) i(JrrN t AlleghenY Front -ar/

Figure 3. Tectonic map showing structural features that control the occurrence of the Oswego-Juniata in outcrop. Modified from Bartholomew and others (1980), Milici and others (1963) and Rodgers (1970, pl. 1). ADA-Adams Run ; ANA-Anderson Ridge anticline; BA-Bolar anticline; BMA-Browns Mountain anticline; BRF-Blue Ridge fault; HA-Hightown anticline; IW-Ingles Mountain window; LRA- Long Ridge anticline; MS-Massanutten synclinorium; NMF-North Mountain fault; PF-Pulaski fault; PMA- Paddy Mountain anticline; RPA-Rich Patch anticline; RW-Read-Coyner Mountain window; SCA-Sinking Creek anticline; SCF-St. Clair fault; SMF-Salem fault; STF-Staunton fault; SS-Salem (Catawba) syncline; SVF-Saltville fault;WMA- anticline; WSA-Warm Springs anticline. VIRGINIA DIVISION OF MINERAL RESOURCES

these values were reoriented to original horizon- stratigraphic and sedimentologic study of the Mar- tality, they were plotted on a stereo net in an tinsburg of northern Virginia to showed attempt to determine the direction of channel flow. that it is a marine turbiditic unit .which was Thirty-one samples of Oswego Sandstone and deposited along strike at the eastern edge of the sandstone beds within the Juniata Formation were basin and which changed facies basinward or west- thin sectioned and lithology was visually estimated ward into the Reedsville marine shale and limes- to allow classification of the sandstone and char- tone. Kreisa (1980, 1981) proposed that, for the most acterization of provenance. The samples selected part, the Martinsburg in southwestern Virginia is for thin sectioning were widely spaced stratigra- a storm-generated, open marine platform deposit. phically and in some cases consisted of only one A sedimentologic study by Yeakel (1962) showed sample for an entire outcrop exposure. Petrography that the post-Martinsburg through Tuscarora sed- was not done in any great detail. iments of northern Virginia to New York were Well data were investigated to allow character- deposited in shallow water, largely by fluvial pro- ization of the strata in the subsurface. Data taken cesses, and were dispersed westward from the from gamma ray and neutron logs, Geologs, and eastern edge of the basin. Horowitz (1966) proposed microscopic inspection of well cuttings are ineluded a deltaic origin for the Upper Ordovician clastic in Appendix II. wedge in the same general area, grading upward Outcrop and subsurface stratigraphic data were from prodelta turbidites and delta forset deposits compiled, analyzed,, and correlated as a basis for of the upper Reedsville to the marine topset and stratigraphic and paleoenvironmental analysis, eventually to subaerial topset beds of the Oswego. aided by isopach and lithofacies maps. All inter- Horowitz also showed (1965, p. 31-32) that the red- pretative stratigraphic data are plotted on palin- green color boundary of the Juniata and Oswego spastic base maps. Figure 4 is considered a con- does not correspond to lithologic grain size boun- servative pre-deformational (palinspastic) res- daries. This latter point was emphasized by Thomp- toration of the locations of outcrops and control son (1970a, p. 1257; 1970b, p. 601-602). Meckel points. It should be emphasized that because of the (1970), in a study of Paleozoic alluvial deposits in allochthonous nature of many of the outcrop belts Virginia, West Virginia, Maryland, and Pennsyl- along the leading edge of the North Mountain and vania, included the Bald Eagle, Juniata, and Tus- Pulaski faults, and east of these faults, the pre- carora formations in the strata that he considered deformational positions of many of the control nonmarine. points may be much farther east or south than shown in Figure 4. STRATIGRAPHIC FRAMEWORK

Background and Previous Work A correlation diagram of the strata that are considered in this study is provided as Figure 5. The various state geological surveys are respon- These strata are Ashgillian in age and include the sible for initially settingup the stratigraphic frame- interval from the top of the Martinsburg or Reeds- work of the Ordovician System in the study area. ville Formation (base of the Maysville Stage) to Bassler (1919, Maryland Geological Survey) re- the base of the Silurian Tuscarora or Massanutten garded the Oswego as the uppermost member of sandstones (base of the Silurian). Pre- and post- the Martinsburg, and the Juniata as being either Ashgillian strata were not investigated in detail Ordovician or Silurian in age. Butts (1940, Virginia but were dealt with only as they relate to the Geological Survey) differentiated the Martinsburg overlying or underlying Ashgillian strata. from the Reedsville, regarded the Oswego as a discrete formation and placed the Ordovician-Sil- Martinsburg Formation and Equivalent Strata urian systemic boundary at the top of the Juniata. Woodward (1951, West Virginia Geologieal Survey) The Martinsburg Shale was named by Geiger general was in agreement with Butts, but he did and Keith (1891, p. 161) from exposures near not use the name Reedsville, although he made Martinsburg, West Virginia. As defined by Geiger mention of its typical lithology. Woodward's report and Keith, the Martinsburg comprises strata of late superceded the old West Virginia Geological Sur- Trentonian, Edenian, and Maysvillian ages and is vey usage of the Medina Group (Lower Silurian), within the Caradoc and lower Ashgill Series (Twen- as initiated by Vanuxem (1840), which ineluded hofel and others, 1954). At Martinsburg, West the Gray Medina (Oswego), Red Medina (Juniata) Virginia, within the Massanutten synclinorium, the and White Medina (Tuscarora). McBride's (1962) top of the Martinsburg Formation and overlying PUBLICATION 57

N-3/t/ 1, =--l-'n'^F;-)"#' / .,,,t' :-*)----.s"i -- i', i -'!\,,,i)'o--w-6 -- -,t* '-.,, .l .> t\, 't.'./ ,)) T-I ,| oli /{..-r ,',u w-6 '>r. ,',/ / (\A( )--'-'i-^{bi^1.'-o-,.:''; --?l) ...' O,r\-o-r( , ,tor'.i( Y >-J-!_ =T\ ),. l_ , W-5/' --,- / //l r' t) t--. -- \ //> (\ f. / j ! ,' - - '' \, '-.- ,' \ w-z / r- ./7 \O rr1 i j;;ff \\l {Jem' .rt-"'^,rl _rl r_o l,*.:,' J- ",;.,'"- fff';:i i / *1. O { W-8--::pf ,,/ n^,f.- .ol'r.'-.)-r, ) /( -l ,r,,_,..r*nro.rr?;(y_iw-r;,)J(1 ) -6',, ,/ \ ./. (r"/6o\._ , "'.r-,a i'. , ,f/, -.7...1,

'a - o"),i -- zl,, - ... -'-':;' )'/. f" . f x\---'\',i-*-L\ ,.^-?7 ,,', + \ ;?or;;ffi-:d '..' A iuV::*,, ,.... f" lMMlLEs KM. ) I ?5, \ PALINSPASTIC BASE {3"}' (ofter Dennison oennison, 196lr ond Woodword, 1963)

4l -,/ outcrop troce of /^r Junioto (_ .{ outcrop doto locolitY tr \.+5 o subsurfoce doto locolity

Figure 4. Location of Oswego-Juniata outcrop and control points on pre-deformational (palinspastic) base. Palinspastic base map modified from Dennison (1961, pl. 2) and Dennison and Woodward (1963). North arrow indicates present-day north. VIRGINIA DIVISION OF MINERAL RESOURCES

gssa 5!; i ii ig 3i ; :;:: ;; WEST Liille North EASI I c' d, - z :< 3z E ROSE Httt Fl . z 7t 4 o D t1 ct J 3S z u, 3Z TUSCARORA SS. 55. ulo J J 'IIASSANUTTEN x==< 6 J 2 o 6Z I z -< JUNIATA FM. oswEGo -l z F L' z IJ z ,z (, >-o< o z <= I o (, 5< Orthorhynehula biozone d, o z I I z o REEDSVILLE FM. I oE o u e ! inlnnNssuRc FM (, I ;z TRENTON AGE TIMESTONES I u-z< I e

Figure 5. Correlation diagram of .upper Ordovician and lower Silurian strata within the sturiy area. Not to scale.

formations have been removed by . For this In this manner, as was originally designated, the reason, the top of the Martinsburg is not defined Reedsville and Martinsburg may be differentiated at its type loeality. The lower part of the Martins- on the basis of the presence or absence of late burg passes laterally into late Trenton age lime- Trenton age limestone beneath the shale. Butts stones. The upper Martinsburg grades laterally (1940, p. 219), using this criterion in Virginia, into the Reedsville Shale. recognized the Reedsville as a distinct unit only The Reedsville Shale was named for strata ex- in Lee and Wise counties. posed near Reedsville, Pennsylvania by Ulrich Lithologically, the Martinsburg and Reedsville (1911, p.27). These strata are Edenian and Mays- are somewhat different. Woodward (1951, p. 334)' villian in age (Twenhofel and others, 1954). As emphasized this but used the term Martinsburg defined above, the Reedsville is time-equivalent to for any shale equivalent in age to the Martinsburg. the upper portion of the Martinsburg in Pennsyl- The Martinsburg is a gray to greenish gray, coar- vania and overlies late Trentonian age limestones. sening upward shale, siltstone and immature sand- PUBLICATION 57

stone sequence that is of turbidite origin in northern West of the North Mountain fault the upper beds Virginia and Pennsylvania (McBride, 1962, p. 69). of the Reedsville Formation have a distinctive The Reedsville grades upward from gray, calcare- lithologic sequence. These strata grade upward ous, clay-shale to interbedded fossiliferous siltstone, from shale and limestone with interbedded siltstone clay-shale and limestone, and finallyto fossiliferous and sandstone, to fossiliferous sandstone with some immature sandstone (McBride, 1962, p.40). shale, to typical Orthwlrynnhulabiozone stra$ that Generally, the uppermost beds of the Reedsville are massive sandstones to siltstones usuallj'' with are sandstones and wackes that contain the dis- abundant OrthorhEnchula and Lingula. lqrSome tinctive OrthorhEnchula assemblage biozone. Sueh places, these uppermost beds have a redd'igh col- strata occur west of Little North Mountain. East oration. The top of the Mhorhynchulafacies,when of Little North Mountain, equivalent strata are present, is at the top of the Reedsville Forrtration. turbiditic, and the upper sandy beds do not contain It is overlain either by evenly bedded to'cross- the Orthorhynchula fauna. On this basis, strata of bedded gray sandstone of the Oswego, or&y red; Edenian and early Maysvillian age east of Little interbedded sandstone and mudstone of ttre'Juni- North Mountain will be referred to herein as ata. Martinsbtrg Formation. West of Little North In general, the Martinsburg and Reedsville for- Mountain, equivalent strata will be referred to as mations are overlain by the Juniata in the western the Reedsville Formation. and southern portions of the study area, by the It should be noted that what is referred to herein Oswego farther to the north and east, by the as Reedsville has been referred to by Kreisa (1980, Massanutten Sandstone in the Massanutten syn- 1981) as Martinsburg in southwestern Virginia. clinorium, and by the Juniata or Tuscaror'a Sand- What is significant is that, according to Kreisa, stone in the Salem (Catawba) syncline. his Martinsburg (my Reedsville) contains graded beds which are storm deposits, different from those Oswego Sandstone of turbidite origin (McBride, 1962) in what I call Martinsburg. Prosser (1888, p. 946) named the Oswego'Sand- The lVlartinsburg and Reedsville formations dre stone after exposures in Oswego County, New York. incompetent units, and are usually disrupted struc- Willard and Cleaves (1939, p. 1174) proposed that turally. For this reason, thickness determinations the name Oswego was not appropriate in Pennsyl- are not reliable (Butts, 1940, p. 209). Woodward vania where equivalent beds are conglomeratic. (1951, p. 341) and Chen (1977, p. 69) have compiled They adopted the name Bald Eagle for this Oswego- isopach maps of the Martinsburg (including the equivalent strata and defined it as the basal Reedsville). Woodward's data are summarized in member of the Juniata Formation. Butts (1940, p. Figure 6. 219) chose to use the name Oswego in Virginia. In the area, the Martins- Woodward (1951, p. 383) extended the name Os- burg consists of a lower black shale and limestone wego into West Virginia. Prior to Woodward's unit, a middle sandstone and shale unit, and an work, the Oswego was called the Gray Medina upper sandstone unit (Rader and Biggs, 1976, p. Sandstone by the West Virginia Geological Survey. 22). The upper sandstone facies is much better The Gray Medina is the lowest unit of the Medina developed in this area than west of Little North Group (named by Vanuxem, 1840) which was then Mountain. This is the facies that was informally regarded as basal Silurian. The Oswego is tenta- referred to as the Cub sandstone by Thornton (1953, tively assigned a Maysvillian age (Twenhofel and p. 66-69) after exposures of siltstone and very fine others, 1954). grained sandstone along Cub Run on the eastern The Oswego is an immature arenite that ranges flank of the Massanutten synclinorium. Along Cub in lithology from litharenite to sublitharenite and Run, this facies contains sedimentary features, such is locally feldspathic, usually gray to greenish gray as ball and pillow structures, indicative of soft and contains limonitic specks (Figure 7). It is well- sediment deformation. This sandy upper facies of bedded and commonly cross-bedded. The litharen- the Martinsburg in the Massanutten area is barren ite of the Oswego is comprised of the following grain of fossils except in its lower portion, where it is types, in decreasing abundance: monocrystalline sparsely fossiliferous. This meager fauna is not qtartz, polycrystalline quartz, sedimentary rock typical of the Orthorhynchulafauna elsewhere (Se- fragments (Figure 8a), metamorphic rock frag- crist and Evitt, 1943). The Martinsburg Formation ments, chert (Figure 8b, 8c), feldspar (predomi- in this area is overlain bv the Massanutten Sand- nantly potassium feldspar), and igneous roek frag- stone. ments (Figure 8d). Quartz abundance increases 10 VIRGINIA DIVISION OF MINERAL RESOURCES

/ s._..- ,'f z') >ts{ 4'e \ voo r ( ;r/ /\ 1, r 1 i F i\.-, )r I t r.. ) -nf / ) s; i/.' /-. f /\ ../'*'-lI \ l 3f/r^" )\ / ( ,,1f'. / '...\ , 6 r(oo ) / .) I .$7. t \. .\\\:t f -380 ..o'et'1.i7, / ) t'-2 -l / 7l/,e . ./' \ :" r\) ''

( \.( MARTINSBURG THICKNESS ) Contour Interval: 100 ft (

Figure 6. Isopach map of Martinsburg Formation and equivalent strata, after Woodward (1951, p. 341). Axis of thinning corresponds approximately to Shenandoah axis of Rader and Perry (1976a), and Roberts and Kite (1978b). PUBLICATION 57 l1

equivalent beds of the upper Martinsburg. The basal Oswego contact is here defined as the lowest bedded, more resistant sandstone above the less resistant, more massive sandstones and siltstones of the Orthorhunchulabiozone. The Oswego is over- lain by the Juniata Formation except where the Juniata is absent (along the eastern margin of the Valley and Ridge), in which case the Oswego is overlain by the Tuscarora or Massanutten sand- stone. The Oswego-Juniata boundary is here de- fined on the basis of the amount of shale or mud- stone. The top of the Oswego is the base of the lowest shale or mudstone bed of appreciable thickness (1 foot or greater) above the sandstones of the Oswego, regardless of the color of the shale. This usually coincides with the lowest red strata except in the Figure ?. Photomicrograph of Oswego Sandstone, Adams Run and Anderson Ridge , and Hunkerson Gap, W. Va. Bar scale is 10 mm. along Little North Mountain in Rockingham County, Virginia, where the upper part of the upward in section. Polycrystalline quartz becomes Oswego is red. Where the Juniata is absent, the less abundant upward in section. In Rockingham top of the Oswego is placed at the base of the portion County, Virginia, where the Oswego is thickest, and of the section that is predominantly quartzarenite. in adjacent counties, the Oswego is in part con- If red shaly interbeds are present, the base of the glomeratic. Rounded pebbles, ranging up to 5 cm lowest red shale marks the top of the Oswego. in diameter, consist of , chert, and volcanic In areas where the Oswego is thickest, the Juniata and sedimentary rock fragments. Rader and Perry is anomalously thin or absent. It is my opinion that, (1976b, p. 38) found conglomeratic clasts of oolitic in these areas, the Oswego is equivalent to the , slate, and radiolarian chert in the Oswego Juniata. In other words, the Oswego in Rockingham at Brocks Gap, Virginia. and adjacent counties is a sandier, commonly non- Fossils are very rare; however, bedding plane red facies of the time-equivalent Juniata Forma- trace fossils were found in the Oswego at Brocks tion. Gap. At Mills Gap, West Virginia, eurypterid im- pressions were found at the base of the Oswego Juniata Formation Sandstone (Figure 9). Figure 10 is an isopach map, on a palinspastic The Juniata Formation was named by Darton base, of the Oswego Sandstone throughout the study (1896, p. 2) for exposures along the area. Thickness patterns form a bull's-eye pattern in Pennsylvania and is equivalent to the Queenston around Rockingham County, Virginia, where the Shale of New York and (Twenhofel and others, Oswego attains a maximum thickness of 550 feet. 1954), and to the Sequatchie Formation of Tennes- The bull's-eye is somewhat elongate along struc- see and southwestern Virginia (Butts, 1940, p.221; tural strike. The Oswego is traceable southward Thompson, 1970c, p. 1273). The Juniata corre- into Botetourt and Alleghany counties, Virginia sponds to the Red Medina Sandstone of earlier West and is absent to the south and west. However, Virginia Geological Survey usage (Woodward, sandstone beds that are probably equivalent to the 1951, p. 38?), where it was considered to be of Oswego do occur at the base oI the Juniata in these Silurian age. The Juniata is thought to represent areas. The Oswego thins to less than 100 feet at the entire Richmond Stage of the Ordovician in the Allegheny Front. The Oswego thickness pat- Virginia, West Virginia, and Maryland, where the terns also indicate a wedge of sediment extending Gamachian Stage is possibly absent by unconform- southward from central Pennsylvania. This wedge ity (Twenhofel and others, 1954). These stage de- is over 300 feet thick in the subsurface of northern terminations, however, are not based upon paleon- West Virginia and the western tip of Maryland. tologic evidence. The isopach patterns thus indicate two depocenters The Juniata is usually mapped on the basis of of Oswego Sandstone. its red color. It characteristically comprises, how- The Oswego is usually underlain by the Ortho' ever, interbedded red and in places green shale rhEnchula biozone of the Reedsville Formation or to mudstone, and red to green siltstone to sandstone PUBLICATION 57 11

equivalent beds of the upper Martinsburg. The basal Oswego contact is here defined as the lowest bedded, more resistant sandstone above the less resistant, more massive sandstones and siltstones of the Orthorhynchula biozone. The Oswego is over- lain by the Juniata Formation except where the Juniata is absent (along the eastern margin of the Valley and Ridge), in which case the Oswego is overlain by the Tuscarora or Massanutten sand- stone. The Oswego-Juniata boundary is here de- fined on the basis of the amount of shale or mud- stone. The top of the Oswego is the base of the lowest shale or mudstone bed of appreciable thickness (1 foot or greater) above the sandstones of the Oswego, regardless of the color of the shale. This usually coincides with the lowest red strata except in the Figure 7. Photomicrograph of Oswego Sandstone, Adams Run and Anderson Ridge anticlines, and Hunkerson Gap, W. Va. Bar scale is 10 mm. along Little North Mountain in Rockingham County, Virginia, where the upper part of the upward in section. Polycrystalline quartz becomes Oswego is red. Where the Juniata is absent, the less abundant upward in section. In Rockingham top of the Oswego is placed at the base of the portion County, Virginia, where the Oswego is thickest, and of the section that is predominantly quartzarenite. in adjacent counties, the Oswego is in part con- If red shaly interbeds are present, the base of the glomeratic. Rounded pebbles, ranging up to 5 cm lowest red shale marks the top of the Oswego. in diameter, consist of quartzite, chert, and volcanic In areas where the Oswego is thickest, the Juniata and sedimentary rock fragments. Rader and Perry is anomalously thin or absent. It is my opinion that, (19?6b, p. 38) found conglomeratic clasts of oolitic in these areas, the Oswego is equivalent to the dolomite. slate. and radiolarian chert in the Oswego Juniata. In other words, the Oswego in Rockingham at Brocks Gap. Virginia. and adjacent counties is a sandier, commonly non- Fossils are very rare; however, bedding plane red facies of the time-equivalent Juniata Forma- trace fossils were found in the Oswego at Brocks tion. Gap. At Mills Gap, West Virginia, eurypterid im- pressions were found at the base of the Oswego Juniata Formation Sandstone (Figure 9). Figure 10 is an isopach map, on a palinspastic The Juniata Formation was named by Darton base, ofthe Oswego Sandstone throughoutthe study (1896, p. 2) for exposures along the Juniata River area. Thickness patterns form a bull's-eye pattern in Pennsylvania and is equivalent to the Queenston around Rockingham County, Virginia, where the Shale of New York and Ohio (Twenhofel and others, Oswego attains a maximum thickness of 550 feet. 1954), and to the Sequatchie Formation of Tennes- The bull's-eye is somewhat elongate along struc- see and southwestern Virginia (Butts, 1940, p' 221; tural strike. The Oswego is traceable southward Thompson, 1970c, p. 1273). The Juniata corre- into Botetourt and Alleghany counties, Virginia sponds to the Red Medina Sandstone of earlier West and is absent to the south and west. However, Virginia Geological Survey usage (Woodward, sandstone beds that are probably equivalent to the 1951, p. 38?), where it was considered to be of Oswego do occur at the base of the Juniata in these Silurian age. The Juniata is thought to represent areas. The Oswego thins to less than 100 feet at the entire Richmond Stage of the Ordovician in the Allegheny Front. The Oswego thickness pat- Virginia, West Virginia, and Maryland, where the terns also indicate a wedge of sediment extending Gamachian Stage is possibly absent by unconform- southward from central Pennsylvania. This wedge ity (Twenhofel and others, 1954). These stage de- is over 300 feet thick in the subsurface of northern terminations, however, are not based upon paleon- West Virginia and the western tip of Maryland' tologic evidence. The isopach patterns thus indicate two depocenters The Juniata is usually mapped on the basis of of Oswego Sandstone. its red color. It characteristically comprises, how- The Oswego is usually underlain by the Ortho- ever, interbedded red and in places green shale rhynchula biozone of the Reedsville Formation or to mudstone, and red to green siltstone to sandstone T2 VIRGINIA DIVISION OF MINERAL RESOURCES

EB!j

ai ;h.^a >-v

ra

Hcd € ^tr<+t

FX b0 rl

tiv

!v d'o c>q;d *.i C)d a r'4 '-a

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v.-

q2 Ea 'Y .. €> 5; - ri *crlC C!OF+J< : b0 li r-.i

V:R t2a

+!UD .qd od u-d r"s=-< F-.'i > t2 VIRGINIA DIVISION OF MINERAL RESOURCES

S= cB+lij ^- ,.4 !L >-rc! c) ."f OF :sHci € ^li

r-i F cde c> F.r C)d a ,-: '-a

AY at1

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'i ", -c> 5; 2- xaQql: CSOF b0!F{ :s 0) V:R tr2a

+!(, Q.Cl- E;i d q)-o :"5!:< f'.'F > PUBLICATION 57 13

is changing facies into the Oswego (along Little North Mountain) these cycles are not well de'fe- loped. An isopach map of the Juniata Formation (Fig- ure 15) shows that this unit is thickest at the western end of the Maryland panhandle where the Juniata exceeds 1700 feet. This appears to be part of a lobe of sediment that was transported southward from Pennsylvania into Maryland, West Virginia and Virginia. Within the study area the Juniata For- mation thins to the west, south, and east and is absent at the eastern edge of the Valley and Ridge. Lithologic,variation in the Juniata Formation, where exposed in outcrop, is also shown in Figure 15. Lithofacies data for this map are taken only from those outcrop localities that are both complete Figure 9. Eurypterid impression in lower Oswego and well exposed, therefore providing the most Sandstone at Mills Gap, W. Va. (outcrop locality reliable sandstone/shale ratios. The Juniata For- 2). Bar scale is 10 cm. mation coarsens to the east, where it is thinner. Paleocurrent data from the Oswego and Juniata are presented in two maps. Figure 16 shows pale- that usually ranges from argillaceous sublitharen- ocurrent roses (histograms) of all cross-bed mea- ite to argillaceous quartzarenite. The Juniata has surements at each outcrop and the vector mean for been described as typically unfossiliferous (Butts, each outcrop. Figure 17 is a summary diagram of 1940, p. 228; Woodward, 1951, p. 400). It does, all paleocurrent data, including the vector means however, contain abundant trace fossils that range of Figure 16, and all linear features such as tool from vertical burrows (Sko|ithos) to bedding plane marks, flute casts, ripple marks, channel axes, and forms (Cruziana, and Rusophycus). Figure 11 oriented trace fossils. Data from each outcrop were shows some of these trace fossils. Basal red siltstone analyzed to see if the direction of current changed beds of the Juniata in places contain Lingula . with position in section. No significant variation West of Little North Mountain the Juniata is was found. commonly cyclically bedded, as shown in Figure To the west and north, the Juniata passes lat- 12. Figure 13 is a diagrammatic representation of erally into the (a thinner, an idealized cycle within the Juniata. A complete sandy and shaly facies) of Ohio and New York. cycle consists of a lower cross-bedded arenite with According to Thompson (1970c), the fluvial Juniata a channeled basal contact and an upper burrowed passes southwestward into the laterally equivalent surface, a middle unit of interbedded mudstone and supratidal, intertidal and subtidal carbonates ofthe vertically burrowed () arenite to wacke, Sequatchie Formation in and and an upper unit of bioturbated mudstone. In adjacent Tennessee. In southeastern Tennessee' places, channel sandstones in the lower unit contain Milici and Wedow (1977) subdivide the Upper rip-up clasts of red mudstones. Bedding plane trace Ordovician carbonates into the (upper to lower) fossils are trsually found at the contact with the facies equivalent Sequatchie and Shellmound for- next higher cycle. The cycles are sometimes incom- mations, the Leipers Limestone, and the Inman plete and range in thickness from a foot to over Formation. To the east, the Juniata passes laterally 15 feet. The cycles in the Juniata are similar to into the Bald Eagle Sandstone or Conglomerate of those described by Allen (1965) as being typical Pennsylvania (Thompson, 1970a) and into the Os- of alluvial strata. However, Juniata cycles are wego Sandstone in northern Virginia. distinctly different in thatthey contain trace fossils, The Juniata is everywhere overlain by the Tus- which belong to Seilacher's (1967) Cruziana and carora Sandstone. The top ofthe Juniata is defined Skolithos facies (Figure 14), probably indicating herein as the top of the highest red strata below marine to intertidal conditions, respectively. It the Tuscarora Sandstone. This upper contact is should be emphasized that these cycles are only usually gradational (conformable) but occasionally well developed where the Juniata exhibits its typ- is marked by a paraconformity as denoted by an ical character. In those areas where the Juniata abrupt contact. PUBLICATION 57 13

is changing facies into the Oswego (along Little North Mountain) these cycles are not well deVe- loped. An isopach map of the Juniata Formation (Fig- ure 15) shows that this unit is thickest at the western end of the Maryland panhandle where the Juniata exceeds 1700 feet. This appears to be part of a lobe of sediment that was transported southward from Pennsylvania into Maryland, West Virginia and Virginia. Within the study area the Juniata For- mation thins to the west, south, and east and is absent at the eastern edge of the Valley and Ridge. Lithologic.variation in the Juniata Formation, where exposed in outcrop, is also shown in Figure 15. Lithofacies data for this map are taken only from those outcrop localities that are both complete Figure 9. Eurypterid impression in lower Oswego and well exposed, therefore providing the most Sandstone at Mills Gap, W. Va. (outcrop locality reliable sandstone/shale ratios. The Juniata For- 2). Bar scale is 10 cm. mation coarsens to the east, where it is thinner. Paleocurrent data from the Oswego and Juniata are presented in two maps. Figure 16 shows pale- that usually ranges from argillaceous sublitharen- ocurrent roses (histograms) of all cross-bed mea- ite to argillaceous quartzarenite. The Juniata has surements at each outcrop and the vector mean for been described as typically unfossiliferous (Butts, each outcrop. Figure 17 is a summary diagram of 1940, p. 228; Woodward, 1951, p. 400). It does, all paleocurrent data, including the vector means however, contain abundant trace fossils that range of Figure 16, and all linear features such as tool from vertical burrows (Skolithos) to bedding plane marks, flute casts, ripple marks, channel axes, and forms (Cruziana, and RusophEcus). Figure 11 oriented trace fossils. Data from each outcrop were shows some of these trace fossils. Basal red siltstone analyzed to see if the direction of current changed beds of the Juniata in places contain L'ingula . with position in section. No significant variation West of Little North Mountain the Juniata is was found. commonly cyclically bedded, as shown in Figure To the west and north, the Juniata passes lat- 12. Figure 13 is a diagrammatic representation of erally into the Queenston Formation (a thinner, an idealized cycle within the Juniata. A complete sandy and shaly facies) of Ohio and New York. cycle consists of a lower cross-bedded arenite with According to Thompson (1970c), the fluvial Juniata a channeled basal contact and an upper burrowed passes southwestward into the laterally equivalent surface, a middle unit of interbedded mudstone and supratidal, intertidal and subtidal carbonates ofthe vertically burrowed (Skolith,os) arenite to wacke, Sequatchie Formation in southwest Virginia and and an upper unit of bioturbated mudstone. In adjacent Tennessee. In southeastern Tennessee, places, channel sandstones in the lower unit contain Milici and Wedow (1977) subdivide the Upper rip-up clasts of red mudstones. Bedding plane trace Ordovician carbonates into the (upper to lower) fossils found contact with the and Shellmound for- are 'rsually at the facies equivalent Sequatchie next higher cycle. The cycles are sometimes incom- mations, the Leipers Limestone, and the Inman plete and range in thickness from a foot to over Formation. To the east, the Juniata passes laterally 15 feet. The cycles in the Juniata are similar to into the Bald Eagle Sandstone or Conglomerate of those described by Allen (1965) as being typical Pennsylvania (Thompson, 1970a) and into the Os- of alluvial strata. However, Juniata cycles are wego Sandstone in northern Virginia. distinctly different in that they contain trace fossils, The Juniata is everywhere overlain by the Tus- which belong to Seilacher's (1967) Cruz'iana and carora Sandstone. The top of the Juniata is defined Skolithos facies (Figure 14), probably indicating herein as the top of the highest red strata below marine to intertidal conditions, respectively. It the Tuscarora Sandstone. This upper contact is should be emphasized that these cycles are only usually gradational (conformable) but occasionally well developed where the Juniata exhibits its typ- is marked by a paraconformity as denoted by an ical character. In those areas where the Juniata abrupt contact. l4 VIRGINIA DIVISION OF MINERAL RESOURCES

", L-{r, J^ A..\ i i--^io7

{' (t: \-,+>j i>- -, - ), i\ - - 1-'- )i:-t;-l'---, ;).: _ _ ^ ) \ 5 )-\ t[[ ,' )-oziil< l. ""')' r,(-'r . \.,^ "'ffiffi '\' \ 4', '."1, ,> ,).'-'-'') -;q '^... (/ / ). . (t (c (" '//. ".. -u":].---- ,r' ,' .'[ '" \l \\'^ r\\ -=-^\ ,\.,- \ t ) \ .r' io - -\ ,''too .. \<-,1 l-\ *./ i"4 / .,/ \- 1\J

o MILES \. ..2"n.. .S \ KM. \a./ \'/' ) 2\ .laio/ PALINSPASTIC AASE (ofld Ocmison, 196lr Dconiron ond Woodmrd. 1963) f,/ t.. 1 \ ,' \.' \.,'1\.,-1\, \ \/\b OSWEGO THICKNESS \ t. / ot.t, (dashed where inferred) \ Contour Interval: 100 ft \-./\\ ^ va t./\ a outcrop data locality L \ '\,/\---/t Q subsurface data locality tlo' l\\\

Figure 10. Isopach map of the Oswego Sandstone, on palinspastic base. North arrow indicates present- day north.. PUBLICATION 57 15

Figure 11. Trace fossils of the Juniata Formation: a) Rusophyczs, Warm Springs, Va.; b) Rusophycus alGned with current (vertical in plane of page), Narrows, Va.; c) unnamed bedding plane trail, Cumberland, Md-.; d) vertical burrow (? Tigiilites ), , W. Va. a, b, and c are sole markings. All bar scales are 2 cm. PUBLICATION 57 15

::.'o'

,,:.:'l ll. , '

Figure 11. Trace fossils of the Juniata Formation: a) Rusophucus, Warm Springs, Va.; b) Rusophycus aligned with current (vertical in plane of page), Narrows, Va.; c)unnamed bedding plane trail, Cumberland, All Md-.; d) vertical bu.row (r. Ti{liltites ), North Fork Mountain, W. Va. a, b, and c are sole markings' bar scales are 2 cm. 16 VIRGINIA DIVISION OF MINERAL RESOURCES

bioturboted mudstone

IJ I orenile to wocke with O verticol burrows ond O interbedded mudstone

cross- bedded orenite

Figure 12. Cyclical bedding in the lower Juniata Formation exposed along U. S. Highway 38 on North Fork Mountain, Pendleton County, West Virginia. Jacob's staff is 5 feet long, graduated in feet.

Tuscarora Sandstone and Equivalent Strata Figure 13. Diagrammatic representation of a typ- ical cycle within the Juniata Formation. Vertical Darton (1896, p. 2) named the Tuscarora Sand- scale varies throughout the study area. Cycles are stone after exposures along not always complete. in Pennsylvania. The Tuscarora is synonymous with the Clinch Sandstone in Tennessee and south- western Virginia. The name Tuscarora is used northeast of the New River, and the name Clinch southwest of the New River (Dennison, 1970, p. 7). The Tuscarora is equivalent, in part, to the Brass- field Limestone in.the subsurface of West Virginia and (Perry, 1962, p.106), as well as to the lower portion of the Massanutten Sandstone in the Massanutten synclinorium (Dennison, 19?0, p. 22), and the lower portion of the Shawangunk Conglomerate in Pennsylvania (Swartz and others, Figure 14. Depth zonation chart of trace 1942). To the west, the Tuscarora passes laterally communities (after Seilacher, 1967, Figure 2). into the Cataract Formation of Ohio and the Medina Group of northwestern Pennsylvania and western New York (Piotrowski, 1981, Figure 2). The White Supermature quartzarenite, commonly com- Medina Sandstone of earlier West Virginia Survey posed almost entirely of monocrystalline qtartz usage (Woodward, I94L, p. 30) and the "Clinton (Figure 18), is the characteristic lithology. In places sand" of drillers (Perry, 1962, p.106) is equivalent the Tuscarora is conglomeratic, especially at its to the Tuscarora of this report. The Tuscarora base. In the western portion of the Valley and comprises the entire Lewistonian Series (previously Ridge, the Tuscarora is argillaceous and contains called the Albion Series) within the study area interbedded shale. The Tuscarora is typically de- (Swartz and others, 1942; Berry and Boucot , L970, void of body fossils, but does contain an assemblage pl. 2). of trace fossils (Diecchio, 1973, 1975). 16 VIRGINIA DIVISION OF MINERAL RESOURCES

broturboted mudstone

orenite to wocke with vertacol burrows ond interbedded mudstone

cross- bedded orenite

Figure 12. Cyclical bedding in the lower Juniata Formation exposed along U. S. Highway 38 on North Fork Mountain, Pendleton County, West Virginia. Jacob's staff is b feet long, graduated in feet.

Tuscarora Sandstone and Equivalent Strata Figure 13. Diagrammatic representation of a typ- ical cycle within the Juniata Formation. Vertical Darton (1896, p. 2) named the Tuscarora Sand- scale varies throughout the study area. Cycles are stone after exposures along Tuscarora Mountain not always complete. in Pennsylvania. The Tuscarora is synonymous with the Clinch Sandstone in Tennessee and south- western Virginia. The name Tuscarora is used northeast of the New River, and the name Clinch southwest of the New River (Dennison, 1g70, p.7). The Tuscarora is equivalent, in part, to the Brass- field Limestone in the subsurface of West Virginia and Kentucky (Perry, 1962, p. 106), as well as to the lower portion of the Massanutten Sandstone in the Massanutten synclinorium (Dennison, 1970, p. 22), and the lower portion of the Shawangunk Conglomerate in Pennsylvania (Swartz and others, Figure 14. Depth zonation chart of 1942). To the west, the Tuscarora passes laterally communities (after Seilacher, 1967, Figure 2). into the Cataract Formation of Ohio and the Medina Group of northwestern Pennsylvania and western New York (Piotrowski, 1981, Figure 2). The White Supermature quartzarenite, commonly com- Medina Sandstone of earlier West Virginia Survey posed almost entirely of monocrystalline quartz usage (Woodward, 1941, p. 30) and the "Clinton (Figure 18), is the characteristic lithology. In places sand" of drillers (Perry, 1962, p.106) is equivalent the Tuscarora is conglomeratic, especially at its to the Tuscarora of this report. The Tuscarora base. In the western portion of the Valley and comprises the entire Lewistonian Series (previously Ridge, the Tuscarora is argillaceous and contains called the Albion Series) within the study area interbedded shale. The Tuscarora is typically de- (Swartz and others, lg42; Berry and Boucot , 1970, void of body fossils, but does contain an assemblage pl. 2). of trace fossils (Diecchio, 1973, 1975). PUBLICATION 57 t7

oH PA, )__ "T 'f-ui '- '--T "-"-t- i - .1^ ^) \ o\ _/l

I t s\. ",,/. o _\ (\. , ) tr;::h ) ( \t_ t ) ( I ){..:.: r-..-. !:iillf,:':fi:

ffi N o '-O ffiiii o iiiir{ \

JUNIATA THICKNESS AND LITHOFACIES Contour Interval: 200 ft

ffi SCALE MILES

o KM.

PALINSPASTIC EASE (oflct Ocnni3on, l95lt Dennison ond W@dword,1963)

^ oulcrop locolity used ' for lithofocies dofo o\ O outcrop data locality O subsurface data locality 96 Sandatonc

40%

Figure 15. Isopach and lithofacies map of the Juniata Formation, palinspastic base. North arrow indicates present-day north. 18 VIRGINIA DIVISION OF MINERAL RESOURCES

., _ ._7 L_r r l-,o _ _ J,.,'\\ .i-l--'.. r I--f&-- ) ,/ i 4/\ \.,_ i{-*-4-i- ) ..y''-r.,,t z'\"-.. j' ,r' -/. ./ '- / -f' /r2,1 \ / '/ i4

,' ),] F"- tz -".. \ - -.Y t .- _ ',o.,1'"' '),..--- ,r' l^|--tt]]7 ) Jx;t-----/-tS ,^.. (,' E1y!il_ _.'i::rJ- N -'-.. -=-u' \ Jr]!" i "'----,{.t A a, "'---'-- -=-1 -)' jL ) -..... =,(I.A\ -,' Jl, ) I --\-,'"--aC,\l-r. !' i i--,\- slf."r'"4-:s f,,11'"t ---'l \ l-^\)-i-t\, il"'+ t ( scare \ / ?-l-*/',/Y,^\(,#MTLES /

1\,/\ \ \,-1 \ ) \ \ veclor.-a- 't., meon /' \ \ ."T,*J:;L:f' \ \ \' t* t,, t V:' --iocorion - ,t - -' ^ , 1*;, o, '--/\ t somoles r1t\ ". \\

Figure 16. Paleocurrent map, based on cross-bed data, of Oswego and Juniata strata. Histograms show dispersion of current data. Directions specified are the directions toward which the currents flowed. Bars indicate vector mean values. North arrow indicates present-day north. PUBLICATION 57 19

qI I I .__Ji' .-.*- \;,-'-i Figure 18. Photomicrograph of Tuscarora Sand- stone, Cliff Dale Chapel, Va. Bar scale is l0 mm.

a I t ule cosis, qrooves, a ilppre morh normo s thickness of Lewistonian strata within the study -ia orrenled lfoce fossils area. These strata are thickest (over 800 feet) in the Massanutten Mountain area where they are represented by the lower Runkles Gap member Figure 17. Summary map of all paleocurrent data. (informal) of Pratt (1979, p. 18) of the Massanutten Dots indicate data points. North arrow indicates Sandstone. The Tuscarora thickens in the subsur- present-day north. face of central West Virginia and southwestern Pennsylvania, attaining a thickness of over 400 feet in northern West Virginia. This pattern implies The Massanutten Sandstone was named after the presence of two depocenters of Tuscarora sand exposures on Massanutten Mountain by Geiger and within the study area. Another area in which the Keith (1891, p. 161), but the exposures they refer Tuscarora is thickened is near Eagle Rock, Vir- to are at Harpers Ferry, where the Massanutten ginia (outcrop locality 29). This anomaly is not does not crop out. Evidently they misidentified one evident in the isopach map but shows up in the of the sandstones, prob- stratigraphic cross sections and will be discussed ably the Weverton, as Massanutten (Perry, 1977, in a later portion of this report. The Tuscarora p. 4140; Nunan, 1979, p. 57-68). The Massanutten shows an anomalous thinning in northern Rock- Sandstone should properly refer to the thick sand- ingham County, Virginia and adjacent counties, stones that overlie the Martinsburg and are over- along the proposed Shenandoah axis of Rader and lain by the Bloomsburg redbeds (Cayugan or Ni- Perry (1976a) and Roberts and Kite (1978a). agaran) or McKenzie shales within the The Tuscarora is underlain by the Juniata For- Massanutten synclinorium (Brent, 1960, p. 46; mation in the western portion of the Valley and Rader and Biggs, 1976, p. 28). The Massanutten Ridge and in the subsurface of West Virginia. is, therefore, equivalent to horizons from the Tus- Farther east, where the Juniata is absent, the carora Sandstone to the Keefer Sandstone or Ro- Oswego Sandstone or the upper, sandy facies of chester Shale, thus representing most of the Lower the Martinsburg underlies the Tuscarora. In the Silurian (Llandovery to upper Wenlock) in the Catawba syncline, the Tuscarora is underlain by Massanutten synclinorium (Perry, 1977, p. 4140; the Orthorhynchula zone of the Reedsville Forma- Pratt, 1979, p. 30-32). The Massanutten Sandstone tion. is a typically unfossiliferous, supermature qlu.attz' The Tuscarora is everywhere overlain by the Rose arenite, locally conglomeratic, and of very similar Hill Formation, except in the Catawba syncline, lithology to the Tuscarora. where the typical Rose Hill lithology (red to yel- Figure 19 is an isopach map of the Tuscarora lowish-gray shale, siltstone, and sandstone) is not Sandstone and probable equivalent beds of the well developed, and the Tuscarora is overlain by Massanutten Sandstone. This map represents the the Keefer Sandstone. PUBLICATION 57 19

Figure 18. Photomicrograph of Tuscarora Sand- stone, Cliff Dale Chapel, Va. Bar scale is 10 mm.

thickness of Lewistonian strata within the study area. These strata are thickest (over 800 feet) in the Massanutten Mountain area where they are represented by the lower Runkles Gap member Figure 17. Summary map of all paleocurrent data. (informal) of Pratt (1979, p. 18) of the Massanutten Dots indicate data points. North arrow indicates Sandstone. The Tuscarora thickens in the subsur- present-day north. face of central West Virginia and southwestern Pennsylvania, attaining a thickness of over 400 feet in northern West Virginia. This pattern implies The Massanutten Sandstone was named after the presence of two depocenters of Tuscarora sand exposures on Massanutten Mountain by Geiger and within the study area. Another area in which the Keith (1891, p. 161), but the exposures they refer Tuscarora is thickened is near Eagle Rock, Vir- to are at Harpers Ferry, where the Massanutten ginia (outcrop locality 29). This anomaly is not does not crop out. Evidently they misidentified one evident in the isopach map but shows up in the of the Cambrian Chilhowee Group sandstones, prob- stratigraphic cross sections and will be discussed ably the Weverton, as Massanutten (Perry, 1977, in a later portion of this report. The Tuscarora p. 4140; Nunan, 1979, p. 57-68). The Massanutten shows an anomalous thinning in northern Rock- Sandstone should properly refer to the thick sand- ingham County, Virginia and adjacent counties, stones that overlie the Martinsburg and are over- along the proposed Shenandoah axis of Rader and lain by the Bloomsburg redbeds (Cayugan or Ni- Perry (1976a) and Roberts and Kite (1978a). agaran) or McKenzie shales within the The Tuscarora is underlain by the Juniata For- Massanutten synclinorium (Brent, 1960, p. 46; mation in the western portion of the Valley and Rader and Biggs, 1976, p. 28). The Massanutten Ridge and in the subsurface of West Virginia. is, therefore, equivalent to horizons from the Tus- Farther east, where the Juniata is absent, the carora Sandstone to the Keefer Sandstone or Ro- Oswego Sandstone or the upper, sandy facies of chester Shale, thus representing most of the Lower the Martinsburg underlies the Tuscarora. In the Silurian (Llandovery to upper Wenlock) in the Catawba syncline, the Tuscarora is underlain by Massanutten synclinorium (Perry, 1977, p. 4140; the OrthorhEnchula zone of the Reedsville Forma- Pratt, 1979, p. 30-32). The Massanutten Sandstone tion. is a typically unfossiliferous, supermature quattz- The Tuscarora is everywhere overlain by the Rose arenite, locally conglomeratic, and of very similar Hill Formation, except in the Catawba syncline, lithology to the Tuscarora. where the typical Rose Hill lithology (red to yel- Figure 19 is an isopach map of the Tuscarora lowish-gray shale, siltstone, and sandstone) is not Sandstone and probable equivalent beds of the well developed, and the Tuscarora is overlain by Massanutten Sandstone. This map represents the the Keefer Sandstone. 20 VIRGINIA DIVISION OF MINERAL RESOURCES

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REGIONAL DEPOSITONAL PATTERNS strata (Figure 6) suggest that the absence of the nearshore community eoincides somewhat with an area where the section is thicker, indicating a Five stratigraphic eross sections were con- higher sedimentation rate. structed to characterize the interrelationships of McBride (L962, p. 82) has shown that paleocur- the strata throughout the study area. For each rents in the Martinsburg, at the eastern edge of section, exposed strata from the upper Martinsburg the the basin, flowed along present structur'al strike or Reedsville through at least the lowermost Tus- in northern Virginia. These paleocurrent directions carora are depicted. Locations ofthe stratigraphic are consistent with the presence of an active positive sections are shown on Figure 2. Sections A-A' area or axis of thinning (see Figure 6) further west (Figure 20), B-B'(Figure 21), and C-C'(Figure 22) which might act as a barrier and deflect the are normal to structural strike, whereas sections currents along strike. Another explanation is that D-D'(Figure 23) and E-E'(Figure24) are parallel the current.flow indicates direction of longshore to strike. These sections are based on measured or contour currents, but this is less likely if the sections (Appendix I) and well logs (Appendix II). strata are deposited by turbidity currents. Also, it should be noted that these currents are from southwest to northeast, toward the area of max- Deposition of Upper Martinsburg and Equivalent imum thiekness of the Martinsburg as shown in Strata Figure 6. The question should be raised whether the ab- The uppermost beds of the Martinsburg and sence of the nearshore community east of Little Reedsville formations were investigated in order North Mountain is because of deeper water in that to define the contact between the Martinsburg or area during late Martinsburg time or to removal Reedsville formations and the overlying Oswego, of the nearshore strata during a later erosional Juniata, Tuscarora, or Massanutten formations. episode. The presence of the positive axis and the The upper Reedsville strata generally include in- direction of current flow suggest that deeper water terbedded, fossiliferous shales, siltstones and lime- conditions were present in the eastern portion of stones that grade upward into siltstone and shale the Valley and Ridge. This does not, however, that contain Orthorhynchula , Ambongchia,, and preclude the possibility of later uplift and erosion. Lingula, typical of Bretsky's (1969, p. 201, 207; Figure 25 shows two possible interpretations of 1970, p. 58, 62) OrthorhEnchula-Ambonychia the biostratigraphy at the top of the Martinsburg nearshore community and more informally re- and Reedsville formations along the line of stra- ferred to as the MhorhEnclula biozone. The up- tigraphic cross section C-C'(Figure 23). Figure 25 permost portion of the Reedsville, however, is typ- shows that the Linwla population (very nearshore ically a massive mudstone that usually contains zone containing Lingulo only) at the top of the only L'ingulo. This sequence was not found by the Martinsburg and Reedsville formations is present writer at Massanutten Mountain (see Fiwre 22, everywhere, as are the lower, offshore fauna (So- locality 5). Instead, a sparsely fossiliferous sequence werbEella-Onniella community). These two biofa- of interbedded sandstone and shale was found to cies are separated by the nearshore community be overlain by an apparently barren sequence of (Orthorhanchula-Ambowclui,a community) in the sandstone and shale. Secrist and Evitt (1943) noted west (Reedsville), whereas this community is miss- that the fauna in these strata at Massanutten ing toward the east (Martinsburg). Figure 25a Mountain are not typical of the upper Martinsburg shows an interpretation that accommodates an (Reedsville) elsewhere. They also noted the pres- erosional removal of the nearshore community in ence of Li,ngula in this uppermost sequence. the east. Where the nearshore community is miss- Bretsky (1969, pl.2; 1970, Figure 6) also noted this ing, the offshore community is overlain by strata atypical upper Martinsburg strata at Massanutten, that are sparsely populated by Lingula. If erosion as well as along Little North Mountain in Rock- had occurred, it would have taken place before the ingham County, Virginia and in the Paddy Moun- deposition of the Lingula-bearing strata. These tain anticline. Bretsky (1969, p. 201, 207;1970, p. overlying strata are a sandier unit (Cub sandstone 56, 62) reports that at these places the Sowerbaella of Thornton, 1953, at Massanutten Mountain, out- -Onniella offshore community is overlain by a crop localities 4, 5, 6; basal Oswego Sandstone at barren interval, and that lhe Uthorhanchula - Brocks Gap, outcrop locality 8). Figure 25b pres- Ambonychia nearshore community is missing. ents an interpretation which attributes the absence Thickness data of the Martinsburg and equivalent of the nearshore community to deeper water con- 22 VIRGINIA DIVISION OF MINERAL RESOURCES

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EAST WEST top of Martinsburg v/rtopofReedsvitte \ barren zone Lingura community (very shallow) (Grc Lingula'l

b. WEST

ARINE

Figure 25. Two interpretations of the biostrati- graphy at the top of the Martinsburg and Reedsville formations in northern Virginia: a) based on an at the base of the L'ingula zone; b) based on a facies change from shallow to deep water assemblages. Barren zone indicates area of high sedimentation rate. Figure 26. Interpretive paleogeography within the ditions. The shallow L'ingula zone, in this interpre- study area during early Maysville time or during tation, is missing in the east because of the presence the deposition of youngest Martinsburg or Reeds- of deeper water and a high rate of sedimentation ville strata. North arrow indicates present-day which may have filled the basin and may also have north. Palinspastic base. prevented inhabitatio n by Orthorhynehula. In this case, the barren strata are synchronous with the The shallow marine area coincides with the area Orthorhynchula-Ambongch'ia community, and their in which Reedsville deposition is controlled by upper portion equivalent to the Li'ngula storm generated currents on a marine shelf, as community. I favor the second hypothesis (Figure proposed by Kreisa (1980, 1981) for what he calls 25b). the Martinsburg Formation. The eastern deeper Figure 26 is my interpretation of the paleogeog- marine area coincides with the area in which raphy that existed in the study area in latest Martinsburg deposition is controlled by turbidity Martinsburg time. Axes of subsidence are deli- currents (McBride, 1962). neated on the basis of isopach patterns (Fisure 6). The shallow marine area is delineated on the basis Deposition of Oswego and Juniata Strata of the known extent of the Orthorhynchu\a -Am- bonychia and Li.ngulo communities. In the subsur- Horowitz (1965, p. 31-32) and Thompson (1970a, face, these communities are inferred from the p. 1257;1970b, p. 601-602) have shown that, in presence of fossil fragments and phosphatic frag- Pennsylvania, lithologic boundaries, as determined ments. This is the basis for the inferred presence by sand-shale ratios, between Oswego (Bald Eagle) of shallow marine conditions in the western portion and Juniata strata do not correspond to red/green of the study area, which should be considered coloration boundaries. I also found this to hold true tentative. in Virginia and West Virginia. Both Horowitz The eastern limit of the shallow marine area (1965, p. 116-117) and Thompson (1970b, p.612- coincides in part with the Shenandoah axis of Rader 614) have concluded that the color differences are and Perry (1976a) and Roberts and Kite (1978a). diagenetic and in fact the strata were all originally 28 VIRGINIA DIVISION OF MINERAL RESOURCES

red and the green coloration has been produced immature basal sands range from litharenite to by diagenetic reduction of the red oxidized iron. feldspathic litharenite and grade upward to sub- On the other hand, Milici and Wedow (1977)showed litharenite and often to quartzarenite in the up- that for equivalent strata in southeastern Tennes- permost portion of the Ordovician (lithologic terms see, red coloration was associated with intertidal are according to Folk, 1974, p. L29). and supratidal facies, and is, therefore, controlled As discussed previously, the Juniata is charac- by . terized by cyclical sedimentation (Figures 12, 13), It was noted during this study that red coloration and the cycles contain trace fossils (Figure 11) that tends to be better developed where there is more indieate marine to intertidal conditions. The up- shale in the section, although the iateral or vertical ward progression from no trace fossils to vertical change from sandstone to sandstone with inter- burrows to bedding plane trails, that is preserved bedded mudroeks does not always correspond to in complete cycles, is interpreted, according to the red/green color boundary. In essence, it appears Seilacher's depth zonation (Figure 14), as indicat- that, although the presence of shale or mudstone ing deepening water, or more quiescent marine does not directly control the color of the strata, the conditions, upward in each cycle. It is further ratio of thickness of red strata to thickness of green assumed that the trace fossils(Skolithos, Cm.nia,,na, strata is directly proportional to the amount of shale Rusophy cus) indicate marine conditions (Seilacher, or mudstone in the section. 1967). The red coloration of the sediment, and the The observation that the relative abundance of cyclical nature of this sequence, suggest that the red strata is crudely and inversely proportional to Juniata was land-derived, and was deposited in the sandstone/shale ratio of the strata is further very nearshore (subtidal to supratidal) conditions. emphasized by Figure 15. This Juniata lithofaeies A possible environment of deposition is a broad map shows that although the thickest shaly strata coastal lowland or delta plain that received sed- are located beneath the Appalachian Plateau and iment by alluvial processes but either was con- appear to thicken into Pennsylvania, equivalent stantly or intermittently submerged by shallow strata become sandier eastward where they crop marine water. out in the Valley and Ridge. This implies that one The fact that the Juniata is characterized by source of sand is within or east of the Valley and cyclical sedimentation, combined with the fact that Ridge in Virginia. the cycles contain the repeated characteristics of Subsurface data show an increase in sandstone/ shallow water deposition, suggest that the Juniata shale ratio northward. Gamma ray and neutron was deposited during a low stand of sea level, but logs (Appendix II) show that, compared with other while sea level was rising and/or the land was wells in the area, the Juniata strata penetrated in subsiding. This thick sequence of shallow water the Preston 119 well (W-4) are thicker and sandier. sediments indicates progradation during this rel- This implies that there is indeed a northern source ative sea level rise. Because the cycles represent area and that this source was supplying sand to repetition of the same, graded, shallow marine the basin. The pattern that emerges is that in late sequence through as much as 700 feet of vertical Ordovician tirne sedimentation within the study section, the cyclic units appear to have accreted area was controlled by two sources, one from the at about the same rate at which sea level rose, or north (Pennsylvania), and one from the east. the basin subsided, or both. Either the sea was Mudstone is common in the Juniata in all areas, coincidentally rising at the same average rate at except along the eastern basin margin, where the which the sediments were being deposited, or the unit becomes sandier as it changes facies into the Juniata sediments were undergoing compaction or Oswego Sandstone. Likewise, the Juniata is com- subsidence. The first possibility is unlikely, because monly red in all areas, except along the eastern if rates of sedimentation varied throughout the basin margin where it changes facies into the non- study area and if sea level was rising, then some red Oswego Sandstone. cycles would be deposited above sea level, some Except for color, the Oswego Sandstone is litho- below, and the nature of the cycles, therefore, would logically quite similar to the sandstone beds of the vary with sedimentation rate. The cycles, however, Juniata. Whether the Juniata overlies the Oswego, are surprisingly similar throughout the study area. or the Juniata is absent and replaced by the Oswego This equilibration between sedimentation rate and facies, the lithology of the sandstone seems to be relative sea level rise. therefore, cannot be used essentially the same. Apparently the basal sand- as evidence of a eustatic sea level rise. In fact stone units are the most immature and the sand- McKerrow (1979) has shown that on a worldwide stone becomes more mature upward in section. The basis, sea level was falling during the Ashgillian. PUBLICATION 57 29

The mechanism of subsidence is, therefore, favored as an explanation for the apparent rise of sea level in this area during latest Ordovician time. As shown on Figures 16 and 17, on the eastern basin margin, Juniata and Oswego paleocurrents flowed from southeast to northwest, indicating a pattern of sediment dispersal into the basin. This is consistent with textural variation in these sed- iments. coarser to the southeast. In the central portion of the study area (Bath and Highland counties, Virginia; Pocahontas, Pendleton, and Hardy counties, West Virginia), paleocurrent trends are bimodal and indicate an average direc- EASTER N tion of flow toward the southwest. This change SOU RCE indicates either that the currents shifted from ANEA offshore to longshore, the shift occurring in the area that today lies between Little North Mountain and the Allegheny Front, or that the sedimentation west of the Little North Mountain was controlled by a different depositional system. The two transport modes are not 180 degrees opposed but indicate a westerly and southerly component of transport. Such a pattern suggests that longshore drift is probably responsible for sediment distribution in this area. If so, the onshore component of drift was in a southerly direction, the offshore component in a westerly direction, and net transport oriented toward the southwest. The paleocurrent data in western Maryland and Giles County, Virginia do Figure 27. lnterpretive paleogeography within the not fit these patterns. Figure 27 shows an inter- study area during late Richmond time or during pretation of the paleogeography during deposition the latter stages of deposition of Oswego and Juni- of the Juniata and Oswego strata. In the area of ata strata. Arrows indicate inferred direction of investigation there appears to be a sediment source sediment dispersal. North arrow indicates present- to the north in Pennsylvania. Other workers (Yea- day north. Palinspastic base. kel, 1962; Meckel, 1970) have considered the Ju- niata and Oswego (Bald Eagle) to be nonmarine in Pennsylvania. Based on their work, on isopaeh the Taconic highlands), on the west by the south- data (Figure 15), and on the fact that the Juniata ward accreting sediment of the Queenston delta appears to become sandier in the subsurface where complex, and on the north by the junction of these it is thickest (well W-4), it is inferred that a two sources in Pennsylvania. In essence, the Queen- shoreline existed in northern West Virginia and ston delta complex in Pennsylvania was probably western Maryland, as shown in Figure 27. Another also derived from an eastern source and then source area is present in the east, based on isopach dispersed southward into West Virginia. Further data of Oswego strata (Figure 10) and paleocurrent north, according to Patchen (1978, p. 383) and trends (Figure 16). The thickest single expression Zercahn (1978, p. 1758), the Queenston sediments frorn this source is the Silurian Massanutten Sand- dispersed northward into New York. stone. The embayment that existed in northern Virgin- The two detrital source areas that were active ia and adjacentWestVirginiawas probably an area during the time of deposition of the Oswego and of coastal lowlands situated between the eastern Juniata strata were situated so as to produce a eroding landmass (Appalachia) and the prograding somewhat restricted body of water in what is now lobe(s) of sediment. Eurypterid impressions (Fig- the Valley and Ridge in the northern portion of ure 9) in the Oswego in Berkeley County, West the study area. This restriction or embayment was Virginia are evidence that brackish water condi- bounded on the east by the newly formed source tions existed in this embayment during Maysville area at the eastern basin margin (Appalachia or time. These areas were probably not swamps or 30 VIRGINIA DIVISION OF MINERAL RESOURCES

marshes because of the probable non-existenee of Oswego and Juniata are both missing. The Mho- plants terrestrial but may have been suitable for rhynchula biozone here is stained red at the top, plants to begin to develop a means by which to possibly because of the pre-erosional proximity of adapt to nonmarine conditions. the Juniata redbeds to the uppermost beds of the The axes of subsidence indicated on Figure 2? Reedsville. At Fagg, five feet of Silurian sandstone are intended to show areas where sedimentation (Tuscarora or "Keefer"), representing the only pre- place took at a high rate because of syndepositional served Silurian, overlies the Reedsville and under- subsidence. These troughs may have been deep lies the Devonian Ridgeley (Oriskany) Sandstone. areas in late Martinsburg time, but were probably This section at Fagg indicates local emergent con- no longer deep in latest Ordovician time, having ditions during most of the Silurian, or pre-Oriskany progressively become, shallower because of the erosion of the Silurian. The disconformity is least high rate of influx of Juniata and Oswego clastic developed where the Juniata is thick. Because the material. Juniata and Oswego are facies-related, the absence A positive axis is shown on Figure 22, and its of either of these units is not adequate criterion position lies within the shallow marine area that for defining a hiatus. Only where both of these units proposed was to exist during late Martinsburg time are thin or absent should the possibility of a hiatus (Figure 26). This axis separates the area of offshore be considered. (northwestward) sediment transport from the area of longshore (southwestward) sediment transport ORDOVICIAN-SILURIAN BOUNDARY and may have been a subtle topographic feature in late Ordovician time. The northern portion of Stratigraphic relationships discussed previously this also generally _ axis eoincides with the zone in place constraints on an interpretation of itre natur! which the Juniata changes facies into the Oswego. of the Ordovician-Silurian boundary. This systemic boundary is custonaarily placed at the basl of the LATERAL RELATIONSHIPS Tuscarora or Massanutten sandstones. This is based upon lithostratigraphic correlation of unfossilifer_ One of the primary results of this study is an ous strata within the study area with fossiliferous interpretation of the lateral or facies relationships strata elsewhere. Nowhere within the study area between the Oswego and Juniata formations. As has the uppermost Ordovician or lowermost Si_ shown on stratigraphic cross sections C-C', D-D', lurian strata yielded fossils that would help define and E-E' (Figures 22, 23, 24) the typical Oswego the systemic boundary. lithology (gray green to sandstone) occurs below Petrologically, the late Ordovician strat a are the Juniata redbeds throughout most of the study litharenites to sublitharenites with interbedded area. This is not the case, however, in Rockingham mudstones and shales and the early Silurian strata County, Virginia (Figure 22,localily 8;Figure 24, are quartzarenites. The systemic boundary marks localities 8, 9), where the Juniata is absent or has a fairly abrupt disappearance of unstabie lithic thinned to a feather edge. Here the Oswego is fragments and clay from the stratigraphic column anomalously thick. This is depicted on Figure 24 and hence an abrupt change from immature sand_ at Brocks Gap (locality 8) and Cooper Mountain stones below to mature sandstones above. (locality 9), near the area where the Oswego attains As is evident from the cross sections, the Tus_ its (see maximum thickness Figure 10). At these carora has the general geometry of a blanket sand. localities there is no apparent hiatus (such as an The base of this blanket is the Ordbvician-Silurian contact) abrupt at the top of the Oswego. It is, boundary. Two areas where the Tuscarora does not therefore, probable that at these locations the Os- have a blanket geometry are in the Massanutten wego is a time-equivalent facies of the Juniata. area (Figure22, outcrop locality b) and in the area (Catawba) In the Salem syncline, the local ab- around Eagle Rock, Virginia (Figures 20 and 24, sence of the Juniata appears to be because of outcrop locality 29). At each of these localities, the disconformity (see section E-E', Figure 24). In this Tuscarora is unusually thiek, the Juniata is miss- general vicinity the Juniata thins and pinches out ing, and the Oswego is relatively thin or absent. to the south, but as determined from the outcrops Therefore, at these locations, the possibility exists Catawba (locality at Mountain 34) and at Fagg that the lower Tuscarora is facies-equivalent to the (locality 42), the pinchout seems to be because of Juniata and/or the Oswego erosional truncation. The Tuscarora at Catawba In the Massanutten area the Juniata is absent Mountain is conglomeratic and rests directly upon because it has changed facies into the Oswego the Martinsburg (Reedsville of this report). The Sandstone (Figures 22,localily 8 and 24,loealiy PUBLICATION 57 31

9). The Oswego, however, is disconformably absent ticlines of the Valley and Ridge, probably repres- at Massanutten Mountain, where the Massanutten ents the absence of only a minor portion of the upper Sandstone overlies the sandy facies of the upper Gamachian. Martinsburg (Cub Sandstone of Thornton, 1953). The base of the Silurian is, therefore, interpreted as a disconformity in the Massanutten synclino- SEA LEVEL HISTORY rium, as determined by an abrupt contact and the lack of coarse-grained Oswego Sandstone. The Os- In the Late Cambrian and Early Ordovician, wego may have once been here and later eroded marine lime muds were being deposited. During away, but the Juniata probably never existed in the Blackriverian (Upper Ordovician), muds (Lib- the Massanutten area. The possibility also exists erty Hall) and gravels (Fincastle) were deposited, that the sandy facies at the top of the Martinsburg marking the onset of Taconic sedimentation within (Cub Sandstone) is a lateral facies of the Oswego. the study area. Followingthis, flysh, (Martinsburg) If so, the length of the hiatus would be much less and equivalent sediments (units) were deposited, significant. This interpretation supports the con- beginning in Trentonian time and continuing until tention that the base of the Massanutten Sandstone the Maysvillian. is the base of the Silurian, but is arbitrary because In early Maysville time sea level was lowered, of the lack of biostratigraphic control. At Eagle as denoted in the Appalachians by a change from Rock (outcrop locality 29, Figpres 21 and 24) the a deeper water fauna upward to a shallower water Tuscarora is unusually thick, the Juniata is absent, fauna in the upper Reedsville Formation. The and the Oswego is thin and poorly developed. There shallow faunal zone is missing from the upper is no evidence of facies relationships between Ju- Martinsburg in the Massanutten area probably niata and Oswego strata in this area. The Juniata because conditions here were too deep, or otherwise is interpreted to be missing in part beeause of a unsuitable for inhabitation by shallow water spe- change in facies from a red mudstone to a clean cies. quartzarenite, and that the lower Tuscarora here Sedimentation continued through the remainder is equivalent to the uppermost Juniata elsewhere. of the Cincinnatian with the contemporaneous de- An unconformity probably exists here at the top position of the Oswego and Juniata sediments. of the Oswego (presence of phosphatic pebbles); These units were deposited during the low stand however, it is not well developed, and the Oswego of sea level. As the strata were deposited, they were seems to grade upward into the Tuscarora. Further compacted and the basin subsided isostatically. Sea southwest, the unconformity becomes more pro- level may have been rising slowly, or it may have nounced. This interpretation allows the possibility been fluctuating duringthe Late Ordovician glacial that the lowermost Tuscarora at Eagle Rock is episode. equivalent to the upper Juniata. This interpretation The sea level drop that was responsible for the is reinforced by the presence of a 45-foot-thick shallow marine nature of the post-Eden strata transitional zone,containing qtartzsandstone with (upper Reedsville) was also responsible at least in interbedded red shale, at the top of the Juniata part for the development of the pre-Silurian un- Formation at Buffalo Gap (outcrop locality 22, conformity in southwestern Virginia. This is the Figure 24). sea level drop that produced the Taconic discon- In the central portion of the Valley and Ridge tinuity of Wheeler (1963, p. 1506). It was pointed outcrop belt within the study area, the lithologic out by Johnson (1971, p. 3286) that the Taconic change that denotes the Ordovician Silurian boun- discontinuity should not be associated with the dary (base of the Tuscarora Sandstone) is a gra- . Dennison and Head (1975, p. 1097) dational contact. For this reason, the systemic more properly designated this hiatus as the Che- boundary is, in these places, conformable and there- rokee discontinuity. This sea level lowering, which fore not a hiatus. This is lithostratigraphic evidence was probably glacioeustatic (Dennison, 1976), be- for the presence of the Gamachian Stage in a gan in early Maysville time and lasted throughout portion of the study area. A disconformable sys- the remainder of the Ordovieian. Sea level rose, temic boundary, such as is present in the Massa- probably eustatically, in earliest Silurian time nutten and Catawba synclinoria and along the Gray and Boucot, L972; Bewy and Boucot, 1973; northern portion of the North Mountain fault, may Dennison and Head, 1975; McKerrow, 1979). This represent the absence of some, if not all of the sea level rise was to a large degree responsible for Gamachian. A probably paraconformable systemic the widespread deposition of the Tuscarora and boundary, such as is present in the western an- equivalent sandstones. 32 VIRGINIA DIVISION OF MINERAL RESOURCES

REFERENCES (West Virginia and adjacent states); part 1, stratigraphic maps: West Virginia and Allen, Geol. J. R. L., 196b, Fining.upwards cycles in Econ. Survey, Rept.Inv. RI-26-1, 141p. alluvial sueeessions: Geol. Jour., v. 4, p.2Zg_ Darton, N. H., 1896, Piedmont folio, U. S. Geol. 246. Survey, Geol. Atlas, No.28. Appalachian Geologieal Society, 19?0, Silurian stra- Dennison, J. M., 1961, Stratigraphy tigraphy, of Onesque- Central Appalachian basin: Field thaw Stage of Devonian in West Virginia ind Conf. Guidebook, p. 148 bordering states: West Virginia Geol. Survey Bartholomew, M. J., Milici, R. C., and Schultz, A. Bull.22, 87 p. P., 1980, Geologic structure and hydrocarbon 1970, Silurian stratigraphy and sedimentary potential alongthe Saltville and Pulaski thrusts tectonics of southern West Virginia and adja- in southwestern -, Virginia and northeastern Ten- cent Virginia: Appalachian Geol. Soc.. Field. nessee: Part A, Regional structure and hydro- Conf. Guidebook, p. 2-BB. carbon potential, sheet 1: Virginia Division of L976, Appalachian delta related Mineral eueenston Resources Publication 28. to eustatic sea-level drop accompanying Late Bassler, R. -, S., 1919, The Cambrian and Ordovician Ordovician glaciation centered in Africa, in deposits of Maryland: Maryland Geol. Survey, Bassett, M. G., ed., The Ordovician Baltimore, press, System: _ The Johns Hopkins 424 p. Proc. Paleont. Assn. Symposium, Birmingham, Berry, W. B. N., and Boueot, (eds.), A. J., ig7O, Sept. 1974, Univ. of Wales press and Nat. Mus. Correlation of the North American Silurian of Wales, Cardiff, p. 10?-120. rocks: Geol. paper Soc. America, Spec. l02,Zgg 1982, Paleozoic stratigraphy and Appalachian p. exploration trends: Ameriean Assoc. petr. 1973, Glacio-eustatic control of Late Ordovi_ -, Geol., Field Seminar Guidebook. cian-Early Silurian platform sedimentation Dennison, J. M., and Head, J. W., l97b, Sea level -, and faunal changes: Geol. Soc. America Bull. variations interpreted from the Appalachian v. 84, p. 275-284. Basin Silurian and Devonian: American Jour. Bregman, M. L., 1g6?, Geology of the New Castle Sci., v. 275, p.1089-1120. area, Craig County, Virginia: Unpublished M. Dennison, J. M., and Wheeler, W. H., 192b, polytechnic Stra- S. Thesis, Virginia Institute and tigraphy of through State U_niversity, Blacksburg, Virginia ?g p. strata of probable fluvial origin in southeastern Brent, W. B., 1g60, Geology and mineral ,esouice, and their potential as uranium of Rockingham County: Virginia Division of host rocks: Southeastern Geol., Spec. pub. b, Mineral Resources Bull. Z6, 174p. 210 p. Bretsky, P. W., lg6g, Central Appalachian Late Dennison, J. M., and Woodward, H. P., 1968, pa- Ordovician communities: Geol. Soc. America linspastic maps of Central Appalachians: Bull., v.80, p. 1gB-212. American Assoc. Petr. Geol. Bull., v. 47, p.666- _-, 1970, Upper Ordovician ecology of the Central 680. Appalachians: Peabody Mus. Nat. History, Diecchio, R. J., 1973, Lower and Middle Silurian Yale Univ., Bull. 84, lbO p. ichnofacies and their paleoenvironmental sig- Butts, Charles, 1g40, Geology of the Appalachian nificance, Central Appalachian Basin of the valley in Virginia: Virginia Geol. Suivey Bull. : Unpublished M. S. Thesis, Duke pt.1, 52, b68 p. University., Durham, North Carolina, 100 p. Butts, Charles, and Edmundson, R. S.. 1989. Geol- 1975, Paleoenvironmental reconstruction of ogy of Little North Mountain in northern Vir- Lower and Middle Silurian clastics, inferred ginia: Virginia Geol. Survey Bull. b1-H, p. l6b_ -, from trace fossils, Central Appalachian Basin: 185. American Assoc. Petr. Geol. and Soc. Econ. Chau_vin, E. N., 19b2, The geology of the East River Paleont. and Mineralogists, Annual Meeting Mountain area, Giles County, Virginia: Abs., v. I. p.20. Unpublished M. S. Thesis, Virginia polytech- 1980a, Method and inexpensive device for nic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, direct field re-crientation of originally horiz- Virginia, -, BZ o. ontal linear structures: Jour. Sed. Pet., v. b0, Chen, Ping-fan, l9ZZ, Lower paleozoic strati- p.647-649. graphy, tectonics, paleogeography, and oil and 1980b, Post-Martinsburg Ordovician strati- gas possibilities in the Central Appalachians -, graphy, Central Aplralachian Basin: PUBLICATION 57 33

Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Johnson, J. G., 19?1, Timing and coordination of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, orogenic, epeirogenic, and eustatic events:.Geol. 220 p. Soc. America Bull., v. 82, p. 3263-3298. Edwards, Jonathan, 1959, The geology ofthe upper Kreisa, R. D., 1980, The Martinsburg Formation Roanoke River valley area, Montgomery and (Middle and Upper Ordovician) and related Roanoke counties, Virginia: Unpublished M. S. facies in southwestern Virginia: Unpublished Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and Ph.D. Dissertation, Virginia Polyteahnic Insti- State University, Blacksburg, Virginia,92 p. tute and State University, Blacksburg, Virgin- Eubank, R. T., 1967, Geology of the southwestern ia, 355 p. end of the Catawba syncline, Montgomery 1981, Storm-generated sedimentary struc- County, Virginia: Unpublished M. S. Thesis, tures in subtidal marine facies with examples Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State Uni- -, from the Middle and Upper Ordovician of versity, Blacksburg, Virginia, 91 P. southwestern Virginia: Jour. Sed. Petrolog5r, v. Folk, R. L., 1974, Petrology of sedimentary rocks: 51, p..823-848. Austin, Hemphill Pub. Co., 182 P. Lampiris, Nieholas, 1975, Stratigraphy of the clas- Geiger, H. R., and Keith, Arthur, 1891, The struc- tic Silurian rocks of central western Virginia ture of the Blue Ridge near Harpers Ferry, and adjacent West Virginia: Unpublished Maryland-West Virginia: Geol. Soc. America Ph.D. Dissertation, Virginia Polyteehnic Insti- Bull., v. 2, p. 155-164. tute and State University, Blacksburg, Virgin- Goddard, E. N., Trask, P. D., DeFord, R. D., Rove, ia, 205 p. O. N., Singewald, J. T., and Overbeck, R. M., Lesure, F. G., 195?, Geology of the Clifton Forge 1970, Rock color chart: distributed by Geol Soc. iron distriet, Virginia: Virginia Polytechnic America. Institute Bull., v. 50, no. 7, (Eng. Expt. Sta. Gray, Jane, and Boucot, A. J., 1972, Palynological Ser. No. 118), 130 P. evidence bearing on the Ordovician-Silurian McBride, E. F., 1962, Flysch and associated beds paraconformity in Ohio: Geol. Soc. America of the Martinsburg Formation (Ordovician), Bull.83, p. 1299-1314. Central Appalachians: Jour. Sed. Pet., v.32, Hall, W. D., 1969, The Juniata-Oswego problem p. 39-91. in west-central Virginia: Unpublished B. S. McKerrow. W. S., 1979, Ordovician and Silurian Thesis, Washington and Lee University, Lex- changes in sea level: Jour. Geol. Soc. London, ington, Virginia, 51 p. v. 136, p. 137-145. Hayes, A. W., 1974, Origin of the Tuscarora For- Meckel, L. D., 1970, Paleozoic alluvial deposits in mation (Lower Silurian), southwestern Virgi- the Central Appalachians: a summary, 'in nia: Unpublished Ph. D. Dissertation, Virginia Fischer, G. W., Pettijohn, F. J., Reed, J. C., Polytechnic Institute and State University, Jr., and Weaver, K. N., eds., Studies of Ap- Blacksburg, Virginia, 162 p. palachian geology: Central and Southern: New Hobbs, C. R. 8., Jr., 1953, Structural geology of York, Wiley-Interscience, p. 49-67. the Sinking Creek area, Giles County, Virginia: Milici, R. C., Spiker, C. T. and Wilson, J. M., 1963, Unpublished M. S. Thesis, Virginia Polvtechic Geologic map of Virginia: Virginia Division of Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Mineral Resourees, 1:500,000 scale. Virginia, 16 p. Milici, R. C., and Wedow, Helmuth, Jr., 1977, Horowitz, D. H., 1965, Petrology of the Upper Upper Ordovician and Silurian stratigraphy in Ordovician and Lower Silurian rocks in the Sequatchie Valley and parts of the adjacent Central Appalachians: Unpublished Ph.D. Dis- Valley and Ridge, Tennessee: U. S. Geol. Survey sertation, Pennsylvania State University, State Prof. Paper 996, 38 p. College, Pennsylvania, 221 p. Nichol, R. F., 1959, Geology and mineral resources 1966, Evidence for deltaic origin of an Upper of the Tinker Mountain-Fincastle, Virginia Ordovician sequence in the Central Appalach- area: Unpublished M. S. Thesis, Virginia Poly- -, ians, in Shirley, M. L., and Ragsdale, J. A., technic Institute and State University, Blacks- eds., Deltas in their geologic framework: burg, Virginia, 86 p. Houston Geol. Soc., p. 159-169. Nunan, W. 8., 1979, Stratigraphy of the Weverton Ingram, R. L., 1954, Terminology for the thickness Formation, northern Blue Ridge anticlinorium: of stratification and parting units in sedimen- Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation, University of tary rocks: Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 65, p. North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 937-938. 215 p. 34 VIRGINIA DIVISION OF MINERAL RESOURCES

Parks, J. M., 1974, Paleocurrent analysis of sed- Reger, D. B., and Price, P. H., 1926, Mercer. imentary cross-bed data with graphic output Monroe and Summers counties: West Virginia using three integrated computer programs: Geol. Survey, 936 p. Mathematical Geology, v. 6, BbB-862. Roberts, W. P., and Kite, J. S., 19?8a, Syntectonic Patchen, D. G., 1978, Depositional environments deposition of Lower to Middle Silurian sand- of the Oswego Sandstone (Upper Ordovician), stones, central , Virginia: Oswego County, New York: New york State Virginia Division of Mineral Resources, Vir- Geol. Assoc., Guidebook, bOth Annual Mtg., p. ginia Minerals, v. 24,p.7-5. 368-385. 1978b, Syntectonic deposition of Lower to Perry, W. J., Jr.,Ig62,Investigation of the Brass- -, Middle Silurian sandstones, central Shenan- field-Tuscarora (Clinch) correlation problems doah Valley, Virginia: Virginia Division Min- in the Albion Series of western West Virginia eral Resources, Open File Rept., p. BB-42. and eastern Kentucky: Proc. West Virginia Rodgers, John, 1970, The tectonics of the Appal- Acad. Sci., v. 34, p. 103-113. achians: New York, Wiley-Interscience, 271p. L977, The Massanutten Sandstone in Rock- The Taconic orogeny: Geol. Soc. Amer- ingham, -, Page, Shenandoah, and Warren coun- -,I97L,ica Bull., v. 82, p. 1141-1128. ties, Virginia: U. S. Geol. Survey, Bull. 14Bb- Secrist, M. H., and Evitt, W. R., 1948, The paleon- A, p. 4140-A142. tology and stratigraphy of the upper Martins- Piotrowski, R. G., 1981, Geology and natural gas burg Formation of Massanutten Mountain, Vir- production of the Lower Silurian Medina Group ginia: Washington Acad. Sei. Jour., v. BB, p. and equivalent rock units in Pennsylvania: 358-368. PennsylvaniaTopo. and Geol. Survey, Min. Res. Seilacher, Adolf, 1967, Bathymetry of trace fossils: Rept.82,21 p., 11 pl. Marine Geology, v. 5, p. 413-428. Plants, H. F., 1977, Paleoecology of the Martins- Swartz, C. K. and others, 7942, Correlation of the burg Formation at Catawba Mountain, Virgin- Silurian formations of North America: Geol. ia: Unpublished M. S. Thesis, Virginia poly- Soc. America Bull., v. 53, p. 533-588. teehnic Institute and State University, Thompson, A. M., lg7Da,Lithofacies and formation Blacksburg, Virginia, 207 p. nomenclature in Upper Ordovician strati- Pratt, L. M., 1979, The stratigraphic framework graphy, Central Appalachians: Geol. Soc. Amer- and depositional environment of the Lower to ica Bull., v. 81, p. 1255-1260. Middle Silurian Massanutten Sandstone: 1970b, Geochemistry and eolor genesis in red- Unpublished M. S. Thesis, University of North bed sequence, Juniata and Bald Eagle forma- Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, Z6 p. -, tions, Pennsylvania: Jour. Sed. Pet., v. 40, 599- Price, P. H., 1929, Pocahontas County: West Vir- 615. ginia Geol. Survey, b3l p. 1970q Tidal-flat deposition and early dolo- Prosser, C. S., 1888, Explorations for gas in central mitization in Upper Ordovician rocks of south- New York: American Inst. Mining Eng.Trans., -, ern Appalachian Valley and Ridge: Jour. Sed. v. 16, p. 940-947. Pet., v. 40, p. L27l-1286. Rader, E. K., 1982, Valley and Ridge stratigraphic Thornton, C. P., 1953, The geology of the Mount correlations, Virginia: Virginia Division of Min- Jackson quadrangle, Virginia: Unpublished eral Resources Publication BZ. Ph. D. Dissertation, Yale Univ., New Haven, Rader, E. K., and Biggs, T. H., 1g26, Geology of 275 p. the Strasburg and Toms Brook quadrangles, Tillman, C. G., 1963, Late Silurian (?) and early Virginia: Virginia Division of Mineral Resour- Devonian positive area, Salem syncline, zz ces Rept. Inv.4b, 104 p. Dietrich, R. V., ed., Geologieal excursions in Rader, E. K., and Perry, W. J., Jr., 1g76a, Stra- southwestern Virginia: Virginia Polytechnic tigraphy as a key to the arch-related origin of Institute Eng. Ext. Ser., Geol. Guidebook no. the Little North Mountain structural front, 2, p. 49-76. Virginia and West Virginia (Abs): American Twenhofel, W. H. and others. 19b4. Correlation of Assoc. Petr. Geol. Bull., v.60, p. 1628. the Ordovician formations of North America: 1976b, Reinterpretation of the geology of Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. G5,p.247-2g8. Brocks Gap, Rockingham County, Virginia: Ulrich, E. O., 1911, Revision paleozoic -, Virginia of the sys- Division of Mineral Resources, Vir- tems: Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 22, p. 281- ginia Minerals, v. 22, p. 87-45. 680. PUBLICATION 57 35

Vanuxem, Lardner, 1840, Fourth annual report of West Virginia Geol. Survey, v.21,627 p. the geological survey of the third district: New Brocks Gap section, Virginia: in Fisher, York Geol. Survey, Ann. Rept.4, p.355-383. C. C., ed., Guidebook - joint field conference Wheeler, H. 8., 1963, Post-Sauk and pre-Absaroka -,1955,in the Harrisonburg area, Virginia: Paleozoic stratigraphic patterns in North Appalachian Geol. Soc., Commonwealth of Vir- Ameriea: American Assoc. Petr. Geol. Bull., v. ginia - Division of Geology, and West Virginia 47, p.1497-1526. Geol. Survey, p.8-9. Willard, Bradford, and Cleaves, A. B., 1939, Or- Yeakel, L. S., 1962, Tuscarora, Juniata, and Bald dovician-Silurian relations in Pennsylvania: Eagle paleocurrents and paleogeography in the Geol. Soc. America Bull., v.50, p. 1165-1198. Central Appalachians: Geol. Soc. America Woodward, H. P., 1932, Geology and mineral re- Bull., v. 73, p. 1515-1540. sources of the Roanoke area, Virginia: Virginia Zerrahn, G. J., 1978, Ordovician (Trenton to Rich- Geol. Survey Bull. 34,172 p. mond) dispersal patterns of New York State, 1941, Silurian System of West Virginia: West and their relation to the Taconic Orogeny: Geol. Virginia Geol. Survey,v.14,326 p. Soc. America Bull., v.89, p. 1751-1760. -, 1951, Ordovician System of West Virginia: -, 36 VIRGINIA DIVISION OF MINERAL RESOURCES PUBLICATION 57 37

APPENDIXES

Definition of Terms Used in Appendixes sandstone: 75-.l00% sand size grains, 0-25% silt + clay*

quartzarenite: 95-100% quartz litharenite: 0-75% quartz' % lithic fragments exceeds % feldsoar sublitharenite: 75-95% quartz, % lithic fragments exceeds % feldspar

* if term sandstone is used without a more specific term, this indicates that a mineralogic determination was not made. mudrocks: 0-75% sand size grains,25-100% (usually 75-100%) silt + clay. siltstone: massive to bedded, predominantly si1t. mudstone: crumbly to bedded, clay and silt mixture. si lt-shale: fissile, predominantly s'iit.** clay-shale: fissile, predominantly c1ay.** ** if term shale is used without a size prefix, size determination was not made. Term indicates a fissi le mudrock. weathering terms:

chippy - smal I, f1at pieces platy - large flat pieces lath-shaped - 1ong, flat pieces crumbly - blocky or equidimensional pieces bedding thickness designations : (after Ingram, I954):

very thickly bedded (100+ cm) thickly bedded (30-.l00 cm) medium bedded (10-30 cm) thinly bedded (3-.l0 cm) very thinly bedded (l-3 cm) thickly laminated (0.3-1.0 cm) thinly laminated (less than 0.3 cm)

Numerical color designations are from the Geological .l970)'Society of America. Rock Color Chart (Goddard and others' Locations of outcrops on 7.5-minute topographic quadrangles are designated using the following scheme:

Nl.I NC NE

tJc c

sl,r \l SE 38 VIRGINIA DIVISION OF MINERAL RESOURCES

Appendix l: Measured sections

Listing of Outcrop Localities:

1 Cumber'land n Warm Springs 2 Mills Gap ?4 Hot Springs 3 Fawcett Gap ZS Minnehaha Springs 4 Passage Creek 26 Falling Spring Falls

5 catherine Furnace zl warm Sp.ings Mountain/Airport Rd.

6 Harshberger Gap Zg North Mountain/Rte. 770

7 Fetzer Gap ?9 Eagle Rock 8 Brocks Gap 30 Johnson-porter Mountain 9 Cooper Mountain 31 Hooks Mili

l0 Great North Mountain/ 32 Cliff Dale Chapel

Route 691

11 Long Mountain/Rte. 691 33 Read Mountain

12 Black Fox Hollow 34 Catawba Mountain/Rte. 311

i3 Hunkerson Gap 35 Meadow Creek Falls

14 Long Ridge 36 potts Mounta.in/Rte. 311

15 Roy Gap 37 Peters Mountain/Rte. 311

16 Harper Gap 38 Gap Mi l I s

17 North Fork Mountain/ 39 Johns Creek Mounta.in/Rte. 601

Rte. 33

18 Hardscrabble 40 Narrows

19 Lantz Mountain/Rte. 250 4l Gap Mountain/Rte. 460

20 Monterey Mountain,/Rte. 250 42 Fagg 2l Trimble $ Ingles Mountain

22 Buffalo Gao PUBLICATION 57 39

LOCALIW T - CUIIEERLAI{D Sandstone (quartzarenite) fine, pale red (5R5/2), ? 307 Section measured the Narrows, along just (5YR5/6) in Bills Creek, northrest of weathers light brown to black (N1), (0.5) (e3.6 ) Cumberland, l.{aryland; Allegany County, Maryland; Cumberland, Md.-Pa.-t{.Va. massi ve. 7.5-minute quadrangle (SE, EC); 30'39,9't{. 78046.8'l{. Upper portion of Tuscarora measured along railroad tracks on west side of !ilills Creek.t the In the cycles below, tha sandstone, unless northeast end of Haystack f'lountain. Lower fuscarora and Jun.iata measured othenise specified, grades from litharenite along railroad tracks on east side of lills Creek at the southwest end of at the base of the section to sublitharenite l{1 I ls Mountain. at the top of the cyclically bedded interval, fine to very fine, grayish red (5R4/2), thickness total weathers ol'ive black (5Y2l1) and l'ight brown ft ft (5YR5/6), sorBvhat argillaceous, esp€cial ly (m) (m) so when slglithos is present, and has a slightly higher than nomal specific gravity; Rose Hlll Fomation: not measured the mudstone is grayish red and ch'ippy to platy; the siltstone is bedded and grayish Interbedded sh.le and sandstone. Shale, medium red. gray (t{5), grading upward to ollve gray (5Y4/l), chippy to platy; sandstone, fine, Cycle. Lower 0.7 m sandstone with Skolithos; to siltstone, yellorish gray (5Y8/1), grades upuard into 1.2 m silt-!;;Te w-iTh grading upward medium gray (N6) a? (l to light with Skolithosi grades upward into mudstone ( ee. i) light brownish gray (5YR6/1) nottles. Cycle. Lower l.8n sandstone, planar cross-beds, lr.f 327 interbedded silt-shalei grades up$ard into (J.)' lqo 7\ Tuscarora Fomation: 302 ft. (92.0.m). .Sandstone int€rbedded si lt-shale and mudstone, rs quartzarenlte. Skolithos in mudstone.

Sandstone, medium to fine, yellowish gray I 1 Covered. (top of cycle) ?1n (5Y8/l) to light gray (N7), stained (0.3) (0.3 ) brornish black (5YR2/l), ( r00.6) '1.5 Cycle. Lower n cross-bedded sandstcne t0 gray (N6), -?40 Shale, medium light weathers dark I 2 with interbedded silt-shale; grades 1? n\ ( 103.6 yel lowish orange (10YR5/6), (0.3) (0.6) upward into silt-shale with inter- ) chippy to platy. bedded sandstone.

Sandstone, nedium coarse, gray (NB) 5 7 to very light Cycle (?). Lorer 0.7 m sandstone f,ith JO I to yelloHish gray (5Y8/1), stained brownish (1.5) (2.1) interbedded silt-shale, grades upward (6.4) (1 10.0) black (5YR2/1), medium to thickly bedded, into 0.3 m silt-shale; grades upward cross-bedded, some pinch and srell bedding, into 0.5 m cross-bedded 'limonit'jc sandstone with occaslonal light gray (N7) rnud ba'lls. specks and interbedded silt- shale: grades upward into 1.8 m sand- Interbedded sandstone and sha1e. Sandstone, 9.5 lo.5 stone with Skolithos interbedded with medluri to fine, medium light gray (N6) to (2.e) (s.o) s'i I t-sha I e ;-lFa-GE-Tpward I nto l'ight gray (N7), occasional]y stained dark bioturbate mudstone with laroe yellowish orange (10YR6/6) and brownish and rare interbedi of sand- black (5YR2l1), medium to th'inly bedded, sTdiA{-iT[' skol i thos. evenly bedded, Skolithos; silt-shale and clay-shale, meailin-'lill-(tS), chi ppy, Cycle. Lower 0.9 m sandstone with interbedded 7 368 thinly bedded silt-shale; grades upward into bioturbate (2.1) (112.2) mudstone with interbedded sandstone, both Sandstone, medium to fine, light gray (HZ), 13. 5 30 with Skolithos. stained brownish black (5YR2/1), thinly (4.1) (e.1) bedded, slight pinch and swell, othemise Cycle. Lower 0.9 m sandstone with Skolithos; 12 380 evenly bedded, some cross-bedding. grades upward into bioturbate SiTFiFi.fe (3.7) (1t5.8) to mudstone, with interbedded sandstone Sandstone with interbedded shale. Sandslone,'light 40.5 70.5 with Skolithos. medium to fine, white (N9) to gray al2 1'\ ( 21.5 ) (N7), stained bronnish black (5YR2/1), Cycle. Lower 0.9 m sandstone with bedding Jdo thinly to thickly bedded, pinch and swell p'lane trails and interbedded silt-shale; (1.8) (lt7.7) bedding, some cross-bedding (especially in grades upward into bioturbate mudstone upper 2 meters); clay-shale to sitt-shale with larse (51), gray (N4). !!9!!I!!9!. mediun drrk -oeos Arthrophycus 'lI on oise of sanostoie ioovE-liilE iEdS. Cycle.- Lorer 1.8 m sandstone w'ith 5!ol'ithos and interbedded silt-shale; gr;aFlt:- (3.4 ) ('r2l .0) Sanditone and shale, same as above, but Hith 84 ward into bioturbate silt-shale to mud- rare (lX) interbeds of shale. (4. l) (2s.6) stone with large Chondrites.

Sandstone, same as above, but with some cross lv I+J Cycle. Lower 1.4 m sandstone with bedding 412.5 ( bedding, channel l ing. contorted bedding, 18.0) (cJ. o, plane trails and interbedded silt-shale; (4.7) ( 1 2s.7) and Arthrophycus(?), but no shale. grades upward into 1.0 m mudstone; grades upward into 0.9 m s'ilt-shale with Sko[t[g!; sandstone, same as aboye, but coarse to fine. 54.5 lYl. ) grades upyard into bioturbate mudsT6iffo- t 1J.0, ( 60.2 ) silt-shale xith Planolites (?), Sandstone, coarse fine, pinkish gray 40.5 to 'light Cycle. Lower 0.9 m sandstone, cross-bedded, 12 4?4.5 (5YR8/1) to very gray (N8), ( 12.3 ) 172.51 with Skolithos, channeling, and silt- (r2s.4) weathers dark yellowish orange (10YR shale interbeds; grades upward into 5,/5), surface stained brownish black bioturbate nudstone with interbedded (5YR2/1), very thickly to thinly bedded. sandstone.

Covered. 34 ?7? Cycle. Lorer 2.0 m cross-bedded sandstone 9JJ ( 10.4) rc2 al with shaly part'ings and limonitic t<.o, / l1? specks, channel at base; grades up- ^\ Sandstone, medium to very fine, grayiSh pink 20 29? ward into interbedded sandstone and (5YR8/2), weathers black (Nl), medium (6.1) rqo nt silt-shale with some channeling. to very thickly bedded, cross-bedded Cycle. Lower 0.5 m sandstone; grades up- l0 443 Covered. 4,5 ?96.5 ward into bioturbate mudstone. l1 n\ ( r 3s.0) (1.4) ( eo.4) Cycle. Lower 0.5 m cross-bedded sandstone 6 449 Sandstone, fine- to very fine, grades from pale 5.5 302 with Skolithos, limonitic specks; ( t.8) (r36.9) red (5R6/2) at base to pinkish gray (5YRB/I) (1.7 (e2.0) gradeilpTiiil-i nto mudstone to si lt- at top, weathers lighr brown (5yR5/6) and shale Hith Skolithos in lower portion, black (Nl), massive, clay balls at base. UeOding plaiiTiETTi and Cruziana at toP.

Juniata Fomation: 304+ ft (9?.7+ m). Upper Cycle. Lower'1.5 m sandstone with skolithos t5 464 5.0 ft (I.5 m) is transi_ at base, rare interbedded siltEfiilil- (4.6 ) (14r.4) tional to Tuscarora. limonitic specks, and some channeling; grades upuard into bioturbate mudstone Covered J 305 with Skolithos and greenish gray (5Gy6/l) (0.s) (s3. 0 ) sD | otcnes, 40 VIRGINIA DIVISION OF MINERAL RESOURCES

Cycle. Lower 0.6 m sandstone with Skolithos /.5 471.5 TOCALITY2.NILLSGAP that changes laterai1y into inG?5Anilfi. (?,3\ ( l 43.7) sandstone and silt-shale; grades upward Sectlon measured along t{est Virginia Highway 51, just south of junction into bioturbate silt-shale to mudstone with liest Virginia Highi{ay 45, at Mills Gap through North with s&lithos in lower portion, bedding l,lountain, approximately 1.4 miles northwest of Gerrardstown, l{.Va.; plane-TFETT-sat top, and greenish gray Serkeley Countyr l{.Va.i Tab'lers Station, [.Va. 7.5-minute quadrangle (56Y6/l ) splotches. (SI)i 39'23.3'tl. 78"06.7'U (Hooftrard,1941, p.6l), Section is over- lurned' Cycle. Lower 0.5 m sandstone w'ith Skolithos; 475.5 thickness ,il.t grades upward into silt-shale. (1.2) ( t44.e) (m) (m) Cycle. Sandstone !lth :!gl.ij!gj.i grades 2.5 478 uowaro lnto sl lt-shale- (0.8) ( 145.7 ) fuscarora Fomation: 165 ft (50.6 m). Top of section is covered. Too Cycle, Sandstone at base; graqes upwdrq I 479 of exposure is assumed to into silt-shale. Ease of cycle is (0.3 ) (146,0) be toD of Tuscarora. Wood- channeled into lower cycle. ward reoorts 117 ft. of Tuscarora. Sandstone is Cycle.- Lower 0.5 m sandstone with 9!olithos; )\ 481 .5 quartzareni te. grades upward into silt-shale.-- (0.8) ( r46.8) Sandstone, nedium to very coarse, pinkish gray 97 97 Cyc1e. Lower 0.5 m sandstone with Slolithos, 487.5 (5YR8/l), parting surface stained orange on ( 29.6) (1.8) ( base is channeled into lower cFTdi- t40.o, dip slopes, local'ly conglomeratic, I cm . grades upward into 0.3 m silt-shale; maximum diameter quartz pebbles, somewhat grades upward into 0.5 m sandstone fri abl e. with Skolithos; qrades upward into sl It-snate wltn 5(0t1lnos. Sandstone, same as above, but more comonly 69 166 conglomeratic (maximum diameter 0.5 cm), ( 21.0 ) ()u. o/ Cycle. Lower ,,, r .*rr-*O*d sandstone 1?.5 500 and not friab'le. with Skolithos, mud voids, and silt- r? el ( 152.4) shale-'ii:IEF5??s, channeled at base; grades upward into 0.9 n interbedded Paraconfomi ty sandstone and silt-shale; grades upward into silt-shale to mudstone with inter- iuniata Fomation: 176 ft (53.6 m) bedded sandstone. Covered, 92 Cycle. Interbedded sandstone and silt-shale; 514 ( 28.0 ) (/d.o, sandstone is cross-bedded and nore abundant 14.3) (156.7) at base, si lt-shale is more abundant Sandstone, filedium to fine, to mudstone, grayish 48 306 upward; Skolithos in lower 3.0 m. red (5R4/2), thickly to very thinly bedded, ( 14.6) /a? 2\ clasts and interbeds of grayish red silt- Cycle. Lower 0.5 m cross-bedded sandstonei 6.5 shale and clay-shale. grades upward into 0.9 m interbedded (2.5) rlFo 1\ sandstone with Skolithos and mudstone: Covered. 16 322 grades upward iiT6-'ifr?itone. (4.9) lqR r \

Mudstone, grayish red (5R4/2), crumbly, few JI.f 554 Covered, but with broken-up outcrop of 20 34? interbeds of very fine, grayish red ( 168.9 ) litharenite at top, medium to fine grayish (6.1) (I04.2'l sandstone with Skol ithos. red (5R4/Z), with grayish red shale balls.

Sandstone ('litharenite), very fine, grayish 569 red (5R4/2), weathers olive black (4.6) ( r73.4) osweqo Sandstone: 33 ft (10.0 m). Sandstone is (5Y?/l) and dark yellowish orange lrtnarenrle. (10YR6/6), thickly to thinly b€dded, yellowish 8 planar cross-beds, pinch and swel'l Sdndstone, medium to fine, dark orange 350 (l0YR6/5) pale. (?.4) ( beddinq, Skol ithos, interbedded near bas€, grading upward to 106.6 ) red (10R6/2) and reddish brown (10R5/4) qrayi sh rEd-TlF-sha l e. Pale 'in upper 0.6 m, occasionally conglomeratic' 'limonitic near base, Interbed sandstone and silt-shale to ?.5 571 .5 some clay balls specks seems be graded (fines uPward)' mudstone. Sandstone (litharenite), (0.8 ) (17 4.2) to very fine, grayish red (5R4i2), 2I ?71 weathers olive black (5Y2ll), medium Covered. ( (113.0) to very thiniy bedded; silt-shale to 6.4) mudstone, grayish red, crumbly to Conglooeratic medium to very coarse, platy, medium to very thinly bedded. 'light sandstone, gray (t{7) to pale red (10R6/2)' t1 )\ ( 114.2 ) Sandstone {litharenite), fine, grayish red weathers dark yel I owi sh orange ( 10YR5/6 ) , (5R4/2), planar cross-beds, Skolithos; (0.5) (174.7) somewhat massive, angular to subrounded clasts of quartzite, white and black chert, interbedded grayish red silt-shale to and shale, ruimum diameter 3 cm, bedding mudstone, platy to crunbly. r plane trails eurypterid inpressions.

Mudstone, grayish red (5R4/2), crumbly. 7 580 Louer beds are covered, probably Reedsville. (2.1) ('r76.8) lnterbedded sandstone and silt-shale to 6 588 mudstone. Litharenite, fin€ to very (2.4\ (1 7e.2) fine, grayish red (5R4/2), weathers LOCALITY 3 . FAIICETT 6AP olive black (5Y2ll), very thinly to mediun bedded, planar cross-beds, Section exposed along State Road 629 at Fawcett Gap through Skolitho:; silt-shale to mdst, grayish Little North Mountain, approximately 3.2 miles north of t'lariboro, iA13IT/Z), mediun to very thinly Va. i Frederick County, Va,, Hayfield, Va. 7.5-ninute quadrangle (SC); bedded, chippy to crumbly. 30'07.5'N, 78'f8.51{ (8utts and Edmundson, 1939, p'late 25b). l{udstone, grayish red (5R4/2}, crunbly. 3 59r 0utcrop contains an exposure of about 5 ft (1.5 m) of Silur,ian (0.e) (180.r) quartzarenite(?Tuscarora Sandstone) that is overla'in by dafk gray oevonian Marcellus Shale, and underlain by gray to greenish gray shale of the Sandstone (litharenite), fine to very fine, l5 605 Reedsvill'e Fonnation grayish red (5R4/2) weathers olive (4.s) (184.7) black (5Y2ll), nedium to thinly bedded, Dlanar cross-be6s, Skol ithos, inter- beoded qrayish rea STiT:lIETe. LOCAI1TY 4 . PASSAGE CREEK Lower beds not exposed. Section measured along State Road 678 and Passage Creek at northeast end of l{assanutten I'lountain (Blue Hole), apDroximately 3.6 niles souih- PUBLICATION 57 41

east of Strasburg, Va.; Shenandoah County, Va. (just iest of larren (60i); sandstone, very fine, to silt- County line); Strasburg, Va. 7.5-minute quadrangle (C); 38"56.7'lt, 78'18. l'r,l stone, grayish orange (10YR7/4) to dark (Secrist & Evitt, 1943, p.362; Pratt, 1979, p.58-61). yellowish brorn (10YR4/2), weathers grayish brown (5YR3/2), medium to thinly thi ckness total bedded (401). ft (m) (m) Interbedded sandstone and sha'le, Sandstone, 80 210 very fine, to siltstone, olive gray (24.4) ( 64.0 ) Massanutten Sandstone: not measured. Pratt (5Y4/1) to moderate yellowish brown reports 241 m of Tus- (i0YR5/4), weathers olive biack (5Y2ll) carora equivalent to moderate brown (5YR4/4), thinly to (Runkles Gap I'tember thickly bedded, occasional l'imonitic of Pratt). specks, evenly bedded (70U ); clay. shale to silt-shale, olive gray (5Y4/l), Sandstone, quartzarenite, conglomerat.ic weathers light olive gray {5Y6/1), platy (quartz pebbles), cross-bedded. (30X). Fossiliferous layers and lenses in lower 6 m (20 ft). Ambonvchia. gastropoos. 5ecrlst ano Lvrtt report 0i sconfomi ty !j!99I1 at middle of this unit.

Martinsburq Fomation: 80+ (24.4+ ft m). Upper Interbedded sandstone and shale. Sandstone, 50 sandstone mefiber (Cub 270 very fine, to siltstone, moderate (18.3) {82.3 Sandstone of lhornton, yellowish brorn (10YR5/4) to olive gray 1953). Sandstone is (5Y4/1), weathers brovrnish gray (5YR4/1), I itharenite. to olive black (5Y2l1), thinly to thickly bedded, specks Covered. linonitic 42 (especially in upper 6 n), bedding (12.8) ( 12.8) s'l ightly undulatory, spheroidal weathering in places (esp. in upper 1.5 m), Sandston", very fine, to siltstone. sliqhtlv - ql 74 occasional fossi lifercus lenses and feldspathic, dark gray (N3) to liqit /o beds, Lophospira. Rafinesquina, gray (5Y5/2), paie olive weathers 5orerDyer ia (9urr; snare, 0lrve gray yellowish brosn (10yR6/2) to oljve gray T5Y[/IT]-c5.i ppy ( ior ) . (5Y4l1), medium to very thinly bedd;d, occasional ball and pillow, limonitic middle sandstone and shale member: 200+ ft (61.0+ m) specks, slightly micaceous. lnterbedded shale and siltstone. Clay-shale, 200 Sandstone, very fine, to siltstone, olive 470 6 80 olive gray (5Y4lI), weathers light olive ( 61.0 ( gray (5Y4l1), weathers light olive gray (1.8) ) 143.2) (5Y5/2), ( 14.6) gray (5Y6/1) to light brol,n (5YR5/4), platy limonitic specks, fossilifirois. to chippy (701); siltstone, dark yellowish lafilgsquina, RuFdemannia, cepnalopods, orange (l0YR6/6), weathers light brorn rosslrs seem t0 De concentrated in (10YR6/4), lenses thinly to thickly bedded, of friable sandstone. micaceous, I imonit'ic specks, joinred nomal to bedding 302, Rafinesquina, Lower beds were not measured. Sowerbyel ia, crinoids, .

Lo*€r beds not measured.

LOCALITY 5 . CAII{ERIIIE FURNACS

Sgcligl measured along Cub Run Road at-gap . in First !,lountajn just LOCALITY 6 . HARSHEERGER 6AP east of Catherine-Furnace, approximately 2.2 miles nOrthnest of Grive P3-S-e-_Co-t11tyr- !il1-l I.a.:r Va..;.Tenth Legion, Va. 7.5-ninute quadrangle (EC); Section measured llassanutten Drive gap jn 38"33.4'N. 78"37.9'}J (Secrlst and -rocr' along at First Mountain, Evitt.1943. o.35r Thornrnn l' approximately 2.,| niles no.th-northwest of McGaheysville, va.; Rock'inqham 67-58t Roberts and Kite, 1978b, p. 36). Section is'overturneO- Cognty! Va.i Elkton West, va. 7.5-minute quadrangle (Su); 3d"24.3,N, 78'44.5'!i. (Roberts E Kite, 1978b, p. 33). Section is vert.ical to stjqhtlv This_is the type section of the Cub Sandston€ that was infomal.ly overturned. named by Thornton (1953). thickness total thickness total f+ ft ft (m) (m) i'ir i,ir Massanutten Sandstone: 22+ ft (6.7+ m). Roberts Massanutten Sandstone. 51+ (18.6+ m), Roberts ft & Kite reoort 544 ft. of and Kite report 650 ft of Massanutten. Massanutten Sandstone. Sandstone is quartzarenite. Sandstone (quartzarenite), medium to very fine, 22 22 very light qray (N8), occasionally stained (6.21 to./l Sandstone, nedJum to very coarse, very light gray pale reddish brown (10R5/4) especially near (tl8). t{ot measured. base, conglomeratic in iower 0.3 m, quartz pebbles, 1.5 cm maximum diameter. Covered. 41 41 ( 12.5 ) (12.s) unnamed sandsqone: 66 ft (20.'l m). Either I ithostrati graphica l'ly Sandstone, medium to coarse, light gray (N7). 5 equivalent to Juniata, or ( 14.o) basal Massanutten. Sand- stone litharenite Covered. Sandstone boulders- is to t3 ol sub'l i thareni te. (4.6 ) t ro.o, Sandstone, fine to very fine, light brown 0l sconfomi ty 35 (5YR6/4) to pale reddish brown (10R5,r4), ( r0.7) (17.4) friable, poorly Martlnsbura Format'ion 409+ ft (124.6 n). exposed. sandstone, rcdium (10R5/2) member: to fine, pale red ?0 77 upper sandstone 209 ft (63.7 m). Sand- to pale brown.(5YR5/2), weathers ()1 q\ stone light (6.1 ) is litharenite brcwn (5YR6/4), medium bedded, very to subl itharenite. (Cub clayey (nudstone). Sandstone of Thornton, 1953 ) . Congiomeratic sandstone, m€dium to fine. 5 82 pale reddish brown ('l0R5/4) to moderate (l.s) l?( n\ Sandstone, fine to very fine, grayish oranoe 45 brown (5YR4/4), ( 1C6 weathers pale brown 10YR7/4 ) to dark yei I owi sh brq,,n /1? 7\ (32.3 (5YR5/2), rounded pebbles quartzite. (10\R4/2)' weathers grayrsn ) of oro&n chert, shale, 9 cn maxirum diameter. (5YR3/2) medium to thinly beddeo, spheroi dal weathering. Siltstone to sandstone, very fine, noderate 5 88 yellowish brown (l0YR5/4) to liqht (t.8) Interbedded silt-shale and sandstone. Silt- (26.8) shale,.olive gray (5y4ll) ?4 130 brown (5YR6/4), weathers light olive to noderite- (7.3) gray (5Y5/?), mass'ive, slightiy friablel yel lowlsn Drown (l0YR5,/4, weathers eate brown (5yR5/2), platy changes lateral ly into conglomeratic co cnipoy siltstone to sandstore, rounded quart- zite pebbles, 3 cm maximum diameter. 42 VIRGINIA DIVISION OF MINERAL RESOURCES

0i sconforni ty Reedsville Fomation: 67 ft (20.4 m)

Martinsburq Fonnation2 234+ ft (71.3+ m). Covered. l0 0Yz (3.0) (2r0.9) Upper sandstlne mernber: 234+ ft (71.3+ m). Sand- stone is litharenite. Siltstone to very fine sandstone, weathered 57 749 (Cub Sandstdh€ of Thorntol, dark yellouish orange (l0YR6/6) to (r7.4) (228.31 1953). light olive gray (5Y5/2) to light brown (5YR5/6), occasional ly Covered. ?z 'I l0 fossi liferous, especially in lorer (6.7) horizons, crinoids. Cryttolithus, Rafi nesquina. Siltstone to sandstone, very fine, moderate 6 ll6 yellowish brown (10YR5/4), reathers (t.8) (3s.4) Lorer beds not measured. light olive gray (5Y5/2), friable, crunbly, very poorly exposed.

Siltstone and sandstohe. Siltstone, olive 200 Jto gray (5Y4/'l), weathers moderate (61.0) (e5.3 ) LOCALITYS.BROCKSGAP yelloxish brown (i0YR5/4) ; sandstone, very fine, olive gray, weathers mod- Sectlon measured along State Highway 259 at Little ilorth ilountain, erate yellowish brown, some limonitic betueen Chimney Rock and Gap Rock, on north side of the llofth Fork specks, interyal is mostly covered. Shenandoah River, approximately 0.6 mi'l€ northwest of Cootes Stores. yl:i- qoJlinqla]!-C-ognty.,- Va.; Timberville, Va. 7.5{ninute quadrangle (S!{); Si'ltstone, same as above, but fossiliferous, I (Butts, '380i 3t7 38"38.6'l{, 78"51.8'U -1940,-,p. 219-2?0i r{oodrard, t95l,- p. @!]3(?) (0.3 ) (e6.6 ) lioodward 1955, p. 8; 8rent, 1960, p.72-73; Hall, 1969, p. 40-41; Radei and Perry,1976b, p.37-45; Roberts and Kite,1978b, p.39-40). Section is overturned. Siltstone, same as above. but unfossi I iferous. 5 JZt ( r.s) (e8. I ) thickness total €t a+ Lower beds are not exposed. (m) (m)

Tuscarolq Sandstone: 58,5 ft (17.8 m). Sandstone is litharenite tO quartz- areni te. LOCALITYT.FETZMCAP Sandstone, fine to coarse, feldspathic' 44 44 Section measured in drainage ditch along State Road 600 on southeast medium dark gray (N4) to greenish ( 13.4) ('r 3.4 ) slope of Little North tlountain, approximately 5.0 m,iles north of [oodstock, orav (5GY6/l). weathers olive black Va.:_Shenandoah-qou-rlly, [a.; Ioodstock, Va.,-I.Va. 7,5-minute quaOrangli (tiE); Isv2li) to m6ierate brown (5YR4/4), 38"57,8' l{, 78'30.6'tl. Section is steeply dipping to overturned, an,i ls reiy thickly to thinly bedded, limonitic poorly erposed. specks, rare shaly partings' occasional layers with olive gray (5Y4/l) clay balls thickness total pebbles, 2 cm maxirun diameter. ft ft or shale (m) (m) Sandstone, medlum to fine, medium gray (lt5) 14.5 to madiun dark gray (N4), weathered (4.4) a't? cl fuscarora Sandstone: 341 ft. ('103.9 m). Sandstone 'is brounish gray (5YR4/1) to light olive quartzarenite. gray (5Y6/1), very thickly to thinly bedded, shale Partlngs, cross-bedded' i'lostly covered, scattered outcrops of 114 1l4 elongate shale pebbles, 6 cm naximum gray 'length. sandstone, very fine. very light (34.7) (34. 7 ) (N7), weathers light brown (5yR5/6). Juniata Forflation: 71.5 ft (2'1.4 m)' Sandstone Sandstone, fine to very flne, light olive r)/ ?71 to sub- qray 1s litharenite (5Y6/l ) to dark reddish brown (47.e) (82.6) I itharenite, unless other- ( 5YR5/6 ) . wise sDecified.

Cover€d. 10 281 Sandstone, coarse to fine, iledium dark gray r 9.5 78 (3.0) (8s.6) (N4) to grayish red (5R4/2), Yeathered a?? q\ 'light brown (5YR5i6), thickly to very Sandstone, medium to fine, yellowish gray 60 1i1 thickly bedded, shale partings' redder (5Y8/l), w€athered dark yellowish ('1 8,3 ('r partings' partings (l0YR6/6), ) 03.9 ) where adiacent to shale oranqe occasibnal ly seen to be accurulations of grayish red conglomratic, rounded quartz shale pabbles or clay balls. pebbles, 2 cn maximum diameter, Sandstone, coarse to fine, mediun gray (N5) 3.4 81 .4 Juniata Fomationz 122 ft (37.2 m). Sandstone to light brownish gray (5YR6/1), medium (1.0) (24.8) is quartzarenite to sub- to thickly bedded, planar cross-beds' 1 i tharen.i te. heavy mineral layers.

Covered. ?7 JO6 Sandstone, mediun to fine' grayish red 0.6 82.0 (8.2) \t ta.ll (5R4/2) to brol.nish gray. (5YR4/l )' (0.2) ( 2s.0) we.thered brownish graY (5YR3/2); Sandstone, fine to very fine, pale red 9a 463 interbedded silt-shale, grayish (5R6/2) pale yel'lowish to orange ( 29.0 ) (r41 .t) red, platy to chiPPY' (l0YR8/6), interbedded dark reddish (10R3/4) brown mudstone. Sandstone (quartzarenite)' medium to fine, 7 89 medium gray (N5) to light brownish (2.1) {r7 1\ 0sweqo Sandstone: 219 ft (66.8 m). Sandstone qray (5YR6/1), weathered olive gray is quartzarenite to sub_ (5Y4l1) to yellowish gray (5Y8/l)' I i thareni te. medium to thicklY bedded' Planar cross-beds, heavy mineral layers. Sandstone, flne to very fine, light gray (t{7) ! la fvo to oale red ('10R6/2)' weathered dark (40. s) ( r8r .7) Sandstone, medium to fine, grayish red ? 9l (5R4/1 sh gray (5YR4/ l (0.6 (?7 veliovish orange (l0YR6/6), mediun ) to browni ) ' ) .7 \ io very thinly bedded, occasionally weathered brownish graY (5YR3/2), conqloneratlc' quartz' chert and medium bedded; interbedded si'lt- silistone Pebbles, 4 cn maximun shale, grayish red (5R4/2), platy di ameter. to chiPPy.

tt R21 CoYered. Sdndstone, medium to fine, med'ium gray (N5) /t al rlqo ?\ weathered olive graY (5Y4ll) to ( 0.8) azq q\ moderate brown (5YR4/4), medium very fine, to siltstone, grayish ol o6z bedded. Sandstone, r2n7 q) oranqe (l0YR7/4)' limonitic specks, medium ('18.6 ) very thinly bedded, interbedded Sandstone, fine, medium dark gray (N4) to 90 to 'lI grayis'h yellow green (5GY7/2) to grayish light brownish gray (5YR6/l), weathered (0.8 ) lro orange fildst0ne. light brown (5YR5/6), mssive, redder PUBLICATION 57 43

at top just, beloy grayish red (5R4/2) greenish gray (5GY6/l), medium to very thinly silt-shale parting. bedded, ch'ippy to platy; r'ipple marks. '100 Sandstone, fine to very fine, grayish red Sandstone, fine to very fine, mediun dark gray (N4) 370 (5R4/2) brownish gray (5YR4/l), (l.2) (30.5 to ) to olive gray (5Y4/l), weathers light olive (8.5 ) ( n2.8) weathered brownish gray (5YR3/2), gray (5Y5l1) to light brom (5YR5/6), thickly massive, grayish red elongate shale bedded, shale partingr, bedding plane trails. chips, 4 cm lnaximun length; interbedded grayish red silt-shale. Interbedded sandstone and si lt-shale. 7 377 Sandstone, very fine, feldspathic, dark gray (2.1 ) (l r4:9) Sandstone, medium to fine, iledium dark 107.5 (l{3}, weathers olive gray (5Y4/l) to light gray (N4) to light brownish qray I JZ.6 ] brown (5YR5/6), medium beddedi silt-shale, (5YR6/l), weathered Iight brown light ollve gray (5Y6/l), ch'ippy to platy; ( 5YR5/6 ) , nass'i Ye , gray i sh red bedding plane trails, shale chips at top, 4 cm maximum I ength. Sandstone, very fine, feldsDathic, dark green- 50 427 ish gray (5GY4/l ) to dark qray (N3), 11( /lrn rl Sandstone, fine to very fine, grayish ltl weathers olive gray (5Y4/l ) to l ignt '\ red (5R4/2) to brownish gray (l.t) l?1-el brown {5YR5/6), thinly to very thinly ( 5YR4/ l ) , weathered browni sh bedded, calcareous, bedding plane trails gray (5YR3/2), massive; interbedded at base. silt-shale, grayish red. Reverse fault. Movem€nt estimated to be 50 ft. 25 452 Sandstone, medium to fine, nedium dark 7 lt8 Approx'imately 25 ft. of ihis interval is i/.bl t1?? a\ gray (il4) to light brornish gray (2.t) (36.0) included in description, leaving approx- (5YR6/l), weathered light brown imately 25 ft. of section that is 'in- (5YR5/6), massive, conglomeratic accessable and not described. in places, rounded elongate clasts, 2 cm maximum length. Sandstone, very fine to siltstone, dark gray ?8 480 (N3), weathers brownish black (5YR2/l ) (8.5) ( | +o.J, Sandstone, fine to very fine, grayish red ll 129 to olive gray (5Y4ll), very /?a ?\ thickly to (5Ra/2) to brownish gray (5RY4/'l)' (3.4 ) thickly bedded. weathered grayish brown (5YR3/2), massive, grayish red argillaceous, 'length. Si'ltstone to very fine sandstone, medium t5 495 shale chips, 7 cm maximum dark gray (N4) to dark gray (N3), (4.6) (150.e) weathered dusky brown (5YR2/2) to Silt-shale to very fine sandstone, grayish I 130 moderate broun (5YR4/4), thinly to red i5R4/2), platy to ch'iPPy. (0.3) tJv.oJ thick'ly bedded; interbedded silt- shale to clay-shale, dark gray (N3), 0sweqo Sandstone: 400 ft (121.9 m). Sandstone weathers fight olive gray (5Y6/1), i s i i thareni te to sub- partings to thickly bedded, chippy 'litharenite. The congiomerates to platy. consist of light and dark gray chert pebbles, quartz pebbles, Siltstone to very fine sandstone wiih 35 fJU and volcanic rock fragments. interbedded silt-shale to ciay-shale, (10.7) (rot.f, sane as above, but siltstone is Sandstone, fine to very fine, medium dark 12 142 calcareous, sparsely fossil iferous, gray (l{4), rerthered grayish brorn (3.7) (43.3) Lingula, gastropods, fossil iferous (5YR3/2) to lt brown (5YR5/6), zones weathered to dark yellowish massive, planar cross-beds, congldneratic orange ( l0YR6/6). throughout, 2 cn maxirum clast size. Reedsville Fomationi 62+ ft. (18.9+ m) Sandstone, fine to very fine. pale broyn 145 (5YR5/2) to grayish red (5R4/2), (0.e) (44.2) Interbedded clay-shale and si lt-shale. werthered broy.nish gray (5YR4/l ), Clay-shale, dark gray (t{3), weathers to.o, (168.r) massive, grayish red sha'le chiPs, mediun darl gray (N4) to light oiive '10 cn maximum length. gray (5Y5/l ), fossi'liferous; silt- shale, mdiun dark gray, weathered Sandstone, fine to very fine, dark gray (l{3) 6 l5l olive gray (5Y4ll ), s'lightly to light brownish gray (5YR6/1), (l.8) (46.0) calcareous, occasionally fossi liferous, neathered light olive gray (5Y6/1)' fossiliferous zones weathered dark massive, planar cross-beds, heayy yel lowish orange ( l0YR6/6). mineral layers, local ly conglomeratic, 2 cm maximlm clast size. Limestone (sparrite), medium to coarsely t.! crystalline, dark gray (N3), (0. s) ( rod.b, sandstone, nedium to fine, dark gray (N3) t6 167 weathered pale brown (5R5i2) to to medium gray (ils), weathered brownish (4.e) lqn q\ light broHn (5YR5/6), jnterbedded gray (5YR4/l ), massive, cross-bedded, dark gray clay-shale. heayy mineral Iayers, locally conglomeratic, I cm maximum clast size, upper 0.3 m grades Interbedded clay-shale and siit-shale. 2 f3l into grayish red (5R4/2) sandstone. Clay-shale, dark gray (N3), weathered (0.6 ) ( 169.2) medium dark gray (N4) to light olive Sandstone, medium to coarse, pale broyln (5YR5/2) I ta gray (5Y5/l ), fossiliferous, slightly to grayish red (5R4/2), weathered brounish (2.4) caicareous; silt-shale, nedium dark gray (5YR4/l), massive, locally gray, weathered light olive gray (5Y4ll), conglomeratic, 2 cm maximum clast s'ize. thinly to very thinly bedded, chippy to lath-shaped, occasional ly fossi I iferous, Sandstone, coarse to fine, dark greenish gray 42 217 sl ightly calcareous, fossil iferous zones (5GY4/1) to nedium gray (li5), w€athered ( r 2.8) too.l, weathered dark yelloyish orange (10YR6/6), medium dark gray (N4) to light brown fossil hash in places. (5YR5/6), massive, cross-bedded, conglomeratic throughout, 4 cm maximun Interbedded clay-shale and silt-shale, same 1t 566 clast size. as above, but clay-shale is non- (3,4) | 17) c\ calcareous, and silt-shale is Sandstone, coarse to fine, feldspathic, dark 108 325 apparentiy unfossil iferous. greenish gray (5GY4/l) to aEdium gray /1? O\ aaa tl (il5), weathered mediun dark gray (N4) to Lir€stone (biosparrudite), medium to coarsely I 567 light brorn (sYR 5/6), medium to thick crystalline, dark gray (N3), weathered IU.JJ ( r72.8) bedded, cross-bedded, locaily with heavy pale brown (5R5/2) to light brown mineral layers, ch.nneling, and trough (5YR5/6), crinoidal, fossi'ls weathered cross-beds, pinch-and-syell bedding, in rel ief. conglomeratic throughout, 4 cm maximum clast size, rare interbeds of medium to Interbedded clay-shale and s'ilt-shale. ?5 fine, light olive gray (5Y6/1) quartzarenite. Clay-shale, dark gray (il3), weathered (7.6) ( r80.4) mediun dark gray (N4) to 'light olive gray (5Y5/'l ), fossiliferous; silt- Interbedded sandstone and silt-shale. Sandstone, 17 34? shale, medium dark gray, weathered olive gray (5Y4/'1), thinly very medium to fine, medium gray (N5) greenish I E ?\ ( r 04.2) to to bedded, lath-shaped, gray (5GY6/l weathers brownish gray thinly chippy to ), sl ightly calcareous. (5YR4/l) to light brown (5YR5/6). medium to thinly bedded, planar cross-beds, Lower beds not measured. slightly undulatory bedding; si lt-shale, 44 VIRGINIA DIVISION OF MINERAL RESOURCES

thickly bedded, planar cross-beds, rar€ly conglomeratic w'ith shale chips.

LOCALiTY 9 . COOPER I{OUI{TAII{ Covered. 5 (1.5) ( r06.z, Section measured along State Road 732 at south end of Cooper l'lountain, along Dry River, apppoxirnately 3.4 fr,iles north-northeast of ottobine, Va.i Sandstone, fine to very fine, dark gray | )!a /, r\ f rTn i\ Rockingham County, Va.; Briery Eranch, Va.7.5{inute quadrangle (t{€)i (N3), weathers greenish gray \r,v!r, 38"28.9'tl, 79001.6'!l (Brent,'1960, p. 7l; Roberts & Kite, 1978b, p. 38). (56Y6/1) to light olive gray Section is nearly vertical, slightly overturned. George Mattingly assisted in (5Y6/l ), mediun bedded. the description of the Reedsville Fonnation. Sandstone, fine to very fine, dark gray 30 589 thickness total (ll3), weathers greenish gray (5GY6/t) (e.l) (17e.6) ft ft to light olive gray (5Y5ll), r,€djuri (m) (m) bedded,'limonitic specks, interbedded silt-shalc (jnterval is mostly covered), Tuscarora Forfiation: 36+ ft. (11.0+ m) top .is covered. 8rent, reports Reedsville Fomation: 70+ ft. (21.3+ m) a fault at top of exposed Tuscarora. Int€rbedded sandstone. siltstone and shale. 5 594 Sandstone, very fine, medium gray (1.5) (r8r.1) Sandstone (quartzarenite), coarse to fine, very 36 36 (tls), linonitic specks, shale pebbles; light gray (l{8), occa.sional'ly medium gray (il.0) (1 r.0) siltstone, olive gray (5Y4/l ), (N5) and rarely dark gray (N3), weathered fossiliferous; si lt-shale. olive gray, olive gray (5Ya/1) to pale yellowish fossif iferous; orthorhvnchula, crinoids. brown (10YR6/2), medium to thickly bedded, massiv€ appearance, planar cross-beds. Interbedded sandstone and s'iltstone. 13 607 Sandstone, fine to very fine, medium (4.0) (185.t) oswego Sandstone: 553 ft. ('168.5 m)- .upfar 8.8 m gray (N5), limonitic specks; siltstone, sesr to be transitional to ol ive qray (5Y4ll ), 0rthorhvnchula. Tuscarora. Sandstone is sub- lscnyr0oonta, moonycnra! 5uc3n1a, 'I itharenite to. litharenite at !llg!.13 ( near rop I . base, and grades upward to quartzarenl te. Siltstone, light olive gray (5Y6/1), 6 6r3 abundant 0rthorhynchul a. (1.8) (r86.9) Sandstone, fine to si ltstone, lighl-01,i-ve.gray 4t of (5Y5/2), to dusky yeliow (5Y5/4), ac a\ 110 e\ Sandstone, very fine" medium dark gray 40 059 weathered oiive gray (5Y4/l) to light (il4),'limonitic specks, occas'ional ( 14.0) (191.2) olive gray, thinly to thickly bedded, fossi I iferous. lens€s, qglgulSlgl3, obscure planar cross-beds, shale chips, Loxoelocus (?). often brecciated (as if broken by s l'i ppage) . Lower beds not neasured.

Covered. 45 ilo (13.7) (33.5)

Sandstone, medium to very fine, medium 201 91 '10 dark gray (N4) to light brown'ish gray (?7.7) (6r.3) IOCAL1TY - GREAT NORTH I'IOUNTAIN/ROUTE 69I (5YR6/l), weathered light olive gray (5Y6/l ) to olive gray (5Y4/l ), thinly to thickly bedded, planar cross-beds, Section neasured along State Road 69] at Great l{orth Mountain, just east locally conglomeratic with shaie chips, of Tibbet Knob trail, between Tibbet Knob and Hiddle Mountain, approximate'ly rarely grades into silt-sha'le. 1.9 miles southwest of Uolf Gap, va.; Shenandoah County, Va. and Hardy County, H.va.; Uolf Gap, U.va.-va.7.s-minute quadrangle (5x);38"54.4'N,78"42.8'l.l. Sandstone, very fine, olive gray (5Y4ll), 1 ?02 weathered brornish gray (5YR4/l).' thinly (0.3) (51.6) thickness total bedded, interbedded olive gray (5Y4/'l) ft ft shale. (m) (m)

Sandstone, medium to fine, mediun gray 57 259 Tuscarora Forf,ation: lll+ ft. (33.8+ m), Top (t{5) to olive gray (5Y4/1), weathered (r7.4) (78.9) not exoosed. Sandstone is light olive gray (5Y6/1) to light quartzareni te. broxn (5YR6/4), medium to thinly bedded, obscure planar cross- Sandstone, fine to very fine, very light gray ?1 2l beds, locally conglomeratic with shale (N8), weathers grayish orange (lOYR7/4), (5.4) (6.4) chips, very rare shaly partings. upper 5.5 m mostly covered.

Covered. tol Covered. ll 32 (2.41 (8r.4) (3.4) (e.8)

Sandstone, mediun to fine, dark gray (N3) 8l 348 Sandstone, very fine, very light gray (HA) 840 to light brownish gray (5YR6/1)s (?4.7\ (r05.r) to grayish orange (10YR7/4). medium (2.41 (12.2\ weathered f,Ederate brown (5YR4/4) to thickly bedded, locally sonerhat and light olive gray (5Y5/l), thinly to fri abl e. thickly bedded, massive appearance, planar cross-beds, locally conglomeratic Conglon€ratic sandstone, very light gray (il8), 30 70 with shale chips, weathers grayish orange (l0YR7/4), (e. r ) (21.3) medium to thickly bedded, cross-bedded, Sandstone, coarse to very fine, gray (N3) 48 396 rounded to subrounded quartz pebbles, to light bromish gray (5YR6/l) (r4.6) (l?0.i) 2 cm maxinum diameter, less conglomeratic weathered light olive gray (5Y6/1 ), upward. thinly to thickly bedded, massive appearance, planar cross-beds, Sandstone, and conglomerate in alternating 27 97 locally conglomeratic (mostly shale beds. Sandstone, nedium to fine, very (8.2) (2e.5) chips), channeling near top of inter- light gray (N8), locally stained grayish val, high heavy mineral content. orangeish pink (5YR7/2), weathers grayish oranqe (l0YR7/4), thinly to Covered. 5 402 thickly bedded; quartz pebble (1.8) ( r22.s) conglomerate, rounded to subrounded, 2 cm max'imum diameter. Sandstone, medium to fine, med'ium dark tt).) fr/.3 gray (N4) to 'light brownish gray (35.2) {151.7) Sandstone, saf,€ as above, non-congloleratic 't4 lll (5YR6/1 ), weathered light olive cross-bedded, bedding plane trails. (4.3) (33.8) qray (5Y6/1) to lisht brord (5YR6/4), planar cross-beds, local'ly conglomeratic iuniata Fonnation: 254.5 ft. (80.6 n). Upper with shale chips, limonitic specks.. 8.5 m is transitional to Tuscarora. Sandstone is Sandstone, fine to very fine, feldspathic, 29.5 547 sublitharenite to I ith- dark gray (N3) to olive gray (5Y4/l), ( 9.0) ( I 66.7 ) arenite, unless otheruise weathered light olive gray (5Y6/l) to speci fi ed. 'Iight brown (5YR6/4), thinly to PUBLICATION 57 45

Covered. l8 129 (5Y4/l ), mdiun bedded, rud ba.Il (s.5) (3e.3) voids.

Sandstone, medium to fine, argillaceous; 4 509 to rudstone, rarely conglomeratic, (1.2) (r5s.l) Sandstone (quartzarenite), '10 fine to very- 139 moderate brorn (5YR3/4) to pale fine, light olive gray (5y6/t), (3.0) (4?.41 brown (5YR5/2), weathers gray'isit weathers moderate red (SR4/6) to light broyn (5YR3/2), thinly to very thirly !r9!n (5YR6/4), neAium to veiy thiniy bedded, 3 cn maxirum pebble dianetep. bedded, cross-bedded. Sandstone, medium conglomeratic, Interbedded to fine, 9 5',t8 shale and siltstone. Shale. 'I 140 moderate brorn (5YR3/4) to dark (2.7) (157.e) gray i sh red ( 5R4/Z ) , chi ppy; (0.3) (4?.7) yel loyish brorn (10YR4/2), weathers siltstone, light olive gray (5y6/i). grayish brorn (5YR3/2), mediun to thinly bedded, pebbles of quartz Covered. 5t 191 and red siltstone, 5 cm maximun (15.s) (s8.2) di ameter. iludstone to si'lt-shale, grayish red ta2 Jto Sandstone, medium to fine, moderate brown (5R4/2), 6run61y to ch'ippy, sone (38.2) (e6.3) (5YR4/4), weathers grayish brown (1.1) (15s.0) r'bttl ingi occasional interbeds of (5YR3/2), thinly to very thinly sandstone, flne, light brown (5R6/4) bedded. to pale red (5R6/2). Sandstone, medium to fine, locally Interbedded sandstone and mudstone. ?4.5 340.5 conglomeratic, moderate brown (10.2) (16e.2) Sandstone, very fine, light brotrn (7.s) (I03.8) (5YR4/4), weathers olive gray (5R5/4) to pale red (5RO/Z), (5Y4/l), thickly to very thinly weathers light brom (5YR5/6) bedded, siitstone and sandstone pale dnd yellotrish brorn (l0yR6/Z), pebbles (intraformational ), 5 nedlurn to thickly beddedi rrudstone cm maxirrum diameter. to silt-shale, grayish red (10R4/Z), mediun to thickly bedded, crunbly Sandstone, medium to fine, moderate brorn I ffo to chippy. (5YR4/4), weathers olive gray (0.3) (r6e.s) (5Y4ll), thiniy bedded. Sandstone, fine, pale brown (5yR5/Z) to '1 I .5 352 grayish red (5R4/2), weathers olive (3.5) (r07.3) Covered. 4 f,16 gray (5Y4/l), thickly to very rhinly (0.6) (170.1) bedded; obscure cross-beds. clav balls; occasional thin mudstone Congloneratic sandstone, medium to 17 575 i nte rbeds . coarse, moderate yelloyrish brown (s.2) ( r 75.3) (10YR5/4) to light brown (5YR5/6), 5ilt-shale, grayish red (5R4/2), chippy 4 J!4 weathers pale brown (5YR5/2), thickly to platy. (0.6) (r07.e) to very thinly bedded, pebbles of quartz and siltstone, 4 cm maximum Sandstone, fine, pale brorn (5YR5/2) to 20.5 374.5 diameter, pebble s'ize increases up- grayish red (5R4/2), weatheE ollve (6.2) (il4.r) ward. gray (5Y4/l), thickly to very thinty bedded, obscure cross-beds, clay Lower beds not exposed. Base of balls, bedding plane trails, exposure is assumed to be approxi- herringbone cross-beds at base; rare mate base of oswego Sandstone. thin interbeds of grayish red nudstone.

Hudstone, grayish red (5R4/l), srun61r. , J/5.f (0.3) (114.s) ']1 osweqo Sandstone: 199.5+ ft. (60.9+ m). Sand- LOCALITY . LONG MOUNTAIN/STATE ROAO 691 stone is sublitharenite to I.i tharen i te. Section measured along State Road 691 on southeast slope of a knob cal'led Sandstone, n€dium to fine, pale brown (5yR5/2) ?2 ?o7 < 'oevi'ls', just east of Virginia-ilest Virginia state 1ine, approximately 1.9 to grayish red (5R4/?), Heathers o'live (6.7) (t?1.2\ (5Y4ll), niles due south of Trout Pond and 2.6 miles west of l,liolf Gaol Shenandoah gray thickly to very thinly County, va.; iiolf Gap, fl.Va.-Va. 7.5{inute quadrangle (XC); 38.55.6'N. bedded, obscure cross-beds, clay balls, 73'44.3 'r{. some channeling near top. thickRess total Sandstone, medium to fine, pale brown (5yR5/Z) 16.5 414 ft ft to grayish red (5R4/2), thickly to (s.o) (126.2) (m) (m) very th'inly bedded, planar and herringbone cross-bedsi interbedded grayish Tuscarora Fomation: 4?+ m). Lower 8.9 red mudstone ft. n?.8, to argil'laceous sandstone, m is iransiiional to Juniata. crunbly, thinly beddeo. Interval is Sandstone is quartzarenite, apparently cycl ical'ly bedded. Conglomeratic sandstone, medium to coarse, 13 13 Sandstone, medium to fine, pale bro{n (N8), (5YR5/2) 44 458 very light qray weathers medium (4.0) (4.0) to grayish rei $at121, (r3.4) (13s.6) light gray (N6), medium bedded, planar rnlckty t0 very thinly bedded, planar cross-beds, slickensides on bedding cross-beds, clay balls, occasional ly surfaces. flaggy.__lnterval is apparently -having Sandstone, cycl ical ly bedded, eacir' cycle coarse to fine, pale yellowish ll 24 clay balls at the base aoi is rtaggj brown (l0YR6/2), weathers light gray (3.4) (7.3) at th€ top. (N7), meaium bedded. cross-b;ddea.

Sandstone, medium gale Covered. to fine, brorn ?1 479 16 40 (5YR5/2) grayish (5R4/A), (4. (12.21 to red ( 6.3 ( 146.0 e) medium to. very thinly bedded, grayish ) ) reo ctay ba|l5. Sandstone,.nedium to fine, very light ,|41 gray (N8). (0.3) (r2.s) Sandstone,. rediuT-.!g_lille, local ty cong l omerati c, 21 500 Sandstone, pare brown (5yR5/2), weathers modirate very fine, grayish orange I (6.4) ( I s2.4) (l0YR4i 4), Skol brown_ (5YR3/4) to ol ive gray (5y4/l ), ithos. (0.3) (r 2.8) thickly to very thinty uiOOlA, " nuA Juniata Fornatioh: (46.0 Dat ts at top, nud ball voios dt Dase. l5l ft. m) basal c0ntac! uncertain. Sandstone, fine, to nudsione, nooeraEe 2 50? brown (5yR3/4), crumDly, mostly l{ostly_covered, grayish red (5R4/Z) mudstone 45.5 (0.6) ( r 53.0) 3.5 covereo - I toat- (1.r) (13.e) Sandstone, medium to fine, rarely Sandstone (quartzarenite), fine to very 29 74.5 3 tua fine,-oale red (5R6/2) conglomeratic, moderate brown (0.e) /lql 0t to grayish- red t8.8) (22.71 (5YR3/4), weathers olive qrav (5R472), s61n1t bedded in iowir hatf, medium Eo rhinly bedded in upper half, 46 VIRGINIA DIVISION OF MINERAL RESOURCES

cross-bedded, Skoli thos, clay bal1s' Sandstone, rEdlum to very fine, grayish red 124 317 occas i ona I 1 i m6iT-tic spects, somewhat (5R4/2) pale (5R6/2), (e5.6) argil'laceous, channeling in lower to red very thinly (37.8) poition, rare grayish red silt-shale to thickly bedded, planat", trough and herringbone cross-beds, Iinonitic specks, i nterbeds. clay balls, 5&li!ho! 13.0 m below top, Rusophycus top. ltudstone overlying and channeled into 9Il-n-EI-m sandstone (cycle ?). lludstone, grayish t4.uJ \.+.t t exposed sane above, 436 red. crumblv. Skolithosi sandstgne Partially sandstone, as ll9 many covered intervals. (36.3) (132.9) (quartzarenite to subl itharen'ite)' fine to very fine, pale red (5R6/2) to grayish red (5R4/2), 8|l1l!9! at top Lower beds not exoosed. 6t ianastone, somerhaFfi!-iTl-aceou s. ( lludstone over'lying and channeled into 11 O' t sandstone. lfudstone, grayish red (3.5) (28.2) (5R4/2), crumbly, Skollthos, bedding LOCALITY 12 - BLACK FOX HOLLOI{ olane trai I s at- baiETETii5tone to sublitharenite), iquartzarenite Section measured along [est Virginia Highway Cove Mountain, flne to very fine, to mudstone, Pale 59 at (5R6/2) grayish (5R4/2)' approximately 1.8 miles southeast of Lost City, Hardy County, tl.Va.i red to red quadrangle (C,SC);'.l.Va.i channeling at base. Lost City, [.Va.-Va. 7.5-minute 38'55.2'N, 78'49.0,t{. cross-bedded, section is overturned. In the cycles below, the sandstone is quartzarenite to sublitharenite, fine to thickness total very fine, pale red (5R6/2) to grayish ft ft red (5R4/2); the mudstone is grayish (m) (m) Most cycles red and crumbly. of the (32.9+ have channels as basal contacts. Juniata Fomation: 108+ ft ) top not exposed. Sandstone is sub- Cyc'le. Lower 0.3m sandstone; grades upward I i thareni te. into mott'led mudstonei Skol ithos. J.f, vo Sandstone, med'ium to fine, grayish red (5R4/2), 'il 1l (1.1) (2e.3) thickly to very thinly bedded, planar (3.4) (3.4) cross-beds, clay balls, rare grayish red Cvcle.- Lo*er 0'5 m sandstone with 5 l0l shaly partings. &L|-!!g; grades upxard into mottled (r.s) (30.8) nxidst0ne. Covered. 11 ?2 (3.4) (5.7) Lorer 0.2 m sandstone; grades Cvcle. (5R4/2)' thickly 21 43 upYard into nildstone. (0.8) (31.s) Sandstone, fine, grayish red to very thinly bedded, Planar cross-beds' (6.4) (l3.r) graYish shaly Cycle (?). Altemating beds of sandstone 6 t09.5 clay balls, rire red and rudstone; mudstone abundance ('l .8) (33.4) parti ngs. increases upward. fine to very fine, grayish red 41 84 Sandstone, (r2.s) (2s.5) Lower 0.5 m.sandstone with ) < t12 (5R4/2), thickly to very thinly beddedt Cycle.- planar and grades uward into (0.8) (34.1 ) grayish red clay ba'lls' . Skolithos, rare grayish nudS!0ne. herringbone cross-beds, - red shily partings, rare interbeds of Cvcles (6?). Alternating beds of sand- 7 ll9 orav'ish red mudstone. Skolithos at ' stone and rudstone, rith Skolithos. (2.1 ) (35.3) 6asi. ueeoins plane trETl?,@g1g' bilobate tra'ils. m grades 7 1?6 Cycle. Lower 0.5 sandstone; r00 uoward into nudstone. (2. i 1 (38.4) Sandstone, flne to very fine, grayish red 16 (5R4/2), thickly to very thinly bedded. (4. e) (30. s) ln the cycles below, the sandstone is glanar cross-beds, locally sonewhat ouartzarenite to sublitharenite' nedium irgi'llaceous, clay balls' rare grayish to very fine, pale reddish brown (10R5/4) red shaly Partings. to grayish red (5R4/2); the mdstone is l(udstone, grayish red (5R4/2), crumbly. I l0l grayish red and crumbly. (0.3) (30.8) ',l Lower 0.5 m sandstonei grades 1 137 Cvcle. (5R4/2) 6 107 uprard into nudstone with Skolithos. (3.4) (41.8) sandstone, fine, grayish red ' thickiy !o very thinly beooed, planar cross- (r.8) (32.6) Cycle. Lower 0.9 m sandston€; grades 4 141 beds, clay balls, rare grayish red shaly upward into mudstone. (1.?) (43.0) partl ngs. ',t08 Mudstone, grayish red (5R4/2), crsmbly. 1 Cycle. Loter 0.5 n sandstone; grades 3 144 (0.3) (32.e) upward into interbedded nudstone and (o.e) (43.e) sandstone. 0sweqd Sandstone' 162+ ft (55.4+ m). Sand- to Cycle. Lorer 0.5 m sandstone; grades 4 148 stone is litharenite uprard into interbedded mudstone and (r.2) (4s.1) subl itharenite. sandstone. Sandstone, medium to fine' occasionally very 84 tg? ( 2s.6 (58.5 Cycle. Lower 0.6 n sandstone, cross- t4.! to4.f coarse, grayish red (5R4/2)' thickly to ) ) bedd€d, Skolithos; grades upward (4.4) (4e.5) very thinly bedded, planar cross-beds' shalY i nto 1 .8-i-friasto-ne wi th sko l i thos ; clai balls, rare grayish red grades upward into nudstoidTffi- partings. Sko'lithos and lenses of sandstone. 46 ?38 Covered. (14.0) Cycle. Lower 0.9 m sandstone, cross- 1I.5 174 172.51 bedded; grades upward into mudstone ( 3.5) ( s3.o) ct ,on Sandstone, medium to fine, grayish red with Skolithos. ( (88.4) (5R4/2), weathered Pale red (,l0R6/2); l s.8) Covered; grayish red (5R4/2) mudstone 5 179 nedium to thinly bedded' planar cross- fIoat. (1.5) (54.6) beds.

Sandstone, medium to fine, grayish red 9 188 (5R4/2) to pale red (5R6/2), cross- (2.7) (57.3) bedded, limonitic specks, inter- bedded grayish red mudstone. LOCALITY ]3 - HUNKERSOII GAP Section measured in stream bed of Capon Run through gap in Cove Mountain' Covered; grayish red chippy silt-shale 5 193 approximately 2.8 mi'les west of orkney SPri.ngs, Va.i Hardy County'. l{.Va.i f 'l oat. (1.s) (58.8) 0iicney Sprin'gs, va.-t{.va. 7.s-minute quad (l/C); 38"47.8'N, 78"51.8'ltl (Roberts & Kite, 1978b, p, 4l-42). Section is overturned. 0sweqo Sandstone: 243+ ft. (74.1i m). The osweqo here is a sub- th i ckness total l ithirenite. ft It (m) (m) PUBLICATION 57 47

Tuscarora Fonnation: 149 ft (45.5 m). Sand- LOCATITY 14 . LOIIG RIOGE stone i3 quartzarenite. Section measured along U. S, Highuay 33 at north end of Long Ridge, Sandstone, conglomeiatic, maximun pebble 125 125 betr.een Franklin, |{.Va. and oak Flat' l',1. Va., approximately 3.3 miles d'iameter 2 cm, interval not m€lsured (38.1 ) (38.1 ) northeast of Franklin; Pendleton County, !l.Va.; Franklln, l.va. 7.5{inule in detai I . quadrangle (EC); 38'a0.1'l{, 79'16,2'l{. Sandstone, fine to very fine, light gray 24 149 thickness total (N7), thickly to very th'inly bedded, ( 7.3 ) (45.4) ft ft cross-bedded, conglomeratic at base (m) (m) (0.5 cn maximum pebble diameter) and local ly throughout interval. Tuscarora Fomation: not measured, base not exposed. (Approximately Juniata Fomation: 744 fr (226.8 m). Upper 37 m was ileasured less 6.4 m is transitional to than 0.5 mi. east of the Tuscarora. outcrop along Route 33.) Siltstone to sandstone (quartzarenite). 21 r70 Juniata Formation: 17? ft (52.4 m), top not Grades upward from silistone, grayish (6.4) (51.8) exDosed. contact trith over- red (5R4/2) to light olive gray lying Tuscarora approtimat- (5Y6/'l); to sandstone, very fine, ed fron f]oat, Basal con- medium light gray (N6), thinly to tact uncertain. Sandstone very thinly bedded, unevenly bedded. 'is quartzarenite.

Covered. lo aag Covered. (thickness approximate) 80 80 tr7 rl /aq o'l (24.4) ( 24.4)

Interbedded sandstone and siltstone. Sand- 57 283 Interbedded sandstone and si lt-shale. r8 98 stone (litharen'ite), mediurn to fine, ( r 7.4) ( 86.3 ) Sandstone, fine, light olive gray (s.s) (ze.e) to bedded mudstone, grayish red (5Y6/'l) and gray red (10R4/2), (5R4/2) to pate red (5R6/2), medium weathered light brown (5YR5/6), to thinly bedded, coarser beds are medium to thinly bedded, planar Daler and cross-bedded; siltstone, cross-beds (60c); silt-shale, grayish grayish red (5R4/2), bedded. red, nedium to v€ry th'inly bedded, platy to chippy (40%). Covered. 230 5l 3 (70.r) (156.4) t'ludstone, grayish red (10R4/2), crumbly 7 105 to chippy, bioturbate, 5kolithos. (2.1 ) (32.0) Sandstone (sublitharenite), fine to very 49 56? fine, grayish red (5R4/2), thickly to (14.e) (17',I.3) Sandstone, fine to very fine' light olive 1t tao thinly bedded, cross-bedded, partiy gray (5Y6/1), weathered light broHn (6.4) (38.4) covered. (5YR5/6), medium bedded, limonitic specks', interbedded shale, gray'ish Sandstone (litharenite), medium to fine, to 98 650 red, thickly to very thinly bedded, bedded mudstone, grayish red (5R4/2), (2e.s ) (201.2) chjppy, sha'le abundance increases limonitic specks in places, thickly to uDward. bedded, cross-bedded, very thinly Interbedded silt-shale and sandstone. lu.f tJo,5 gray'ish red clay-shale chiPs. Silt-shale, grayish red (10R4/?), (3.2) (41.6) chiDpv, Skolithos (80x); sandstone' Covered. /?r n\ (r7) ,\ veri iinEl-Ei-ayisir red, rarely Iight olive gray (5Y6/l), medium to thinly bedded, somewhat argil laceous (20".). osweco Sandstone: 459 ft (140.0 m) very fine, light olive L5 138 908 Sandstone, fine to Sandstone (litharenite), medium to fine, t5 qrav (5Y6/'l), weathered light brown (0.5) (42.1 ) gray (5YR4/1 (4.6) (?76.8) feldspathic, brornish ), {svisl0), med'ium to thinlv bedded. medium to thinly bedded, cross-bedded, (l0YR4/2) grayish red shale chips. Interbedded sandstone and si lt-sha1e. 9.5 147.5 Sandstone, fine, grayish red (2.e) (4s.0) Sandstone (lithareflite), medium to very 64 972 /ro q\ l106 ?\ (10R4i2), thinly bedded' soreshat coarse, feldspathic, olive gray argillaceous; silt-shale to mrd- (5Y4l1) to olive black (5Y?/l), very stone, grayish red, medium to very thinly to very thickly bedded, thinly bedtled, chippy to crumbly' locally conglomerat'ic, quartz and black chert pebbles, subangular, gray (5Y6i 1)' gebbles Sandstone, fine, light olive ouartz maximum diameter I cn, weathered light brown (5YR5/6)' (1.8) (46.8) chert clasts are 2 cm maxirom, mediun to thin'ly bedded, lironitic I imonitic specks. sDecks. Sandstone (quartzarenite), medium to fine, t( o.! tou (318.3) Interbedded sandstone and si'lt-shale. Sand- rarely coarse, light olive gray (??.a\ grayish red (10R4/2), (2.A) (48.8) (5Y6/1) gray (SYall), stone, fine, to olive thickly weathered light broHtr (5YR5/6), nndium to very th'inly bedded, cross-bedded. to thinly beddedi silt-shale, gray'ish red, medium to thinly bedded, chippy. 5andstone (sublitharenite), yery fine, to 54 1098 (334.8) bedded siltstone, greenish gray (r6.s) gray (5Y6/l)' z 162 gray (5Y4/1), Sandstone, fine, light olive f5GY6/l) to olive xeathereo I ight brown (5YR5/6), cross- (0.6) (4e.4) bedded, cross- medium to very thinly bedded, Iimonitic specks. bedded, partial ly covered. 'I lnterbedded silt-shale and sandstone. 153 Covered. 146 1?44 grayish (10R4/2), (0.3) (4e.7) (44.5 ( 37e.3) Silt-snale, red ) chippy; sandstone, very fine, grayish Sandstone (litharenite to sublitharenite), 108 r35? medium (32.e) (41?.?) very fine, to bedded siltstone, Sandstone, very fine, light gray 0.5 163.5 gray (N5), to very thinly bed- olive thickly (5Y6/l), weathered light brown (0.1 ) (4e.8) ed, 1oca11y cross-bedded, occasiona'l (sYRs/6). limonitic specks, rarely fossiliferous, rare in lower 10.7 m. lljgjg Interbedded sandstone, mudstone and silt- 6.f lta Sandstone, fine, grayish red (2.6) (52.4) Reedsvil'le Fornation: 53r ft (16.2+ m) stone. (10R4/2), weathered light brown (5YR5/6), medium to thinly bedded; Siltstone, medium gray (N5)' medium to very 53 I 405 (16.2) (428.4) muqstone, grayish red, medium bedded, thinly bedded, occasional massive, s'ilt-shale, grayish red, partings, slightly calcareous crumbly; shaly thinly bedded, chippy; Skolithos. at base to non-calcareous upward, 'Iocal ly fossiIiferous. oswego Sandstone: 100+ ft (30.5+ m) Lower beds not neasured. Sandstone, med'ium to fine' iight olive gray 46 218 (5Y6/l) to dark gray (N3), thickly to ( l 4.0) (65.4) 48 VIRGINIA DIVISION OF MINERAL RESOURCES

very thinly bedded, planar cross-beds' Reedsville Fomation: (5'l.6+ m) f imbnitic s9ecks; interbedded silt- 202+ ft shale, olivi gray (5Y4/l) to dusky yellow (5Y5/4), very thinly bedded' Siltstone, dark gray (N3), fossi'liferous, r07 1362 plane bedded to massive, Linqula, (32.6) (41s.2) vertical burrows and bedding (rJ. trails, black shale clasts. urlnornyncnuta Sandstone, medium to fine, greenish gray J+ LJ' Interbedded fossiliferous siltstone and 95 1457 (5GY6/l), weathered light olive gray (10.4) (76.8) fossi l iferous limestone, Linoula, (2e.0) (444.21 (5Y5/1), thickly to very thinly bedded, Anbonych ia. obscure cross-beds, limonitic specks, rare patches of l'ight brownish gray Lower beds are not exposed. (5YR6/l), shale chips.

Sandstone, medium to fine, greenish gray 20 272 (5GY6/l) to srayish red (10R4/2), (5. r (82.e) ) '16 weathered l'lght brown (5YR6/4), LOCALITY . HARPER CAP medium to thinly bedded,'limonitic specks, grayish red and greenish gray shale chips. Section measured along road and in stream bed in Harper Gap through River Knobs, approximately 2.0 miles south of Mouth of Seneca, t{.Va.i Pendleton Lower beds not exDosed. County, f{.Va.;onego, |l.Va.7.5-minute quadrangle (EC)i 38"48.3't{,79'2?.8'U. Section is overturned. thickness total 'I5 ft ft LOCALITY - ROY GAP (m) (n)

S€ction measured in stream bed through Roy Gap between River Knobs and Tuscarora Fomqtion: l 13 ft (34.4 m) , approximately 5.6 niles east. of I'touth of Seneca, l{.va.; Pendleton County, l.i,Va.; Upper 'fract, l,l.Va. 7.5-minute quadrangle (',,/C); Sandstone (quartzarenite), cross-bedded, tl? 112 38"50.0'ff, 79"22.0'V. Section is nearly vert'ical. conglomeratic zone 1.5 m above base (34.4) (34.s) of i nteryal . thickness total a+ Juniata Fomation.. 720 ft (219.5 m) (m) ('n) Covered, thickness approximate. 200 313 Iuscarora Fomation: 352 ft (107.4 m) (61.0) (e5.4)

Covered. sandstone float. rJo tJb Interbedded sandstone and silt-shale. 70 383 (4r .5) (41 .5) sandstone, medium gray (N5) to (a1.3) (116.8) grayish red (5R4/2); siit-shale, Sandstone (quartzarenite), fine to very ?16 352 grayish red. coarse, l'ight gray (N7) to medium ( 65. e) ( r 07.4) light gray (N6), cross-bedded, con- llostly covered. Exposures of grayish red 450 833 glomeratic, quartz pebbles, 1.5 cm (5R4/2) sandstone and silt-shale in ( 137.2) ( 254.0) maximun dianeteri rare interbeds of stream. Anount of snndstone increases very fine, mediun gray (N5) sub- in upper and lower portions of inter- I i tharefli te. val, thickness approximate. Juniata Forration: 755 ft (230.'l m), Sand- Stone grades upward from osveoo sandstone: 71 ft (21,.6 m) i itharenite to subl itharenite. Sandstone (litharenite), fine to very fine, 7t 904 Covered. ]45 498 dark gray (N3), interbedded olive gray tzr.o/ (z/t,0, (44.s) (lsl.e) (5Y4/l) shale, bedding plane trails otl shaly partings and at base. Sandstone, fine, to siltstone, bedded, grayish t? )15 red (5Ra/2) grading upward to grayish red (22.e) (r74.8) and medium dark gray (N4), cross-bedded, Reedsville Fomation' 10+ ft (3.0+ m) rare carbonaceous (?) clasts. Siltstone, medium dark gray (N4), massive, 10 914 llost'ly covered, some ledges of gray and (r1a foss i'l iferous, Li nqula. l? n\ 1\ grayish red sandstone. (7.0) (181.8) Lor{er beds not measured, Covered. tb 612 (4.e) (r86.7)

Interbedded sandstone and silt-shale; sand- 130 742 LOCALITY 17 - NORTH FORK ITIOUNTAIII/U. S. HIGHWAY 33 stone, fine to ver? fine, light ol'ive \Jt.oi \41o. J I gray (5Y6/l) and grayish red (10R4/2); silt-shale, grayish red, platy. Section measured alono U. 5. Hiqhuav 33 on both sides of crest of North Fork l',lountain (Harrion Rocksi, approximately 5.3 ililes northwest of Covered. 113 855 Franklin, tJ. Va.: Pendleton County, t{. Va.; Circleville, U. Va.7.5{inute (34.4) (?60.7 | quadrangle (NE, EC); 38"42.0' to 38'42.7'N, 79"24.0' to 79'24.5'lt (l{oodward, 1951, p.359-350). Sandstone and rudstone. Sandstone, fine to 66 921 medium (N4) ( very fine, dark gray and 20.1 ) ( 280.8) th i ckness total grayish red (5R4/2J,, cross-bedded; md- ft ft stone, grayish red, bedded to crumbly, (m) (m) Skol i thos. Tuscarora Fomation: 170 ft (51.8 m). Top of Covered. 45 966 interval goes to cover, (r3.7) ( 294.5 ) assumed to be top of Tuscarora. Sandstone is Sandstone, fine to very fine, dark gray {N3) 67 r 033 quartzarenit€. and grayish red (5R4/2), rare black (3r4.9) carbonaceous clasts. Sandstone, mediun to fine, very light gray (N8), 17.5 weathers light brorn (5YR5/5), thinly to (5.3) r( ?l Covered. 74 ll07 thickly bedded, cross-bedded. {?2.6) (337.5) (45,1 osweqo Sandstone: 148 ft m). Sand- Sandstone with shale interbeds. Sandstone, same 5.5 24 stone is. Iitharenite. as above; shale, light gray (N7), very (2.0) (7.3) thinly bedded. Sandstone, fine to very fine, nedium dark a2 I 149 gray (N4) to bro{nish gray (5YR4/l), ( 1 2.8) ( 350.3 ) Sandston€ with shale interbeds. Sandstone, I 1',t Skolithos at base. nediun to fine, very light gray, (N8), {2.4\ (9.8) weathers dark yellowish orange (10yR6/6), Sandstone, very fine, feldspathic, dark tuo r 255 nediun to thickly bedded, Skolithos; silt- gray (N3). (32.3) (382.6) shale, 'lisht gray (N7), thfift-FEfiIed. PUBLICATION 57 49

Sandstone, rcdium to fine, very light gray (N8), 5 37 Cycle. Lower 0.9 m interbedded sandstone 9 ?79 weathers yellowish dari( orange (10yR6/6), (1.5) ( 11.3 ) and silt-shale; grades uFard into (2.7) (8s.0) thiniy to very thiniy bedded, cross-bedded. silt-shale to mudstone.

Sandstone, same as above, but thickly bedded. 3 40 Cycle. Lower 1.5 m sandstone; grades '13 292 (0.9) \L?.2) upyard into mudstone. (4.0) (8s.0)

Covered. T? t1 Cycle. Lorcr 1.8 m sandstone; grades upward t7 309 a? ?\ ( r5.6.' into 1.8 m interbedded sandstone and (s.2) (e4.2) silt-shale; grades uprard into mud- Sandstone, rEdium to fine, very light gray (Ng), ll srone. weathers. dark yellowish orange (t0yR6/6), (3.4) (19.2) rntcrty Dedded, cross-bedded. Mudstone, grayish red (5R4/2), crunbly, 't8 327 (probably top of a cycle). (s.5) (ee.7) Sandstone, medium to fine, very light gray (Ng), 4 o! redium to very thinly bedded, cross-bedded, (l.Z) (20.4) Covered. 43 370 interbedded dark gray (N3) shale, (13.r ) (il2.8) Arthrophycus lnterbedded grayish red (5R4/2) s.ilt-shale 9 379 Sandstone, fine to very fine, white (il9), 19 86 and mudstone. (2.7) (r r5.s) weathers yellowish gxay (5,t7/Z), (5.8) 126.2) thinly to thickly bedded. Sandstone.beloy grades up{ard from sub- Sandstone, very fine, very light gray (N8), I 87 I itharenite to quartzarenite. weathers light olive gray (5Y6/1) (0.3) lnterbedded siit-shale and sandstone, silt- 3? 4lt sandstone, fine, very light gray (fl8), 10.5 97.5 shale, grayish red (5R4/2), chippy to (e.8) ( r25.3) werthers yellorish gray (5YR5/?), (3.2) l2a 7\ crumbly, increases in abundance down- thickly bedded, red-stained vertical, ward (50X); sandstone, fine, light olive diagonal and horizontal burrors. gray (5Y4/l) to grayish red (5R4/2), cross-bedded, lirDnitic specks (409). Sandstone, rcdium to very coarse, very 14.5 gray (N8), light weathers light ( t0.s) \ cu. a, Sandstone, fine, light olive gray (5Y5/21, 9 420 olive gray (5Y6/l), mssive, cross- cross-bedded, lironitic sPecks. (2.7) (128.0) bedded, friable (clayey ?) zones 'interval at base and top of and Interbedded sandstone and silt-shale. 56nd- 14 434 at 2.4 m above base, friable zone stone, medium to fine, olive gray (4.3) (132.3) at top is dark yellowish orange gray (l0YR6/5). (5Y4/1), weathers light olive (5Y5l2), cross-beddedi si lt-shale, light olive gray, chippy to platy, Sandstone, medium to very coarse, very 161 Iight gray (Ng), weathers light la ql /dq 2l (5YR6/4), Interbedded silt-shale and sandstone. Silt- 27 46] Urown th'inly to rhickly stone, grayish red (5R4/2), chippy (8.2) ( l4o. s) bedded, cross-bedded. (85f); sandstone, fine to very fine, grayish red (l5X). Sandstone, very fine, noderate red 'l toa (5R5/4), Skolithos. (0.3) (49.4 ) Interbedded sandstone and silt-shale. Sand- ]9 480 stone, medium to fine, olive gray (5.8) (146.3) Sandstone, fine to very fine, light 8 170 (5Y4/1), weathers light olive gray olive gray (NB), weathers (2.+1 (sr.8) (5Y5i2); grav, (5YR4/4), silt-sha1e, ljght olive mod€rate brown thickly chipoy to 0laty, to thinly bedded. Sandstone, medium to fine, olive gray 7 487 Paraconforfri ty (5Y4/l), weathers light olive gray (2.1) (148.4) (5Y5/2), med'ium bedded, cross-bedded' Juniata Fomation: 736 ft (??4,4 nl clay balls. Interbedded rrudstone and sandstone. IJ 183 Covered. t1 <1n f'ludstone, grayish red (5nC72;, (4.0) (7.0) (r5s.4) crumbly, grades upward into chjppy silt-shale; sandstone, fine to Sandstone, fine to very fine, medium dark gray I )tt very fine, light olive gray (5y6/1). (N4) to iignt olive gray (5Y6/1), {eathers (2.1) (157.6) l gray (5Y5/2) very pale Interbedded sandstone '198 ight ol ive !o and mudstone. orange (l0YR8l2), cross-bedded, clay balls. Sandstone, very fine to siltstone, (4.6) (60.4) grayish red (5R4/l); 6g65961., 14 531 grayish red, crumbly. Covered. (4.3) ( r 6l.8) In the cycles below, the sandstone is quartzarenite to Sandstone, fine, medium dark gray (N4) to aa t50 sublitharenite, very olive gray (5Y4l1), thick'ly to very (7.6) (r6e.5) fi ne to s i l tstone, grayi sh red ( 5R4/2 ) ; mudstone-is grayish red thinly bedded, cross-bedded, concealed and crumbly; inteilals are probably shaie interbeds. s'ilt-shale is grayish red and chipiy. Cycle. Lower 1.5 grades Cover€d. 42 598 n sandstone: upward 12 2',I0 (r2.8) (182.3) i nto mudstone. (3.7) ( 64.0 ) Lower 1.2 m grades Cycle. sandstonei upward I 218 Sandstone, medium to very fine, grayish red 5t oJf 'into mudstone. (2.4') ( 66.4 ) (5R4/2), cross-bedded (80x); interDedded (rr.3) (rs3.5) grayish red si lt-shale to mudstone (20%). Cycle. Lorer 0.3 m sandstone; grades upward 9 2?7 into mudstone- t2 7\ aao ?l In the cycles below, the sandstone is fine to very grayish red (5R4/2) Cycle. Lorer 0.3 m sandstone; grades upward fine, sublith- 6 arenite; mudstone is grayish red and into mudstone. ( (7r.0) l.8) cromb'ly; silt-shale is grayish red and cn1 ppy. Cycle. Lower 0.4 m sandstone; grades uprard 4 237 into mudstone. ( 7) 2\ (l.2) Cycle. Lower 0.3 m cross-bedded sandstone; t.a oTZ.5 grades upward m sandstone with (rs5.8) Cycle. Lower 0.3 m sandstone; grades into 0.7 (2.3) uprard ?41 Skolithos: qrades into nudstone into mudstone. (r.2) r7t <\ ugrard to s1 t!-snate. '1.8 Lower m sandstonei grades Cycle. uFard il ()z Cyc1e. Lower 1.4 m cross-bedded 1.5 m interbedded sandstone 7,5 650 into sandstone and (3.4) (76.8) with greenish gray (5GY6/1) splotches;, (re8.t mudstonei grades uprard mudstone. (2.3) ) into grades upward into 0.7 m interbedded sandstone wi!h grades up- Lower m grades lgljllgl; Cycle. 0.3 sandstone: uprard 5 tal waro lnto sI tt-shale. into mldstone. (t.s) /7q 1\ Cycle. Lower 0.4 m sandstone: grades up- Interbedded mudstone and sandstone. ltud- t3 270 ward into 0.3 m sandstone with (lee.8) ;tone !o silt-shale, grayish red (82. (r.7) (4.0) 3 ) Skolithosi grades up*ard mud- (5R4/2), crumDly into to ch'ippy; sandstone, 5tOne. very fine, grayish red, cross-bedded. Interval probably conprises 5 cycles. 50 VIRGINIA DIVISION OF MINERAL RESOURCES

Cycle. Lorer 1.8 m cross-bedded sandstone | 4.J 006 Interbedded sandstone and silt-shale. Sand- 12 1074 with qlay balls; grades upward into 0.6 (3.8) ( 203.6) stone! fine to very fine, light olive (3.7) (327.4) m sandstone with Skolithos; qrades uo- gray {5Y6/'l), mediun to thinly bedded, ward into 0.: m in-tEiG-ooeo iandstone cross-bedded: silt-shale, grayish olive and iludstonei grades upward into mud- (10'14/2\, weathers dusky brorn (5YR2/?\, stone. platy, fossil iferous, Lingula.

Cycle (base of cycle not exposed). Lower 6 0/o Siltston€ to very fine sandstone, olive gray r0 1084 'into 0.3 n sandstone; grades upnard (2. s) (205. 1 ) (5Y4/l), weathers light olive gray ( 3.0) ( 330.4) mudstone. (5Y5/2), massive, fossi l i ferous, Linqula rhrouqhout. 0rthorhvnchula 'I Covered. 34 810 ifi-Ea s tropoai near de-i'iFtT-iiiE'rva 1 . (40.8) (246.9) Sandstone, fine to very fine, olive gray 4 1088 Sandstone, fine to very fine, gray'ish red t7 827 (5Y4/1), weathers light olive gray ( r.2) (33r.6) ( sR4/2 ) , (s.2) \?5?.1) (5Y6/1), medium to thinly bedded, cross-bedded, limonitic specks. In the cycles belor, the sandstone is fine to very fine sublitharenite, occasionally Reedsvil.le Fomation: 46+ ft (14.0+ m) feldspath'ic, grayish red (5R4/2), occasion- ally with linDnitic specks and light olive l'ludstone to siltstone, med'ium gray (N5) to 33 ll2l gray (5Y6/l) splotches in basal portions greenish gray (5GY6/1), crumbly at base (10.1 ) (341.7) of cycle; silt-shale is grayish red and to somewhat more consolidated at top, chippy: rudstone ls grayish red and occasional calcareous layers that weather crumbly. Bottoms of cycles are bioturbated. moderate brorn (5YR4/4) , fossi I iferous, Linqula, very rare orthorhynchula, Cyc'ie. Lower 0.3 m cross-bedded sandstone; 't4 841 9nospnate nooules. grades upward into 0.7 m sandstone with (4.3) (2s6.3) Skolithos; grades upward into mudstone. Mudstone to siltstone, light olive gray 7 1128 (5Y5/2), weathers dark yello{ish (2.1 ) (343.8) Cycle. Lower 0.6 m cross-bedded sandstone 7 848 brown (10YR4/2), crumbly to occa- rith limonitic specksi grades upward (2.1 ) (2s8.s) sional ly massive, very calcareous, into 0.4 m sandstone with Skolithos: fossil iferous, 0rthorhynchula, oc- grades upnard into mudstone. caslonal sanoy layers. cvcle. Lower 0.4 m cross-bedded sandstone; 9 857 Mudstone vith interbedded sandstone. Mud- 6 1134 qrades ugward into 0.6 m sandstone with (?.tl (261.21 stone, light oliie gray (5\51?1, ( l.8) (34s.6) Stolittroi; grades upward into rudstone. weathers dark yellowish brown (5YR5/6), crumbly, fossi l iferous, An!qyc[!g (?), Cycle. Louer 0.7 m cross-bedded sandstone '10 867 0rthor-ninchu I a, rare Pi aiii'lJiFlt) ; - (264.3) rith lirmnitic specks and clay balls; (3.0) sandstone (litharenite), very f ine, grades upvrard into 0.6 n sandstone rith dusky broyn (5\R?/2') to dark yel]owish &LL!!g; grades uPrard into mudstone. orange (l0YR6/6), weathers dark yellow- ish brorn (10YR4/2), thinly bedded, Cycle. Lower 0.6 m interbedded sandstole 8.5 875.5 nicaceous. and mdstone; grades uprard into mud- [ 2.0,t t200.9.1 slone. Lorer beds not measured. Cvcle.- Lorcr 0.2 m cross-bedded.Sandstone 5 880.5 with clay balls; qrades upxard into 0.4 (1.5) (268.4) m sandstone !ith SkgLtfS; grades up- xard lnto mudstone t0 srl!-snale. LOCALITY 18 . HAROSCRAEEL€ Cycle. Lower 0.2 m sandstone with SKolithosi ( (270.1 grades ugward into mudstone. 1.7) ) Section measured along state Road 644 on Lantz Mountain, approximately 0.7 mile southeast of Hardscrabble, Va. and just south of [.Va. state line; Cycte. Lower 0.9 m cross-bedded sandstone 7 893 Highland County, Va.; Snowy Mountain, U.Va.-va. /.5-minute quadrangle (C); .with grades (2. 11 (?72.?) Skolithos; limonitic specks; ) 38'33.3'N, 79"33.7'|tl. Section is overturned. upwari'iit6T1 t-sha l e to mudstone. thickness total Cycle.- Lower 0.9 m cross-bedded sandstone, 8.5 901.5 ft ft greenish gray (5GY6/1) to light brornish (2.61 (274.8\ (m) (m) gray (5YR5/l), Skolithg:,.limonitic specksl orades uward lnto mot!led muostone wltn Rose Hill Fomation: not measured 5rot i ttroi. Sandstone, grayish red (5R4/2), henatitic; (5R4/2) greenish yvJ Silt-sha'le, grayish red to r.! shale, ol ive gray (5Y4ll ). gray (SGY6/l). (0.s) (274.8) Tuscarora Sandstone: 108 ft (33.0 m). Sana- l'ludstone, grayish red (5R4/2), crumbly, 3 906 stone is quartzarenlte. mottled with greenish gray (SGY6/l). (0.s) (276. r ) Sandstone, fine to very fine, light gray l',I l1 osweqo Sandstone: i82 ft. (55.5 m). Sandstone (N7), massive. (3.4) (3.4) is sublitharenite to quartz- arenite. Juniata/oswego con- Sandston€, fine to very fine, light gray 17 28 tact is uncertain due to (N7), medium to very thinly bedd€d, (5'2) (8'6) large covered interval near wavy bedded, b'lack shaly partings. top of osrego. Covered. 26 54 Interbedded sandstone and mudstone. Sandstone, 10 916 (7.e) (r6.5) fine to very fine, olive gray (5Y4ll), (3.0) (17e.?) weathers grayish brd{n (5YR3/2), medium Sandstone, fine to coarse, light gray (N7), 54 108 bedded, cross-bedded, limonitic specks, massive, local'ly friable. ft6 q\ fl? n\ Skolithos: mudstone. lioht olive qrav (5r5/Zl, Weaf,ners mooera!e Drohn t5rKJ/41, Paraconfomi ty crumbly, Skol ithos; some channeling.

Covered. rl0 1026 Juniata Fomation: 629 ft (191.7 m), (33.5) (312.7) Sandstone is litharenite to sublitharenite. Sandstone, fine to very fine, light olive 30 I 056 gray (5Y6/1), medium to thinly bedded, (e.1 ) (321.e) covered. 26 134 cross-bedded; interbedded silt-shale, (7.e) (40.e) grayish olive (10Y4/2), chippy; rarely fossi'l iferous. Sandstone and mudstone. Sandstone, very 15 150 fine, grayish red (5R4/2); mudstone, (4.9) (a5;8) Si'ltstone, grayish olive (L0'14/2), weathers o luo4 grayish red (5R4/2), crurnbly. dusky brorn (5\R2/2), massjve, rr c\ la)a 7\ fossi l iferous, Linqula. l'lostly covered, some exposure of sandstone 252 402 and mudstone, same as above. (75.8) (Lzz.6l PUBLICATION 57 51

Interbedded mudstone and sandstone. llud- 434 Sandstone, fine to very fine, occasionally 71 ?1 stone, grayish red (5R4/2), cmmbly; ( 132.3) coarse to conglmeratic, very light (tt 1\ ltr l\ sandstone, fine, to siltstone, grayish gray (ti8), occasionally stained mod- red (5R4/2), thinly to very thinly bedded, erate red (5R5/4), reathers dark yel- light olive gray (5Y5/2) where not ]orish orange (l0YR6/6). Section is stained red, bedding plane trails. covercd aSoYe this interval. Top of exposure is assumed top of Tuscarora. Covered, some exposure of grayish red (5R4/2) 179 613 crunbly trlJdstone ( s4. p) \( 186. e ) Clay-shale, olive black (5Y2l1), chippy to 477 pl aty. (1.2) (23.s) Mostly covered, some exposure of sandstone o) o/d and crumbly mudstone, both grayish red I1o Rl (?06.7) Sandstone, fine to very fine, white (il9) to qa) ( 5R4/2) . medium gray (N5), cross-bedded. (1.5) (25.0) grayish (5R4/2) Interbedded red mudstone, 3 681 Covered. 14 96 and light olive gray (5Y5/2) mudstone, (0.e) (207.6) (4.3) (29.3) both crumbly. Sandstone, fine to very fine, uhite (I9) to lnterbedded sandstone and mudstone. Sand- !o 597 mediun gray (N5), cross-bedded. (17.4) (45.6) stone, very fine to siltstone, medium (4.e) gray (N5), weathers light olive gray Sandstone, fine to very fine, very light gray (5Y5/2), thinly bedded; mudstone, (N8), cross-bedded, conglomeratic, ( 1.s) (48.2) grayish red (5R4/2), crumbly. rounded quartz pebbles, 2 cm maximum d r ameter. Interbedded sandstone and shale. Sandstone, 40 737 (224.7 very fine, to siltstone, light olive (12.2) \ Juniata Fomation: 659 ft (200.8 m) gray (5Y5/2) to brownish gray (5YR4/1), to medium gray (l{5), weathers liqht I'lostly covered. Scattered outcrops of grayish olive gray, medium to very thinly bedded, red (5R4/2) sandstone and mudstone. \Lta.al \1a9.cl I imonitic specks, occasional ly cross- bedded silt-shale to clay-shale, light Interbedded sandstone and rrudstone. Sandstone, 70 793 olive gray to brownish gray, platy to fine to very fine, gray'ish red (5R4/2); (21.3) (?41.71 chi PPY. mudstone, gray'ish red. (14.6 js osweqo Sandstone: 48 ft m). Sandstone Sandstone, fine to very fine, brownish gray 9 802 litharenite, unless othemise (5YRa/1) to grayish red (10R4/?), lam- (2.7) (244.4) sDeci fi ed. inated to thickly bedded, cross-bedded.

Sandstone, fine to siltstone, feldspathic, 33 770 Covered. 15 817 olive gray (5Y4/1) to light olive gray (10.1) (234.8) (4.6) (24e-0) (5Y6l1), medium to thinly bedded, oc- casional interbeds of olive gray shale. 0sweqo Sandstone: 78 ft (23.8 n) Siltstone to silt-shale, brovrnish gray 4 (5YR4/1), very thin'ly bedded, Iimon- (1.2) ( 236.0) Sandstone (sublitharen'ite), very fine to 78 895 itic mottles (may be burrovrs). siltstone, olive gray (5Y4/1), weathers (23.8) {272.8\ olive gray (5Y6/l), thinly to Sandstone (sublitharenite), very fine to 3 777 light bedded, cross-bedded, some siltstone, olive gray (5Y4/1), medium (0.e) ( 236.e) thickly bedded. channel ingi interbedded si I t-shale, to thinly greenish gray (5GY6/l), chippy. Upper third of interval is partiaily covered. Intededded siltstone and silt-shale, very 4 781 thinly bedded and thin'ly laninated, ( 1 (23e.3) ft (39.0 m) respectively, both olive gray (5Y4/1) '\ Reedsville Fomation: t28+

Sandstone, very fine to siltstone, light /d5 Siltstone, o'live gray (5Y4/l), weathers 3? 9?7 olive gray (5Y6/1), weathers moderate ( 1.2) ( 239.3 ) brownish gray (5YR4/1), rnedium to very (e.8) (282.5) olive brown (5Y4/4), medium to thinly thinly bedded, sparsely fossil iferous, bedded, evenly bedded. interbedded silt-shale, rare sandstone interbeds in upper 1.5 m,

Reesville Fonnation: ll5+ ft (35.0+ m) Siltstone, olive gray (5Y4/l), massive, fos- 53 980 si I iferous. Linqula. orthorhynchula. (16.2) (2s8.7) Fossiliferous siltstone, olive gray (5Vc711, 84 859 gastr0p00s, pnospnatrc nodutes, snate we.thers l'ight olive gray (5Y4/2), to (2s.5) (264.9 ) interbeds in lorer 3 m. moderate yellowish brown ( 10YR5/4), poorly bedded to massive, abundant Interbedded shale, siltstone and limestone. 43 1023 fossil molds, Linqula. orthorhvnchula. Shale, medium gray (lis), platy; silt- (t:.t; 1311.s1 ldncrsropsts! rlectonotus, uDoer !I.5 stone, medium gray (N5), weathers m nostly covered. brounish gray (5YR4/1), calcareous, medium to very thin'ly beddedi limestone, medium Interbedded siltstone and shale. Siltstone, 31 -ac0 silty, gtay, weathers light olive olive gray (5Y4/l), 1i66ni1ic specks, (9.4) (?7 4.3) gray (5Y6/1), fossiliferous (shell hash), weathers brownish gray (5YR4/1), thinly thinly bedded. to very thinly bedded, Foorly bedded, rarely fossiliferousi clay-shale to Lower beds not measured. silt-shale, olive gray (5Y4l1), chippy ro piaty, rarely fossi liferous; occasiona'l olive giay sandstone bed with limonitic specKs. LOCALITY 20 - I4ONTEREY I.IOUNTAIII/U. S. HIGIIXAY 250 Lorer beds of Reedsville not measured. Section neasured along U. S. HighHay 250 just west of crest of Monterey f4ountain, approximately 1.5 niles northwest of Monterey, Vq:i Hjghla!d- County, Va.; Monterey, Va.-rl. Va. 7,5-minute quadrangle ([C); 38'26.1'N, 79o35.8'll (fiall, 1969, p. 50-51). LOCATITY 19 . TANTZ MOUNTAIN/ROUTE 250 lhickness totai Section measured along U. S. High{ay 250 just east of crest of Lantz ft ft Mountain, approximately 0,9 mile west-northwest of Hightoyn, Va.; Highland (n) (m) County, Va.; Hightown, Va. 7.54inute quadrangle (EC); 38"26.0'N, 79"38.9,r.1 (8utts, 1940,- p. 223j Hall, 1959, p. 48-49). Section is steeply dipping to Tuscarora Fomation: not measured. overturned. 0swego/Juniata contact is repeated along road; reported section is a composite at this general interval. Juniata Fomation: 733 ft t28.a n). Upper sand- stone beds are quartzarenite thickness totai to subl itharenite. ft ft (m) (m) Covered. 190 190 (57.e) (57.s) Tuscarora Fomalion: 158 ft (48.2 m). Sandstone is quartzareniie. Interbedded silt-shale and sandstone. Silt- 22 212 shale, grayish red (5R4/2), chippy (65X); (6.7) (64.6) 52 VIRGINIA DIVISION OF MINERAL RESOURCES

sandstone, very fine, grayish red, Interbedded sandstone and silt-shale. Sand- Jl 060 medium bedded (35%): sandstone abundance stone, fine to very fine, dusky yellow (r1.3) (20e.r) increases downward. (5Y6/4) to greenish gray (5GY6/l), weath- ers light brown (5YR5/6) to grayish broun Covered. zt a (5YR3/2), thinly to thickly bedded, (19.2) (83.8) planar cross-beds, some channeling, some- what f'laggy (75C); silt-shale, light Sandstone, fine to very fine, grayish red 69 344 olive gray (5\5/2],, platy to chippy, (5R4/2) to pale red (10R6/2), rarely ( 21.0 ) ( 104.8) medium to thinly bedded (25X); yellovrish gray (5Y8/1), very thinly Rusophycus. to thickly bedded, undulatory bedding, sotnewhat friable, clay bal ls, Skolithos, Covered. 47 733 cross-beds, herringbone cross-5Eiff (r4.3) (?23.4) base; interbedded grayish red silt-shale, chippy to crumbly, thinly to thickly osweqo Sandstone: 43 ft {13.'l m) bedded. Sandstone (litharenite to sublitharenite), 43 776 (236.5) Partly covered. Some e:rposure of sandstone, ?8 fine to very fine, fight olive gray (r3.r) noderate brown grayish red (5R4/2]-, cross-bedded.. (8.5 ) ( 1 13.4) {5Y6/l), weathers (5YR4/4) to grayish brown (5YR3/Z), lnterbedded sandstone and silt-shale. Sand- 516.t thickly to very thinly bedded, evenly stone, very fine. pale red (10R6/2), (2.0) ( 11s.4) bedded, flaggy to somebhat crumbly, thinly to thickly bedded, faint cross- planar cross-beds; interbeds of silt- bedsi silt-shale to mudstone, grayish shale and clay-shale, light olive red (5R4/2), chippy to crunbly. gray, especia'lly in lower 3.5 m and upPer 5.5 m; hints of bedding plane Sandstone below is litharenite to trace fossils on some shale beds; subi i thareni te. medium bed of grayish red (5R4/2) siltstone at 7.5 m belor too of Cycle. Sandstone, very fine, grayish red 391 intenal. qt ( 5R4/2 ) wi th l i ght ol i ve gray ( 5Y6/ 1 ) t? ( 119.2) splotches. rhinly rc thicKly bedded, Reedsville Fonnation. 42+ ft (.I2.8+ m) cross-bedded, hints of vertical bur- rows with limonitic stains in burrows. Siltstone and interbedded sandstone. Silt- 5 781 faint channel'in9; grades uprard into stone, dark greenish gray (564/l), wea- ( l .5) ( 238.0 ) silt-shale to mudstone, grayish red, . thers oiive gray (5Y4/'l), medium to chippy to crumbly. thinly bedded, massive to sonewhat crumbly, sl ightly fossi l iferous, Cycle. Same as above, basal contact is 13 404 Lingula; sanostone, very fine, ol ive a channel cut into lower interval. (4.0) /rr? l\ gralr to greenrsh gray (5GY6/l ), weath- ers moderate brown (5YR4/4), th'inly Siltstone to mudstone, grayish red (5R4/2), 6 410 bedded, somewhat undulatory. well bedded to crumbly. ( 1.8) ( 12s.0 ) Siltstone, dark greenish gray (5G4/l), 37 8r8 ( (238.0) Covered. 447 weathers olive gray (5Y4/1), verY l r.3) rlr 1l ( tJo.4J thinly to very thickly bedded, mas- s'ive to slightly crumbly, fossil- 5'iltstone to f,udstone, grayish red (5R4/2), CJI iferous, slightly calcareous, fossils sell bedded to crumbly; 0.2 m inter- (1.2) trJo.)., seem to be concentrated in 5 cm bed of very fine, grayish red sand- thick zones of moderate brown stone. (5YR4/4) crumbly siltstone as voids, Lingula, orthorhynchula (?), Covered. 84 535 gasrr0poos. (25.6) ( 163.1) Lower beds of Reedsville not Reasured. Cycle. Lower 1.2 m sandstone, very fine, 548 grayish red (5R4/2), medium bedded, (4.0 ) t rb/.u, Skolithos: orades uoward into mud- stone, giayish red, crumbly.

Cycle. Lower 1..8 m sandstone, very fine, 35 LOCALITY ?1 - TRIMELE grayish red (5R4/2) to light oiive lrn 7\ (r77 .7 ) gray (5Y6/1), weathers brownish gray Section measured along State Road 606 at gap in Little l'4ountain, (5YR4/l), medium to thickly bedded, approximately 0.,l mile west of Trimb'le, va.; Highland County, Va.; Monterey cross-bedded near base. Skolithos 5E, Va. 7.5{inute quadrangle (ifC); 38"18.3'N, 79'37.3'l{. near top: grades Tnto:[6-{Td: uprard thickness total stone, grayish red, crunbly. ft ft Interbedded sandstone and mudstone. Pos- l5 (m) (m) sibly tuo, or maybe more cyc'les, sane (4.6) ( 182.3 ) as above. Tuscarora Fomation: not measured

Cycle. Sandstone, very fine, grayish red 602 Sandstone (quartzarenite), light gray (N7) (5R4/2) to light olive gray (5Y6/1), (1.2) rral (\ to very light gray (N8), weathers brownish gray (5YR4/1), nedium to thickly bedded; grades Juniata .Fomation: 447 ft (135.2 n) upward into mudstone, grayish red, crumDry t0 chlppy. Covered, with sandstone boulders in upper 409 409 | 5 m. ( 124.6) (124.5) Cycle. Sandstone, sane as above, cross- 6 610 bedded near base, Skolithos near top; (2.4) ( 18s.9 ) Partially covered, with some exposed sand- 38 447 grading uprard int6TildFne, same as stone beds, (quartzarenite to sub- (rr.6) (136.2) dbove. litharenite), very fine, greenish sray (56Y6/l ). Si lt-shale to nudstone, grayish red (5R4/2) L7 rr:h srrea(s of I ignr o1 ive 3ray osweqo sandstonez ?1 ft (8.2 m). Sand- (5Y5/2), chiopy to crumDly. stone is felds9athic subl i tharenite. Interbedded silt-shale and sandstone. Silt- 1l 638 snale to mudstone, grayish red (5R4/Z), (3.4) I 1q4 q'l Sandstone, very fine, greenish gray 1 454 chippy to crumbly, very thinly to th.ick- (5GY5/l ) to dark greenish gray (2.1) (138.3) ]y-bedded; sandstone, fine to very fine, (5GY4/l), weathers light bro{n pale brorn (5YR5/2) to olive gray'(5y4ll), (5YR5/5) to moderate brown t5YR3/4), nedium to thinly bedded, evenly bedded. very thinly to thickiy bedded;gray- ish red (5R4/2) silt-shale bed at Silt-shale, grayish red (5R4/2), chippy. 3 o+r base. (0.9) ( 195.4) Sandstone, same as above: interbedded silt- t4 +oo Silt-shale to clay-shale, light o'live gray I 649 shale, greeni sh gray' occasionally (3.7) (142.0) (5Y5/2), chippy. t?.4) ( 1 97.8) fossiliferous. PUBLICATION 57 53

Siltstone, medium dark qray (N4), weathers I 474 very thinly bedded, slight undulatory brownish gray (5YR4/1), medium to very (e.4) (144.4) bedding, mud balls, limonitic specks, thinly bedded, fossi liferous, inter- interbedded light olive gray (5Y6/l) bedded sandstone (same as above), sna I e. si lt-shale partings, Linqula. Lower beds not exoosed. Reedsville Fomat'ion: 23+ ft (7.0+ m)

Siltstone, rnedium dark gray (N4), weathers 23 497 broynish gray (5YR4/l), massive, cal- (7.0) (r51.4) careous, fossil iferous, Linqula, 0rthorhylllhul a, sone caiiE-FE6G beds, L0CALiTY 23 - I'lARll sPRfNcS STatfE'fi6iiF'iTi c nodu I es.

Section m€a^sured along State Highway 39 at gap in Little Mountain, approximately 0.3 mile west of town of Uam Sprinqs; Va.; Bath Countv. Va.: Uarm Springs, Va. 7.5{inute quadrangle (C);38"02.9,x, 79o47,7,u.

LOCALITY 22 . BUFFALO GAP thickness total ft ft Section measured along Chesapeake and 0hio Rai'lroad tracks parallel to (m) (m) State Highray 42, at gap in Little North Mountain, approximately 4.6 miles southwest of Churchville, Va.i Augusta County, Va.; Churchville, Va. Tuscarora Formation: 45+ ft (14.0+ m) 7.5-ninute quadrangle (l'lC); 38"11.t'N, 79"'14.3't{ (Hall, 1969, p. 38-39). Section is overturned and occasionally offset slightly by faultin9, Sandstone (quartzarenite), coarse to fine, 46 46 very light gray (N8) to light pinkish (r4.0) (14.0) thickness total gray (5YR8/l), weathers dark yellosish tt tt orange (l0YR6/6), massive, cross-bed- (m) (m) ded, lower 3.0 m conglomeratic, rounded quartz pebbles, I cm maximum diameter. Rose Hill Fomation. 127+ fl (38.7+ m), top not measured. Paraconfomi ty

Interbedded h€snatitic sandstone and liqht Juniata Forration: 413 ft (125,9 m). Sand- oiive gray sllt-shale (not measurid). stone is sublitharenite.

Covered. 127 127 Cycle. Sandstone, fine to very fine, green- 14 60 (38.7 ) ( 38.7) ish gray (5GY6/l) to light brownish (4.3) ( 18.3) gray (5YR6/l), weathers light brown Tuscarora Fonnation: 37 ft (11.3 m) (5YR5/6), medium to very thinly bed- ded, slight pinch and stdell b€dding, Sandstone'li9ht (quarzarenite), coarse to f.ine, 37 164 limonitic specks, Skolithos; grades gray (N7) to very light gray {ll.3) (50.0) uprrard 'into mudstone, greenish gray, (N8), rarely stained grayish red crun6ly. (5R4/2), ;51611t io very rh'inly bed- ded, some pinch and swell bedding, Cycle. Sandstone, fine to very fine, green- rt /5 cross-bedded, somewhat massiye, lo- ish gray (5GY5/l) to light brornish gray (4.6) (?2.91 cal ly congloneratic, quartz pebbles. (5YR6/l), weathers light brorn (5YR5/6), med'iun to very thinly bedded, siight Juniata Fomation: 74 ft (22.6 n). Upper pinch and swell bedding, limonitic 14.5 m transitional to specks, cross-bedded; grades upward into Tuscarora. Sandstone 'interbedded sandstone and chippy' is quartzarenite, greenish gray to grayish red (5R4/2) s i 1t-shale. Sandstone, coarse to fine, light gray (N7) 48 ?12 to very light gray (N8), grades down- (14.6) (64.6) In the following cycles, the sandstone ward to I ight ol ive gray (5Y6/t ) in is sublitharenite, fine to very fine, lower 1.5 m, rarely stained grayish light bluish gray (587/l) to light olive red (5R4/2), thickly to very thiniy gray (5Y6/l), often to grayish red (5R4/2), bedded, cross-bedded, somewhat weathers moderate yeilorish br6wn (10YR5/4), massive, rare mud balls; rare inter- very thinly to thickly bedded, occasional beds of siit-shale, medium gray (N5), pinch and sliell, occasional grayish red fight olive gray (5yG/t), pile-red grayish red (5R6/2) ciay balls; the silt-shale is and moderate yellowish brown and chippy; the mudstone is gray'ish (l0YR5/4), partings to medium bedded, red The sandstone with discontinuous and crumbly. lateral ly. Skolithos is somewhat muddy. Sandstone (grades downward to subl.ith- 26 ?38 Cycle. Sandstone, cross-bedded; grading up- 15 90 arenite), coarse to very fine, (7.e) (4.6) (27.4J pinkish gray (5yR8/t {72.6) ward into sandstone rith Skoiithos: ) to tignt otive grading upward into mudston-'il- gray (5Y6/l ), stained dark yellow.ish orange (l0YR6/6), w€athers iark yellow- Cycle. Cross-bedded sandstone; grading up- 7.5 97.5 ish brown (l0YR4/2) to moderate brown (5YR4/4), ward into interbedded sandstone and (2.3) (2e.7\ nedium to th.ickty bedded, silt-shale; bedding plane trails. evenly. bedded, shaly partings, ob- scure bedding plane trai ls, inter_ beds of grayish red (5R4/2) Cycie. Sandstone with Skolithos; grading 3 100. 5 and upward into mudstone, (0. ( 30.6 light otive gray (5y6/l) sitt_shale, e) ) rnedium to thinly bedded. Cycle. Sandstone with Skol ittlo:; grading 3.5 I04 osxeqo Sandstone: upward i nto mudstoiEf-SEiidr-ng pl ane (l.l) (31.7) true thickness uncertain. trai I s. Sandstone, coarse to fine, pinkish arav (5YR8/l) 39 271 Cycle. Cross-bedded sandstone: grading t.t | | t.3 to light olive gray (5y671), ( l (84.s) sratned dark r.e) upward tnto sandstone with Skolithos: (2.31 (34.0) yeilorish orange grading ( l0YR6/6), weathers dark yeilowish upward into si lt-shETeJ-5EIl' gins p]gn: Rusophycus, brown (l0YR4/2) to moderaie brown trails, ul m0rpn I cnnus. (5YR4/4), medium ro thickly bedded, evenly bedded, shaly parti;9s, ob- scure bedding plane trails, Cycle. Cross-bedded sandstone; grading L5 ll3 Lruzl ana. upward into mudstone. (0.s) (34.4) Cycle, Cross-bedded sandstone; grading Covered, stratigraphic th:ckness un- l ll4 rer'iabte,-true possibly 85 362 uprard into mudstone. (0.3 (34.7) fault controlled. (2s.s) (110.4) ) Cycle. Cross-bedded Sandstone (litharenite), fine to very fine, sandstone with trouqh I 122 gray (5Yal1) 12 374 cross-bedsi grading upyard into mudl (?.4, (37.2) 0ltve to meoiun Oaik qrav (3.7) (114.0) (N4), weathers tight olive gray (SiO/i) stonei bedding plane trails, tool marks at top. !o grayish orange (10yRt/4); midiun to' 54 VIRGINIA DIVISION OF MINERAL RESOURCES

Cycle. Cross-bedded sandstone; grading up- ]0 132 Reedsville Forf,ation: 103+ ft (31.4+ m) ward into rudstone; clay balls, bedding (3.0) (40.2) Sandstone, very fine to siltstone, grayish a (r1 Cycle. Cr€ss-bedded sandstone; grading up- 6 r38 red (5R4/2), weathers grayish brown ( 2.4) ( 1 58.8 ) ward into ,sandstone with skolithosi (i.8) (4?.r) (5YR3/2), thinly to thickly bedded, grad'in9 upward into'inter6Ei?lEl'End- massive, s'l ightly fossiliferous, very Stone and mdstone; bedding plane rar€ Linoula. qravish red silt-shale tra'i I s. partinta; Fedding plane trails, groove casts. Cycle. Cross-bedded sandstone; grading up- 19 r57 ward into sandstone with Skolithos: (s.8) (47.e) Sandstone, sane as above, but without gray- 3 524 grading upward into mudstone. ish red silt-shale partings. (o.e) (159.7) Cycle. Cross-bedded sandstone; grading 2 r59 Siltstone, grayish red (5R4/2), weathers J aal upward into mJdstone. (0.6) (48.s) qrayish brown (5YR3/2), massive, thiniy (0.e) ( r 60.6) to thickly bedded, fossilferous, Cycle. Massive sandstone with Skolithosi 5 154 Linoula, bryozoa. grading upryard into rudstone. ( r .5) (s0.0) Siltstone, medium dark gray (N4) to grayish 1Z 539 Cycle. Cross-bedded sandstone; grading 5 170 red (5R4/2), weathers moderate yellow- (3.7) (164.3) upward into nudstonei Rusophycus. (r.8) (s].8) ish brosn (l0YR5/4) to brov.nish black (5YR2/l)' massive, mediun to thickly Cyc'le. Cross-bedded sandstonei grading 3 l/! bedded, fossil iferous, Lirlqula,. upward into mdstone; bedding plane (r.s) (53.3) bryozoa, rare interbeds of grayish red trails at base. si I t-shale. Cycle. Cross-bedded sandstone; grading. 5 t80 Siltstone, mediun dark qray (N4), weathers t4 )cl upward'into sandstone with Skol ithos; (1.5) (54.e) noderate yellowish brown (l0YR5/4) to (3.7) (167.9) giading upward into i nterbeiidEi=;iii- brownish black (5YR2/'l), medium to stone and mudstone.' bedding plane thickly bedded, massive, fossilifer- trails at base. ous' Lingula.

Cycle. Cross-bedded sandstone; grading '13 193 Sandstone (sublitharenite), very fine, to J f,I4 gray (N5), ( upward into mudstone; bedding plane (3.s) (58.8) mudstone,'light medium weathers (o.e) r68.s ) trails at base. brovn (5YR5/6), medium to thin- 'ly bedded, cross-bedded. Cycle. Cross-bedded sandstone: grading 5 ]98 upward into interbedded sandstone ( r.5) (50.3) S'iltstone, rnedium dark gray (N4), weathers 26 580 dnd mudstone; c]ay balls. moderate yellowish brown (l0YR5/4) to (7.e) ( 176.8) bro{nish black (5YR2/l), massive, med- In the following cycles, the sandstone is ium to thickly bedded, fossi'liferous, Iitharenite to sublitharenite, flne to non-calcareous to slightly calcareous, ver? fine, somer.hat feldspathic, gray- Lingula, 0rthorhynchula, tunbonychia (?), ish red.(5R4/.2), with gre€nish gray bryoz0a. (5GY6/1) splotches, thinly to thickly bedded, plnch and swell bedding, scne Interbedded siltstone, sandstone and shale, JO OtO limonitic specksi the mudstone is Siltstone, medium dark gray (N4), weath- (rr.0) (t87.7) grayish red and cruntly. ers dusky broxn (5YR2/2), massive to crumbly, thinly to thickly bedded, fos- ( Cycle. Lorcr 5.2 m cross-beddedtsandstone; l8 216 sil iferous; sandgtone l'itharenite), grading ugward into 0.3 m of mdstone. (s.5) (6s.8) very fine, mediun dark gray, weathers moderate brown (5YR3/4), medium to very Cycle. Cross-bedded sandstone: grading 14 230 thinly bedded, cross-bedded, l imonitic usiard into mudstone; bedding plane (4.3) (70.1 specks, calcareous, Skolithos at top of trails, clay balls. ) interval, rare beds ilfi5-iFtic fos- silsi clay-shale, olive gray (5Y4ll), Cycle. Cross-bedded sandstonei grading t aJt ch'ippy, thinly to very thinly beddedi upward'into mudstone. (2.'r (72.2t grtlgrhynghula. (?), Anbonychia (?), ) Dedornq otane trat ts. Cycle. Cross-bedded sandstonei grading 5.5 242.5 upward into mudstone. (l.7) (73.e) L*,e" Ueas not exposed.

Cycle. Cross-bedded sanostone; grading ru.f taJ uDward into rudstone. (3.2) (77. I )

lludstone, grayish red (5R4/2), crumbiy. 3 ?56 (0.e) (78.0) LocAtlTY 24 - HoT 5PR1X6S neasured along State Road 615 and subsidiary road that Covered. 203 459 Seclion ioins (61.e) (139.s) State Road 615 from the northeast, at gap in Little l'lountain, at northwest edge of the town of Hot Springs' Va.; Bath County, Va.l i'/am Sprin-os, Va. 0swego Sandstone: 54 ft (]6.5 m). Sandstone 7.5{inute quadrangle (S!{);38"00.1'N, 79'50.1'H. Section is near vertical. is sublitharenite. thickness total Sandstone. fine to very fine, fe]dspathic, ft ft l0 469 (m) (m) g:^diyT.?ray (N5) to-greenish gray (3.0) ( l 42.9) (5Gyb/ t l, occasionally with red tint, weathers light brol,n (5YR5/5), very Covered. Probably Rose Hill Fonnation. Not thinly to thickly bedded, cross-bed- measured, ded, occasional'l.imonitlc specks; interbedded si lt-shale, green.ish Tuscarora Fomation: 79 ft (24.1 m). Sandstone gray (5G6/l to 5cy6/l), chippy. ls quartzar€nlte. coarse, gray (N7) to 25 Sandstone with interbedded silt-shale, same Sandstone, fine to light ?5 33 502 (N3) (5R6/2), (7.6) (7.6) as above, but sandstone is not t.inted (r0.r) (153.0) dark gray to paie red red, rare herringbone cross-beds, weath;rs- grayish orange (10YR7/4) and (5YR3/2), bedding plane trails, Cruziana, clay grayish brown thinly to very balls. thickly bedded, somewhat massive, some undulatory bedding' cross-bedded. Interbedded siltstone and sandstone. Silt- 11 5]3 Sandstone, silt-shale, grayish red ( Sandstone with shale interbeds. 4?9 t!9ne !o (3.4) I s5.4) gray (N7) dark (l.z) (8.8) (5R4/2), very thinly to thickly bed- medium to fine, light to ded; thinner beds gray (N3), th'inly to very thinly bed- arc chippy: sand- gray (N5), stone, very fine, medium gray (N5) to ded; silt-shale, medium grayish red (5R4/2), weathers lignt partings to very thinlY bedded. brown (5YR5/6), medium to very thinly bedded, eyenly planar Sandstone, fine to coarse, fight gray (tU) to 1 4.5 43.5 bedded, cross- (N3), grayish (13.3) beds, calcareous when not stained dark gray weathers orange (4.4) red, bedding plane trails. ( 10YR7/4) and grayi sh brown (5YR3/2), thinly to very thickly bedded, somewhat PUBLICATION 57 55

massive, some undulatory beddlng, cross- gray (5GY6/l), weathers light brs{n bedded. (5YR5/6), medium bedded; oicasional grayish red shale partings. Sandstone with shale interbeds. Sandstone. 1.5 45 nediun gray (N7) da:k (r3.7) to fine, light to (.s) Reedsville Fonnation: 37+ ft (l'1.4+ m) gray (N3), thinly to very thinly bedded; shale, dark gray, thinly bedded. Siltstone, dusky yellor, (5Y6/4), weathers s. 5 4ti5.5 ljght olive gray (5Y5/2) to otive (r.7) (147.e) Sandstone, fine to coarse, light gray (tU) to ao 15 gray (5Y3/2), very thinly to thickly dark gray (N3), weathers grayish orange (8.5) (22.31 bedded, massive. (l0YR7/4) and graylsh brorn (5YR3/2), thinly to very thickly bedded, sonerhat Siltstone, grayish red (5R4/2), 0.5 486 nassive, sone undulatory bedding, cross- (148.r bedded. (0.2) ) Siltstone, dusky yellor (5Y6/4), weathers Sandstone, sane as abov€, but congloneratic, 679 31 517 light olive gray (5Y5/2) to olive (e.5) ( 1 s7.5) quartz pebbles, I cn maximln diameter. ( 1.8) (24.1) gray (5Y3/2), very thinly to thickly bedded, fiassive, fossi liferous, Juniata Fomation: 339 ft (103.3 m). Sand- Linqula (bleached shells), orth- stone is litharenite to rnyncnu ra, poorty sublitharenite. exposed. Lorer beds of Reedsvil'le not measured. Partially covered. 0ccasional exposures of 64 143 sandstone, fine, light olive gray ( 1 e.5) ( 43.6 ) {5Y6/i), medium to very thinly bed- ded; interbedded silt-shale, grayish red (10R4/2), chippy. LOCALITY 25 . I41IIIIEHAHA SPRiI{G5 Interbedded sandstone and silt-shale to mud- 54 197 Section measured along l{.Va. Highway 39 just Hest junction ( . of - with il.Va, stone. Sandstone, medium to very fine, 1 5. s) (60.1 ) Highway 28-, at Brushy Mountain, northeast llght olive gray (5Y5/?) grayish . on side of Knapp Creel, to approximately 0.4 nile northwest of town of I'linnehaha Sorinqs. l.Va.: orange (10YR7/4), stained grayish red Pocahontas^-C^o.untf.t. !.-!1:i llinneiaha Spr,ings, -quaorangle (5R4/l) gspg6i6lly near H.V,-Va. 7.5-m.inute the top, weath- (sU, '/C) i 38"10.0'N, 79'59.2'r (Price, 1929, 107). ers dark yellowish brown (10YR4/2), o. thickly to thinly bedded, undulatory thickness total bedding, graded beds in thin-section; €t a+ nudstone, grayish red silt-shale to (m) (m) and dusky yellow (5Y6/4), medium to very thinly bedded, chippy to crumblyi Rose Hill Fonnation: 36 ft (11,0 m) rare interbeds of mediun dark gray (N4) clay-shalei cross-bedded, clay Sandstone, medium to fine, light brownish gray 36 36 bal'ls, rare Skolithos, rare bedding (l0YR6/l ) to pale red (5R5/2), weathers (11.0) (il.0) Dlane tral ls. dark yellowish brown (l0YR4/2) to dusky yellow (5Y6/4), thin'ly to very thinly Covered. Grayish red sandstone and silt- I]4 3l I bedded, shaly partings that weather shale f]oat. (34.7 ) ( e4.8) very light gray (N8).

Silt-shale to mudstone, grayish red (5R4/Z'), 20 331 Tuscarora Fomation: 134 ft (40.8). Sand- chippy to crumbly, some dusky yellow (6.',r ) (loo.e) stone is quartzarenite. (5Y6/4) splotches. Sandstone, very fine, to bedded siltstone, JJ bY Sandstone, very fine, pale brown (5YR5/2), I JJZ light gray (N7) to medium gray (N5), (r0.r ) (21.0) limonitic specks. (0.3) (101.2) friable, bal ls, bedding plane trai I s. 'nud Cov€red. 44 376 (13.4) (1 r4.6) sandstone, fine to very fine, medium light 5 74 gray (N6) to light gray (N7), weathers (1.5) (22.6\ Clay-shale, light olive gray (5Y5/2), light brown (5YR5/6) to dusky yeilow 1 371 (5Y6/4), cn1 ppy. (0.3) (l t4.e) fossjl voids at base. Sandstone, medium medium gray Sandstone, very fine, greenish gray (5Gy6/l) 36 413 to fine, light ?0 94 to brownish gray (5YR4/1), medium to (r.0) (r25.e) (N6), interbedded shale, nud bal'ls and (6. I ) (28.6) thickly bedded, interbeds of moderate mud ball voids, !Igl-!!!9, bedding yel lowish brorn (10yR5/4) sitt-shale plane trails, dark gray partings, friable. and light olive gray clay-shale. Sandstone, medium to very fine, very rarely 26 120 l,{udstone, moderate y€l lowish brown (l0yR5/4), 5 418 coarse, medium gray (t{5) to m€dium (7.e\ (36.6) weathers pale brown (5R5/2), thickly ( r . s) (127 .41 light gray (N6), weathers modei.ate bedded, crunbly; thin interbeds of reddish brorn (10R4/6) to dusky yel- tqlgslgne, very fine, oiive gray lor (5Y6l4), thinly to very thickty (5Y4l1). bedded. osweqo Sandstone: 6? ft (18.8 m). Sandstone Sandstone, very fine, to bedded siltstone, 7 127 ls tltharenite. medium gray (N5) to dark gray (N3), (2.1 ) (38.7) weathers yellow'ish gray (5y8/t) to Sandstone! very l'ight brown (5YR5/6), fine, to siltstone, liqht- 53 471 olive black olive gray (5Y5/2) to olive gray (r6.1) (r43.s) partings, Skol ithos, friable. (5Y4ll), wearhers liqnt browi - (5YR5i6), medium ro [hict

Paraconfomi ty Cruziana, Rusophycus, Skolithos (751); lTlEiF;r e;jT;7Gh-red-Itrjiir to ,Jun'iata Fomation: 497+ ft (,l51.5+ m). Sand- platy, medium to very thinly bedded. stone grades upward fron sublitharenite at base to Cycle. Lower 0.3 m sandstone, very fine, 5 408 quartzarenite at top. grayish red (5R4/2), medium bedded: ( r.s) (r24.4) grades up'fard into mudstone, grayish Mostly covered. Interbedded light gray (N7) l0 180 red, crumbly, bioturbated. sandstone and shale. (3.0) (54.e) Cyc1e. Lower 1.0 m sandstone, very fine, o. ? 5lc. f ',l Interbedded sandstone and siltstone. Sand- 31 21 grayish red (5R4/2) to light olive gray (2.0) (126.3) stone, redium to fine, gray'ish red (e.4) (64.3) (5Y6/1), medium to thinly beddedi (5R4/2) with light olive gray (5Y6/l ) grades upward into mdstone, grayish clay-shale chips; si lt-shale, grayish red, crumbly, bioturbated. red. Partly covered. Mudstone to silt-shale, grayish red (5R4/2) r. I $zu Sandstone, fine to very fine, fight gray (N7) J LIq with greenish gray (5GY6/1) splotches, (r.7) (128.0) to grayish red (5R4/2), medium to thinly (0.e) (65.2) crumbly to chipgy, bioturbated, bedding bedded, Skolithos, mud balls. plane trai ls.

Interbedded sandstone and mudstone. Sand 449 Silt-shale to mudstone, grayish red (5R4/2), 8 222 29 chippy to crumbly, light green (2.4) (67.7) stone, very fine, to siltstone, grayish (8.8) ( 136.8) StreaKs. red (5R4/2) with greenish gray (5GY6/1) splotches, medium to thinly beddedi Sandstone, fine to very fine, to bedded silt- I) mudstone to silt-stone. grayish red stone, grayish red (5R4/2), weathers (4.6) 'JT(72.21 with greenish gray mottles, crumbly to light brovrn (5YR5/6), rhinly ro thickly chippy, bedding plane trails, 5kolithos. beddd, rare si'lt-shale partings, bed- ding plane trails, mud balls. Covered. Thickness nay be unreliable due to 78 527 variance in dio at either end of t4J.O,l (lOU.Oi covered 'i . Interbedded sandstone and silt-shale. Sand- JO ZI J ntenal stone, very fine at base to fine at top, (r1.0) (83.2) grayish red (5R4/2), weathers light Sandstone, very fine, grayish red (SA+121, c )Jl brown (5YR5/5), medium to th,inly bed- with interbedded grayish red mudstone (1.2) (161.8) ded, lolr angle cross-beds, Skolithos; (probably the base of a cycle.) si1t-shale to si ltstone, graffifi-Tefi chippy to bedded, laninated to medium Cycle. Lorer 1,5 m sandstone, very fine, 8 539 bedded, Skolithos. grayish red (5R4/?), weathers grayish (2.c1 ( 164.3) biack (X2) to light brown (5YR6/4). planar cross-beds; grades upward 'into Siltstone to silt-shale, grayish red (5R4/2), 14 287 bedded to platy, Skolithos. (4.3 ) (87.5) mudstone, grayish red, cnmbly to chi PPY. Sandstone, very fine, grayish red (5R4/Z) with 7 ?94 (?), light olive gray (5y6/l) spiotches, (2.1 ) (8e.6) Cycle Lorer 2.8 m sandstone, fine, to 19 s58 planar cross-bedsi interbedded si lt- siltstone, grayish red (5R4/2), inter- (5.8) ( 170. l) shale, grayish red, platy, bioturbation. beds of grayish red platy silt-shaie; grades upward into silt-shale, grayish red, chippy,'interbeds sandstone, Interbedded silt-shale and sandstone. Silt- 6 300 of shale, grayish red (5R4/2), medium to (r.8) (el.4) Skolithos, f'lute casts. thinly bedded, chippy to platy (70C); sandstone, very fine, grayish red, weath- Cycle. Lower 0.9 m interb€dded grayish red (5R4/2) (172.7) ers light brown (5YR5/6), thinly bedded rudstone, silt-shale and very (2.6) (30X); bedding plane trails and biotur- fine sandstone; grades upward into bation throughout. m/dstone, gray'ish red with rare green- ish gray (5GY6/1) mottles. Sandstone, fine to very fine, grayish red 9 309 Cycle. Lower 0.3 m sandstone, very fine, (5R4/2), with greenish gray (56Y6/1) (?.7) (e4.2 ) splotches, weathers light brown (5YR5/6), grayish red (5R4/2); grades upviard (1.7) (174.3) medium to thinly bedded, shaly partings into mudstote, grayish red, with and si lt-shale interbeds, bioturbation greenish gray (5GY6/1) mottles, on shaly beds. crumbl y, Sift-shale to mudstone, grayish red (5R4/2'), 589 Interbedded silt-shale and sandstone. Si lt- LI JlO I7 shale, grayish red (5R4/2), chippy to (5.2) (ee.4) greenish gray (5GY6/l) mottles, (s.2) (17e.5) platy, thinly bedded; sandstone, fine chippy to crumbly, bioturbated, to very fine, grayish red, w€athers Skol i thos. light brorn (5YR5/6), thinly bedded; bedding plane trails throughout. Interbedded silt-shale and sandstone. Silt- shale, grayish red (5R4/2), chippyi (1.1) (180.6) sandstone grayish red, weathers light lnterbedded sandstone and silt-J.ha'le. Sand- 14 340 brown to black (tl1), medium stone, fine to very fine, grayish red (4.3 ) ( 103.5) {5YR5/6) (5R4/2) to light olive gray (5Y6/1), to very thinly bedded. (5YR5/6), weathers light bro{n thickly grayish to very thinly bedded, somewhat, f'laggy, Sandstone, fine to very fine, red 1.5 594 (5R4/2), weathers (YR65/6), ( ( planar cross-beds; silt-shale grayish light brown 0.5 ) 181.6 ) medium bedded, planar cross-beds, bed- red, chippy, occasional ly crumbly, ing plane medium to very thinly bedded. trai'ls. i,,ludstone, grayish red (5R4/2), qes651y, Cycle. Lorer 0.45 m sandstone, fine to very .J OLI (5R4/2) 'light ( sliqhtly micaceous, Skol ithos, rare ( ( i88.1 fine, grayish red to otive 4.1 ) ( 107.7 ) 7.0) ) gray, planar cross-beds, bioturbation, stria ks- of greeni sh 9-ray--(56T6/ 1 ), bedding plane trails; grades upward into rare beds of silt-shale, grayish red, silt-shale, grayish r€d, farely mottled weathers llght brown (5YR5/6). Iight olive gray, chippy. Sandstone and mudstone to si'lt-shale, grayish fU Db/ red (5R4/2), very poorly erposed, ( ( Interbedded sandstone (75X) and silt-shale (ZsC) 14.5 368 15.2) 203.3 ) same as above, but not arranged into dis- (4.s) (tt2.2l thickness not re'liab'le due to ooor cr€te cycles. exposure and variable dips.

Siltstone and interbedded sandstone. Si'ltstone q ??1 Lorer portion of section not exposed mudstone, grayish (5R4/2), at road level. outcrops of Reedsvil]e to red chippy ( 1.5 ) ( 113.7 ) to crumb'ly (801); sandstone, fine to very Fomation have been reported in fine, grayish red to light olive gray strean bed. (5Y6/1), thinly to very thinly bedded (ZOX),

Saodstone and interbedded si l t-shale. Sand- 30 403 stone, fine to very fine, grayish red (e.1) (122.8) (5R4/!) ts light olive gray (5y6/1), very thinly to thickly bedded, planar cross-beds, bedding plane trails, PUBLICATION 57 57

(12.5+ LOCALITY 26 . FALLING SPRIIIG FATLS Reedsville ForTatlon' 4l+ ft m)

Highway 220 just north its junction with Si'ltstone..grayish.red (5R4/2)' rEssive' lJ tr / Section measured along U. S. of (rs7.6) State Road 640, at south'end of Littie I'louitain, approximately 4.7 miles som€what crurnbly, sparsely fossil- (4.0) north-northeast of Cov'ington, Va.: niteghany Couirty, Va,: Covington, Va. iferous, rare !iJgg]3 (very small 7.5{inute quadrangle (NC);37"52.3'l{,79'56.5"/,1. lnolvloualsr. thickness total ft ft Siltstone, medium gray (N5)' weathers light t6 fgf (m) (m) olive gray-(515/2).to moderate yellow- (8.5i (166.r) ish brown (10YR5/4), medium to thickly . bedded, massive, slightly calcareou-s Tuscarora Fonrat'ion: not measu.ed. upvraro' ros- :1,??::J:,.llilli::reous Sandstone (quartzarenite), coarse to very coarse. Lorer beds of Reedsville not measured. Juniata Formation: Spf ft (153.5 m) total th'ickness not certain.

Covered. (possible structural compl ication) 313 313 (e5.4) (es.4) LOCAL]TY 27 . !'IARM SPRINGS MOUXTAIN/AIRPORT ROAD

Interbedded sandstone and silt-shale. Sand- 12 Section neasured along State Roads 606 and 703 at their iunction atop !,larm northwest Forge, stone (sublitharenite to almost quartz- (7.61 ( r 02.0) Springs Mounta'in, approximately 4.7 niles of Clifton arenite), fine to very fine, grayish red Va.; Alteghany County, va.; Falling Spring, va.-tl.Va. 7'5{inute quadrangle (5R4/2) to llsht olive gray (5Y6/l), (SE) ; 37"52.6'N' 79o53.3't{. medlum to thinly bedded, cross-bedded; silt-shal€ to mudstone, grayish red, thickness total thickly to thinly bedded, chippy to crumbly. It tt (m) (m) In the cycles below, the sandstone is sublitharenite to litharenite, fine to Tuscarora Fomation: 52 ft (15.8 m). Thickness very fine, grayish red (5R4/2) to light is approximate, top of ex- olive gray (5Y6/l), thinly to thickly posure is assumed top of bedded: the silt-shale is grayish red Tuscarora. Sandstolg is . and chippyi the mudstone is grayish quartzareni te. red and crlmbly. Sandstone, very thickly to thinly bedded' cross- ?8 28 (8.s) (8.5) Cycle. Cross-bedded sandstone grading up- / J{! bedded, not measured in detail' thickness ward into mrdstone. (2.r ) (105.2) approxrmate. pa'le (5R6/2) Cycle. Sane as above. IJ Jf6 Sandstone, medium to fine, red (4.0) ('r0e.1) to yel]owish gray (5Y8/l)' weathers (7.3) (l 5.8) 'light brown (5YR5/5), mediun to thin- Cross-b€dded sandstone grading up- J JOI ]y bedded, cross-bedded, sonewhat Cycle. gray rard into interbedded sandstone and (0.s) (l]0.0) friable, interbeds of yelloyish si I t-shale. sllt-shale, Skolithos at toP. (58.5 Cycle. Sandstone with Skolithos grading Juniata Fomat'ion: 225 lt m). Upper uprard into rudstone. (0.6) (il0.6) 6.4 m is transitlonal to Tuscarora. Sandstone grading in upperbeds is sub- Cycle. Cross-bedded sandstone up- 9 372 'l'itharenite quartz- ward into interbedded sandstone and (2.1\ (r r 3.4) to si I t-shal e. areni te. (5f,5/2) Cycle. Cross-bedded sandstone grading up- 7 379 sandstone, medium to -fine, pale red tf o/ (5Y8/1 (4.6) (20.4) ward into mudstone, bedding plane (2.1 ) (1 r5.s) to yelloflish gray ), weathers trails, Rusophycus. light broiln (5YR5/6), mediun to thin- @!!g, ]y bedded, cross-bedded, sott€rhat grayish red Cycle. Cross-bedded sandstone grading up- 9 388 friable, interbeds of ward into mudstone, bedding plane (2.1) (118.3) (5R4/2) silt-shale. trai I s. Mudstone, grayish red (5R4/2), crumbly, lod In ?l l2i 1\ Cycle. Cross-bedded sandstone grading up- 14.) 4tu.) ye1 loy{ish gray (5'17/2) splotches. ward into interbedded sandstone and (6.e) (r25.r ) plane Sandstone, medjum to fine, pale red ?4 92 silt-shale, bedding trails, t? ?t lre n\ Cruzi ana. (5R6/2) to grayish orange (l0YR7/4), weathers light brorn (5YR5/6), ned- Cycle. Cross-bedded sandstone grading up- 9 419.5 ium to thinly bedded, eyenly bedded, ward into interbedded sandstone and (?.7 ) (r 27. e) 0lanar cross-beds, Skolithos near silt-shaie, ripple marks at base, iop, some i nterbeds-TfrTT6'wi sh gray (5Y7/21 silt-shale, rare in- Cycle. Cross-bedded sandstone grading up- t. J cla lerbeds of qrayish red (5R4/2) *ard into interbedded sandstone and (r .6) (t ze.s) si I t-sha'le. si I t-shale. Interbedded sandstone and mudstone. sand- 38 I30 ( 'r (3e.6 Interbedded, silt-shale and sandstone. Silt- 23 448 stone, fine to very fine, pale red r .6) ) shale to rudstone, grayish red (5R4/2), (7.0) (136.s) (5R6/2) to grayish orange (10YR7/4), ch'ippy to crumbly, medium to thickly weathers light brorn (5YR5/6), very bedded (801) ; sandstone (litharenite), thinly to thickly bedded, bed thick- f{ne to very fine, light ofive gray ness increases urrard, redness de- (5Y6/l) and grayish red, weathers creases upYard, coarsef beds are olive gray (5Y4/l), medium to thinly cross-bedded, finer beds are redder; bedded (20U ). rnudstone, grayish r€d (5R4/2), med- ium to thinly bedded, bed thickness Sandstone (litharenite), fine to very fine, 40 488 and abundance decrease upward. light olive gray (5Y6ll), becoming (12.2) (148.7) grayish red (5R4/2) towara the top, ln the following cycles, the sandstone weathers light brown (5YR5/6) to med- is litharenite to sublitharenite. fine ium dark gray (il4), very thinly to to very fine, grayish red (5R4/2) with th'ickly bedded, undulatory bedding, splotches of yellowish gray (5'17/2\, planar cross-beds, sone mud balls; thinly to thickly bedded, evenly bed- interbedded grayish red silt-shale in dedi. the mudstone is grayish red, 'I oxer 4 m. crum ry.

Sandstone (litharenite), Cycle. Cross-bedded sandstone grading up- 138 Cycle. fine to very 7 495 'into I fine, dusky yellow (5y6/4) ( ( ward mudstone. (2.4) (42.0) to light 2.',r ) 150.e ) olive .gray (5Y6/l), .mediun to very thinly bedded; grades upward into Cycle. Same as abov€. 3 141 mudstone, grayish red (5R4/2), crumbly. (0.e) (42.e)

Cycle. Same as above. 9 504 Cycle. Sandstone with Skolithos, grading up- 7 148 (2.7) ( l s3.6) ra16 lnto mudstone- (2.1 ) (45.r ) 58 VIRGINIA DIVISION OF MINERAL RESOURCES

Cycle. Cross-bedded sandstone grading up- 8 155 lilglg throushout. ward lnto mudstone. (2.41 (47.s Siltstone, grayish olive (1014/21 to dusky 7 3iA Cycle. Sane as aboye. 1 lqo yellor (5Y6/4), weathers pale yellow- (2.1 ) (106.0) (o.e) (4€.4) lsh brorn (5Y5/4), medium to thickly bedded, massive, fossi'liferous; inter- Cycle. SalE as above. 3 162 beds of greenish gray (56Y5/l) cal- (0.9) (4e.3) caneous, fossilifercus siltstone, reatheE moderate broi{n (5YR4/4), in Cycle. Sdndstone with Skolithos, grading up- ? 168 lo,er 1.0 m; !i.!g!3. throughout. ward rnto nudstone. (0.9) (s0.3) Siltstone to silt-shale, mediun dark gray ro Joo Cycle. C.oss-bedded sandstone grading up- 5 170 (N4), weethers light oliYe gray (s.s) (lll.s) ward into fludstone. (l.5) (51.8) (s'tslzl to moderate yellorish broun ('l0YR5/4), thinly to thickly bedded, Cycle. Sandstone with Skolithos, grading 4 ttz massive with some shaly interbeds, upward into mudstoiil (0.6) (52.4) mostly at base, fossiliferous, LJnqula. oniella (?), ortho- Cycle. Cross-bedded sandstone grading up- t.2 t/y.5 rnvncnu ta (, ), Dryozoai 1nlerDeos ward into mudstone. (?.3) (54.7) m?afiTsh gray (5GY5/l), cal- careous, fossiliferous siltstone, 'l Cycle, Sandstone grading upward into .5 181 weathers moderate brown (5YR4/4) in muos!0ne. (0.5) (5s.1 ) upper 0.6 il. '19 Cycle. Cross-bedded sandstone grading up- r 182 Interbedded silt-shale, sandstone and clay- 385 ward into mudstone. (0.3) (55.4) shale. Silt-shale to siltstone, med- (5.8) (r',r7.3) iun gray (N5), weathers moderate broyn Cyc'le. Cross-bedded sandstone grading uprard r8 200 (5YR4/4) to olive gray (5Y4ll), med- into sandstone with Skoiithos. oradino- (s.s) (60.e) ium to very thinly bedded, undulatory' upward into mdstoneTii1-TdTioiistr calcareous, fossiliferous, rare beds gray splotches. of fossil hash; sandstone (litharen- ite), very fine, grayish olive (10Y4/2) I'ludstone, grayish (5R4/2), yellowish broHn (l0YR5/4), red crumbly, -yel- 6 ?06 to dark lorish gray splotches; interbedded (1.8) (62.8) weathers brownish gray (5YR4/l), medium sandstone, very fine, gray,ish red. to thinly bedded, undulatory, cal- careous; clay-shale, olive black Silt-shale to mudstone, grayish red (5R4/2\, 12 218 (5Y2l1), very thinly bedded, undul- chippy to crumbly, mostly covered. ( 3.7 ) (66.4) tory, chippy to lath-shaped;, phos- ohatic nodules. Interbedded silt-shale and sandstone. Silt- ?8 246 shale, grayish red (5R4/2), platy to (8.s) (74.s) chippy, mostly covered; sandstone, fine to very fine, grayish red and rarely yeilowish gray (5Y7l2), mediurn TOCALITY 28 . I{ORTH I{OUIITAIN/5TATE ROAD 770 to thinly bedded, planar bedded, planar cross-beds. Probably cyclical, but poorly exposed. Sectlon measured along State Road 770 on southeast slope of North l{ountain, approximately 300 ft (elevation) belor,r crest of mountain, Covered. 3 249 approxinately 2.8 niles east-northeast of Longdale Furnace, Va,; Rockbridge (0.e) (7s.e) County, Va.i Longdale Furnace, Va. 7.5{inute quadrangle (ECJ; 37'49.1'N, 79"37.9'U. Interbedded sandstone and silt-shale. Sand- 6 ?55 stone, fine to very fine, feldspathic, ( r .8) (77 .7) thickness total yellorish gray (5\7/2) and locally ft ft stained grayish red (5R4/2), weathers (at) (m) light broun (5R5/6), medium to very thinly bedded, cross-bedded, flaggyi Tuscarora Formation: approximately 30 ft (9.1 m) silt-shale, grayish red, platy, medium bedded. Sandstone (quartzarenite), coarse to fine, 30 30 pinkish gray (5YR8/l) to very light (e.l) (e.l) Covered,-pr€bably grayish red, platy silt- 22 277 gray (Ng), occasionally stalned moderate snale. (6.7 ) (84.4) red (5R5/4), cross-bedded, greenish gray (566/t) shale at base. osreao Sandstone2 42 ft (12.8 m). Sandstone ls titharenite t0 sub- Juniata Forsation: 153.5 ft (46.8 m). Sand- 1 itharenite. stone is quartzarenite.

Sandstone, fine to very fine, feldspath.ic, 37 314 Cycles of f,udstone and sandstone. Mudstone, 9? 122 (5Y7/?) yellowish gray to nedium (r1.3) (e5.7) grayish red (5R4/2), crumbly; sand- (28.0) (37. I ) gray (N5), weathers light brown stone, r€dlum to fine, light olive gray (5YR5/6), nedium to very thinly (5Y6/'l). Cycles consist of sandstone bedded, pianar cross-beds, some grading u$rard into rodstone. channelingi interbedded si'l t-shale, grayish red (5R4/2), especially Sandstone, fine to very fine, light olive ? 124 in lower 3 m. gray {5Y6/l), cross-bedded, shale (0.6) (37.7) cnlps. lnterbedded mudstone and sandstone. l.tud- 5 319 stone to siltstone. qravish red (1.s) (e7.2J C/cle. Lower 0.5 m sanoscone, fine to ?ery t4 138 (5R4/t), gru551, to riaslive, very fine, yellowish gray (5Y7l2), cross- ( 4.3 ) (42.0 ) thinly to thickly bedded; sandstone, beddedi qrades upxard into mudstone, fine to very fine, yellowish gray pale yeliowish broqn (10YR6/2) to Pale (5Y712), weathers moderate yel lowish red (5R6/2), crumbly. broxn ('l0YR5/4), medium to ihinly bedded, evenly bedded. liudstone, grayish red (l0R4i 2) to pale z 140 yel lowish brown (l0YR6/2), crambly, (0.6) (42.6) Reedsville Fomation: 66+ ft (20.'l+ m) Sko I i thos.

Siltstone to mdstone, grayish red ]3 332 Covered. r0 150 (5R4/2), crumbly but somewhat (4.0) ( lol .2) (3.0) (45.6) massive, fossi liferous, Linqula. Sandstone, fine, greenish gray (5GY5/1), tz loz Interbedded mudstone and siltstone. flud- 9 341 weathers moderate yellowish brown (3.7) (4e.3) stone, grayish red (5R4/2), medium (2.7) (103.9) ( 10YR5/4), cross-bedded. bedded, crumbly,. fossil iferousi si'ltstone, dusky yellow (5Y6/4), Mudstone, grayish red (5R4/2) to pale r.t toJ.f weathers grayish brown (5YR3/2), olive (l0Y6/2), crumbly, 5Lolj!19!. (o.s) (4e.8) mediun to thickly bedded, massive, occasionally coarsening to very Covered. |l 174.5 fine, cross-bedded sandstone; (3.4) (53.2) PUBLICATION 57 59

Sandstone (sublitharenite), very fine, olive 7 l8l .5 Tuscarora Forration: 139.8 ft (42.6 m). Sand- gray (5Y4/l) to pa'le yellowish brown (2.2) (s5.4) stone is quartzarenite. (l0YR6/2), thinly to thickly bedded, cross-bedded, dark greenish gray Conglomerate, rounded to subrounded quartz 0.3 I 57 (5GY4/l) shale chips. pebbles, 0.5 cm maximum diameter, med- (0. r ) (47.e) ium dark gray (N4), black (Nl) (carbona- Mudstone, pale yellowish brown (l0YR6/2), 2 183.5 ceous ?) matrix and partings. crunbly, Skolithos. (0.6) (56.0 ) Sandstone, medium to very fine, medium gray 3 160 osweqo Sandstolle: 95 ft (28.9 m). Sand- (N5), local ly conglomeratic,. subrounded (o.e) (48.8) stone is litharenite to quartz pebbles and black siltstone sub I 'i thareni te. clasts, medium dark gray (N4) shaly parti ngs. Sandstone, very gray (5Y4/l) fine, olive to lf 4J6.f very medium gray pale yellorish brorn (l0YR6/2), (72.81 Sandstone, fine to fine, 7 167 thinly (15.8) (N5) light gray (N7), medium to (so.e) to thickly bedded, cross-bedded, dark to (2.1) thickly bedded, Skolithos. greerish gray (5GY4/l) shale chips. gray (l{7) 6 < ttt c Sandstone, very (5YR6/4) Sandstone, nedlum to fine, Iight fine, light brorn to ]0 248.5 light gray (5Y6/l), black (Nl) (52.e) pinkish gray (5YR8/l) w'ith moderate red (3.0) (7s.8) to olive (2.0) (5R4/5) specks, specks throughout, blackened cross- crcss-bedded, chan- interbeds and partings neled; interbedded dusky yellq (5Y6/4) bedt, of car- bonaceous material. to light bro(n (51R5/6) shale. Sandstone, medium fine, medium dark gray Sandstone, very gray (5Y6/l) to ta.2 t60 fine, light olive JU at6.) (N4) gray (5Y6/l), mas- (s6.7) medium gray (N5), to light olive (3.8) to mdium to thinly (e. r ) (84.9) sive, black along joints. bedded, interbedded dusky yellov (5Y6/4) stains rare green'ish gray silt-shale, dark Sandstone, medium fine, pinkish gray (5GY4/1 shale chips. to 2 188 ) ( 5YR8/r ) . (0.6) (57.3) Reedsville Fomation: 128+ ft (39,0+ m) Sandstone, fine to coarse, variegated med- 2.5 I 90.5 gray (N6), (N7) (5Y5/2) ium light light gray (0.8) (58.1 ) Siltstone, light olive gray to mod- 70 348.5 and brown (5YR6/4), yellowish (l0YR5/4), (106.2) light cross- erate brown nas- (21.3) bedded. sive, somerhat crumbly, fossil iferous; interbedded moderate yel lowish brown Sandstone, fine to very fine, nedium light 15 205.s {'l0YR5/4) chippy shale. gray (N6), massive. (4.6 ) (62.7\ Interbedded clay-shaie and silt-shale. Clay- 16 JOO.I shale, fight gray (5Y6/1) (5.5) (ll Sandstone, fine to very fine, very light 2.5 208 olive to rcd- l.7) gray (N8), medium bedded. (0.8) (63.s) erate yel'lowish brom (l0YR5/4), chippy (501); gray, silt-shale, light oiive Sandstone, fine very fine, medium light q ?l? specks, fossil iferous, to I lToliligrcnr\ &99$[ig gray (N5), massive. (1.5) (6s.0) /r\\., \Jv-r. Sandstone, fine to very fine, very light Interbedded clay-shale (75C) and silt-shale 406.5 40 gray (N8), medium bedded. (0.6 ( 65.6) (25X). Same as above. (12.2't (r23.9) ) Sandstone, fine to very fine, mediun light 6 221 Lower beds not neasured. gray (N6), massive. (1.8) (oz.a1

Conglomeratic sandstone, medium to coarse, 3 224 light gray (N7), weathers light (o.s) (68.3) brown (5YR6/4), quartz pebbles, I cm maximum diameter. LOCALITY 29 . EAGLE ROCK Carbonaceous si lt-shale, black (Nl ). '| 22\ Section neasured along U.5. Highway 220 at southwest end of bridge of old (0.3) (68.6) U.S. Highway,2-20 over James River (at old junction of U.5. Highwaf 220 and State Road 685, according to 1962 topographic map), at northeasl end of grayish Crawford Mo-untain, Sandstone, very fine, orange 4 ?29 approximately 0.2 mile west-northwest of town of Eagle (l0YR7/4), mass'ive. (1.2) (6s.8) 199!r Ylr;..Sole-tourt County, Va.; Eagle Rock, Va. 7.5-m,inute quadrangle (5i); 37"38.45' N, 79'48.4'rr. Measured poition of section is overturned.- Seiti6n Sandstone, cdarse to fine, light gray (N7), )6 tla is also exposeC on northeast side of Jam€s River (Ha11,1969, p.30-33; some medium dark gray (N4) beds in (7.e) t77.7) Appalachian Geological Society, 1970, p. l4l-t42), but more obscure. upper 1.2 m, cross-bedded, olive gray Slickensides are prevalent throughout outcrop, and some bedding plane (5Y4/l shale clasts. sl i ppage. ) Sandstone, medium to fine, med'ium light gray 2n ?7\ th'ickness total (N5), weathers very pale orange (5.1) (83.8) (l0YR8/2) to light brown (5YR5/6), ih ilr nediun to very finly bedded, cfoss- bedded, rare gray (5Y4ll) Sandstone": 74+ (22.6+f,) olive shale "Keefer ft only measured cl asts. basal portion, unit'is con- torted above this interval. Sandstone. fine to very fine, light gray r . 5 276.5 (N7), redium bedded. cross-bedded. (0.5) (84.3) Sandstone (quartzarenite), medium l'ight gray (N6) 74 74 to very light gray (t{8), with carbonacious (22.6) \44.o l partings, bedding plane Sandstone, medium to fine, very light gray 2.5 ?79 trails, and lo- (N8), weathers light brown (5YR5/6), calized Skolithos and nudcracks. (0.8) (85. I ) nediun to very thinly bedded, cross- bedded. Rose Hill Forration: 82.7 ft (25.2 m) Sandstone,.fine to very fine, medium light 7 Sandstone and c'lay-shale, medium light gray gray (N6), 286 (N6), cross-bedded, blackened (2. r ) 187.2) with some red staining. (5.4) (2e.0) joints, sor€ yellowish gray (5Y8/l) 2 cm shale beds in upper 0.6 m. Sandstone, fine to very fine, grayi5h red 2t 116 ( purple (5RP4/2), hematitic. 5.1) ( 3s.4 ) Sandstone, fine to very fine, light gray .10.5 295.5 (N7), weathers brown (5YR5/6), Interbedded sandstone and light (3.2) (e0.4) clay-shale. Sand- 26.5 14?.5 medium to thickly bedd€d, same (43.s) cross-bed- stone, as abovei clay-shale, (8.1) d€d, interbedded gray dark greenish gray (5GY4/l), fissile, light olive (5Y6ll upper m. bedding piane trails. ) silt-shale in 2.0 (11.0 greenish osweao Sandstone: 36 ft n). Sand- Clay-sha1e to si.'lt-shale, dark gray t.2 ttu stone is quartzarenite (56Y4/l ), fissile: interbedded medium (2.3) (4s.8) gray (N5) to subl itharenite unless light sandstone, very thinly othenris€ noted. bedded. Siltstone. light olive gray (5Y6/l), weathers Sandstone, mediun to coarse, grayish red o./ l!o./ 4.5 301 light brown (5YR5i 6), bedded, good ( purple (5RP4/2), hematitic, m (47.8) r.4) (el.8) upper 0.9 (2.0) cleavage; 5 cm bed of fine, light gray is pebbly, carbonaceous partings, bed- ' (N7) sandstone at 1.0 m above Sase- ding plane trails: interbedded fine, of interYal. mediun light gray (N6) sandstone. 60 VIRGINIA DIVISION OF MINERAL RESOURCES

Interbedded sandstone and siltstone, Sand- 3 304 Section {as not measured. outcroP exposes a 40 ft (l? m) thick strem stone, fine to very fine, mediun light (o. s ) {e2.7) channel (paleo-strean channel) that appears to be cut into the top of the gray (N6) to light brounish gray Reedsvi'lle Fornation. The Reedsville here is red and contains Linquia. The (5YR6/l) to l'ight olive gray (5Y6/l), stream deposit is composed of litharenite, with congloneratic Ta@p-osits. medium bedded, cross-beddedi silt- The lag conglornerates are prinari'ly phosphate pebbles and shale chips. The stone, light olive gray (5Y5ll), weather- channel sand is probably oswego. Palecurrent data w€re collected at this ers light brown (5YR5/6), bedded. outcrop. Sandstone, fine to very fine, light bluish 4 308 gray (587/l), weathers light bro{n (1.2) (e3.e) (5YR5i6), thickly to very thinly bed- ded, cross-bedded, occasional clasts LOCALITY 3I . HOOKS MILL and interbeds of light olive gray (5Y6/'l ) silt-shale, i cm raximum Section measured along State Road 6?l and in stream bed of Roaring Run at clast size. gap between Eeanallor Mountain and Shoetnaker Knob, approximately 0.2 mile southeast of Hooks I'ti'lli Alleghany County, Va. (iust west of Botetourt County Interbedded sandstone dnd siltstone. Sand- 3 311 boundary) i Strcn, va. 7.5{inute quadrangle (liE) ; 37'42.8' l{, 79'54. 7'rl,1. stone (litharenite), fine to very fine, (0.e) (s4.8) mediun light gray (N6), weathers pale thickness total yellowish brown (l0YR6/2) to pale ft ft brown {5YR5/2), thlckly bedded, mi- (m) (m) caceous, cross-bedded, some si l tstone clasts; si'ltstone, light olive gray Rose Hill Fonnation: not measured. (5Y5/2), weathers light brov,n (5YR5/6), bedded. Sandstone (quartzarenite) with'interbedded light oliYe gray (5Y6/l) shale. Sandstone, fine to very fine, light bluish gray (587/l), weathers light broHn (3.5) (s8.3) Tuscarora Fomat'ion: 30 ft (9.1 m). Sand- (5YR5/6), very thinly to thickly stone is quartzarenite. bedded, cross-bedded. interbeds and clasts of light olive gray (5Y6/l) Sandstone, mediun to coarse, medium dark silt-shale, 2 crn maximum clast size, gray (il4), weathers dusky brosn (0.6) (0.6) carbonaceous partings, black.l.2 (Ni) ISYRZ/?\, nassive. silt-shale interbed at m below too of inter.ral. Sandstone, coarse to fine, white (N9) to ?8 30 medium orange pink (5YR8/4), weathers (8.s) (e.r ) Siltstone, mediun gray (N5), weathers light r.5 324 light brown (5YR5/6), th'ick'ly bedded. olive gray (5Y5/2), medium bedded. ( 0.5) ( e8.8) Juniata Forrationz 122 ft (37.2 m) Sandstone (litharenite), fine to very fine, greenish gray (566/1 ), weathers l ight {2.6) (10i.4) Covered. Sandstone outcrop in strean: taz taz brown (5YR5/6), nedium to very thinly sublitharenite fine to very fine, (37.2) (46.3) bedded; interbeds of medium gray (N5) grayish red (l0Ra/2) to light olive s'ilt-shale, weathers light olive gray gray (5YR5/l) and dark gray (l{3), (5Y5/2), channeling. cross-bedded.

Reedsville Fonnation: 52.5+ ft ('16.0+ m) osweco Sandstone: 62 ft (18.9 m)

Siltstone, mdiun gray (tls), weathers light < JJ+. C Sandstone (sublitharenite), fine t0 very oa (t+ olive gray (5Y5/2), medium bedded, (0.6) ( l o2.o) fine, feldspathic, olive gray (5Y4l1) (r8.e) (62.s) slightly micaceous, some medium light to biack olive (5Y2ll ), weathers gray (N6) sandstone stringers,2 cm pale yellowish brown (l0YR6/2), very bed of fossiliferous sandstone at thinly to thickly bedded, wavy middle of interval, Linqula, chan- bedded. nellng. Reedsville Fonnation' 43+ ft (14.5+ m) Siltston€, fossiliferous, olive gray (5Y4/l), 'r 3 347.5 bedded, Linqula, gastropods, fossi l if- (4.0) (t06.0) Covered. 40 ?5+ erous beds are phosphatic, some beds of (12.2\ 174.7) Linqula coquina. occasional carbon- fte6f(?) partinss; nedium bedded Siltstone, light olive gray (5Y5/2), nassive, d 101 brornish gray sandstone 0.5 and light brown (5YR5/5) (2.4) (77.1 ) '1.0 at fossiliferous, m above base, fossil voids. Linqula, AmDonvchia, al- most a coqurna ln places, pnospnaElc Siltstone to sandstone (feldsparhic sub- 7:5 355 nodu les. 'litharenite), very fine, dark gray (2.3) ( 108.3) (N3) to brownish qray (5Y4/1) w'ith white specks that weather light brown (5YR5/6), interbedded with oiive gray (Y4ll), medium to thickly LOCALITY 32 . CLIFF DALE CHAPEL bedded. Section measured along State Road 615 and in BlJe Spring Run, mi'le gray (5Y4/l), approximately 4.5 miles south-southwest of Covington, Va.' 0.2 southwest 5'iltstone, fossiliferous, olive 3 358 the C]iff Dale Chapel; Al'leghany County, va.; Jordan Mines, Va.7.s-minute weathers brownish gray (YR4/1), bedded, (0.e) ('r0e.2) of quadrangle (EC)i 37'a0.8'N,80"01.1'!.J (Lesure,1957, P.3l; Hall, l969, P. Li nqu I a. 42-441. Interbedded sandstone and shale. Sandstone, thickness total fine, to siltstone, medium gray (N5) (8.2) (',r 17.4) ft ft to medium dark gray (N4), occasionally (m) (m) yith white specks that weather grayish (10YR7/4), orange very thinly to thick- Tuscarola Fonnationt 32+ ft (9.7+ m). Hall 'ly bedded; silt-shale to clay-shale, reports 90 ft. Sand- medium gray (N4), dark sandstone stone is quartzarcnite. increases upvrard, shale decreases uFraro. Sandstone, fine to very fine, grayish black (N2) interbedded with light gray (ti7), ao o\ /n ol Lower beds Reedsville not measured. of thickly to very thin'ly bedded. Sandstone, fine to very fine, grayish black 25 (NZ), thickly to very thinly bedded, (0.6) (1.s) LOCALITY 30 JOIIIISOI{.PORTER MOUNTAIN - Sandstone, very fine to very coaEe, very 27 3? 'light (N8) gray (e.7) Mountain gray to medium dark (8.2) 0utcrop is exposed along State Road 616 befi{een Johnson and (N4), weathers light brown (5YR5/6), Porter Mountain, apgroximately 1.3 miles north of junction of State Road 6]6 7.5'minute thickly to very thinly bedded, w'ith Route 621 at Rich Patch; Al leqhany County, va. i Strom, Va. cross-bedded. quadrangie (Nt); 37o44.5'N, 79'55.0",,i. PUBLICATION 57 61

Paraconfofliity Visual estimates are the basis for the generalized section that follows:

Juniata Formation: 252 ft (75.4 m). A'11 of Shales and siltstones of the Reedsville Folmation, containinq Linqula, the sandstone in the occlr about l0 ft (3 m) below the lowest quartzarenite liage, tne iirtEFEii-n! Juniata is quartzarenite interval being covered. This lorest quartzarenite is the base of a 40 ft (12 to subl itharenite. m) interaal of friable sandstone that is probably interbedded with mudstone, and if so, the unit'is the Juniata Forration. Ihis interval is overlain by 60 'Partial (19 quartzarenite (Tuscarora Covered interval. exposure in streami 140 1 t-? ft m) of massive, res'istant Sandstone) which is sandstone, fine to very fine, grayish (42.7) (52.4) in turn over]ain by 80 ft (25 m) of Rose Hill Fonnation (based on the presence red (5R4/2) to greenish qray (5GY6/l), of red, hsnatitic sandstone f]oat), and 200 ft (69 m) of "Keefer Sandstone." redder at base of interval, interbedded grayish red (5R4/2) si lt-shale.

Interbedded mudstone and sandstone. Hudstone 33 205 LOCALITY 34 - CATA|SA !.IOUNTAIN/ROUTE 311 to silt-shale, grayish red (5R4/2), (r0. r ) (62.5) medium to very thinly bedded, crumbly 5ection measured along State Highway 311 at crest of Catawba llountain, to chippy (60i). Sandstone, fine to approximately i.0 miles of Catawba, Va.i Roanoke County, Va.; Catawba, Va. very fine, greenish qray (5Gy5/1) to 7.5{inute quadrangle (SH); 37'22.8'N, 80'05.4'ltl (',Joodward, 1932, 7I-72t grayish red (5R4/2), weathers l.ight Nichol, 1959; Ti llman, 1963, p. 63i Hall, 1969, p. 27-29; Appalachian brorn (5YR5/6), medium to very thinly Geological Society, !970, p. l37i Plants, 1977, p. 193). bedded, pianar cross-beds (40i). Some bioturbation, Skol ithos. thickness total ft ft Cycle. Sandstone, very fine, grayish red 5 210 (m) (m) (5R4/2), Skolithosl grades upward into ( r .5) (64.0 ) nudstone, grayish red (5R4/2), crumbly, Tuscarora Fomation: not measured. 44 ft bedding plane trace fossils at top. according to Tillman.

Cycle. Lower 0,75 m sandstone, very fine, 11 221 Sandstone (quartzarenite), fine to coarse, (N7) gray (Ng), grayish red (5R4/2), cross-bedded; (r. a 1 (67.4) light gray to very light grades upward into si'lt-shale, grayish cross bedded, conglomeratic' 3.5 cm maximum red (5R4/2), chippy, sandstone inter- rounded quartz pebbles, clay balls. beds. bioturbated.

Cycle. Lower 1.2 m sandstone, same as 13 234 0i sconformity above; grades upward into silt-shale, (4.0) (71.4) grayish red (5R4/?), chippy, with Reedlvi1le Fomation 71+ ft (23.4+ nl interbedded sandstone in lower POrti On. Siit-shale to mudstone, grayish red (5R4/21, 12 L2 chippy to crumbiy, someHhat massive' (3.7) (s.r) gastropods Sandstone, very fine, greenish gray (5Gy6/l) 258 fossiliferous, Lingula, at 24 pnospnatl to grayish,red (5R4/Z), weathers light (7.3) (78.7\ top , c nodu I es . !"9!n (SVnS/e),, medium to very thiniy bedded, irregular bedding, planar Interbedd€d siltstone and silt-shale, medium J 1/ cross-beds; interbedded mudstone, gray (N5), weathers olive gray (f0\4/2), (1.5) (5.2) grayish red (5R4/2), medium to very phosphatic nodules. thinly bedded, crumbly; clay-shale-, grayish red (5R4/?), larninated to Covered. medium bedded, chippy. Bioturbated (3.0) (8.2) throughout, bilobed bedding plane trails, sone channel ing. Interbedded siltstone to very fine sandstone ?7 54 '1.2 and silt-shale, mediun gray (N5) (8.2) ( 16.4) Cycle. LoHer m sandstone, very fine, |t 269 weathers olive gray (10YR4/2), mostly grayish.red (5R4/2) to greeniih gray (r.c1 (82.1) covered. (5GY6il), reathers liqhi bro,n - - (5YR5/6), planar crosi-bedst grades Sandstone, fine, greenish gray (5G6/1), weathers )1 7a upward into mudstone, grayish red grayish (10\4/2), (7.0) (23.4) (5R4/2), olive very thinly srum61t, with interbedded to thickly bedded, wavy bedded; inter- sandstone and chippy clay-shale of bedded silt-shale to mudstone, grayish same color. Bedding plane trails, olive (10Y4/2), chippy to crumbly. Cruz i ana. Louer beds of Reedsvil'le not measured. Cycle. Lower 2.3 m sandstone, very fine, t0 279 g!9eni:h gray (5GyEi 1 ) co grayisn red /a( r ] (5R4/l), ss616srs light br6wn- (5yR5/G), planar cross-beds, flaggy; grades up- LOCALITY 35'- I.IEADOU CREEK FALLS ward into silt-shale, gray.ish red (5R4/21, chippy. Eedding plane rrails, Section measured along State Highway 42 at east end of Johns Creek marks EOor at top. Mountain rhere it joins Sinking Creek l4ounta'in, at nose of Sinking Creek Ant'icline, approximately 0.7 mile southwest of New Castle, Va.; Craig County, Reedsville Fomation: 26+ ft (8.0+ m) Va.; Looney, Va.7.5-ninute quadrangle (liE);37"36.6'N,30'c7.7"1 (lillman, !963, p. 70i Bregman, i967, p. 64-67). Siltstone to mudstone, grayish red (5R4/Z), 13 ?9? medium to very bedd€d, /ao 1\ thinly inter- (4.0 ) th i ckness total bedded clry-shale of same color. ft ft localized bioturbation, somewhat (n) (m) mass i ve. Rose Hill Fomation: covered, not measured. Si I tstone, . calcareous, fossi I i ferous, ol ive l3 305 gray (5Y4/I), weathers light ol'ive (4.0) r/o? I \ gray brownish (5Y5/2) to Sray (Svna/t), Tuscarora Fomation: 34 ft (10.4 m) thicl(ly bedded, mass'ive, l.inqula, Arnbglychia (?), bryozoa, SEtEii!''plane Sandstone (quartzarenite), very fine to very 34 trat I s. coarset very light gray (N8), weathers dark yel'lof,ish orange (10YR6/5) to mod- Lower beds are exposed, but not measured. erate yellowish brown (10YR5/4), medium to thickly bedded, cross beeded, occasional ly conglomeratic, quartz pebbles, 1.5 cm maximum diameter, clay balls. LOCALITY 33 . REAO I,TOUNTAIN Juniata Fomation: 233 ft (71.0 m). Upper ZZ,6 n is transitional -. Section is mostly covered, but was observed by llervin J. gartholomew, to Sharon Lewis, and Richard J. 0iecchio, and th.iiknesses of units weri Tuscarora. Sandstone ap- pears quartzarenite. approxinated. Traverse Bas [Ede-on _northwest slope of Read Mountain, east oi to be State Road 505, approximately 2.0 mile north-northwest of Roanoke cit; l.jmjts: conrcnly argillaceous. Roanoke County, Va.; Roanoke, Va. 7.5{inute quadrangle (HE); l7.ZO.O;lf, 79'54.0'l{. Covered. 10 44 (3.0) \ tJ.+, 62 VIRGINIA DIVISION OF MINERAL RESOURCES

Sandstone, medium to fine, pale reddish brown 10 54 Reedsvllle For.mation' 20+ ft (6.,l+ m) (10R5/4)'to bluish white (589/l), weath- (3.0) (15.s) ers 'light brown (10YR5/6) to very pale Siltstone, to very fine sandstone, dark green- 7 274 gray ( (83. orange (10YR8/2), mediun to th'ickly bed- ish gray (5GY4/1) to greenish 2.1 ) s) ded, cross-bedded, rare clay balls; in- (5GY6/l), medium bedded, massive, fos- terbeds of grayish red (5R4/2) silt-shale. siliferous, Linou]a. greenish gray (5GY6/l), weathers c( tatq Sandstone, nedium to very flne, dusky yellow 30 84 Si'ltstone, (5Y6/4) to light olive gray (5Y5/2), ( e.1) (25.6) dark greenish gray (5G4/l) to brownish ( 2.6) (86. I ) very thinly to thickly bedded, cross- qray (5YR4/l), massive, very thinly to bedd€dn clay balls, some channeling, ihickly bedded, calcareous, fossil- interbeds of light olive gray and grayish i ferous , L i nqu l a . orthorhvnchu l a red (5R4/2) silt-sha'le. pl ecton6tFTTl dTfTET6i'EiiTFea ' theri ns fiffiIcareous layers leaves Covered. 797 fossils in relief. (2.1) (27.71 Siltstone, medium dark gray (t{4}, weathers 9.f 16t Sandstone, fine, fight olive gray (5Y5/2) Aqq olive gray (5Y4/l)' massive, very (r.4) (87.5) to dusky yellow (5Y6/4), thickly (2.4) (30.2) thickly bedded, fossiliferous, 0rtho- bedded, planar crosi-beds. rhynchirla, Ischyrodonta, LinqulE-fT.

In the cycles belo[, the sandstone is Low€r beds not erposed, quartzaren'ite, fine to very fine, grayish red (5R4/2) with pale olive (10Y6/2) sp'lotctres, very thinly to thickly bedded, occationally with grayish olive (10Y4/2) clay balls; the mudstone is grayish red (5Y4/2), TOCALITY 36 - POTTS i.IOUNTAIN/STATE HIGHI{AY 3'I'I crumbly and occasionally chippy, very thinly to thickly bedded. Section measured along State Highway 311 iust north of crest of Potts l''tountain, approximately 2.9 miies southeast of Paint Bank, Va.; Craig County' Cycle. Lorier 0.3 m cross-bedded; sandstone 5.5 104,5 Va.; Potts Creek, Va.-i'/.va. 7.5-minute quadrangle (5l,l); 37'32.1'N, 80''14.2"i. grading upward into mudstone. (1.7) (31.e) thickness total Cycle. Low€r 0.5 m cross-bedded sandstone; 4.5 109 ft ft grading upward into mudstone. ( 1.4) (33.2) (m) (m)

Cycle. Lorer 0.3 m cross-bedded sandstone; 3 112 Tuscarora Fonnation: 55 ft (10.8 m) top is grading upward into riidstone. (0.9) (34.1) c0vereo

Cycle. Lower 0.3 m cross-bedded sandstone; I 120 Sandstone (quartzarenite), fine to coarse, 65 65 grading uprard into 0.6 m sandstone (2.4) (36.5) locally conglomeratic, very light (1e.8) ( 1e.8) with. Skolithos; grading uprard into gray (il8) to pa'le red (10R6/2), weath- muo5t0ne. ers pale yellowish orange (10YR8/i) to medium light gray (N6)' very thinly to Cycle. Lower 0.9 m cross-bedded sandstone; f. c rzt.5 very thickly bedded' cross-bedded' grading upward into rudstone, bedding ( 1.7) (38.3 ) channeling throughout interval; 1.0 m plane trails, Rusophycus, flute casts. deeD channel of Pale reddish brown (10R5/4) congloneratic sandstone in Cyc'le. Lower 1.3 m sandstone withrSkolithos; 14.5 140 othefrlse very light gray (NB)' fine' grading upward into mudstone. (4.4) (42.11 sandstone at 1,5 m above.l.0 base of in- terval, quartz pebbles, cm maximum Covered. I 148 di ameter. (2.4) (45.1) Juniata Fomation: 149+ (45.4r m). Upper 5ilt-shale, grayish red (5R4/2). I 149 14.6 m is transitional to (0.3) (45.4) Tuscarora. Sandstone is quartzareni te, occasi onal lY Sandstone (sublitharenite), fine to very fine, ( rll subl i thareni te. grayish red (5R4/?), medium to thinly (0.6) (46.0) covered. 873 bedded, planar cross-beds, Skolithos; (?.4\ (22.3) interbeds of Erayish red siTFdtTlEl

Covered. 9 150 Sandstone, fine to very fine, ned'ium light 17 90 (?.7) (48.8) gray (N6) to grayish orange (10YR7/4), (5.2) (?7.4\ weathers light olive gray (5Y6/1) to Sandstone rith interbeds of silt-shale. Sand- light gray (l{7), medium to very thinly stone, flne to very fine, grayish red (10.7) (5e.4) (5R4/2) (5GY6/1), bedded, Skolithos; interbedded silt- to greenish gray lTg-6F6Ti-ve gray (5Y5/2), chippy weathers (5YR5/6 strate, light broyn and to crumbly, thinly bedded to thinly 5YR6/4), bedded, thinly to thickly I ami nated. beds become thinner and fedded up- (thinn€r planar rard beds are redder), Interbedded sandstone and mudstone. Sand- 23 ll3 cross-beds (901) ; silt-shaie, grayish stone, fine to very fine, yelloxish (7.0) (27.41 red, chippy, thinly laminated to gray (517/21 to grayish ofange thickly bedded (109); channel at (10YR7/4), weathers light olive gray base of interval, bedding plane (5Y6/l) to light gray (N7), thinly trails and flute casts throughout. to thickly bedded, cross-bedded (planar and trough); mudstone, light Interbedded sandstone and si I t-shale. Sand- t9 ?14 olive gray (5Y5/2) to pale red stone, same as above, but not as red, (s.8) (65.2) (5R6/2), th'inly to thickly bedded, and med'ium to very thinly bedded (50S)i crunblv. Skolithos. decreases in s'i'lt-shale, same as above (50%); some abundance upwaids; bedding plane channeling, ripple marks at base. traiis in lorier part of interval.

Sandstone with interbeds of silt-shale. 30 ?44 Covered. 37 150 Sandstone, fine to very fine, greenish (s.1 ) (74.4) (rr.3) (4s.7) gray (5GY6/l) to grayish red (5R4/2), (5YR5i6 weathers light brorn and Cycle. Lower 0.3 m sandstone, fine to very 3 153 5YR6/4), mediun to very th'inly bed- fine, greenish gray (5GY6/l) to (0.e) (46.0) ded, planar cross-beds, limonitic specks bromish black (5YR2/l), weathers (801); silt-shale, same as above (20%); light olive gray (5Y2l1), cross-bed- sone bhanneling, bedding plane trails, dedi grades upHard into mudstone, tool marks, flute casts, Ruso9hycus. grayish red (5R4/2), weathers light olive gray (5Y5/2), crumbly to some- Sandstone with interbeds of s'ilt-shale. Sand- 4J 10t what chippyi channeled at base. stone, same as above (80X)i silt-shale, (7.0) (81.4) (20[]; bedding p'lane same as above Cycle. Lower 0.3 m cross-bedded sandstone, 15 169 trails, Skolithos (?), very rare inter- sarne as above; grades upward into (4.e) (51.5) beds of EiiTlTl-erous silt-shale with mudstone, same as above, with fer{ Linqula. interbeds of cross-bedded sandstone. PUBLICATION 57 63

In the cycles below, the sandstone is Hudstone to silt-shale, grayish red quartzarenite to sublitharenite, fine (5R4/2), crumbly to chipgy. (0.8) (e3. r ) to very fine, greenish gray (5GY6/l) (5YR2/1), to'light brownish black weathers Channel-fi'11 sequence (stream cut into over- ]0.5 316 olive gray (5Y2ll); the mudstone bank). Very fine, grayish red (5R4/2) (3.2) (s6.3 ) is grayish red (5R4/2), weathers sandstone abovei channelled into gray- light olive gray (5Y5/2), crumbly to 'ish red, crumbly mudstone below. chippy. Each cycle has a channeled basal contact. Sandstone, very fine, grayish red (5R4/?), I' JJI medium to very thinly bedded, cross- (4.5) (r0o.e) Cycle. Lower 1.4 m cross-bedded sandstone; v. 5 I /6.5 bedded; interbedded grayish red, grades upward into mudstone with bed- (2.e) (s4.4) chippy si'lt-shale. ding plane trails. Silt-sha'le to mudstone, grayish red (5R4/2), 4 JJJ Cycle. Lower 0.3 m cross-bedded sandstonei 6.5 185 chippy to crumbly. (0.5) (t01.5) grades uprard into mudstone. (2.0) (s6.4) Siltstone, grayish red (5R4/2), thin'ly to 'I 334 Cycle. Lower 0.5 m cross-bedded sandstone; d.f, tvJ. I very thinly b€dded, cross-bedded. (0.3) (101.8) grades upyard into 0.6 m sandstone lt F\ /qo n'l with &L!@; grades uP|ard into Reedsvjl!19 Fomation: 128 ft (39.0 m) mrdstone. Siltstone, grayish red (5R4/2), poor'ly bedded 5 340 Cycle. Lower 0.5 m cross-bedded sandstone; 1.5 tvt to massive, 0.1 m lens of greenish gray ( r.8) (103.6) (60.7) (5cY6/'l). grsdes upward into interbedded cross- (r.7) 'litharenite)very flne sandstone (sub- bedded sandstone and mudstone. near base. cycle. Loirer 1.2 m cross-bedded sandstone; 6 205 Siltstone, grayish red (5R4/2) with greenish 14 354 grades uprard into 0.8 m interbedded ( l .8) (62.s) gray (5GY6/l) splotches, medium bedded, (4.3) (107.9) cross-bedded sandstone and mJdstone; nassive to crunbly, fossiliferous, very grades upward jnto mudstone. rare !!ggl31. lludstone, grayish red (5R4/2), crumbly. 9 214 Silty limestone, grading upward into cal- 79 433 (top of cycle) (2.7\ (6s.2) careous siltstone, grading upvard into (24.r) (r32.0) non-calcareous siltstone, medlum gray Lorer beds not exposed. (N5), weathers light brown (5YR5/4) to olive gray (5Y4/l), very thiniy to very thickly bedded, crumbly at base to mas- sive upwards, fossil iferous, interbedg of olive gray (5Y4/l) clay shale, orthorhynchu la, I'lodiolop:l:, Plectono- LOCATITY 37 - PETERS MOUNTAII{/ROUTE 3II tus (f), unlelra (,1,oryozoa; fi-nqula ii-IiIEF 8.5 m. Section measured along State Highxay 3ll iust north of crest of Peters Mountain, approximately 2.7 miles north-northeast of Paint Bank' Va.; lilonroe Interbedded silt-shale, siltstone and lime- ?9 462 County, t{.Va. (just north of Va. state line); Potts Creek' Va.-l{.Va. stone. Si lt-shale, olive gray (8.8) ( r 40.8) 7.5{inute quadranqle (NI) ; 37"36.5' N, 80" 14.5'rr. (5Y4l'l), wedthers brosnish gray (5Y4/l), mediun to very thinly bed- thickness total ded, chippy; siltstone to very fine ft ft sandstone, olive gray, *eathers pale (m) (m) brrrn (5YR5/2) mediun to thinly bed- ded, cross-bedded, wavy bedded, cal- Tuscarora Fomation: not measured, Covered, careous, l imonitic specks; l'imestone contact infeFed from (biosparrite), light olive gray (5Y5/2) f]oat and scattered and medium gray"(N5), weathers light outcroo. brown (5YR6/4), limestone is rare to absent in uDoer 3 m. Juniata Fomation: 3j4 ft (101.8 m). upper contact is inferred. All Lower beds not measured. sandstone in Juniata is argi l laceous quartzarenite.

Covered. I 00 ]00(\ a?d /in a\ LOCALITY 38 - GAP I.IILLS

I'tostly cover€d, scattered outcrops of grayish 96 196 ' Section measured along ',{.Va. Higtuay 3 at gap in Gap Mountain, just .north red (5R4/2) sandstone and mudstone. /ra ?\ /qo 7\ of Gap l'lills, l{.Va.; !'(onroe County, tJ,Va.,6ap Mills, l{.Va.7.5-minute quadrangle (EC); 37"33.8'H 80'?4.7'll. Section is overturned (Reger & Price, Sandstone, n€dium to fine, grayish red (5R4/2). 18 ?14 1926, p. 231; Ioodrard, 1941, ?.76-77; Hayes, 1974, p. 132-133). 'interbeds of grayish red silt-shale, (s.s) (65.2) thickness total clay balIs. ft ft Siltstone to_silt-shale, grayish red (5R4i 2), 3 217 (m) (m) Traggy !0 ptaty. (0.e) (66.1 ) Rose H'ill Fomation: not measured Interbedded sandstone and mudstone. Sandstone, 30 247 very fine, to siltstone, grayish red (e.l) (7s.3) Sandstone and siltstone, grayish red (5R4/2), mediun to thinly bedded, wavy purp'le (5RP4/2). bedded, planar cross-beds, flaggy in spotsi mudstoner grayish red, crumbly. Tuscarora Forriation: 39 ft (11.9 m). Sand- Interval is partially covered. stone is quartzarenite.

Sandstone, very.fine, to siltstone, grayish O ZIJ Sandstone, fine to very fine, yellowish gray J. J J.5 red (5R4/2), flasgy. (1.8) (77.1 ) (5YR8/l), thinly to very thinly bedded, (l.r) ('r.l) Skolithos, moderate yellowish brorn Cycle. Lower 0.9 m sandstone, very fine, s 258 ( rullts/4.1 snare partrnqs. grayish red (5R4/2), cross-bedded; (1.5) (78.6) grades upuard into mudstone, grayish Sandstone, fine to very fine, very light gray o.) tu red, crunbly, (N8), weathers pale yellouish orange (2.0) (3.1 ) (l0YR8/6), mediun to very thinly bedded, Cycle. Lower 1.8 m sandstone, same as cross-bedded. above; grades upward into mudstone, (2.e) (81.5) same as above, channel at base. Sandstone, fine to very fine, very ]ight gray (NB), weathers pale yellorish orange (0.e) (4.0) f'ludstone, grayish red (5R4/2), crumbly. 5.5 273 (l0YR8/5), massive, Skol ithos. (r.7) (83.2) Sandstone, same as above, but without r1.5 ?4.5 Sandstone, fine to very fine, grayish red 16 289 Sko l i thos. r? (l r7 q\ (5R4/2), neoium to very thinly bedded; (4.e) (88.1) flaggy, channel at base. Sandstone, fine to very fine, very light gray +.J Z9 (N8) r'ith dark yellouish orange ( l .4) (8.e) Sandstone, very fine, grayish red (5R4/2), t4 303 (lCYR5/6) streaks, Skolithos. somewhat argil laceous, bedded, but (4.3) (e2.4) massive appearance. 64 VIRGINIA DIVISION OF MINERAL RESOURCES

Sandstone, coarse to very fine, very light 10 39 Cycie. Lower 0.45 m sandstone (sublith- I i65 gray (t{8) to grayish orange (l0YR7/4), (3.0) (1r.e) ar€n'ite), fine to very fine, lignt ( r.2) ( 50.3 ) massiv€, cross-bedded, occasional ly olive gray (5Y6/I) to grayish red congloneratic, 1 cn maximun pebble (5R4/2); graoes upward into mud- d i ameter. stone and vsry fine sandstone, both grayish red, Skol jthos. Paraconfomity Cycle. Lower 1.8 m sandstone, fine to 10 175 Juniata Fonnation. 231+ ft (70.2+ m). Sandstone very fine, light olive gray (5Y6/1) (3.0) (53.3) is quartzarenite, often very to grayish red (5R4/2), cross-bedded, argi 1 1 aceous. ciay balls, bedding plane trails on 'l shaly partings; grades upward into lludstone, yellowish gray (5\7/?), crunbly. 40 grayish red, crumbly mudstone. (0.3) (12.2) Cycle. Lorer 0.45 m sandstone, fine to very o. f l6J. ) Mudstone. grayish red (5R4/2) 1q gp3yi5h 14t fine, light brownish gray (5YR6/l) to (2.6) (55.e) red purple (5RP4/2), crumbly, (0.3) (r2.s) grayish orange (loYR7/4), weathers pale brown (5YR5/2), massive, cross-bedded; Mudstone, grayish red (5R4/2), 1i961 647 grades uprard into grayish red (5R4/2), olive gray (5Y6/l) coloration in (r.8) (r4.3) chippy silt-shale with interbedded very burrovrs and along bedding, medium flne, grayish red sandstone. to very thinly bedded, cross-bed- ded, gray Skolithos, liqht oiive Interbedded sandstone and mudstone. Sandstone, 10.5 194 snare parrrngs. fine to very fine, grayish red (5R4/2), (3.2) (5e.1) cross-bedded, occasional Skol ithos (70X)i Sandstone, fine to very fine, yellowish 4.2 5Y. ! mudstone to silt-shale, gFdtGS'Ed, gray (5Y8/l), weathers grayish (0.8) (r5.t) crumbly to chippy (302). Channeling is orange (l0YR7/4), massive, cross- prevalent throughout interval. bedded. Cycle. Lower 0.6 m sandstone, grayish red 3 197 Interb€dded sandstone and si'lt-shale. Sand- ?7.5 77 (5R4/?), cross-oedded; grades upward (0.e) (60.0) stone, fine to very fine, to rudstone, (8.4) (23.5) into grayish red, crunbly mldstone. grayish red (5R4/2) to 'light olive gray (5Y6/l), thickly to very thinly Cycle. Lower 0.75 m sandstone, grayish red 1,3 1V L. a bedded, cross-bedded, occasional (5R4/2), Skolithos; grades upward into (r.4) (61.4) Skolithos; silt-shale, grayish-bedd red, grayish rEfijiliSly mudstone. Base of ;fipty to-' l ath-shapedi i n9 mdstone is channeled into top of plane trails, Cru?iana, @lg (t) sanost0ne. Cycle. Lower 0.3 m sandstone, very fine, 985 Cycle. Louer 0.5 m sandstone, grayish red 8.5 270 grayish red (5R4/2); grades uplrard (2.7\ (26.21 {5R4/2}, cross-bedded, channel at base; (2.6) (64.0) into mudstone, grayish red, crumbly, grades upuard into grayish red' crumbly Skol i thos. rudstone.

Cycle. Lower 1.6 m sandstone, fine to very ]0 96 Cycle. Lower 0.6 m sandstone, grayish 5 215 fine, grayish red (5R4/2) to light (3.0 ) (2e.2) red (5R4/2), cross-beddedi grades (1.s) (65. s) olive gray (5Y5/l), cross-bedded; uprard into 0.45 m grayish red grades upward into 0,3 m sanostone, sandstone rith Skolithos; grades very fine, grayish red, Skolithos; uFrird into graFTF-FEill *umbly grades upward into grayi-I--F6tr1- m.Ids!one. crumbly mudstone. Cycle (?). Lower 1.35 m sandstone, gray'ish 6 227 Cycle. Lover 0.45 m sandstone, fine to very 5 101 red (5R4/2) with.sl(ol itjrosi grades ( 1.8) (67.3 ) fine, grayish red (5R4/2) with (1.5) (30.7) upwaro rnto grayrsn reor crumory splotches of light olive gray (5Y6/1), mudstone. lnterval is complicated cross-bedded; grades upward into by slippage along bedding. interbedded sandstone and mudstone, crombly, both grayish red. Cycie. Loyer 0,3 m sandstone, same as 8 ?29 abovei grades upward into grayish (2.41 ( 6e.7 ) Cycle. Lower 0.75 n sandstone (sub- ).f luo.J red, crumbly mudstone rith inter- litharenite), very fin€, grayish ( 1.7) (32.4) bedded sandstone. reo (5R4/2), Skolithos with light olive gray (516/I) burrows; grades Cycle. Lower 0.45 m sandstone, same as 4 233 upward into mudstone, grayish red, above; grades upward into grayish (r.2) (70.e) crumo ry, red, crumbly nudstone. Channel at base of cycle. Cycle. Lower 0.9 m sandstone, same as 14.5 727 above: grades upvard 'into mudstone (4.4) (36.8) Cyc]e. Lorer 0.6 m sandstone, very fine, 6 239 to si'lt-shale, grayish red (5R4/2\, qrayish red t5R4/2). Skolithos: qrades (1.8) (72.7) crombly to chioDV, Skolithos with upraro rnto qraylsn reo, crunDry muo- I ight ;live gray- (SftTf-Durrows. stone. Cycle. Lower 15 cm sandstone, fine to r t22 Cycle. Lorer 1.5 m sandstone, very fine, o z{3 very fine, light olive gray (5Y6/1) (0.3) (37.1) grayish red (5R4/2), cross-bedded: ( 1.8) ( 74.5) to grayish red (5R4/2), cross-bed- grades uprard into grayish red, ded; grades upward into grayjsh red, crumbly rudstone. chippy silt-shaie. Interbedded mudstone, and sandstone. I'lud- 25 270 Cycle. Lower 0.3 m sandstone, fine to very stone, grayish red (5Ra/2) crumbly; ( 7.6) (82. I ) fine, grayish red (5R4/2); grades up- sandstone (subl itharenite), very ward into interbedded sandstone and fine, pale red (5R6/2) to yeliowish platy silt-shale, both grayish red. gray (5Y8/1). Partially covered. Possibly cyclical,4 cycles, each Lower m grading upward from cross-bedded Cycle.- 0.9 sandstone, fine, Iight- 4.5 130 olive gray (5Y6/I) to grayish red ( 1.4) (39.6 ) sandstone into crumbiy mudston€. (5R4/2),-cross-bedded, grayish red Lower beds not exDosed, cray oar tsi grades upward into gray- ish red, chippy to platy silt-shale.

l'ludstone, grayish red (5R4/2), crumbly, rare ?s 150 LOCALITY 39 . JOHIIS CREEK MOUIiTAIN/ROUTE 501 light olive gray (5Y6/l) splotches in (6.1) (45.7) slightly coarser beds. Section measured along State Road 501 at Rocky Gap on crest of Johns Creek l,lountain, approrimately 6.0 miles northeast of Nerport, va.; Craig Interbedded sandstone, mudstone and silt- 11 161 County, Va.; t{eriport, va. (NC) and laiteville, va.-ll.Va. (SC) 7.5-minute shale. Sandstone, very fin€, to silt- (3.4) (4e. l) quadrangles: 37"26.9'f. Section is repeated by faulting (Hobbs, 1953). stone, light olive gray (5Y6/l) to Section reoorted here is on south side of fault and is overturned. grayish red (5R4/?), n€dium to very thinly bedded, Skolithos (50x); mud- stone, grayish iEffiilium to very thinly bedded, crumbly (40%); silt- sha'le, grayish red, platy (10i). PUBLICATION 57 65

thickn€ss total Rose Formation: measured ft fi Hill not (m) (m) Sandstone and beddcd siltstone, grayish red purple (5 RP 4/2) Rose Hill Fonnation: not measured. (5Y6/1) Tuscarora Fomation: 159 ft (48.4 m). Sand- lnterbedded light olive gray sha'le stone ls quartzarenite. and grayish red purple (5RP4/2) sand- stone. Interbedded sandstone and clay-shale. Sand- IO stone (quartzarenite), fine, mediun (4.e) (4.e) gray (N5), stained grayish red purple Tuscarora Fomation: 153 (a6.6 ft n) (5RP4/2), Skolithos with grayish red (quartzarenite), purple cl affiiTii' burrois ;' c i ay- Sandstone very fine to very 153 shale, dark gray (N3). (NB) ( coarse, very light gray to pink- 46.6 ) (46.6 ) ish gray (5YR8/l), weathers light ol.ive Mostly coveredr clay-shale, medium gray (N5), T7 gray (5Y6/1), thinly to very thickly ( apparently a t\ ( bedded. cross-bedded. with some interbedded sand- 10.1) Skolithos in stone. pI aces, I oca l l y congl orne-ii-iifi-anguIar subrounded quartz p€bb'les, to 2.5 cn Sandstone, nediun very gray maximum diameter. to fine, light t9 (N7) to medium dark gray (N4), darker (5.8 ) rtq o\ tovard the top, somerhat friable in Paraconfomi ty places, dark gray (N3) shaly partings.

Sandstone, fine, very light gray (N8) ro very 16 68 Juniata Fomation: 304 ft. (92.7 m). Sandstone paie (loYR8/Z), cl quartzarenite orange weathers moderare (4.9) rrn is tO sub- brorn (5YR3/4) at top, massive, frac- 1 itharenite. tured.

Covered. 45 Sandstone, medium to very coarse, light gray 2 70 f r? 7\ \OU.J (t{7) to very light gray (il8), cross- (0.6) (21.4 ) ' bedded, massive. Interbedded sandstone and s'ilt-shale. Sand- 3g stone,.med'ium to fine, light olive gray (tt.Oy (5Y6/1), weathers Sandstone, medium to fine, very light gray 17 87 light biown (5yR5l6), (N8), massive, fractured. thickly to very thinly bedded, light t

Interbedded siltstone and sandstone. Silt- 36 ?03 stone, grayish red (5R4/2) (601); (11.0) (61.e) sandstone, fine to very fine, grayish LOCALITY 40 - NARROIIS red (40X); clay balls, bedding plane trails, bilobate ftai1s, SgjgElg. Section measured on east of New River along the u- S..Highway 460 .side northbound lane of at 'rhe Narrows', in 9a at- iouthwest end of peters Interbedded siltstone (50X) and sandstone 19 ?2? Mountain'..approximateiy 0.4 mire north ( of it'e to*n of Narrows, vu.; diiei 50i ) , same as above , some channe i i ng , ( 5.8) (6i .7 ) County, Va,; Narrows. vd.-t-, Va. 7.5_minut; iriO"angfe i;'Zf.O;lr, bedding plane trails, bilobate 80'48.5'tt {Reger & price, 1926,.p. lHCli p. ZtO;'lrooJ*a"0,'iSii,'p'. lOi, iriau"inl-igSil trails, Rusophycus, Skol ilhos, some l2-15; Hayes,1974, p. lio-rr/1. m0ttlrng and 0r0turbatl0n. thickness tota.l Siltstone, grayish red (5R4/2) with inter- 87 309 (ji (;i beds of grayish red, v€ry fine sand- (25.5) (e4.2) stone, some channeling, bedding plane trails, bilobate trails, (trails more Rose Hi'll Fomation; not neasured c$mon at tot), interbedded siltstone, grayish red (lORa/?); Sandstone, very fine grayisn sanostone, very fine, grayish to siltstone, 54 363 redi and red (5R4/2) and greenish gray (5GY5/1), ( clay-snate,- tight otive gray (5y5/Z), 110.6) weathers pale yellowish very thinly to thickly bedded, even'ly orange (tbVRdf6), bedded, occasional beds of gray'ish red, crumbly mtdstone, grayish tuscarora Fomat.ion: g0 ft (24.4 f* red shaly n). Sand_ partings and silt-shale beds (more com- mon at top), channel at 9,0 m above base, r'ipple marks, beddi.ng plane trails, ball and pillow near top. 66 VIRGINIA DIVISION OF MINERAL RESOURCES

Reedsville Fomationt 276+ ft (84.1+ m) Conglomeratic sandstone, coarse to very coarse, 91 light gray (l'17), cross-bedded, massive, (0.6) (27.9',) Siltstone, grayish red (5R4/2), massive to 22 rounded quartz pebbles of 1 cm maximum ? crn beds. (6.7) rr17 1\ di ameter.

Siltstone, dark greenish gray (5G4/1.) to 19 404 Sandstone, mediun to fine, medium light gray o 97 ilediun bluish gray (585/1) to moderate (5.8) (123.1) (N6), stained pale red (10R5/2) on (1.8) ( 2e.5 ) yel'lowish brown (10YR5/4), massive, cross-beds and burrows, medium to thin- sl ightly calcareous, decreasingly ]y bedded. fossi l iferous uprard, fossii mo'lds replaced with black pyrite in places. Sandstone, medium to coarse, l'ight olive gray 101 (5Y5/1), medium to very thinly bedded, (r..2) (30.8) Fossiliferous siltstone, dark greenish gfay 439 cross-bedded, some interbedded light (5G4/1) to nedium bluish qray (585/1), ( 10.7 ) ( 133.8) olive gray clay-shale. weathers olive black (5Y2l1) to mod- erate yellorish broHn (10YR5/4), thin- Sandstone, fine, to mudstone, light olive 0.5 101.5 ly bedded, evenly bedded, slightly gray (5Y6/1)' friable. ( 0.2) ( 31-.0 ) calcareous, decreas'ingly fossi l iferous uF{ard, black pyritic fosil molds in Sandstone, mdium to fine, light gray (tU) to 108 places, orthorhynchula at base, inter- medium light gray (N6), weath€rs dark (2.0) (33.0) oeos oi EiffidliiiTtstone wrtn yellowish orange (l0YR6/5), thicklv Planolites (?), rare bedding plane bedded, cross-bedded. grar I s. Sandstone, coarse to fine, grayish orange r11 0\ Interbedded clay-shale, l'imestone and silt- 200 pink (5YR7/?), medium bedded, cross- (0.e) /?1 shale, clay-shal€, oliYe gray ( 61.0 ) ( i94.8) bedded. (5Y4/1), weathers light olive gray (5Y6/1), laminated to fll€dium bed- Sandstone. medium to coarse, light bluish I tq ded, chippy, calcareous; i imestone, gray (587/1) to greenish gray (5GY6/1)' (?.41 tJo. J, medium to finely crystalline, grayish irois-bedded, very rare chert clasts biue (5P85/2), weathers yellowish of 0.5 dl! maximrn dianeter. gray (5Y8/1) to Iight olive gray (5Y6/l), thinly to very thinly bed- Sandstone, fine, very pale orange (10YR8/2) 9 ded, fossil iferous, dolomitic streaks to pale red (10R6/Z), mediun to thinly (2.7 | (3e.0) in some beds, corals, , bedded. cross-bedded, nodular surface bivalves, bryo?oa, crinoids (l ime- with 2 cn thick limonite rind at base stone beds decrease in abundance of interval. upwird)i silt-shale, olive gray (5Yal1) to medium dark gray (l{6), Sandstone. medium to very fine, light bluish 3l i59 weathers light brown (5YR5/6) to gray (587/1), medium to thinly bedded' (9.4) (48.4) pale yellowish brorn (10YR6/2), intlrbedded greenish gray (5G6/l) silt- thinly to very thinly bedded, shale. chippy, calcareous, becones more massive, less calcareous, and more Juniata Fonnationz 245 ft (74.7 m). san- abundant upward. stone is quartzarenite to sublitharenite. UP- Loner beds not measured. Per 8.5 m is transition- al to Tuscarora.

Interbedded sandstone and silt-shale/mud 17 I q )\ LOCALITY 41 . GAP MOUNTAIN/U. S. HIGHIIAY 460 stone, Sandstone, fin€ to very fine, light bluish gray (587/l)' Section measured along southbound land of U. S. Highway 460 at northeast sta'ined qrayish red (5R4/2) in end of Gap Mountain, approximately 1.1 miles southeast of Newport, Va.; Giles olaces, nedium to thinlY bedded' County, Va. (just N of Montgomery County boundary)i Newport, Va. 7.5-minute cross-beds in lower 1.5 m, quadrangle (Sl{);37'17,1'N,80"?8.8'l{ (Appalachian Geological Society,1970, Skolithos in uoDer 2.7 m; silt- p. 124; Hayes, 1974, p. 126-127. ifii'TiE-mudstone, grayi sh red (5R4/2), platy to crumbly. th i ckness total ft ft Sandstone, very fine, to bedded si'lt- 11 187 (m) (m) stone, grayish red (5R4/2)' with, (3.4) (s7.0) interbeds of grayish red silt-shale. Rose Hill @qig: not measured Cycle. Lower 0.85 m sandstone, fine to 15.5 (4.7 /<1 7\ Sandstone and bedded siltstone, grayish very fine, grayish red (5R4/2); J orades uoward into 2.1 n inter- Tuscarora Fomation: 159 ft (48.4 m). Sand- 5edded sandstone (as at base) and stone is ouartzarenite. grayish red si ltstone/si 1t- shale; grades uPward lnto graylsn Interbedded sandstone and clay-shale. Sand- lo red, crumbly mudstone. stone (quartzarenite), fine, mediun (4.e) (4.s) gray (l{5), stained grayish red purple Cycle- (?). Sandstone, very fine, grayish ?06 (5RP4/2), Skolithos with grayish red red (5R4/2), Skolithos; grades up- ( 62.8 ) purple claystone ln burrowsi clay- ward into 0.5-fi-6?-!TEyish red silt- shale, dark gray (N3). shal e.

Mostly covered, medium gray (N5), 33 t'!ostly covered, grayish red (10R4/2) sand- 110 316 clay-shale, 17 (e6.3) apparently with sofle interbedded sand- (5.2) (10.1) stone and silt-shale. (33.5) stone. Sandstone, very fine, to bedded siltstone' gray- Sandstone, medium to very fine,'ljght gray l9 a1 dark greeirish gray (5cY4/l) to (0.s) le7.z) (l{7) to mediun dark gray (N4), darker ( is.9 ) ish red (10R4/2). toward the top, somewhat friable in places, dark gray (N3) shaly partings. Covered. 26 345 (7. e) ( 10s.1 ) Sandstone, fine, very light gray (li8) to very i5 68 pale orange (10YR8i 2), weathers moderate (4.9) (20.8) Sandstone, very fine, light.broHnish gray 4 349 brown (5YR3/4) at top, massive, frac- (5YR6/1) to grayish red (10R4/?)' ( 1.2) ( 106.3) tured. with interbedded grayish red silt- shale. 'l'ight Sandstone, medium to very coarse, gray ? 70 (fl7) gray (N8), cross- (0.6) (21.4) Covered, red soil. 55 404 to very light (123.1) bedded, massive. (i6.8)

Sandstone, medium to fine, very light gray ,'7 87 (N8), massive, fractured. lf.a, t zo.o, Reedsville Fomation: 102+ ft (31.1 m)

fines upxard, very coarse at base z 89 Covered, brown soil. 43 447 Sandstone, (13.1) (136.2) to fine at top, light gray (t{7), inter- (0.6) {27 .21 bedded zones of very coarse, grayish red purple (5RP4/2) sandstone, massive. PUBLICATION 57 67

Interbedded silt-shale and clay-shale, fuo 0i sconfomi ty weathers light olive gray (5Y5/2) ( 18.0) ( 1s4.2 ) to dark yellowish orange (l0YR5/6). Reedsvi'l1e Fomation: not measured. Lorer beds are not exDosed. Shale, olive gray (5Y4/1), platy to lath- shaped, interbedded siltstone of same color.

LOCALITY 42 - FAGG

Section mersured along the north bank of North Fork Roanoke River, just LOCALITY 43 . INGLES MOUNTAIN south of western end of rai lroad tunnel, alongside State Road 603, approximately 1.8 miles southwest of Ironto, Va.j Montgomery County, Va.; Section measured on east side of New River along State Highway 232 at Ironto, va.7.5-minute quadrangle (C);37'12.lN,80'18.2't{ (Eubank,1967, p. southwest end of Ingles Mountain, approximately 0,9 miles south of Radford, 90; Hayes, 1974, p. 128). Va.; llontgomery County, Va.; Radford South, Va. 7.5-minute quadrangle (l{C); 37"05.8't{. 80034.8'l.l. Section is overturned. Unconformity is also exposed along State Road 603 at Fagg, approximately 3.0 miles southwest of lronto, Va.; I'lontgomery County, Va.; lronto, Va. thickness total 7.5-minute quadrangle (C);37"11.7'N,80'19.5'X, where 5 ft of Silurian ft ft conglomeratiac quartzareoite is unconfomably underlain by Reedsville shale and unconfomabiy overlain by Rocky Gap (?) Sandstone and (Edwards, 1959, p. 39; Tillman, 1963, p. 75). Rose Hill Forration: 20+ ft (6.1+ m). Top is covered.

thickness total Clay-shale, light ol'ive gray (5Y6/1) with inter- Z0 z0 ft ft bedded dark gray (ll3) and grayish red (6.1) (6.1) purple (5RP4/2) sandstone. Huntersvil'le Chert: not measured. ::l --:'' Tuscarora Fonnation: 55 ft (16.8 m) (?) (3.2 &r49eleI Sandstone: 10.5 ft m). Sandstone (quartzarenite), coarse to fine, 55 ta 0esiqnated as rndium gray (N5) to dark gray (N3). (16.9) (r, o\ Rock! Gap Sano- stone (?) by Juniata Fomation: 185 ft (56.4 m). Upper Ti I lmar. 26.5 m is transitiona'l to Tuscarora. Sandstone (quartzarenite), fine, olive black 10.5 10.5 (5Y2l1), conglotr€ratic (quartz pebbles, (3.?) (3.2) Interbedded sandstone and silt-shale. Sand- 87 cm maximum 3.5 dianeter). stone (quartzarenite), fine to very (25.5) (4e.4 ) fine, dark gray (N3); silt-shale, pale red (5R6/2) to grayish red (5R4/2); 0'i sconfonni tv. sandstone abundance increases uosard. liiqllan !an4$one: 10.5 ft (3.2 m). Sandstone Sill-shale,.pale red (5RG/2) io gray.ish red 98 260 is quartzarenite. Designat- (5R4/'2); interbedded fine t6 vlry fine, (29.9\ (19,2) ed as Tuscarora Sandstone bv light olive gray (5y6ll) sandstone and Eubank. light olive gray clay-shale near top.

Covered. 1.5 t2. Reedsville Fomation: not neasured. rn (\ (3.7) Siltstone,.greenish gray (5G6/1), massive Sandstone, mediun to fine. light olive gray 618 r0ssl I I terous , abundant Li nqul a, (5Y6/l), clay balls of sane color.- (r.8) (5.5) rare orthorhynchula.

Sandstone, flEdiun to fine, medium gray (N5), ?t Lorer beds not exposed. massive, conglomeratic (quartz pebbles, (0.e) ( 6.4) 10 cm maximum d.iameter). 68 VIRGINIA DIVISION OF MINERAL RESOURCES PUBLICATION 57 69

Appendix ll:Well log data

Listing of Deep Well Localities t1i scel I aneous abbreviations :

W-l Marshall 539 bd bed(s) bdd bedded W-2 l{arLon 244 bdg beddi ng blu blue or bluish I'I-3 Preston 86 blk bl ack b. p. bedding plane(s) W-4 Preston 119 b.rn brown'or brownish c coarse W-5 Grant 2 cal c ca I ca reou s carb carbonaceous W-6 Hampshire 12 cl ay-sh c1.ay-sha1e conblom conglomerate (-ic) W-7 Hardy 3 diam diameter dk dark W-8 Rockingharn W-1432 f fi ne Fe0x iron oxide W-9 Randolph 101 fsl fs fossifi ferous grn green or greeni sh W-10 Randolph 103 gry gray or grayish intUa interbed(s ) W-11 Pocahontas 18 intbdd intenbedded ls I imestone W-12 Pocahontas 21 1t light mas mass'lve mat materi al tr{-13 Greenbrier 17 mat maximum mdst mudstone mod moderate occ occasional (-lV) ol ol ive orn orange peb pebble(s) pnk pink oe pinkish prp parting(s) qz quartz qzi te quartzi te red red or reddish silt-sh siltshale sl sl isht (-lv) sm as ab same as above surf surface unfslfs unfoss'iliferous v very WX weathers (-ed) x-bd cross-bed ( s ) X-bdd cr.oss-bedded yel ye11ow or yellowish 70 VIRGINIA DIVISION OF MINERAL RESOURCES

ll-I, &r3heu 539 (W. Va.), Occldmtel PerroleuNo. 1, J. Burtey, 197I g-2. Nlrlon 244 (r. Ve.)' Phl.111p6 P€t!ole@, No. A-I, R.R. Flnch' 1962 Iocatlotr: 25,000 ft s of lal 39"50,tr 8,450 ft H of long 80.30rw locstlolr 4.76 sllls s of lat 39'30iI acal.€.: g.@ rey: 10100-U500: S-250 AlI untrs 0.54 dl€ W of 1@g 80'00'w ltthology f.d CEOLOC eod uel1 cuctlag degcrlpliotre by Dlecchio. rc.lc.r g.@ r.y: 98fl).'U800: (F200 API slt8 autface el@etlo!: 1435 ft o4t!on: 980(F11800: 400-2000 A.PI @lla UrholoSy tE@ GEOLoG etd ell cuttt!8 d€rcrlptltr bt Dlccchlo. sstace clcvstlon: 1342 ft

L!, f cryrtelLbe, gm gry to brn 8ry, chety, filfs [email protected] (RGFales Ltrestone). Sh, gm !o @d 8ry; 313t, Gd 8ry-

50 ft .s, f*f, psle red (5R5/2) ro ehttei cd dt 8ry 014) ah, 31 calc. 20o fr ss, f, ehttc (quertrttlc); sh, gry blh: rest of sh decreercs dffiaad.

U0 !t eh to s16t, led dL sry (r4) to shi.te @ p.1! tcd (5t'6/2); .s, rf, rcd Iry (N5), 200 ft ss, f, lt 8ry (I7) to ed lt 8rY (!6) i rrcc th, 4d dt 8!t (n4) .

460 ft .h co cb!, pel. lcd (5R5/2) ro 1r bn gry (tR5/l) st topi sh, lr ol gry (t6/r) Eo..d dt gry (tl4)i rlEr, gh gry (5cf5/i.); all 31 cslc; trace carb EE.

580 ft sldt to sb, F1e red bm (10R5/4); s3, f-vf, gh gry (5GY6/1) to led dk gry (N4) .

460 ft 6s ro .1!r, @d dk gry (N4); sls!, 8Ft 8ry (5c.r6/r); rlst, pele red (5R6/2); lrace dcr; treca carb uti reddcr vlth dcpth.

120 tt .., f{f, red dk gry (N4); 3181' h 36 8ry (5C8/1); sh rnd t3, P.le tcd bn (10R5/4); cycttc.lry bdd (?). Sllt and ah, ga 8?t 170 tt ih aod ss, p.1e r.d bm (10R5/4)i sE' f{f, @d dk 8ry (n4); sh, tt 8n 8rv (5G8/1) PUBLICATION 57 71

W-3, Plealor E5 (}J. Va.), Ph11].1p. P€trol.e@, No. A-1., g.c. TeU.s, 1953 w-4, Preaton 1,19 (x. ve.), Clti.s Sewice, tro. Q-1, USA, 1.964 locetlon: 2.39 El'le3 S of lat 39"30'N locetlon: 4300 ft S of lat 39"15'N 2.00 .1.1s $ of 1on8 79"50rW 21,000 fr w of long 79"30'9 scrlcr: 8a@ !ey: 10,000-12,600: 0-150 API elts sceles: 8e@ tay: 6900-9500: 0-150 A?I ulte nstron: 10,000-1,2,600: G.4000 AlI uillts oeutlos: 590O-9500t L400-1E00 AlI slts Ittholog:r froD CEOIOC ..d rcll cst!1n8 dedcriptloas by Dlecchlo. Ittholo$a fr6 GEoLoC .!d rclI cultbg ead core dcscllPtlons by surfac. cl,*s!lon: l84l fr Dl.cchlo. surface e14a!1d: 2172 ft corad ltrtensl: 7L64-7437

Sh, BB gry; .let, 8ry

Sb rnd skt, lt bn gry (5YR5/1); sh and rlat, 1r gm Cry (56t8/1).

410 ft ss, c-f, occ congL@, red gly (N5) to It 8ry (I7), Ds to frlable, oec l-bdd, U0 ft BB, f{f, shltet sh, @d dk Cry (N4); vcltical and U-llBped tlece fo661Ls, occ dk (51R6/1); 6b, lt bm rry sh, l! Cn gly 8rY (x3) 3h' (5Cf8/I); rblte aa lacre.es dowsrd.

410 ft sr, f{f, shlte (qurtzl.tic); sh, ad dL gry (n4)t a@ crlb ut; cryElses thrc. flntng-uFtd cycles .

630 ft sls!, gry .d (r0R4/2); 6h to slst, Bm Sry (5615/1); sh to s1s., ued gry (N5) to ftd dk gry (N4); ss, vf to s16r, uhLte 40 ft rB, f-vf, ,h1te (qurtzllic); sh, red (q@rtzitlc), cycllcallt bdd ln part. ll 8ry (X6); 3lst, gry rcd (5R4/2)-

590 ft rllr .nd 8h, gry red (5R4/2); slet .ad tb, 8h 8ry (5ct6/f); occ se, ehlte; cycllc.lly bdd tu pert. 400 ft !s, f-v!, shltc to c1€r; slat to sh, sr cry (5cY6/1); ss, f, Ed dk 8ry (N4).

:.30 ft s as ab; and rcd gly (I5) ss, cycucelly bdd.

80 ft no seples.

440 tt s! as eb; e1!h carb Et lhat dec!€aaes 1D absdence do6tard.

570 ft sls! to v{ 3s, ehi.te to cf,4t (qurtzltic); Blst, gry red (10R4/2); slst to vf s3, cd dL gry (N4).

330 ft slst to vf ss, 8m gty (5d6/1); ss, ed dk gry (N4); rare s1s!, lt bm grY (5n6/1), cycUcally bedded ln part.

135 f! s ss !b, but Do gry rd slst.

Sh, gry blk to gm gry. Sh saal 3lst, ed dk gry (I4); 3s, v lt gry. 72 VIRGINIA DIVISION OF MINERAL RESOURCES

tr-5, crert 2 (1. va.), sheU no. 1, Crecnlaad lrdge, 1965 r-6, h43hlrc 12 (H. va.), Shel,1 No. 1, o.B. end R. Duch'orth' 1954 locatton: 20,400 f! S of l.t 39"15'N locetlon: 2100 ft S of let 39'30rN 16,300 ft c of lolg 79'05r! 17,500 ft I of loag 78'35'w seler: 8.@ iry: H80: (F200 IPI s1t3 !€1€a: sb@ 4E0-2100: G'150 API unlts lLtbotogJr fto! CEOLOG ard tcl'l cuttlrS d..c!1P!1ons by Dlecchlo' ncutlon: 0-480: 0.'8000 AII dlt8 sutf.cc .l@stlon: 960 ft. 48G-1600: 0{000 AFI ults 1600'2100: (F800 A?1 uits tlaolotr 1e @arthlclalad, Ptobrbly de to f.ultlaS' UthoLost fld rcI1 cutting dcsclLPtld3 by Dlccchlo. 3Ef.ce el.datloDr 2362 ft lltholog,

210 ft ss, shit€ to clesr (qurtzttlc); gry (N4) (5Y5l1)' Bd dt to lt 01 8!y Sh, 8n ery

ft a! aa ab; .Dd s6, vf, Dcd lt gry (N5) (qurtzltlc) .

50 ft 68, sD as ab; 61st, pale red brn

200 ft th to 31rt, @d lt 8rY 80 ft ss, ublte !o cleer to oed 8ry (n5); ehlt. to md gry (qu.tzltlc). .lst, lr brn (5YR5/6) to lt bn gry

90 ft [. f+f, rhllc to c16r; 3h esd clat' ]r ol gry (5:6/1) to Dd dt 8rY (x5).

115 lt ao sqlcs.

690 ft slst, 8ry red 255 ft s., ehlt. to clsri 6h, bm 8tY bdd ln upper portlon. (5YR4/1) lo ed dL. gry (N5); occ glY rd (10R4/2) !h rnd r13t; cycllcaLlv bdd.

260 tt ss, rhit€ to c16t; 3h to alst' bm rry (5fr4/r) lo 1! 01 8ry (5Y6/1) to Ded dL Sry (x4); cycuollY Md.

300 f! !lrt, gq red (5R4/2) to bm gtY (5YR4/l); !16t, ed 8.y (N5) lo grn gly (5SY6/1).

460 ft s ss eb, but dlh varlablc @unts ot rucovlte, cycllcallY bdd. I00 ft 3s, fat, It ary (N7) to led gry (tr5); sb, @d gryi trsce 8ry red sLst.

sh, lt 8ry (M) to @d gry (N5); trace 8r) red sb!; phospha!1c chip3 (? !!98:!1 tr.BDEle)i 31 c.lc.

990 f! slrl to vf ss' P.1e red (5R6/2) to gry rcd (5R4/2)i sb to slst, lid It 8rv (N5) to F 8It (5GY6/1)' BI c31c.

350 ft F ss .b; .rd t., fdf' @d gry (tr5) b 8a 8ry (5CY6/f); s3' sb1!e to cfce'' cycucaUY bdd.

240 ft s., f-vf, red grv (N5); 3l6t to 3b' @d I! gry (N5) to 8n 8rY (5GY5/1)' s1 6lc: 3;. vf, shlte, trace pho6Phetlc shell f!.Ernts (: !!g8g1) .

sh !o sLs!, *d gry (N5)' 31 cslc; btk phosph.tlc ah€ll flag@trca (f !!gS9:lg) PUBLICATION 57 73

(Va.), R.J. Uhetzel' 1955 c-7, E rdy 3 (ll. vs.), Italled FueI l|o. 1, A. Beugl@n, 1952 s-8, kcklEghs w-1432 ShcU No. 1' loc.ttoo: 26,000 ft s of 1.r 39"05'N loceti;n: 25,000 ft S of lat 38'50'n 13,600 lt g of lorg 78'45rs 1I,000 f! c of long 78'55's .csl.s: g.E ray: 9100-10,500: G-200 AlI ults .eI€: gr@ tay: 520(F7000: 0-150 A?1 @tts Uthology f!6 GEolrC erd rcll cuttlng dcac!1Ptloos by J.0. Sayte, odtron: 520G'6168: 0-3000 A?I slte Urtted Gla coLp&y. 6168-7000: 0-2000 API slts Fu.l by Johason' rufuce cldrtloa: 1965 ft lllhology f.o! CmLoG, 3.s1. d.scrlPtlot 1oB S'S,' Vi;81nLe D1vis16 of ul'o.lal ksoacGs, aad tell cuttlng dccriptlola by Dlecchlo,

sh, 1t gF to 8ry; r!, rf, 8ry bm to gry; ls, gly bh. 90 ft ss, c-f, gry, bm end g!a; eh, 8ry to bll( (C.cepoo).

250 ft 3r, rt, ehlte to clear (qurrzlti.c); sh, dk 8!y. 22O ft ts, rhlte to lt 8ry lo 1! gs; 5h' 8m 8ry to @d 8!y. Sh 13 lare belw 5500.

190 ft !r, Ff, Fl. gfr to pnk; 5h, lt glo !o dk gry; ls, Bry bn. 530 ft Blrl to vf ss, grv red (5R4/2); ss' Bhlte to tt 8ry; 3h, 8!y red, s1 calc; ta.e gry 13; cycllcallY bedded. 110 ft 86, c-f, pale gm to red; sh, It gfr lt to dk gry; ls, gry brn. : z 100 ft ss, c-f, ehlte to clear; sh, blk !o psle 8n; 13, dk Bry bm.

20O ft 16, c-f, whlte ro red; sb, pale grn ctc.r to dk (N3) trace gry; 170 tt 8, fd, 8!v ; to dk !d.1, rcd; 18, dl bm. dl 8ry (N3) 3h.

150 ft,.r, tsf, g.y to 8m; 3h, pale gm to dL 8rt; 1., bn, 240 ft .!, f, shlle to dt 8rY (N3); 33' clar; 3h, dk 8rY (N3). Cl4r 3a Ia eat t rbundslt c@otrcot b.ld 5450 . Sh, pelc 8rn to blk; ss, c-f, shlt€ to 8ry; h, dL bm; f3lf s.

IEO fr sh, dk gry (N3)i ss, vf lo s1at, ed 8rf G5) . Se ab@dece decre.sea dmard. 74 VIRGINIA DIVISION OF MINERAL RESOURCES

g-9, Rardolph I01 (W. Ve.), Cltt€s Sedtce No. 2, D.tr. Ei11 and Arnold W-10, Rardolph I03 (U. Va.), Hope Nelure1 Ges CoDpetry, We6t Vlrglnl.a CoGol.1950 Bo.rd of C@trol. 1961. loceclon: 14,900 ft s of 1at 3E"45'N locatbrr 3.3E r{1.. S of l3r 38'50'tr g 1.78 dlc! w of loog 79'40'}' 15,550 ft of Losg 80'55'w .cal,e!: e'@ ray: 690G-900O: O-10 A!1 dtts .celer: 8.da rey: 5400-75001 0-L5 API @lts lateroLog: 6kmh rcutroa: 54O(F6300: 0-480 API stls (F368O llEbolo!5r ft6 CEoLoC, srqle d..crlptlon log of blubirn Calbon 6300-7600: API <s C6e&yi etd e.ll cuttl.Dg d.sc!1pr1@ by Dlecchlo. litholo&/ ft@ GEoI,G. B6f.c. eldatl@: 2920 ft rurfac. eld.tloa: 2036 ft

letG!o1og 11tholoSy 11thol,ogy

91at.!d sh, ed lt gry. , 8n gryt sa' gm 8!y; al!t, Ded gry.

ft ss, vf, lt gry. 240 ft 33, vf, Ed lt 8ry (16) to gfr gry (5Gf6/1); sh, !e color (Cacapon).

fl !!, f{f, whlle, cot81@.

460 ft r., f-vf, cla! ro It gty ([7)i sh, ..d gly (n5) !o 8m gry (5CY5/1); calb Er.

3?O ft sh atd slat, gry red; aa, 18, gty.

1.230 tt rllr ro ef ss, Iry rcd (5R4/2); 1000 ft d .3 rb, but tro la, ctcllcel,ly bdd .., f, ,hite !o clesr; sh, en Bry (5cY5/1) ,,r part. ed .cd dh 8ry (X4); s6, rf, grn gry (5CY6/1) .

(CEOlrG reports fsult a! 8730)

Sh, Ed gry to gm 8!y; sl!t, cd 8!y; al calc.

Ss, f, cler to rbllc; rh to Blst, red dk Brv (n4). a? t, PUBLICATION 57 10

g-11,, Pocahontas 18 (9. Va.), Clt1ea Sefrlce No. L-1, tSA, t96L l-12. PocahoDtas 21 (w. va.), Tlddete! No.1, O.S. Forest Seryice, 1.953 locatlos: 2.35 8116 S of lat 38'35'N locatlos: 5050 ft s of lat 38"10rn 0.98 dile tl ot lona 79'40rn 3300 fr ll of long E0'00's scaLea: g.@ rsyr 8200-96001 0-10 AlI ults 6celcs: ge@ r!y: 1200-2600 add 5000-6500: O-L50 l?I unlts oeutr@: 8200-90001 0-2400 API mlts a.utr6: 1,200-1360: 0-1340 IPI 6l.ls 9000-9600: 600-3000 API uditg 136G-2600: add 5000-5755: 266-2934 PI ults !.1!hology fr6 C!oI,OG end ecll.cuttlag dclcrlptlos by Dlecchlo, 5755-5E00: (HO00 IPI alts !u!f.cr cldlt{or: 3780 ft 5800-6600: 15qF5600 AlI alt3 11tho1o8y flo CEOrcC and rG11 cuttlBg dlaclIplloc by Dlecchlo. sorfecc el*aclon; 3505 ft

Sh, 8ry red to bfr Iry to 1t gh gry. I00 ft 38, rf, 8ry led (1oR4/2); sh !o sls!, 1t ol. Sry (5Y6/I) to Ded gry (tr5). 150 ft 8r, !af, clear to ehLte; sh, @d 8ry (u5) to br.k.

130 t! m a. rb, but hlgher abudencc of ss.

5 E40 tt slet to vf ss, 8ty red (5R4/2); sh z to slst, @d dk Sry (N4) !o grn gry (5GY6/1); rare ss, f{f, uhile to clear. 140 ft DdBt, gry red (1.0R4/2); sh, red L! gry (N5) to 8ro 8ry (5GY6/1); ss, f-vf, clsr to lt Bm Bry (sGE/f).

50 ft rs, clar, f{f; !s lo 3141, e€d 1! 8ry (N6) to Ir ol" 8ry (5Y6/1); skt, gry

ss, lt Bry; skt to sh, e.d It gry (n6) !o It 01 gry (5Y6/1), rare phosphallc (?) chlps.

Sectlon repdted by faulthg. hptha sot coatbuoua frm pr*lous

120 ft .s, vf, gry rd; 3h, gr gry (cscspd), cyehcall,y bdd. 90 ft ss, f-vf, shlte to v 1t gry; sh' gry

600 ft .h, grt !€d; 33, vf, 8ry red. Sh bcco@ @d gry !o gry red 1s lder IO0 fl.

ll5 ft 16, vf, lt gro gry to v 1t g!y; sh, lcd g!y; rl't, lt gry.

La, vtrltc to ycl 8ry to lt bm g"y; skt, I! gryi .b, d gry. 76 VIRGINIA DIVISION OF MINERAL RESOURCES

tr-13, Cieenbrler 17 (W. Va.), Ualon O1l. of Csllfornia- No. 1, C. L. tlaltoo,1957 locetloo: 11,350 ft S of lar 38'05'N 15,100 ft w of lotra 80'20rw ecal.!: g@ !.yr 84-G-9400: S-200 API ulte ncqtEoo: E40O-9100: 0-800 IPI 6ttr 9100-9400: 0-1500 lPl ult8 Iltholo$r fr6 G8OLoG.d ecll cutch8 d€scllptlone by Dlccct!1o iufac. elw.Cl@: 2766 ft

Sh, !d gry to 1t gm gry; a., vf, led gry; sl!t, gn 8rt. 8ry (5G16/I); .s, vf, bm gly

55 ft rh, gn Sry (5cY6/l) !o icd gry (N5); tdj vf, yel s (5Y8/r) to r srr (5GY6/1)

30 f t $, tsf , yhlt. (I9) to lt gry (N7); aLrt srd ah, @d lt Brt (ll5), occ atelaed

515 ft r:s! to vf s3, 8ry red (5R4/2); sh, nd gry (N5); !r, vf, v 1! gly (N8); rrace bLk pho.ph.tlc chlps (? !!tg4l fragmnts) ar 9290.

slst, ild lt 8ry (N5) to gh gry (5flb/1); !r.c. slrt to vf ss, gry red (5R4/2); tlsce pholph.tlc chlps (tE8ltl flegD€Dts). PUBLICATION 5? 77

Page

Adams Run anticline ...... b, 1l AlleghanyCounty ...... ff Martinsburg Formation ...... 6,8, 11, 19,21,91 Alleghany Front...... 11,29 Martinsburgtime...... 27,30 Ambonychia ...... Zl Massanutten Mountain g, 19, 21, g1 Anderson Ridge anticline ..,...... 5,11 Massanutten Sandstone .... 9, 11, 16, 19,20,29-31 Appalachia . . ..29 Massanutten synclinorium ...... 3,6,9, 16, 19,31 G,9,18,27,29 Medina Group Bays-Moccasin redbeds ...... 1 Gray Medina ...... 6,9 Bloomsburgredbeds ...... 19 Red Medina ..... 6. 11 Blount delta ...... 1 White Medina ...... 6, 1G Blue Ridge fault ...... 5 Mills Gap ...... 11, 1g Bolar anticline...... ,...... 5 North Fork Mountain, West Virginia . . . .. 15 Botetourt County ...... 1l North Mountain fault ...... b.9. g1 Brassfieldlimestone ... . .16 Ordovician-Silurian boundary...... 6,30 Brocks Gap, Virginia lI, tZ, Zt, B0 trace fossils ...... 15 Browns Mountain anticline ...... b trace fossil communities ...... 16 BuffaloGap ...... 31 Orthnrhyncula ...... 21,27 CataractFormation ...... 16 Orthorhynchula-Ambonychio community ..21,27 Catawba Mountain ...... g0 Orthorh.ynchulabiozone 9,11,19,21,30 Catawba syncline 19. 90. 81 (Sandstone) ... 6, 9-11, 12, 13, Cherokee discontinuity ...... g1 t4, t8, 79,27_31 Chilhowee Group ...... 19 Paddy Mountain antieline 5,21 Paleocurrent data .. 19 Paleocurrent map ...... 18 Pulaski fault ...... 5

Queenston delta complex ...... 3, 29 Queenston Formation (Shale) ...... 11, 13 Read-Coyner Mounfain window Reedville Formation ...... Rich Patch anticline ...... 5 ...... 30 Rochester Sha1e...... 19 Rockingham County, Virginia 11, 19

Fagg, West Virginia 30 Fincastle, Virginia 30 Salem (Catawba) syneline 3, 5, 9, 19, 30, 31 Harpers Ferry, West Vi 19 Hightown anticline ...... l) Hunkerson Gap, West Virginia ...... 11, 12 lngles Mountain window ...... B, b Inman Formation ...... 1g lsopach Map Martinsburg Formation 10 Oswego Sandstone t4 Juniata Formation ...... 17 Tuscarora Sandstone ...... 20 Juniata Formation 6,9, 11, 15, 18, 19,27-31 Keefer Sandstone . 19, 30 Leipers Limestone ...... 19 Liberty HaII...... 31 Lin4ula ...... 2I,27 turbidite Little North Mountain 9, lL, 13,2L,29 Tuscarora Sandstone g, ii, ib, ig, io, io-s? Long Ridge anticline ...... b Warm Springs anticline ...... 5 McKenzieshales...... 19 Wills Mountain anticline ...... b