Center for AFRAFRICAICANN STUDIESSTUDIES RESEARCH REPORT 2014–2015 THE CENTER WOULD LIKE TO THANK

Jessica Horwood for coordinating this project, the students and faculty who contributed reports and photographs, and Luca Brunozzi for the design and layout of this report. Cover photos by Erik Timmons and Abdoulaye Kane. TABLE OF CONTENTS

About the Center...... 4 From the DireCtor...... 5 CAS At FiFty: the FirSt 25 yeArS...... 6

FACulty reportS SHARON AbRAmOWITz – Culture and Humanitarian Response to the W. African Ebola Epidemic...... 9 CHARLES bWENgE – Linguistic Identity in a Globalizing Urbanscape: Three Swahili Cities...... 10 bRIAN CHILD – Economics and Governance of Wildlife and Conservation in southern Africa...... 11 ELIzAbETH DeVOS – Improving Emergency Medical Services in Africa...... 12 gORAN HyDEN – Local Policy, Millennium Development Goals, and African Politics...... 13 SUSAN JACObSON – Tourism and Community-based Wildlife Conservation in Kenya...... 14 AbDOULAyE KANE – The Articulation of Translocal and Transnational Tijani Religious Circuits...... 15 CORENE mATyAS – Rainfall and Patterns of Income for Farmers in Mozambique...... 16 bOb mcCLEERy – Wildlife Research in Swaziland and South Africa…...... 17 SARAH mcKUNE – Nutrition and Gender among Pastoralists in the Context of Climate Change...... 18 bARbARA mcDADE gORDON – African Diaspora “Out of Africa” and Africa Diasporans “Into Africa” ...... 19 ESTHER ObONyO – A Learning Through Service Approach for Architecture and Engineering...... 20 TERJE OSTEbO – Islam and Politics in the Horn of Africa and Beyond...... 21 JULIET PULLIAm – Strengthening US-Africa Connections and Capacity in Infectious Disease Dynamics...... 22 DANIEL REbOUSSIN – Libraries Curate Elephant Data for Online Open Access...... 23 fRANK SEIDEL – Documentation of Baga Mandori: An Endangered Language of Guinea...... 24 JILL SONKE – The Arts and Public Health in Uganda...... 25 LUISE WHITE – Rhodesian Independence and African Decolonization...... 26

StuDent reportS OUmAR bA – Outsourcing Justice: Africa and the Politics of the International Criminal Court...... 28 LINA bENAbDALLAH – (Re)Branding a ‘China Alternative’ in Africa’s Development Scene...... 29 mAmADOU bODIAN – The Reform of Institutions in Senegal and Mali...... 30 bENJAmIN bURgEN – Transnational Hometowns: Migration & Development in the Senegal River Valley...... 31 POULOmy CHAKRAbORTy – Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Conditions in Peri-urban Kenya...... 32 ALEx CHIDAKEL – Economic Performance of Protected Areas in Contrasting Institutional Landscapes...... 33 AmANDA EDgELL – Exploring Mechanisms for Entry and Roles of Women in African Parliaments...... 34 ANTOINETA EgUREN – Attitudes Toward Wildlife and Parks in Makuleke Villages, South Africa...... 35 DAN EIzENgA – Regime Stability, Political Liberalization, and Social Mobilization in the Sahel...... 36 mICHAEL gENNARO – The History of Boxing in Nigeria...... 37 VICTORIA gORHAm – State-led National Identity Formation in Tanzania...... 38 ANN LEE gRImSTAD – Zanzibar: The Nine-Hour Revolution...... 39 yANg JIAO – China’s Agricultural Investment in Nigeria...... 40 NICHOLAS KNOWLTON – Ghana’s Democratic Trajectory in Comparative Perspective...... 41 LILy mAyNARD – Seeking Stakeholder Collaboration: Community-Based Conservancies in Kenya...... 42 ASmERET mEHARI – Can Archaeology by Africans Genuinely be for Africans...... 43 THERESE RyLEy – Wastescapes in Urban and Peri-urban Senegal...... 44 ERIK TImmONS – Hip Hop Life and Livelihood in Nairobi...... 45 IbRAHIm yAHAyA – Islamic Insurgency in the Sahel...... 46

2 CENTER fOR AfRICAN STUDIES Research Report 2014–2015 CollAborAtive projeCt reportS Archaeological & Paleoenvironmental Research in the Ndali Crater Lakes Region...... 48 Alternative Small Business Financing Options to Micro-Finance Loans in Kenya...... 49 Community Archaeology Workshop...... 50 Sahel Research Group...... 51 Kongo Across the Waters...... 52 Linguistic Ecology of Dakar’s Markets...... 53 Development, Security & Climate Change in the Sahel...... 54 Social Enterprise Approach in Low Cost Housing...... 55 Sub-Saharan Africa Business Environment Report...... 56 UF-UDSM Linkage: 25 years of Cooperative Exchange...... 57 Taking Africa to the Classroom...... 58

Alumni upDAteS TImOTHy AJANI ...... 60 CARLEE fORbES ...... 61 ASHLEy LEINWEbER...... 62 RObERT PRESS...... 63 in memoriAm mADELyN L. LOCKHART...... 64

AFriCAn StuDieS QuArterly...... 65 Foreign lAnguAge AnD AreA StuDieS FellowShipS...... 66 thAnkS to our DonorS...... 67 Support uF grADuAte StuDent reSeArCh on AFriCA...... 68

CENTER fOR AfRICAN STUDIES Research Report 2014–2015 3 ABOUT THE CENTER

One of the nation’s premier institutions for teaching and research about Africa

Founded in 1964, the Center for African Studies at UF has been continuously designated a U.S. Department of Education Title VI National Resource Center for Africa for over 30 years. It is currently one of only 10 such centers nationally, and the only Africa NRC located in a sub-tropical zone. Title VI funding to CAS sup- ports research, teaching, outreach, and the development of international linkages in Africa.

The Center has over 100 affiliated teaching and research faculty in all of the core disciplines in the humani- ties and social sciences, as well as in agriculture, business, engineering, education, fine arts, natural resources and environment, journalism and mass communications, law, tourism, and natural sciences. Graduate study on African issues may be pursued in any of these fields. Center faculty maintain ties with universities across the African continent, including institutions in Botswana, Ethiopia, Ghana, Mali, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, South Africa, Tanzania, and Uganda.

The Center’s innovative and influential on-line journal, the African Studies Quarterly, is the first fully peer- reviewed electronic journal devoted to the field. ASQ plays an important and largely unique role in facilitating the publication of research on and from Africa, and offers invaluable professional training for UF graduate students who serve on its editorial board.

Graduate study of Africa at UF

Graduate study with a focus on Africa can be carried out in virtually every graduate or professional program across the university. Prospective students are encouraged to consult the websites of the individual programs for admissions procedures and criteria. Students in any graduate program at UF have the option of pursu- ing a Graduate Certificate in African Studies. We also encourage them to consult the Center’s website and to contact us when they submit their applications.

Complementing formal coursework, a regular and dynamic series of lectures, conferences and other activities open to all interested graduate students provide rich opportunities for interdisciplinary exchange and discus- sion about Africa. Most significantly, a number of dynamic CAS-sponsored interdisciplinary working groups organize speakers and events that bring together faculty and graduate students with shared interests, provid- ing students with unique opportunities for research and professional development.

4 Center for African Studies Research Report 2014–2015 FROm THE DiRECTOR AbE gOLDmAN

sciences, conservation, and health; from commitment to the Masters in aspects of political, social, economic, Development Practice (MDP) degree, and linguistic change to the human and jointly offered with the Center for Latin environmental impacts in Africa of climate American Studies at the University of change, disease, and globalization. Florida. MDP admitted its fifth class in A major objective of CAS is to 2014, and many of the MDP students have bring together scholars from numerous been or plan to be involved in develop- backgrounds and perspectives to identify ment projects and efforts in Africa. and address important questions of intel- Finally, UF’s Program in African lectual and applied significance. We’ve been Languages, which is closely linked to particularly pleased by the involvement CAS as well as UF’s Department of of researchers in professional schools Languages, Literatures, and Cultures (LLC), – including among others architecture, hosted a fourth summer of intensive public health, medicine, veterinary science, African language instruction through the agriculture, forestry, law, journalism, and African Flagship Languages Initiative education – together with those from the (AFLI). Graduate and undergraduate social and natural sciences and humanities, students from UF and numerous other in cross-disciplinary research on and in universities received innovative immersive Africa. The Center and our faculty and instruction in five African languages. students have also consistently encour- We are also very pleased to aged and supported collaboration with acknowledge the support we receive colleagues throughout Africa, and we have from various sources. Most notably, CAS It is a great pleasure to been enriched by both short and longer was again granted funding as a Title VI present the University of florida’s term visits by scholars and researchers National Resource Center for African Center for African Studies (CAS) from various parts of Africa and elsewhere. Studies in 2014, one of only ten in the 2014-15 Research Report. The year In addition to graduate student country. This grant helps us continue 2014 marked the 50th anniversary of the and faculty research, CAS together with many of our programs and supports Center for African Studies at the University the CIBER program at UF’s College students through Foreign Language and of Florida, and former Center Director of Business funded four innovative Area Studies (FLAS) fellowships. We are and Emeritus Professor Hunt Davis “Research Tutorial Abroad” grants in also extremely grateful for the consistent reviews some highlights of the Center’s summer 2014 that allowed UF faculty support for the Center from the University history below. We’re extremely gratified at members to bring undergraduate students of Florida, particularly the College of the continuing growth in the scope and to their research sites in Africa for a Liberal Arts and Sciences, the Office of diversity of research on Africa carried out formative field research experience. These Research, the International Center, and by faculty and students at UF, as well as the included Rose Lugano, whose students the Office of the Provost. Numerous increasing number of students and faculty investigated self-employed women’s individual donors, listed later in the report involved in Africa-related teaching and financing innovations in Mombasa; continue to support our activities and research. With their efforts and involve- Fiona McLaughlin, whose students students and help us to prepare scholars ment, CAS has become one of the largest studied the linguistic ecology of Dakar’s and researchers who have deep under- and most diverse academic centers for markets; Esther Obonyo, whose students standing of and commitment to African African Studies in the US and in the world. examined affordable housing options in peoples, societies, and environments. The research summaries in this urban Tanzania; and Jill Sonke, whose Finally, we note with sadness the report represent a sample of some of the students explored arts and visual literacy passing in January 2015 of Dr. Madelyn scope of work on Africa being carried in Uganda. UF students also participate in Lockhart, former Dean of the Graduate out at the University of Florida. Our field research and instructional programs School at UF and a great friend of the faculty and graduate students as well as focused on archaeology in Ethiopia, Center for African Studies. We were very visiting scholars are involved in research ecology and conservation in Kenya happy that was able to attend (and join that spans the continent geographi- and Swaziland, and UF’s study abroad the dancing) our annual party and 50th cally and ranges in focus from multiple programs in Dar es Salaam and elsewhere. anniversary celebration in October 2014. areas of the humanities to the natural CAS also continued its strong

CENTER fOR AfRICAN STUDIES Research Report 2014–2015 5 CAS AT FiFTy: NOTES ON THE FiRST QUARTER CENTURy, 1964-1989 HUNT DAVIS

When it was founded in of the 1972-73 academic year, when the ongoing university support, the Center was the 1964-65 academic year, the initial period of Title VI Center funding successful in its application for Title VI Center had two core faculty ended the core faculty had increased to funding, the core faculty had increased to members: Rene Lemarchand seven, with the addition of Paul Kotey in eleven with three new faculty members in (Political Science, appointed African humanities. There were now four the resource category, bringing that total 1962) and Clement Donovan additional resource faculty with extensive to seven. Course offerings had increased (Economics, appointed 1940). African field experience who could to sixty-six, and there were now about Lemarchand was the first Center Director, direct theses and dissertations on African twenty-five graduate students each year. 1964-68. While the National Defense topics. Course offerings had increased The Center was well placed to Education Act was signed into law in 1958, to forty-five, with twenty-four at the compete successfully for Title VI funding the first Title VI Centers received funding graduate level, and the library had begun in 1976 and, for the first time, NDFL in 1959—nineteen in all. The UF Center to develop substantial holdings on Africa. (subsequently FLAS) fellowships to for African Studies was founded with the When Haig Der-Houssikian became support graduate students. The faculty intent of applying for Title VI funding. director in 1973 (serving until 1979) upon continued to grow. A major expansion It received its first NDEA Center grant returning from a Fulbright in Angola, in the curriculum was the increase in in 1965, thus joining the Center for Latin the Center thus had a modest profile African language instruction beyond American Studies as a Title VI Center. nationally, but it had established itself as Swahili. UF began to offer Shona in The Center’s preoccupation in its an accepted norm in the academic life of addition to Swahili, using the Fulbright first years was to develop its infrastructure, the University of Florida. The fact that program to bring graduate students from which meant first of all expanding the the university expanded its support of the the University of Zimbabwe as teaching core Africanist faculty. The first two Center despite not having Title VI funding assistants while working on their degrees. hires were both in 1966: Brian duToit is testimony to its significance on campus. Arabic was also added, as was Yoruba. in Anthropology and David Niddrie There were four additional appointments This expanded language instruction in Geography. Two additional core to the core faculty over the next two years: led to the Center receiving six NDFL faculty members arrived in 1967: Haig Anita Spring in Anthropology, Bernadette fellowships. It also laid the groundwork Der-Houssikian in Linguistics/Swahili Cailler in French, and, Mildred Hill in for a truly major institutional expansion and Hunt Davis, Jr. in History. By the end English. Thus, by 1976, when, due to the of African Studies a few years later: the establishment in 1982 of the Department of African and Asian Languages and Literatures, with Haig der Houssikian as chair, in 1982-92. With departmental status, new faculty positions opened up. The requirements for Title VI funding had expanded to include an active outreach program to schools, colleges, universities, businesses, and the general community. Hence, the Center in 1976 embarked upon an active outreach program with the first Outreach Coordinator appointed in 1978. A major outreach undertaking was creating a traveling art exhibit that travelled to fourteen other institutions and museums in the Southeast over the next three years. The material in this exhibit also forms the founda- tion for the Harn Museum’s African art holdings. The Center also began to conduct summer institutes for teachers.

6 CENTER fOR AfRICAN STUDIES Research Report 2014–2015 Yet another outreach activity was the Center’s funding and publication three times a year of the Bulletin of the Southern Association of Africanists. With a circulation of 800, it was addressed primarily to K-12 and community college curricular needs. The Center again in 1979 lost its Title VI funding for what were now being called National Resources Centers (NRCs) just as Hunt Davis took over the directorship. The challenge facing the Center, if was to regain Title VI funding, was to define what there was about African Studies at UF that made it a national resource for Africa so that it could compete successfully for a restoration of Title VI funding in 1981. The Center was fortunate that the university maintained its commit- ment to African Studies for this two-year period and even funded some of the areas that a Title VI grant would have covered. The answer arrived at was that UF was a land-grant university with a well-established Africanist liberal arts and sciences faculty and a focus on tropical and sub-tropical agriculture that was unique in the land- There was much more going on in structure. Della McMillan was appointed grant system. The Center’s 1981 Title VI UF African Studies in the 1980s beyond as the first assistant director of the Center application reflected this expanded agricul- the focus on African agriculture. From and Patricia Kuntz became outreach tural interest, for the resource and support 1980-88, the Center also was the host coordinator. These two positions enabled faculty included six faculty members institution for the African Studies Review, the Center to greatly expand its activities in the Food and Resource Economics which is a publication of the African and presence on campus, including the Department, a soil scientist, and a wildlife Studies Association, with Hunt Davis Baraza lecture series, working groups, ecologist. By the next year, the list of serving as editor. In 1984-85, the Center conferences, and outreach to schools IFAS faculty affiliate with the Center had established what was to become its major and colleges. Expanded Center funding expanded to include five more in food and annual set of lectures/conferences on under Title VI also enabled the Center to resources economics, four in agronomy, critical African-related topics, which it support a growing number of graduate two in veterinary medicine, an additional named in honor of Gwendolen M. Carter. students with FLAS Fellowships. A soil scientist, and one each in animal The core faculty of African specialists mark of how far the Center had come science, extension service, and horticulture. continued to expand. Ron Cohen came to from its early days was the willingness UF from Northwestern in 1982 and consti- of Dean Charles Sidman to authorize an tuted a major anthropology hire that gave external search for a new director when the Center enhanced visibility. Another I stepped down since he believed that major hire was that of Goran Hyden, who such a search would enhance the Center’s joined the political science department national presence and reputation. in 1987. In 1988, Peter Schmidt assumed the center directorship and joined the R. Hunt Davis, Jr. is professor anthropology faculty as a specialist on emeritus of history and served as African iron age archaeology. These faculty CAS director from 1979-1988. appointments, and numerous others, led to a continued expansion of African course offerings and of master’s theses and doctoral dissertations on African topics. The renewal of the Center’s Title VI funding in 1981 also allowed for the expansion of the Center’s administrative

CENTER fOR AfRICAN STUDIES Research Report 2014–2015 7 FACULTy REpORTS

ShAron AbrAmowitz Culture and Humanitarian Response to the W. African Ebola Epidemic

ChArleS bwenge Linguistic Identity in a globalizing Urbanscape: Three Swahili Cities briAn ChilD Economics and governance of Wildlife and Conservation in southern Africa elizAbeth DevoS Improving Emergency medical Services in Africa gorAn hyDen Local Policy, millennium Development goals, and African Politics

SuSAn jACobSon Tourism and Community-based Wildlife Conservation in Kenya

AbDoulAye kAne The Articulation of Translocal and Transnational Tijani Religious Circuits

Corene mAtyAS Rainfall and Patterns of Income for farmers in mozambique bob mcCleery Wildlife Research in Swaziland and South Africa

SArAh mckune Nutrition and gender among Pastoralists in the Context of Climate Change bArbArA mcDADe gorDon African Diaspora “Out of Africa” and Africa Diasporans “Into Africa” eSther obonyo A Learning Through Service Approach for Architecture and Engineering terje oStebo Islam and Politics in the Horn of Africa and beyond juliet pulliAm Strengthening US-Africa Connections and Capacity in Infectious Disease Dynamics

DAniel rebouSSin Libraries Curate Elephant Data for Online Open Access

FrAnk SeiDel Documentation of baga mandori: An Endangered Language of guinea jill Sonke The Arts and Public Health in Uganda luiSe white Rhodesian Independence and African Decolonization

8 CENTER fOR AfRICAN STUDIES Research Report 2014–2015 CULTURE AND HUmANiTARiAN RESpONSE TO THE WEST AFRiCAN EBOLA EpiDEmiC SHARON AbRAmOWITz

August-October 2014. This research has explored several critical issues informing the Ebola response, including the pace in which local populations assimilated new information about Ebola, local attitudes towards mass graves and cremation, community-based responses to Ebola in urban neighborhoods, and patterns of healthcare-seeking and clusters of co-morbidity in the Ebola crisis. Abramowitz published her monograph Searching for Normal in the Wake of the Liberian War in 2014 and has an edited volume forthcoming publication in 2015 (with Catherine Panter-Brick, Yale Sharon Abramowitz has and with humanitarian organizations. University) entitled Medical Humanitarianism: taken a lead role in building the Communications are further circulated Ethnographies of Practice, both with Emergency Ebola Anthropology across several other national networks University of Pennsylvania Press. In Network. Starting in September of social science experts working on addition, Abramowitz has continued her 2014, Abramowitz, the American Ebola, including the Reseau Ouest- pre-existing research agenda focused on Anthropological Association, and Africain SHS Ebola (a Francophone medical humanitarianism and gender-based colleagues obtained support for creation social science listserv), a collective of violence. She has also continued her of the AAA/WCAA/Wenner-Gren/GWU anthropologists operating in Liberia, and research into the history of gender-based Emergency Initiative on Anthropology several practitioner networks (ex. UNDP’s violence in Liberia, Cote d’Ivoire, and and Ebola, which culminated in the ALNAP network, the Society for Medical Rwanda in order to empirically examine convening of 30 leading anthropolo- Anthropology (SMA), and the National and theorize how patterns of gender gists of Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Association of Practicing Anthropologists violence and gendered protections are and Nigeria, infectious disease and (NAPA). The Network has built linkages shaped by historical and contemporary epidemics, and humanitarian response with the Centers for Disease Control, the conditions in diverse contexts. at George Washington University on United Nations Mission for Emergency November 6th-7th, 2014. The first task Ebola Response (UNMEER), the World of the initiative was to generate a series Bank, the International Development of anthropologically informed recom- Research Centre (IDRC), the World mendations for the Emergency Ebola Bank, the US government, UNICEF, Response in West Africa, which is now and the World Health Organization, publicly available through the American as well as partners in the government Anthropological Association Website. of Sierra Leone, Liberia, Guinea, and Through the Emergency Ebola neighboring countries. The network Anthropology Network, Abramowitz has works via a publicly accessible listserv, a sought to bring together interdisciplinary discussion board, and a website hosted by and international social science experts the UK Ebola Anthropology Platform. to inform the Ebola response. Presently, In order to contribute to the Ebola the network includes 150-200 experts in response directly through research, 11 countries, including U.S., U.K., Canada, Abramowitz has been working in partner- France, the Netherlands, Germany, ship with colleagues at UF, Yale, and the Belgium, Senegal, Liberia, Sierra Leone, World Health Organization in Liberia to and Guinea. Most participants have analyze data collected during the height Sharon Abramowitz is 10-30 years of experience in the region of the Ebola crisis in Liberia between assistant professor of anthropology & African studies.

CENTER fOR AfRICAN STUDIES Research Report 2014–2015 9 LiNgUiSTiC iDENTiTy iN A gLOBALiziNg URBANSCApE: THREE SWAHiLi CiTiES CHARLES bWENgE

status that would be inherited by the newly independent nations in the second half of the 20th century. Today, they do not only constitute part of the global urban Africa, but also popular destinations of Western and Oriental tourists and host cities to the Kiswahili study abroad programs. Throughout these centuries, Kiswahili language and culture have consis- tently remained one of the major elements of their cultural identity. Certainly, no any linguistic or cultural landscape that Cities all over the world of the LUA project specifically aiming remains static. In this regard, linguistic constitute a totality of urban at exploring how linguistic identities are and cultural dynamics have also become cultural productions within which negotiated in Africa’s globalized or global- part of general evolution of these cities. linguistic culture has been one izing urban settings. Swahili cities on the Farouk Topan (2006), for example, of the most remarkable features east African coast and its off-shore islands refers to these Swahili cultural dynamics that define the city. For example, in present an interesting case due to their as ‘from coastal to global.’ The bottom addition to ‘French’ architectural designs long urban traditions (one of the oldest line is that there has been continuity and or ‘French’ business culture is the French urban civilizations on the continent). Dar change in the Swahili cultural landscape, language that defines Paris. A visitor es Salaam (Mainland Tanzania), Mombasa a phenomenon that has attracted a is overwhelmed by French language in (Kenya) and Zanzibar (Zanzibar) with significant attention of scholars who study whatever corner they turn. How contem- a shared cultural background have been Africa. This project aims at highlighting porary African cities are defined by the selected as the focus of this study as they the relatively sidelined phenomenon that African unique linguistic complexities is an are potentially well located (in space and pertains to the dynamics of linguistic aspect that has not evaded sociolinguists’ time) for a productive comparative analysis. landscape in African urban setting. attention (e.g. UF’s project: The Languages Today, Dar es Salaam (DSM), of Urban Africa (LUA), 2009, PI: Fiona Mombasa (MBS) and Zanzibar (ZNZ) Charles Bwenge is senior lecturer McLaughlin). This study is a continuation indisputably are among the largest global & coordinator of the program in African cities in the east African region. DSM has Languages (pAL) in the Center for a population of approximately 5 million African Studies and the Department of people, MBS has a population of over a Languages, Literatures & Cultures. million, and ZNZ about a half million. All three have a lot in common, histori- cally and in contemporary times. All cities represent the emergence and evolution of the Swahili civilization. They first emerged as trading centers during the early Indian Ocean Trade that brought merchants from the Arabian Peninsula and the Indian sub- continent to the east African coast in the first part of the 2nd millennium. Gradually, trading centers grew into remarkable city states particularly in the case of MBS and ZNZ, then they turned into colonial administrative and/or commercial capitals during European colonization of Africa in the first half of the 20th century, the

10 CENTER fOR AfRICAN STUDIES Research Report 2014–2015 ECONOmiCS AND gOvERNANCE OF WiLDLiFE AND CONSERvATiON iN SOUTHERN AFRiCA bRIAN CHILD

to a positive and green development trajec- translate our research in governance and tory, based mainly on replacing top-down economics into graduate level curricula. committee-based collective action with What is innovative is that we are avoiding genuine participation, and also on stronger the classroom, and are developing commercial relationships with the private training courses where the participants sector to unlock the bio-experience are actively engaged in applying new economy, especially wildlife tourism, skills to conservation and development hunting and ecosystem services. We have programmes with a focus on communi- had particularly successful partnerships ties in the buffer zones of the huge with the private Sabi Game Reserve and Kruger and Kafue National Parks. Mangalana community, which is situated With large amounts of donor money in Mozambique but on the Kruger border. now being targeted at carbon, biodiversity This is a post conflict situation in which and poverty in protected area buffer zones, people struggle to feed themselves, have we are positioning ourselves to provide been disenfranchised from wildlife, and the social technology (e.g. governance, provide a safe passage for rhino poachers. economics, livelihood tracking) and other Earlier this year, they received their first technology (e.g. satellite monitoring of ever cash payments from wildlife as a deforestation and forest degradation) that result of our partnerships, and we will be is necessary if these investments are to repeating earlier surveys to see if and how be effective. The Global Environmental The University of florida has attitudes and opportunities are shifting. Fund for example has invested billions of a strong programme of graduate In Zambia, we have a partnership dollars into biodiversity over the past two research linked to large conserva- with The Nature Conservancy which, decades, and is keenly aware of the need tion areas and communities in incidentally, employs several Florida for scientific evaluation of their projects, southern Africa. We have cultivated alums – Patricia Mupeta and Jessica and the application of stronger science relationships based on pragmatic research Musengezi. Here our goal is to develop into project conceptualizing and design. that adds as much value locally as we livelihood and governance tracking tools Our goal is to bridge the gap between the derive from it though our PhDs and so that we can measure the impact of immediacy of development assistance and publications. This has allowed us to form conservation interventions on people’s the much slower cycles of scholarly consid- strong partnerships with a number of nutrition, health, production and asso- eration. The way we approach research key agencies in the region, so that we can ciational capacity. We have introduced through the co-learning by co-doing integrate our research directly into practice, tablet computer technology to improve or transdisciplinary research process, is or what we call co-learning by co-doing. the accuracy and effectiveness of these beginning to find traction with innovative With the Southern African Wildlife surveys. Four Gators have played an agencies like UNDP’s global biodiversity College, the USAID-funded RESILIM important role in this process – Shylock programme. Building these partnerships, Project, Norwegian Higher Education for Muyengwa and Leandra Clough in Zambia, and working in an interdisciplinary way is Development and WWF-South Africa and Antonieta Eguren and Alexander a comparative advantage that Florida has we are working with key communities in Sprague in the Makuleke community that in being increasingly appreciated by Mozambique and South Africa to assess that owns part of Kruger National Park communities and development agencies. livelihoods and governance, and to then as part of their MDP practicum. use this to start a process of governance With surprisingly little academic Brian Child is associate professor reform. These communities are locked interest in community micro-governance of geography and African studies. into a vicious cycle of poverty and envi- and protected area and wildlife economics, ronmental degradation, yet private wildlife the demand for what we do is growing conservationists and national parks earn rapidly. Through partnerships with ten to forty times more from the same Southern African Wildlife College, land. Our hypothesis is that institutional Stellenbosch University and Copperbelt reform can transform thee communities to University in Zambia, we are working to

CENTER fOR AfRICAN STUDIES Research Report 2014–2015 11 impROviNg EmERgENCy mEDiCAL SERviCES iN AFRiCA

ELIzAbETH DeVOS

In the face of a high burden Congress on Emergency Medicine, held of morbidity and mortality due to in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, I will present a road traffic accidents, infectious lecture on the diagnosis of brain death in diseases and, increasingly, non- the low-resource Emergency Department communicable disease, Africans and also serve as a facilitator in the pre- are vulnerable in times of acute conference research skills workshop. illness and injury. In previous reports, In the past year, I have worked I described the scary reality that in many on national and international commit- parts of the world, casualty centers are tees addressing Global Health and staffed by junior physicians with no Emergency Care. As a member of specialty training—if any particular care the Society for Academic Emergency for emergencies is available at all. With Medicine’s Global Emergency Medicine the help of the African Federation for Academy, I co-authored “Global Emergency Medicine, local specialty Health and Emergency Care: An programs for practitioners of Emergency organizations, Ministries of Health and Undergraduate Medical Education Medicine and have worked closely with nongovernmental organizations as well as Consensus-based Research Agenda” the new post-graduate training program in local physician and allied health champions, published in Academic Emergency Rwanda. A University of Florida College this is slowly changing in Africa. Medicine in 2013. Specific to Africa, I of Medicine-Jacksonville senior Emergency I continue to work with the AFEM lead a working group of the International Medicine resident will join me in Kigali to develop open-access content for the Federation for Emergency Medicine’s to participate in an elective at the referral core curricula for specialist trainees. Specialty Implementation Committee hospital while I continue to provide faculty These lectures and simulation sessions to produce a manuscript for publication support for the residency. As I transition supplement the African Federation of this winter in the African Journal of into the role of Director of International Emergency Medicine Handbook of Acute Emergency Medicine entitled “How to Medical Education Programs for the and Emergency Care. I authored several Start and Operate a National Emergency College of Medicine, I hope to continue chapters and edited the psychiatry section Medicine Specialty Organization.” to foster relationships that will allow for the text published in 2013, which This document will provide practical us to develop sustainable partnerships has become a core resource for most guidance to stakeholders developing for educational exchange and research emergency medicine specialist trainees Emergency Care in Africa and beyond. partnerships including undergraduate and on the continent. At the 2014 African I continue to cultivate local relation- ships to provide education in training post-graduate trainees from the University of Florida. Ideally, many will have the opportunity to participate in educational and systems development endeavors related to ongoing AFEM programs.

Elizabeth Devos is assistant professor in the Department of Emergency medicine and director of the international Emergency medicine program.

12 CENTER fOR AfRICAN STUDIES Research Report 2014–2015 LOCAL pOLiCy, miLLENNiUm DEvELOpmENT gOALS, AND AFRiCAN pOLiTiCS gORAN HyDEN

effectiveness. After a successful validation workshop in January in Kampala, the project was brought to closure and the proposed new scheme approved by the IG. A second assignment brought me to Kigali where I led a team of consultants with the responsibility to write the fourth Milennium Development Goals Progress Report for Rwanda. The project was administered by the UNDP but involved close consultation with the Government of Rwanda, notably its Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning. It was a sensitive exercise since the trust between the two partners seemed rather shallow. We had to go through several drafts before there I continue my routine of was a consensus and it was only after a spending time in Tanzania, workshop meant to validate the report Sweden and florida. melania and that all the issues that the Government I find it invigorating and allow had came out and thus forced us into yet a us to experience new as well as couple of more rounds of writing. Anyway, old things either on location in the assignment was completed in August these places or through travels 2014 and when this is being written it is to neighboring destinations. under local production for dissemination in of Justice and Peace in Africa” with It would be a mistake to call this field Rwanda as well as within the UN System. my former student, Professor Peter research but the important things for My main writing project during the VonDoepp, serving as discussant. both of us is the exposure to different last fifteen months was the completion parts of the world. With a keen and of a revised second edition of my 2006 goran Hyden is distinguished inquisitive mind these insights become book titled African Politics in Comparative professor emeritus of political science valuable complements to the formalized Perspective. I am pleased to see that it is and former director of CAS. knowledge that books and articles offer. being widely used as a textbook both I have kept busy writing and doing in North America, Europe and Africa. consulting work ever since my retirement Other things that I have done include in 2008. The latter brings me in touch with participating in a conference in Helsinki, the empirical reality of Africa. During Finland on “Knowledge Generation and 2013-14 I was involved in two challenging Development.” My paper is included assignments. The first was to help the in an edited volume to be published by Inspectorate of Government in Uganda Routledge in late 2014. I have also contrib- to come up with a stringent and more uted to two Festschrifts, one for a former relevant set of indicators for tracking Tanzanian colleague at the University of corruption in the country. There are Dar es Salaam, the other for a Danish myriads of measures out there, most of researcher and friend who is retiring the administered by international bodies 2015. In September 2014 I organized and most of them of little policy value two sessions on decentralization in Africa in Uganda. The task, therefore, was to at the Nordic Africa Days in Uppsala, find the right mix of locally generated Sweden. I am also organizing a panel at the and international standard measures that forthcoming African Studies Association could be adopted for greater relevance and Annual Meeting on “Contending Concepts

CENTER fOR AfRICAN STUDIES Research Report 2014–2015 13 TOURiSm AND COmmUNiTy-BASED WiLDLiFE CONSERvATiON iN KENyA SUSAN JACObSON

species to contribute to tourism satisfac- support more effective conservancies. tion. Ecotourism benefits, currently a Research on the governance and focus of tourism enterprise websites, incentive structures for reducing emissions appeals mainly to only one type of tourist from deforestation and degradation attracted to Laikipia. Recommendations to (REDD) in Tanzania is being completed the Laikipia Wildlife Trust were to further by my doctoral student, Theron Morgan- enhance tourism-centered information Brown. Experience with community based and outreach for other audiences. natural resource management in Africa Research by M.Sc. student Dickson suggests that in countries like Tanzania, K. Ritan evaluated biodiversity threats and where more than half of remaining forests tourism development in Kenya’s terrestrial are on village lands, REDD governance parks and reserves in order to improve structures should ensure that communities Community-based natural policies and strategic management actions. receive tenure over forest carbon and a resource management can be an We compared management effectiveness pathway to benefit from this resource. This effective approach to conserving in national parks managed by the central requires that villages are nested within a wildlife and improving human government through the Kenya Wildlife national emissions accounting system and welfare in Africa. Evaluation of Service and national reserves managed rewarded for their individual performance the factors leading to effective wildlife by local authorities. Based on documents at reducing emissions. Theron is devel- conservation in protected areas as well and surveys to 104 managers at Kenya’s oping and assessing REDD benefit sharing as on communal and private lands can terrestrial national parks and reserves, 56% systems at the village level that ensure identify problems to be addressed by of protected areas experience high threats. wide participation and accountability. management and educational outreach, Biodiversity threat levels did not differ Evaluation of conservation and promote efficiency and accountability. between the national parks and reserves. programs promotes an understanding of My research on “Tourist Satisfaction However, specific threats, like livestock economic, cultural, and contextual factors and Information Needs at Kenya’s incursion and illegal human settlement that influence support or opposition to Community Tourism Enterprises,” were significantly higher in reserves conservation policy. The success of conser- examined the tourism experience in compared to parks. The national reserves vation interventions for resources, wildlife, Laikipia, Kenya. A series of photographs were less visited despite similarities in many and livelihood depends on these analyses. and statements representing Laikipa’s types of tourist attractions, such as the wildlife, landscape features, cultural “big five,” large mammals, and birdlife. heritage, and a variety of service variables Susan Jacobson is professor in M.Sc. student Lily Maynard, is that may influence visitor satisfaction the Department of Wildlife Ecology and conducting an evaluation of community- Conservation and director of the program were Q-sorted by a sample of guides based conservancies in Maasai Group for Studies in Tropical Conservation. and managers of four nature-based Ranches in Kenya, assessing opportunities tourism enterprises and visiting tourists. for stakeholder collaboration. A goal of Using factor analyses, the data yielded 3 her research is to determine differences groups each describing a distinct visitor in community participation and program experience: “Ecotourist Experience,” understanding between mature and new “Comfortable Wildlife Experience,” conservancy programs. She is assessing and “Vacation Experience.” strengths and weaknesses of the programs Our results identified wildlife and perceived by directly and indirectly involved cultural resources of importance to stakeholder groups in order to construct Laikipia tourists as well as relative values a “Potential for Collaboration Index” to of service quality attributes and ecotourism highlight supports and barriers to stake- benefits. Findings suggest the importance holder collaboration and conservation. The of management actions to maintain results will inform recommendations for threatened, but controversial, wildlife local action by communities and NGOs species such as lions and elephants, and to increase benefits and decrease costs to promotion of the region’s rare dryland

14 CENTER fOR AfRICAN STUDIES Research Report 2014–2015 THE ARTiCULATiON OF TRANSLOCAL AND TRANSNATiONAL TiJANi RELigiOUS CiRCUiTS AbDOULAyE KANE

Every year thousands of West African muslims belonging to the Tijani Sufi Order travel to fez to pay a visit (ziarra) to the founder of the Tariqa buried inside the Tijani zawiya situated in the old medina of the city. The Baro family in Mbour, known for belonging to the Medina Gounass branch of Tijaniyya in Senegal, has over the past two decades led collective visits to the Zawiya Tijani of Fez. The annual Ziarra of Fez has become one of the most important moments for the Baro brothers to reenact their religious authority over their expanding translocal and transnational networks of followers. In the 1980s, Mansour Baro initiated translocal circuits of travel that take him from Mbour to the villages of the Senegal River Valley (along the border between Senegal, Mauritania, and Mali) and to neighborhoods in Dakar where transnational networks with a special engage in that make them comparable to he preaches Muslims to return to the attention to Fez and their connections secular tourists. The research examines practice of “true Sufi Islam” by following with the Tijani Family in Morocco. the lodging arrangements for pilgrims the recommendation of the Prophet and This research examines how the outside the hotels. It investigates the Sidi Ahmed Tijani. Over the years, he Baro brothers use the Ziarra of Fez to shopping and sightseeing of symbolic established a vast network of villages affili- consolidate their religious authority and places in and around the city of Fes. ated to him and to the Medina Gounass to prove their special rank in the Tijaniyya Branch of Tijaniyya. Some of the leaders brotherhood. It analyzes the ritual of this translocal community of followers Abdoulaye Kane is associate performances and the sermons delivered are invited to join Tierno Manour to his professor of anthropology and African by the Baro brothers inside the Zawiya studies. annual Ziarra in Fez where they are met by during the annual Ziarras. The appearance their followers in Morocco and Europe. of Sheikh Tijani to Sheikh Baro as well After his death in 2007, Tierno Mansour as the claims of embodiment of Sheikh was replaced by his brother who continues Tijani by followers, and the assurances to entertain his expanding translocal and of prayers answered are all part of the confirming elements of the high ranking of Sheikh Baro. The research analyzes the relations that pilgrims in the Zawiya Tijani of Fez entertain with the sacred and how they attempt to materialize baraka through the combination of the water of Zawiya’s well, the Tomb of the founder of Tijaniyya, and his descen- dants. The research addresses lastly a touristic dimension of the pilgrimage by looking at various activities that pilgrims

CENTER fOR AfRICAN STUDIES Research Report 2014–2015 15 RAiNFALL AND pATTERNS OF iNCOmE FOR FARmERS iN mOzAmBiQUE CORENE mATyAS

conducting decomposition analyses of the Gini index and Duclos-Esteban-Ray (DER) polarization index. Contrary to generally accepted view that weather shocks exacerbate existing income and power disparities within societies, we find evidence that inequality and polarization can decline in the aftermath of an extreme event, and increase even where the weather is relatively good. By identifying varying effects of extreme events on inequality and polarization at subnational level, our study enables a more detailed understanding of weather-related effects on socio-economic outcomes in rural societies rapidly integrating into the global economy. In 2014, Dr. Silva and I had a paper published in the journal Weather, Climate, and Society: “Relating rainfall patterns to agricultural income: Implications for rural development in Mozambique.” The paper “Regional Inequality and Polarization in the Context of Concurrent Weather and Economic Shocks: The Case of Mozambique” by Silva, Matyas, and Cunguara is currently in revision. I am serving as a named collaborator on a research grant funded by the National Science Foundation: Inside the Charcoal Trade: Investigating the Dynamic Intersections between Economic Dr. Julie Silva (University recent submission to Applied Geography, Development, Urbanization, and Forest of maryland) and I continue to we examined how extreme weather in the Degradation in Mozambique. The PI explore how rainfall variability context of on-going economic shocks is Dr. Silva and the Co-PI is Fernando and extreme rainfall events may influence regional inequality and polariza- Sedano, a Research Assistant Professor be related to changes in income tion within Mozambique. We utilized at the University of Maryland. Our for rural subsistence farmers rainfall estimates detected by satellites to other collaborators are Dr. Zacarias across mozambique. Our collabora- develop a monthly rainfall climatology over Ombe, Susana Baule, and Cardoso tion has been extended to include Dr. 1998-2013 and determined the percentage Meque from Universidade Pedagogica; Benedito Cunguara, a Research Associate of normal rainfall received at each village Natasha Ribeiro of Eduardo Mondlande in Agricultural, Food, and Resource in each study month of the growing University; Dr George Hurtt from the Economics (Michigan State University) season. We sectioned Mozambique into University of Maryland; and Michael who currently lives and works in Maputo. rainfall regions based on being impacted L. Lahr of Rutgers University. Together, we have explored by tropical cyclones, floods from non- relationships between rainfall patterns, tropical cyclone rainfall, rainfall deficits, Corene matyas is associate agriculture, and income occurring between and the receipt of relatively normal rainfall. professor of geography. national surveys of socio-economic data We then relate these weather patterns to in 2002, 2005, 2008, and 2012. In our changes in inequality and polarization

16 CENTER fOR AfRICAN STUDIES Research Report 2014–2015 WiLDLiFE RESEARCH iN SWAziLAND AND SOUTH AFRiCA bOb mcCLEERy

important to developing regions where they respond to pressure from develop- landscapes are rapidly altered without an ment, poaching, climate change and understanding of the actual consequences. different management practices. We are also working to address an Finally, are working to understand apparent African elephant conservation what causes the outbreaks of human paradox: the conservation of elephants is diseases that are harbored in wild animals essential for the health and functioning of in some areas of Africa but not others. savannas, but successfully conservation of Some of the world’s deadliest diseases elephants can lead to declines in the health and greatest global health challenges and functioning of African savannas. This include bat-hosted viruses in the family paradox has led to a contentious debate on Filoviridae, such as Ebola (Ebolavirus spp.) the best way to manage African elephant and Marburg (Marburg marburgvirus). There that are decline in some regions and locally is an urgent need to understand what over abundant in other. Africa’s savanna conditions lead to the “spill-over” of these I have been working on elephants are well studied but ecological bat-hosted pathogens to human popula- wildlife issues in Southern Africa data are rarely used to shape policies tions and where these events are likely since 1994 when I served as for their management and conserva- to occur in the future. The bat species an ecologist in Swaziland for tion. We are working create consensus that host these filoviruses have large the United States Peace Corps. among ecologist and to insure ecological geographic distributions, but spill-over data is used to find the proper balance does not occur evenly throughout their Currently, I have three major research between elephant population and the ranges. Biodiversity, human population efforts in the region that are all focused health of savannas. Our research will be density, and anthropogenic disturbance on areas of high endemism and rapid used to determine elephant management are broadly considered the primary drivers human growth (biological hotspots). Along practices in Kruger Park and Swaziland. of zoonotic spill-over events, yet the with four of my PhD Students we are Also in Swaziland we have place influence of these factors has not been working with group of colleagues from the a considerable amount of time and tested for filoviruses across regions of University of Swaziland and UF to improve effort into establishing a research and recent outbreaks. Along with my graduate our understanding of how land-use monitoring program throughout the student we are making good progress changes (agriculture, settlement, urbaniza- country’s protected areas. These protected toward understand which factors have the tion, etc.) alter wildlife communities and areas are some of the last refuges for greatest influence on these spillover events. ultimately impact human wellbeing. Taking endemic wildlife and plants found an interdisciplinary approach, this projects throughout the region. Working with a aims to understand how land-use changes Robert mcCleery is assistant local Non-Governmental Organization influence and reduce ecosystem services professor in the Department of Wildlife (All Out Africa, Inc.), we developed a Ecology and Conservation. Funding for (i.e. e.g. pollination, pest control, disease research plan that allows Swazi researchers these projects provided by: the College of resistance, seed dispersal) important to and land managers to detect changes Agriculture and Life Sciences, the National human populations. This work is critically Science Foundation, Bat Conservation in the plant and animal communities as international, and the Ford Foundation.

CENTER fOR AfRICAN STUDIES Research Report 2014–2015 17 NUTRiTiON AND gENDER AmONg pASTORALiSTS iN THE CONTExT OF CLimATE CHANgE

SARAH mcKUNE

A research team under The negative impact of climate worked with the CCPRL team on the cross Niall Hanan (South Dakota State change on the nutrition of livestock cutting issues of gender and nutrition. University) has developed an holders – particularly women – is well Her work is with project personnel and innovative pastoral ecosystem documented. Pathways include low partners, including training of NGO model to predict how climate crop/fodder production and conse- partners in research methods for nutritional change and emerging land use quent calorie deficiency; interaction analysis and collaborating with staff and patterns will change availability of of infection, catalyzed by changes in project partners to develop methodolo- key resources like water, fodder, weather and climate, and malnutrition; gies to explore gender and its impact on and movement corridors that and unfavorable exchanges at market the broader research questions about pastoralists depend on (Climate after environmental shocks. In addition adaptation to climate change. Dr. McKune Change, Pastoral Resources to the direct consequences of climate works with the Research for Development and Livestock in the Sahel: change on nutrition, poor nutritional Specialist to analyze nutritional and Developing a community relevant status may play an important role in gender related results and to design pastoral prediction system - determining what livestock manage- appropriate empowerment and nutrition CCPRL). The project team is working ment practices are embraced and if/ related activities, where appropriate. closely with local partner organizations and how they affect food security, income, In 2014-2015 Dr. McKune is pastoral communities to ensure that our or sustainable grazing practices. In other working with one of the project’s NGO research activities align with community words, poor nutrition may alter the way partners to conduct an analysis of herder needs and to prioritize the information that communities use information and nutrition at six locations, three in the north herders need to make decisions about what livestock management practices and three in the south.. Sample popula- livestock management practices. By design, they embrace. Thus, an understanding of tions will include pastoral populations informed and/or improved livestock the nutritional situation of herders is an across a gradient of mobility, including management practices should enhance important component when attempting to highly mobile transhumant populations food security, income and the sustainability improve their adaptive capacity to climate as well as recently settled communities. of grazing practices, leaving communities change and other environmental shocks. better able to adapt to climate change. Since 2012, Dr. Sarah McKune has Sarah mcKune is assistant professor of epidemiology and director of public health programs for the College of public Health and Health professions.

18 CENTER fOR AfRICAN STUDIES Research Report 2014–2015 AFRiCAN DiASpORA “OUT OF AFRiCA” AND AFRiCA DiASpORANS “iNTO AFRiCA” bARbARA mcDADE gORDON

The Africa Diaspora, the culturally they identify as “returning” to has been carried out to specifically collect distribution of peoples of African what they consider their African roots. such data. The returnees in the United descent, is global and reaches I have begun this research is in Ghana. States group were from a number of states: every continent and almost The diversity of these groups ranges New York, Louisiana, Colorado, Florida, every country in the world. The from recent immigrants from the United Maryland, Missouri, North Carolina, and migration of African peoples has States and the Caribbean to descendants Illinois. This research seeks to analyze both historical and geographical of Africans who escaped enslavement in their reasons for moving to Ghana and resonance. I presented a paper at the Brazil in the 19th century and relocated to how they have fared as residents there. International Conference on African Ghana and other areas in West Africa. I Studies sponsored by the Institute of am studying Africa Diasporans who are Barbara mcDade gordon is associate African Studies at the University of Ghana currently living in Ghana and conducted professor in the Department of geography. that captured this phenomenon, “The in-depth interviews with these ‘returnees’ Geography of the African Diaspora: from the United States, Canada, the United Where, When, Who, What.” I also chaired Kingdom, Jamaica, and Trinidad. Some had a panel session: “Out of Africa, Back to lived in other countries in Africa (Nigeria, Africa: African Diaspora, Migration, and Cote d’Ivoire, South Africa) before settling Sustainable Development.” Material from in Ghana. The United States returnees my research as well as other studies on this comprised the largest number of those topic will inform the new UF course that I whom I interviewed, but additional study will initiate in Spring 2015: “Geography of will help determine whether this is statisti- the African Diaspora: A Global Survey.” cally significant or due to convenience An additional component of this or snow-ball sampling. According to the research is what may be conceptualized as Ghana Ministry of Foreign Affairs (which “reverse migration.” I am interested in the recently established a Diaspora Affairs phenomenon of people of African descent Bureau) approximately 3,000 returnees in the Diaspora who have chosen to move from the United States, Canada, and to Africa to settle permanently. Although the Caribbean currently live in Ghana. most of them were born outside of Africa, However, this is an estimate as no census

CENTER fOR AfRICAN STUDIES Research Report 2014–2015 19 A LEARNiNg THROUgH SERviCE AppROACH FOR ARCHiTECTURE AND ENgiNEERiNg ESTHER ObONyO

Esther Obonyo was the Kibera Slum in Nairobi, which with moved into the flats. Many of them found awarded a fellowship by the an estimated population of at least one the cost of living in the formal housing Carnegie African Diaspora million people, is regarded by many as system without a steady job unsustainable. fellowship Program to travel the largest slum in Africa; one of the During the visit to a section of the Nairobi to Kenya during Summer 2014 most polluted parts of the Nairobi River; River, the team observed the direct effects to work with the University on the IBM R&D Lab in Nairobi; and the of a failure to provide infrastructure Nairobi in a project is directed and Kenya Vision 2030 Head Office. Dr. for sanitation and waste in Kibera. The at designing and developing Obonyo also travelled with the students water was visibly polluted and also had a a research and education to low income housing projects being strong unpleasant smell. There were some framework for providing intensive implemented by the National Housing horticultural activities nearby which raised undergraduate research training Building Research Association in Tanzania. concerns among the students that some for high caliber University of There were several group deliberations on of this vegetables were sold in the main Nairobi (UON) engineering and the challenges of urban growth based on markets in Nairobi exposing the general architecture students, based recent efforts in Kibera. The Government public to a milieu of infections. The visit on a Learning through Service of Kenya, in collaboration with other to the IBM labs in Nairobi was directed (LTS) approach. The co-investigators stakeholders, initiated two programs: at enhancing the students understanding were Prof. Patts Odira, Acting Principal, the Kenya Slum Upgrading Program of how large corporations are using College of Architecture and Engineering (KENSUP) in 2004 and the Kenya market-based approaches to address the at the UON and Erastus Abonyo, chair Informal Settlement Improvement Project Grand Engineering Challenges. The team of the Department of Architecture. (KISIP) in June 2011. The programs were interacted with different IBM groups Dr. Obonyo mentored six students directed at improving the livelihoods of making a contribution to problems such as during her two-month African in Diaspora people living in the slums and informal pollution, traffic management and crime residency. The students were Joseph settlements through providing security of prevention using a data analytics approach. Kivuva (civil engineering); Rose Oturi tenure, housing improvement, physical At the end of the two months, (architecture); Ruth Lelei (architecture); infrastructure and social amenities. the students indicated in their post Phaustine Wekesa (civil engineering); While touring Kibera, the group experience feedback that program had Chris Okeyo (electrical engineering); identified several examples of positive a real life touch which enhanced their and Hatim Dossaji (civil engineering). developments such as two small biogas understanding of the role of designers. She designed group activities revolving plants. The group also noted that a The students also indicated that their around the “Engineering for Base of the significant number of slum dwellers still appreciation of the overlaps that exist Pyramid (E-BOP)” theme through which use “flying toilets” because the existing across the different design functions. she enhanced the students’ understanding, facilities are based on a pay per use model. The teaching at the UON are still largely application and evaluation of engineering The adjacent “Raila Flats” that were done in the traditional disciplinary silos. solutions to the social needs of low income supposed to benefit some Kibera residents communities. There were several field also appeared to have had very little Esther Obonyo is associate trips to carefully selected sites including: impact. A small fraction of slum dwellers professor of building construction.

20 CENTER fOR AfRICAN STUDIES Research Report 2014–2015 iSLAm AND pOLiTiCS iN THE HORN OF AFRiCA AND BEyOND TERJE ØSTEbØ

much of my research in focuses here have been on the issue of 2014 has been devoted to three ritual purity and piety within Salafi religious parallel projects, all dealing with reform, and what I call “The Politicization religion and politics in the context or Religious Purity.” This project is in of Ethiopia. While this is a continuation relation to my role as a guest editor for of my interest in Islam in the Horn of a special issue on Salafism in Africa for Africa, it has moved in the direction of the journal Islamic Africa. Lastly, I have investigating Islamic reformist views on worked on a project on the relationship democracy, secularism and the role of between religious and ethnic identities in religion in the public sphere. Obviously, the context of the Horn of Africa. I have this also includes looking at how the state through this research tried to forward has reacted and acted. The first of these new conceptual approaches on how to research projects is part of a larger one understand the formation, maintenance, called “Ethiopia: Consolidating Peace, or and power of such identities. This will Emerging New Conflicts?” which explores appear as part of the Wiley-Blackwell recent conflictual patterns emerging in the Companion to Material Religion, 2015. very recent years. My part of this inves- 2014 has also been a successful tigates increasingly fragile interreligious year in terms of publications. These have relations, and how the competition over included five journal articles inComparative the same public space has caused tensions Islamic Studies, Africa Today, Journal of between Muslims and Christians. It also Islamic Studies, Instituut Culturele Antropologie, looks into the regime’s religious policies has analyzed both the role of religious Contemporary Islam, as well as a case-study and how its assertive secularist policy (state and non-state) actors in the Horn of report on Islamic reform in Zanzibar. have exacerbated negative relations to the Africa, and how this has shaped Ethiopia’s religious communities, particularly the “religious” foreign policy. The project has Terje Østebø is assistant professor Muslim. My second project, again part of also looked beyond the immediate region, in the Center for African Studies a larger one, “Ethiopia’s Foreign Policy,” and explores Ethiopia’s ambivalent policies and the Department of Religion. towards Saudi Arabia and other Gulf States. The last project has been looking at representation of the Muslim Brotherhood in Ethiopia. While the movement has no concrete and formal presence in the country, it is present through individuals and groups of individuals attracted to the Muslim Brotherhood’s ideas, becoming crucial for what I have called a “Muslim Politics of Recognition.” All of this research is carried out through my engage- ment in the International Law and Policy Institute (Oslo, Norway), and the projects are funded by the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Swedish Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and NOREF, respectively. In addition to this, I have been working on a project on African Salafism, surveying both common trends and local variations for Salafi movements and groups across the continent. In particular, the

CENTER fOR AfRICAN STUDIES Research Report 2014–2015 21 STRENgTHENiNg US-AFRiCA CONNECTiONS & CApACiTy iN iNFECTiOUS DiSEASE DyNAmiCS JULIET PULLIAm

faculty at North American institutions and American I3D scholars to work with ICI3D faculty at African institutions. Since the ICI3D program’s inception in 2012, the MMED and DAIDD clinics have provided training to 126 participants, 82 based at African institutions and 44 from US institutions. During this time, 14 UF participants from 9 departments and degree programs have attended the MMED and/or DAIDD clinics. In addition, the first 3 I3D Scholars completed their exchanges in 2014. Joseph Sempa, a researcher at Infectious Diseases Institute, Uganda was supervised by Dr. Steve Bellan, an ICI3D faulty member based at The University of Texas at Austin. Joseph completed a project focused on mathematics and simula- about infectious disease dynamics by novel prognostic markers for HIV-related tion are essential tools in infec- integrating mathematical models with health outcomes in an urban cohort in tious disease control, enabling epidemiological data. Participants learn Kampala, Uganda. Sarah Ackley, a PhD decision-makers to explore to use data to inform the construc- student in Epidemiology at University control policies before imple- tion of the simplest or clearest models of California – San Francisco (UCSF), menting them, interpret trends, appropriate to answer a given question, was supervised by Dr. John Hargrove and predict emerging threats. rather than on development of complex of SACEMA and completed a project The ICI3D Program, a collaboration mathematical models unrelated to data. on estimating tsetse fly mortality from between the UF Emerging Pathogens The Clinic on Dynamic Approaches entomological surveillance data, which has Institute and the South African Centre to Infectious Disease Data (DAIDD), important implications for understanding for Epidemiological Modelling and held annually at the University of Florida, transmission and control of the parasitic Analysis (SACEMA), provides intensive targets public health researchers and disease trypanosomiasis. Ernest Mwebaze, training in these methods to students population biologists interested in studying a PhD student at Makarere University and researchers from the US and Africa infectious diseases. Instruction focuses on in Uganda was supervised by Dr. Travis and aims to cultivate an international how the complex dynamics of pathogen Porco of UCSF and completed a project network of researchers from diverse transmission influence study design and on evaluation of clinical trial data from backgrounds. The program comprises data collection for addressing problems a trachoma elimination program. two distinct but overlapping International in infectious disease research. Participants More information on the ICI3D Clinics on Infectious Disease Dynamics develop written research proposals for their Program, including application informa- and Data and a complementary systems of interest and receive guidance tion for the MMED and DAIDD clinics research scholars exchange program. in seeking out the resources necessary for is available at http://www. ici3d.org. The Clinic on the Meaningful carrying out their proposed research. Modeling of Epidemiological Data The International Disease Dynamics Juliet pulliam is assistant professor (MMED), held at the African Institute of and Data Research Scholars Program (I3D) in the Department of Biology and Mathematical Sciences in South Africa, funds scholars to spend 6 weeks working Emerging pathogens institute and the targets quantitative scientists, including on an approved research project at the director of the iCi3D program. The iCi3D mathematicians, statisticians, and infec- ICI3D faculty member’s home institu- program is supported by the National institute of general medical Sciences tious disease epidemiologists. Participants tion. The exchange program allows I3D of the National institutes of Health. engage with meaningful questions scholars from Africa to work with ICI3D

22 CENTER fOR AfRICAN STUDIES Research Report 2014–2015 LiBRARiES CURATE ELEpHANT DATA FOR ONLiNE OpEN ACCESS DANIEL REbOUSSIN

collected during large-scale culling opera- as managers of community resources tions designed to mitigate overpopulation rather than elephant poachers. Another at environmentally stressed sites in Kenya, area Parker is recognized as having been Tanzania, and Uganda. Project teams particularly influential (if controversial) estimated ages, weighed organs, measured is in his reports on the world trade in body parts, recorded sex and reproductive elephant ivory. Until now these confidential status, and noted other observations. It reports have been nearly impossible for is unlikely that similar information will researchers to access. This generous gift be collected again for such a large group and grant of permission allows UFDC of elephants from wild populations. to make these reports freely available With the goal of making these significant online: Black Report (1971), White Report records easily available after 45 years in (1973), Ebur (1975), The Ivory Trade private hands, the original handwritten (1979), and The Raw Ivory Trade (1989). Elephant Data Sheets were processed for We welcome researchers to use these preservation and access on site, before online materials and to further explore being digitized and loaded to the University manuscripts available on site in the In 2010, Nairobi-based of Florida Digital Collections (UFDC). Smathers Library Grand Reading Room. conservation practitioner Ian While image files of handwritten Parker donated his profes- field data enable open access for readers Daniel Reboussin is the UF sional papers to the University online, the format is of limited use Smathers Libraries’ African Studies of florida george A. Smathers because these records cannot be analyzed Curator and a Center for African Studies Libraries. These manuscripts cover as is. Recognizing the enhanced value Affiliate. Digitization of African Studies wildlife related issues representing his over transcription would add to the data, UF Collections is supported by the CAS Title vi grant in collaboration with the fifty-year career; first as a game warden Health Science Center Library’s Veterinary UF Libraries and UF Digital Collections. in the Colonial Kenya Game Department Medicine liaison Hannah Norton and I Transcription of the online data records in the 1950s, with Wildlife Services, Ltd. were awarded internal funding in 2013 was supported by the george A. (East Africa’s first wildlife research and for The Parker elephant data sheets: A Smathers Libraries mini grant program. management consultancy) from 1964- library mini-grant project proposal. A 1976, and as an independent consultant team of students transcribed the records until Parker’s retirement in 2011. The Ian over the summer in order to make the Parker Collection Relating to East African data accessible in an online digital format, Wildlife Conservation complements which as a result can be downloaded other African wildlife related acquisitions directly into spreadsheet or statistical also open for research, the Graham and applications. Detailed information and a Brian Child African Wildlife and Range codebook are also available along with the Management Collection, which notably data file in: The Ian Parker East African documents CAMPFIRE community Elephant Data Sheets: A handbook for conservation programs across Zimbabwe, the transcribed biological data set. and the Records of the East African The Parker collection includes other Professional Hunters Association, a group primary sources as well as scarce, rare, that was influential in establishing Kenya’s and unique wildlife conservation materials wildlife conservation policies, wildlife unavailable elsewhere until now. Some tourism, and game laws from 1934-1974. of the most significant reports were also Among Parker’s manuscripts is digitized, of which a few examples may a unique, substantial set of elephant suffice to encourage research use. In 1960, biological records. Curated within the Parker implemented the Galana Scheme, collection are 3,175 data sheets that, from which broke with established practices 1965 to 1969, Wildlife Services, Ltd. teams to recognize Watta hunter-gatherers

CENTER fOR AfRICAN STUDIES Research Report 2014–2015 23 DOCUmENTATiON OF BAgA mANDORi: AN ENDANgERED LANgUAgE OF gUiNEA fRANK SEIDEL

combined with the rise of Soso since independence as a language of the political center Conakry, has led to a general situation where Soso presents a prestigious alternative means of communication for Baga speakers. This contributes consider- ably to the language shift from Baga to Soso. A point that severely aggravates this situation is the inexistent administrative support for Baga Mandori. Baga Mandori (or any Baga language) is not considered a national language and thus it is, to my As a visiting research heterogeneous ethnic and linguistic envi- knowledge, neither part of any government fellow at the Center for African ronment. The language is predominately or NGO initiative for alphabetisation, nor Studies I am working on the spoken in the area around the mouth is it part of any school curricula, nor is documentation of baga mandori, of the river Kogon, namely the districts it used in the media. This state of affairs an under-documented Atlantic of Dobaly and Kalagba located within has already led to the disappearance of language spoken in the coastal the prefecture of Boké. Neighbouring Baga languages, such as Baga Kaloum, region of guinea, West Africa. languages include, among others, Landuma, and to the endangerment of any Baga With this work I continue my efforts to Balanta, Nalu, Peul (Fula) and other Baga varieties still spoken, some of which are document and preserve languages of varieties. Overshadowing this situation reported to only feature a few remaining the Guinean littoral that I have started is Soso, the dominant lingua franca of speakers (Baga Koba, Baga Sobané). with the documentation of Nalu, whose the Guinea littoral, with speakers also In a 1996 New York Times article, speakers live in the immediate vicinity of in Guinea-Bissau and Sierra Leone Holland Cotter remarked that despite the Baga Mandori speakers. The purpose of and to which Baga Mandori speakers international prominence the Baga cultures the project is to create a digital archive are starting to shift. The community had gained due to the popularity of the on Baga Mandori containing annotated speaking Baga Mandori is said to number Nimba (D’mba) mask that still iconi- audio-visual material, a grammatical sketch, approximately 4000 speakers although I cally represents African art, the people, and a trilingual, Baga-English-French suspect the number to be much lower. language, and culture behind the art still dictionary. The project is funded by the Baga culture, religion, and languages remain little known. Seventeen years later National Endowment for the Humanities. have been under considerable pressure Cotter’s comments are still valid and this Baga Mandori belongs to the Atlantic from the outside for a long time and exist project hopes to make a dent into the (Niger-Congo phylum) group of languages, in an environment where being Baga is/ lack of Baga linguistic documentation. or the langues sénégalo-guinéennes as they are was often viewed as pagan and backward by outsiders. This includes the political and sometimes referred to in French sources. It Frank Seidel is a post-doctoral represents the northernmost variant of a religious dominance emanating from the research fellow in the Center for cluster of languages (or dialects) generally Fouta Djallon, the expansion of Mande African Studies. called Baga which are (from north to languages (notably Soso) and cultures, south: Baga Mandori, Baga Sitemu, Baga and the “paranationalist” politics after Sobané, Baga Kakissa (also Baga Marara), independence. In response to this every Baga Koba, and Baga Kaloum, all of Baga society has already undergone critical which are or were spoken (some of these changes to their culture. One illustrative varieties are already extinct) in the Republic example of this is the iconoclastic ‘Jihad’ of Guinea. This group of languages is, by Asekou Sayon (Yaasekou Sayong) which together with Landuma, related to the happened shortly prior to independence Temne language of Sierra Leone and are and succeeded in destroying a consider- part of the Mel cluster of languages. able amount of Baga (and other coastal Speakers of Baga Mandori live in a groups’) ritual objects and sacred sites. The adverse attitude towards being Baga,

24 CENTER fOR AfRICAN STUDIES Research Report 2014–2015 THE ARTS AND pUBLiC HEALTH iN UgANDA JILL SONKE

interviews with community members in three villages focused on how they get health information and how they make health-related spending decisions. In addition, along with Dr. Pesata and our team of research assistants, I conducted a full systematic review of the literature on use of the arts for health messaging in low-literacy and low-resource regions. These studies, in addition to their individual findings, resulted in the develop- ment of a set of guiding principles for using the arts for health messaging and serve as a the basis of our Evidence-Based Framework For Using The Arts For Health Messaging. The studies also informed the development and publication of a concept brief focused on use of the arts for health messaging to stop the spread of Ebola in West Africa and the development of an international network that is working to promote evidence-based use of the arts in the Ebola response. The Arts and Health Messaging Concept Brief and Evidence-Based Framework For Using The Arts For Health The arts have long been used public health and other programs that Messaging are available online through the as a means to educate the public, use culture-based arts practices, aesthetics Center for Arts in Medicine website. foster community engagement, and design, performance, and mass and influence behaviors. Arts-based media to engage target populations Jill Sonke is director of the Center health promotion has its roots in traditional and convey health information. for Arts in medicine. This project was cultures where storytelling, drama, and I have been researching best practices supported by a Research Tutorial Abroad music are primary means for enforcing in using the arts to promote health in grant from the Warrington College East Africa since 2009. This investigation of Business and CAS, with additional belief systems that guide behavior. In support from the UF Office of Research. many low-resource and low-literacy led to the recognition that Uganda is regions, the arts are indigenous forms unique among nations in its longstanding of social learning and are deeply woven investment, leadership and effectiveness in into the fabric of daily life. In these areas, using the arts in health literacy campaigns. the arts have been shown to be a highly With RTA grant support, I traveled to effective and efficient means for health Uganda in May/June of 2014 with project communication and social mobilization. co-investigator, Dr. Virginia Pesata and With support from a Research four undergraduate research assistants. We Tutorial Abroad (RTA) African engaged four additional research assistants Multidisciplinary Field Research Program and a third co-investigator from Makerere grant and the UF Office of Research, I University and undertook two studies. The have undertaken a set of studies in East first included interviews with 25 public Africa focused on use of the arts for health and Ministry of Health leaders as health messaging in low-resource and low- well as professional artists who work in literacy regions. These studies investigate public health. The second study involved

CENTER fOR AfRICAN STUDIES Research Report 2014–2015 25 RHODESiAN iNDEpENDENCE AND AFRiCAN DECOLONizATiON LUISE WHITE

have become in imperial histories. For and honed this material I was fortunate African historians, racist and reactionary enough to be able organize or co-organize regimes were interchangeable; thus it has three workshops, all supported to a degree been commonplace to explain Rhodesian by CAS, each of which allowed me to racial policies by referencing South Africa’s. exchange ideas with colleagues at other Second, there are no national archives for institutions and to clarify my thinking on independent Rhodesia. For reasons more several issues as this project shifted from to do with staffing than politics, nothing being a military history – which I intend has been accessioned in the National to get back to – to a political history to Archives of Zimbabwe since 1984: while a project that engaged with the broader there are a few manuscript collections issues of memories and memorialization. available for the years of UDI, ministe- Between 2005 and 2013, I organized or rial files are only open up to 1958. For co-organized four workshops, all funded this reason, the research I have done has in full or in part by CAS, one of which been triangulated on three continents. was on the politics of exile in Southern With summer funding from the Africa, held in Sheffield, England on Center for African Studies, the College the snowiest weekend in its history. for quite a number of years of Liberals Arts and Science, and the I’ve been working on a project International Center at UF I have used Luise White is professor of history. looking at the history of state- the large collection of oral interviews with craft during Rhodesia’s renegade Rhodesian politicians - conducted during independence, 1965-1980 the 1970s - in the Zimbabwe National which will be published by the Archives; Rhodesian cabinet materials University of Chicago Press in from 1960-78 taken from Zimbabwe and 2015 - Unpopular Sovereignty: deposited in the Cory Library of Rhodes Rhodesian Independence and University in South Africa; British govern- African Decolonization. After almost ment files in the British National Archives thirty years of writing African social and recently accessioned election monitor history, this project came as a surprise to files from the Commonwealth Secretariat me. Historians of Africa and historians of Archives in London; private papers decolonization have tended to avoid writing deposited in Rhodes House, Oxford; the about Rhodesia’s renegade independence papers of Rhodesian moderate, multi- (1965-80). Whether the white minority’s racial organizations now housed in the Unilateral Declaration of Independence Borthwick Historical Institute in York; (UDI) from Britain is described as a last the boxes of papers from the Rhodesian stand of empire or as a pale imitation Army that were briefly available in a now- of South Africa’s apartheid, Rhodesia defunct private museum in Bristol; and (until 1964 Southern Rhodesia, after 1980 the collection of Rhodesian ephemera at Zimbabwe) is invariably seen as such a Yale. I have also relied on the extraordinary great exception to the orderly processes of amount of white writing, mainly novels decolonization that it is beyond explana- and memoirs, produced in Rhodesia tion. There are two reasons for this. First, at this time, and formal and informal African historians have been reluctant to interviews I have conducted in Africa write the histories of rogue and reactionary and Britain. The refractory nature of this regimes, especially when they were led by research has encouraged me to write a white minorities. White settlers have never political history that shows the fractures been part of the canon of African history and fissures of Rhodesian independence. topics, however fashionable settlers might As I researched and thought about

26 CENTER fOR AfRICAN STUDIES Research Report 2014–2015 gRADUATE REpORTS

oumAr bA Outsourcing Justice: Africa and the Politics of the International Criminal Court linA benAbDAllAh (Re)branding a ‘China Alternative’ in Africa’s Development Scene mAmADou boDiAn The Reform of Institutions in Senegal and mali benjAmin burgen Transnational Hometowns: migration & Development in the Senegal River Valley poulomy ChAkrAborty Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Conditions in Peri-urban Kenya

Alex ChiDAkel Economic Performance of Protected Areas in Contrasting Institutional Landscapes

AmAnDA eDgell Exploring mechanisms for Entry and Roles of Women in African Parliaments

AntoinetA eguren Attitudes Toward Wildlife and Parks in makuleke Villages, South Africa

DAn eizengA Regime Stability, Political Liberalization, and Social mobilization in the Sahel miChAel gennAro The History of boxing in Nigeria viCtoriA gorhAm State-led National Identity formation in Tanzania

Ann lee grimStAD zanzibar: The Nine-Hour Revolution yAng jiAo China’s Agricultural Investment in Nigeria niCholAS knowlton ghana’s Democratic Trajectory in Comparative Perspective lily mAynArD Seeking Stakeholder Collaboration: Community-based Conservancies in Kenya

ASmeret mehAri Can Archaeology by Africans genuinely be for Africans? thereSe ryley Wastescapes in Urban and Peri-urban Senegal erik timmonS Hip Hop Life and Livelihood in Nairobi ibrAhim yAhAyA Islamic Insurgency in the Sahel justice. The end result may be either a OUTSOURCiNg JUSTiCE: violation of the norms and their de-legit- imization, or simply their perversion, AFRiCA AND THE pOLiTiCS OF by which I mean their use for purposes other than what they were intended for. THE iNTERNATiONAL CRimiNAL Using an interpretive methodology, my dissertation research is grounded in COURT Critical Theory of International Relations with an empirical component focused OUmAR bA on the relationship between the ICC and four African states: Kenya, Uganda, Côte d’Ivoire, and Libya. Therefore, my project seeks to shed light on the intersection of state power and interests vis-à-vis international human rights norms and regimes of transnational criminal justice. Moreover, I offer a critical reading of transnational legal processes that challenges the conception of an international criminal justice regime as an unmitigated good. In May and June 2014, I completed six weeks of fieldwork at the ICC in The Hague, Netherlands, where I did archival research, and interviewed officials in the Office of the Prosecutor, the Public Affairs Unit, and defense lawyers. While at The Hague, I also interviewed representatives of civil society organizations working in the area of international criminal justice. As a participant observer, I was also able to watch the Court proceedings of the trials of Kenyan Deputy President William Ruto, former DRC militia leaders Germain Katanga, and Thomas Lubanga, and the admissibility challenge of the Libyan government before the ICC. How do states respond which African states engage in political The next step in my project is to to the increasing transnational calculations of the costs and benefits of do fieldwork research in Kenya, Uganda, character of criminal justice referring “situations” in their territory to and Côte d’Ivoire where I will conduct and the international diffusion the ICC. It appears that the states that interviews with political leaders, judges, and of human rights norms and have used the self-referral mechanism officials at the ministries of justice who are regimes? Whereas it is often argued that have deferred to the ICC jurisdiction in involved in the criminal investigation and such transnational regimes of criminal an attempt to pursue their own political prosecution of mass atrocities. I will also justice may erode state sovereignty, my agendas by inviting the ICC to deal do archival research focusing on primary dissertation explores the ways in which with their local adversaries — whether sources in order to better understand the states — especially those presumed to be political opponents or rebel leaders. local debates that animate the relation- weaker in the international system — use Through an internationalization of the ship between the political and judicial the International Criminal Court (ICC) as crimes that may have been committed in apparatus in those countries with the ICC. leverage in their domestic conflicts and their territory, these states forsook their to empower themselves in the pursuit responsibility to investigate and prosecute. By exploring the ways in which Oumar Ba is a phD candidate in of their political interests. To that end, the Department of political Science. with the ICC as a focal point, I argue that states self-refer cases to the ICC pros- project research funded by the Center African states engage in the perversion of ecutor, I posit that the political elites are for African Studies, the UF Office of international legal norms and regimes. mostly guided by their self-interests, not Research, the Department of political The premise of my arguments is the rules and expected norms of behavior Science, and the UF graduate School. based on the exploration of the ways in for upholding human rights and delivering

28 CENTER fOR AfRICAN STUDIES Research Report 2014–2015 (RE)BRANDiNg A ‘CHiNA ALTERNATivE’ iN AFRiCA’S DEvELOpmENT SCENE LINA bENAbDALLAH

recipients’ challenges and aspirations. The sales. Without neglecting the roles that main take away for me from this experience these aspects of power play, I argue that attending the workshop was to see how it is necessary to investigate a more subtle the Chinese official rhetoric frames its face of power that lies within the practices relationship to the rest of the Global South that promote Chinese know-how and (re) as a provider of a promising alternative to brand a Chinese path to development. I existing traditional powers. In this regard, therefore take practices such as training China can identify both as an emerging African military, agricultural technolo- powerful donor as well as a historically gies from Chinese rural areas, as well as long time recipient of foreign aid and can, producing African scholars sponsored by During summer 2014, I thus, put both hats on as a way to illustrate the Chinese government, as government spent five weeks in China doing the pragmatism of its foreign policy. practices that work by ways of producing dissertation fieldwork. During In addition to this, I also attended and normalizing a China alternative. the time spent in Beijing and in Jinhua a high-level official China-Africa Media (Zhejiang province), I have conducted Forum which brought government semi-structured interviews with civil representatives from 48 African countries servants, government officials, academic to Beijing in order to discuss digital specialists, think-tank experts on Sino- media collaboration. The experience African relations, and journalists who was very engaging for me since I got to work in Chinese news anchors in Africa. observe the interactions between Chinese In addition to this series of interviews, officials and their African counterparts I engaged as a participant-observer in a and listen to their speeches. The main workshop comparing OECD/DAC group take away for me from this experience and Chinese aid agencies and their respec- was to see how African delegates were tive project evaluation mechanisms. The also able and willing to be pragmatic in Lina Benabdallah is a phD workshop invited representatives from their relations with China –emphasizing candidate in political science. This its value added in the continent’s devel- research was supported by the Center Japan’s International Cooperation Agency for African Studies, the Jeanne & (JICA), the Agence Française de Développement opment in their discourses–without excluding their chances to strike deals Hunt Davis Travel Fund, and the (AFD), and USAID to showcase their Department of political Science. respective evaluation mechanisms and with American investors during the demonstrate with a case study. Then, there US-Africa Summit held in August. were three government representatives This fieldwork research feeds into from Uganda, Cameroon, and Sri Lanka my dissertation project investigating China- who each gave presentations evaluating Africa relations from an international the evaluation mechanisms of JICA, relations perspective. More specifically, AFD, and USAID and highlighting their I investigate what the nature of China’s strengths and weaknesses. The final part power in Africa is. Since China does of the workshop opened the floor to not have a single military base in Africa Chinese government representatives to (re) nor does it conduct extensive military present the Chinese alternative in carrying drills like traditional powers (such as, for developmental project evaluation in Africa example, the US, the UK, and France), mostly. Representatives from the Chinese in what other ways does China’s power Ministry of Commerce as well China take shape in Africa? I argue that it is not Ex-Im Bank made a case for the advantage sufficient to examine Chinese influence of China’s position as a later comer to and deployment of power in Africa from the ‘donor’ role and stressed that China’s a material capabilities approach as seen in experience as a recipient of foreign aid investment projects, construction works, gives it the advantage of understanding the resource extraction deals, and armament

CENTER fOR AfRICAN STUDIES Research Report 2014–2015 29 THE REFORm OF iNSTiTUTiONS iN SENEgAL AND mALi mAmADOU bODIAN

This report focuses on recent institutional reforms in Senegal and mali as part of a three year research project by the Sahel Research group, funded by a grant from the minerva Initiative. Since the early 1990, Sahelian states have been undergoing a process of institutional reform in order to manage the multitude of pressures confronting them, and hence to maintain stability and ensure social order. In Senegal, the reform of institutions is one of the key commitments that the current president, Macky Sall, made during the 2012 presidential campaign. After his election, President Sall suppressed the June 2014 local elections. Despite dispar- (AQIM) that took over northern Mali – Senate and set up a National Commission agements, members of the parliament elements of the Malian military, unhappy for Institutional Reform (NCRI) which was overwhelmingly voted the draft electoral with the Touré government’s handling of tasked with proposing reforms aiming to law (Law. 2014-18 of 15 April 2014) on the insurgency began a protest that turned improve the operation of state institutions, April 2014, repealing and replacing the into a military coup. The persistent crisis to consolidate democracy, to deepen the previous law (Law 2012-01 of January and international mediation that followed rule of law, and to modernize the political 3, 2012 regarding the electoral code). was marked in addition by debates on a system. Having concluded its work, the Like Senegal, Mali has been under- series of institutional reforms, including NCRI recommends the adoption of a going a series of institutional reform since the electoral system. Elections for a new new constitution. The proposed draft the late 1990. After the breakdown of the government were held in July 2013, under constitution divides political elites. The authoritarian regime in 1991, a National rules largely agreed to in the exceptional most controversial issues include the Conference was held, primarily designed circumstances, but which are followed by incompatibility of the status of President to build consensus over new institutions. new debates on reforming the system. of the Republic and that of leader of a In addition to the design of a consensual Today, a general consensus exist over political party, the restriction of the age constitution approved in a referendum the maintenance of the 1992 constitu- of presidential candidates to 70 years, and on 12 January 1992, new electoral rules tion. However, a number of political the limitation of the term of the Head of were set up. This move turned the country and institutional reforms were intended. State to five years, renewable only once. away from the dictatorial legacy of the These include (1) conferring a legal status Another major reform concerns past regime and marked the transition to the main leader of the opposition; the adoption of a new electoral code to democracy. While minor revisions of (2) reforming the territorial administra- for local elections. This followed an the constitution and electoral regulations tion and improving the electoral system administrative reform known as “Act 3 de intervened at more regular intervals during for local elections in order to improve la decentralisation” that have deeply altered the Konaré regime (1992-2002), major the national representation of minority the organization of the territorial and local institutional reforms were envisioned groups (particularly from northern Mali). administration. Indeed, Law 2013-10 of 28 during Amadou Toumani Touré’s rule The National Assembly have voted December 2013 establishing the General (2002-2012). However, the 2012 military the laws regarding these reforms, but Code for local authorities suppressed the coup interrupted the process. Indeed, they have yet to be promulgated by the region, the communal district, and the rural during Touré’s second term, the regime president, Ibrahima Boubacar Keita. community. These were replaced by two grew increasingly unpopular with claims types of constituencies: the department of corruption and ineffectiveness. On and the commune. Consequently, the mamadou Bodian is a phD candidate March 22, 2012 – following the Tuareg electoral code had to be adjusted to the in political science. He is currently funded rebellion connected to Islamists affiliated by the minerva Research initiative. new territorial organization before the 29 with Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb

30 CENTER fOR AfRICAN STUDIES Research Report 2014–2015 TRANSNATiONAL HOmETOWNS: migRATiON & DEvELOpmENT iN THE SENEgAL RivER vALLEy bENJAmIN bURgEN

Over the past year I have been analyzing data from preliminary research conducted during the summer of 2012. This ethnographic research took place across eight rural towns in the Senegal River Valley region of Mauritania and Senegal and addressed local perceptions of transnational migration and community development. Currently, I am preparing for extended field research in rural Senegal and among Senegalese migrant communities in France that will refine and expand upon this previous work. My preliminary findings suggest that a variety of social and economic factors influence migrants from the rural towns of the Senegal River Valley in their decisions of when and how to invest in and return to their communities of origin. The Senegal River Valley has a long and varied history of transnational migration stretching back to the colonial era. Migration has long been viewed as a way to bolster household finances. However, life in the rural towns of the region has become increasingly reliant upon the remittances of family members structure homeward-facing social networks Benjamin Burgen is a doctoral elsewhere. Today the region is facing and promote practical development candidate in anthropology and FLAS growing environmental challenges fellow (2011-13). Funding provided projects in hometowns. Hometown as desertification renders traditional by the Center for African Studies, associations collect and coordinate funds, agro-pastoral livelihoods less viable. the Jeanne and Hunt Davis Fund, solicit development aid, and collaborate and the UF Office of Research. This in conjunction with the fact that with people at home to carry out self- few local economic opportunities determined community improvement exist means that many see migration projects. These development projects as the only path to prosperity. address issues that span from education to However, despite the economic food security. They prioritize projects that marginality of the Senegal River Valley address local peoples’ social and economic and despite migrants’ physical absence, conditions, often through productive the rural towns of the Senegal River collaborations with a variety of state Valley are hubs of migrant investment. and non-governmental organizations. The vast majority of migrants Upcoming ethnographic research maintain strong social and economic ties will be conducted both in Senegal to their family and friends back home. and with migrants from the Senegal During their time abroad, migrants remain River Valley residing in France in order in frequent contact with people in their to better understand the ways that hometown and are formally organized transnational connections are shaping through hometown associations that life in the Senegal River Valley today.

CENTER fOR AfRICAN STUDIES Research Report 2014–2015 31 UNDERSTANDiNg SOCiAL-ECONOmiC AND ENviRONmENTAL DETERmiNANTS OF WATER, SANiTATiON AND HygiENE CONDiTiONS OF pERi-URBAN COmmUNiTiES iN KENyA POULOmy CHAKRAbORTy

In summer of 2014 I had the western Kenya, with varying livelihoods. opportunity to travel to the city We used qualitative research methods of Kisumu in Kenya, located on to gain a deeper understanding of WASH observations of garbage piles, open drains, the shores of the Lake Victoria for experiences, existing support mechanisms broken toilets, etc., during the walk. The data from this first phase of my pre-dissertation field research. and perceptions of diarrheal disease risk this research is now becoming available I was accompanied by my colleagues from from poor WASH conditions common to and the results are very exciting. I wish to UF, John Anderson and PI of the study, Dr communities in two peri-urban communi- acknowledge the efforts of our partners, Richard Rheingans. It was an opportunity ties in Nyalenda and one in Obunga. We Dr Jane Mumma and her staff at the for me to not only visit the continent of conducted six focus group discussions Tropical Institute of Community Health Africa for the first time but also experience (FGD) with mothers of who had children and Development in Africa at Great Lake and learn field level coordination and data of ages 6-36 months, six FGDs with University of Kisumu. This work could collection in a new and unfamiliar setting. landlords and tenants and seven transect not have been such a success without their Through my PhD research, I hope to gain walks within the communities of the three help in establishing ongoing relationships a better understanding of the relationship slums. The FGDs with mothers covered with the communities and their skills in between gender and social disparities and a set of pertinent questions for under- collecting these data. This trip was also how they influence water, sanitation and standing gendered roles and social factors critical for my dissertation and career hygiene (WASH) situations in peri-urban influencing household WASH conditions. development, helping me re-define my households and communities of Kenya. Questions were directed to know about research aims and improve my PhD Diarrheal diseases, second only their decision making roles within the proposal. I hope that the outcomes to pneumonia, are a major cause of households, mechanisms of seeking social of this research would help us better mortality of children under five years of support and existing challenges in case of understand the various socio-economic age in Kenya. We know that poor WASH their child’s illness due to diarrheal diseases, and environmental factors which affect conditions not only in households but in and for not having adequate WASH WASH conditions and identify sustain- the broader community are a major cause facilities. The FGDs with landlords and able solutions for Kisumu and for similar of diarrheal disease. Kisumu is a rapidly tenants covered questions regarding solid peri-urban settlements around the world. growing city of nearly 500,000 inhabit- and liquid waste management, household ants, located in Kisumu County in the and land tenure systems and ownership Nyanza region of western Kenya. Over policies, social and political participation poulomy Chakraborty is a the last 25 years, a large belt of informal and decision-making for household WASH phD candidate in the Department of conditions and behaviors. Systematic Environmental and global Health. Her pre- settlements has rapidly expanded and dissertation field work was funded by the now surrounds the municipal boundary, transect walks within the communities Center for African Studies, the madelyn forming a rural-urban continuum with helped us better understand the community m. Lockhart Summer Research Fund, the poor sanitation infrastructure and high infrastructure and contamination from UF Office of Research, and the SHARE heterogeneity in population density and the community’s perspective, wherein Research Consortium (United Kingdom). socio-economic status. A majority of the the participants identified and discussed population identifies themselves as Luo, about key WASH issues, challenges and but the city attracts people from all over potential for collective action based on

32 CENTER fOR AfRICAN STUDIES Research Report 2014–2015 generally regarded as economically under- EvALUATiNg THE ECONOmiC performing. To investigate this perceived difference I began by collecting qualitative pERFORmANCE OF pROTECTED data through unstructured interviews with PA managers and lodge operators in both AREAS iN CONTRASTiNg private and co-managed PAs, as well as with community leaders, game breeders, iNSTiTUTiONAL LANDSCApES and professional hunters. The purpose was to understand the political and geographic constraints on the industry, the ecological iN SOUTHERN AFRiCA context in terms of conservation trends, as ALEx CHIDAKEL well as to obtain a small sample of financial data on income and expenditures on which methods can be piloted to derive economic livestock production, through the value multiplier values. Similarly, in Zambia--a added by service-based--as opposed to country with a small and possibly declining extractive--industries. The comparative wildlife economy--I conducted interviews advantage and associated economic with lodge operators, hunters, and industry values may however be undermined by representatives mainly in the areas within certain policies that increase the costs and surrounding Kafue and South of PA management. By applying a new Luangwa National Parks. Future fieldwork institutional economics framework I will focus on expanding a financial data set seek explanations for underperformance on which to perform economic analysis that go beyond the proximate causes and gathering tourist spending data to highlighted by conventional approaches to conduct an analysis of value chains. PA performance evaluation, and which are rooted in the political, social, and economic Alex Chidakel is a phD student landscape surrounding PAs. in interdisciplinary Ecology and FLAS Prior to the 1960’s, monocentric fellow (2013-15). Funding for this project forms of governance created boundaries was provided by the Center for African between private land and state-run parks Studies, the UF Office of Research, and During the summer of in Southern Africa. With legislation that the Norwegian programme for Capacity Development in Higher Education 2013 I travelled to South Africa devolved rights of proprietorship over and Research for Development. and zambia where I conducted wildlife to landowners, these boundaries preliminary research towards my became blurred and the typologies of PAs dissertation project addressing diversified. In South Africa, for example, the economic performance of my research was concentrated in the protected areas (PAs). The purpose private game ranches and the game ranch of the research is to develop efficient collectives (known as conservancies) that and reliable methods for measuring border the western boundary of Kruger the economic value of a PA, and, by National Park, and in Zambia, the private comparing the economic values of PAs concessionaires operating within and in different institutional settings, to adjacent to two national parks. Subsequent determine the economic competitiveness to the devolution of wildlife rights to of such wildlife-based land uses and the private landowners, communities also distortionary effects of different policy began to receive such rights, though to a regimes on this measure of performance. lesser degree. Hybrid forms of governance, Through consumptive and non- therefore, also exist, and part of my consumptive use of wildlife by eco-tourists research was situated in two co-managed and safari hunters, PAs in Southern Africa parks in South Africa and in communal are significant earners of foreign exchange, land in Zambia where partnerships have generators of revenue, and sources of been formed with the private sector. employment for impoverished rural While privately managed game communities. They are also thought to ranches, conservancies, and related busi- have a comparative economic advantage nesses in South Africa appear to be highly over alternative uses of the land, such as lucrative enterprises, co-managed PAs are

CENTER fOR AfRICAN STUDIES Research Report 2014–2015 33 ExpLORiNg THE mECHANiSmS FOR ENTRy AND ROLES OF WOmEN iN AFRiCAN pARLiAmENTS AmANDA b. EDgELL

With roughly 21.8% of the seats in Africa’s Parliament now held by females, more African women than ever are being elected to legislative office. By comparison, in 1998, women held about 11.5% of legislative positions. In part this advance in women’s representation can be attributed to a rapid uptake in affirmative action mechanisms, which promote women’s candidature and election to legislative office. In the last two decades, 18 sub-Saharan countries have adopted some sort of gender quota for the lower house of Parliament. My research focuses on gender quotas as a legal institution for promoting women’s entry into the legislature. Broadly, the project encompasses three main questions: (1) Why do countries decide to adopt gender quotas? (2) What are approach that blends comparative historical suggest that these are the most important the outputs of these quotas in terms of analysis, discourse and content analysis, institutional mechanism for determining legislative gender ratios? and (3) What are and within-case quantitative methods. Over women’s representation, followed by the outcomes of these quotas in terms the past year, I have focused specifically proportional representation electoral of the performance of female MPs? on the case of Uganda, where quotas systems. Reserved seat quotas appear to be The research program includes were adopted in 1989. Future fieldwork as the most effective at increasing women’s a variety of methodologies. I conduct part of the dissertation project is likely to representation – with notable examples general investigations quantitatively include Tanzania, Kenya, and Rwanda. such as Rwanda where women now hold using cross-national time series data on The data suggest that confluence 64% of the seats in the lower chamber. sub-Saharan Africa. My research also of factors provide strategic incen- In terms of outcomes for women’s investigates quota adoption, outputs, and tives for elites to adopt gender quotas, political empowerment, the case of outcomes qualitatively using a case study particularly during the current period Uganda suggests that female MPs perform of democratization. Some of these relatively similar to their male counterparts factors include mobilization of women’s when it comes to attendance, participation, movements, democratization norms, and impact on legislative sessions. Male the potential for cooptation of a large and female MPs in Uganda also tend to women’s voter “bank” and also of female focus on relatively similar policy areas. MPs, and finally, international pressures This suggests that quotas are working in for greater gender equality at all levels that particular context to level the playing of society. More importantly, quotas for field, not just in terms of elections but also women have been adopted in two distinct substantive policy debate within Parliament. waves throughout sub-Saharan Africa’s history – the first starting in the late 1980s Amanda Edgell is a doctoral and 1990s in East Africa and the second candidate in political science and a FLAS starting in the mid-2000s in West Africa. fellow (2012-14). This project has been In general, quotas appear to promote supported by the Center for African higher gender ratios in the lower house Studies and the UF Office of Research. of sub-Saharan parliaments. The data

34 CENTER fOR AfRICAN STUDIES Research Report 2014–2015 According to the respondents, the conflicts pERCEpTiONS AND ATTiTUDES with wildlife have decreased in the last 5 years, both the attacks to livestock, TOWARD WiLDLiFE AND pARKS as well as the damage of crops by wild animals. Additionally, more than half of iN THE mAKULEKE viLLAgES, the respondents perceived the KNP as valuable for their community, and agree SOUTH AFRiCA that park managers treat them with respect. Nevertheless, they reported that more ANTONIETA EgUREN contact with the park would be desirable. These results suggest that increasing the number of meetings with the community Despite the ecological owns 22,000 ha of the KNP under the have the potential to improve even more benefits of the establishment management of the Community Property the positive perceptions of the KNP, of parks or protected areas Association (CPA). Facing the impos- supporting the idea that participation is (PA), these are embedded in a sibility of returning to their lands, the crucial for people’s perceptions of parks. socio-ecological context that CPA constructed three lodges and started Regarding the underlying factors is frequently omitted or over- to rent them to external companies. The influencing attitudes and perceptions, looked. revenues from the lodges are managed The South African community gender, education level, and wealth status by the CPA and should be allocated to of Makuleke represents a particular showed to have significant influence development projects and/or individual case study to evaluate perceptions and in people’s responses. Particularly benefits for the Makuleke inhabitants. attitudes toward wildlife and parks due the educational level seems to be an In this context, and under to its history and current situation. The important contributing factor for an the umbrella of a broader effort to community was removed from the Kruger appreciative vision of wildlife and park, empower communities by developing an National Park (KNP) in 1969 during the showing that people with higher levels evidence-based adaptive management apartheid period. The village was burned of education are more likely to have program, a team of local translators and people was transported in trucks to positive attitudes and perceptions. and two UF master students carried their new home 32 miles to the south. The It is interesting that the potential out livelihood surveys in the three new settlement formed by three villages, economic incentives resulting from the villages of the Makuleke community. presented totally different conditions CPA were not mentioned by the respon- In order to assess people’s perceptions than their previous territory, forcing them dents, only 10 from the 171 respondents of wildlife and the KNP, I included to adapt their livelihoods and lifestyle declared have received some type of specific questions regarding this to this new scenario. By 1996, after the benefit from the CPA in the last years. issues in the main questionnaire. return to democracy, the community These results not only highlight the need The preliminary results of this data claimed their land back supported by for improvement in the governance reveal that respondents from the Makuleke the restitution of the Land Rights Act. structure and decision making process of community have positive perceptions and After two years of negotiations with the the CPA, but also leave us the uncertainty attitudes toward both, wildlife and the government, the community recovered of what are the real drivers behind KNP. Some of the reasons given by the their land under one main condition: these positive perceptions and attitudes. respondents for their positive attitudes the land must be used for conservation Ultimately, the results of this research will toward wildlife were highly intangibles, purposes and remain protected within the hopefully help to inform park managers, such as aesthetic and religious reasons. KNP. Currently, the Makuleke Community researchers, policy makers, and the CPA to prioritize avenues for future actions.

Antonieta Eguren is a second year student in the master of Sustainable Development practice program. Funding for this research provided by the macArthur Foundation and USAiD-RESiLim.

CENTER fOR AfRICAN STUDIES Research Report 2014–2015 35 REgimE STABiLiTy, pOLiTiCAL LiBERALizATiON, AND SOCiAL mOBiLizATiON iN THE SAHEL DANIEL EIzENgA

Today, virtually all African regimes participate in the core rituals of democracy through the political institutions of multi-party elections. However, the degree of substantive political competition varies noticeably from country to country. How do different types of institutional configu- rations affect the overall level of political competition in the different regimes of Africa? How, in turn does social mobiliza- tion shape political reform in the name of democracy? How do the iterative effects of institutional reform and social pressure combine to influence the prospects of regime resilience or breakdown? As was the case in much of sub-Saharan Africa, the countries of the Francophone Sahel embarked on democratizing political transitions during the 1990s. Recently, significant pressures on regime stability have emerged as a result of the fall of the Qaddfi regime, the rise of eighteen months divided between the MPS have dominated the political arena of Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb, and each of the three countries and builds of the country, winning overwhelming the state collapse of Mali. Further, together off of previous pre-dissertation research majorities in all of the legislative and the countries of the Sahel are considered conducted during the summer of 2013. presidential elections and leaving little amongst the least developed on earth; their This past year, I began conducting room for genuine political competition. regimes struggle to control demographic my research in N’Djamena where I worked Conducting research on processes change, drug and arms trafficking, and alongside a team of university student of democratization in this context has various social cleavages. Given these chal- researchers based at a local civil society proven to be challenging. Nevertheless, my lenges, how have certain regimes not only organization, Le Comité de Suivi de l’Appel research has advanced considerably while in remained stable, but in some cases engaged à la Paix et à la Réconciliation (CSAPR). I Chad and I continue to gain crucial insights in the processes of democratization? have conducted interviews with political into the political mechanisms of the My dissertation examines how party leaders, state officials, academics, regime. This is largely thanks to the invalu- regimes respond to social pressures other civil society organizations, and able advice and support of faculty at the resulting in augmented political liberaliza- journalists. I have been able to collect Center for African Studies, CSAPR’s local tion in certain cases, but the persistence numerous documents from the archives of network, and the engaging community of of authoritarian practices in others. institutions and libraries which illuminate scholars who compose the Sahel Research Through a comparative framework and the various political reforms which have Group at the University of Florida. extensive fieldwork in Chad, Burkina taken place under the current regime Faso, and Senegal, this project will of the president Idriss Déby Itno and systematically analyze the interactive Daniel Eizenga is a phD candidate his party le Mouvement Patriotique de Salut and reciprocal effects of institutional in political science and FLAS fellow (MPS). Déby led a political transition (2010-2012). Funding for his dissertation reform and social pressures on each from the single party rule of former research was provided by the UF Office of country’s political development and how dictator Hissène Habré to a multi-party Research, the Center for African Studies, these effects have shaped the prospects the Department of political Science political system which marked the end of for political stability in each case. This and the minerva Research initiative. decades of political violence and civil war. research will be carried out over a period However since this transition, Déby and

36 CENTER fOR AfRICAN STUDIES Research Report 2014–2015 THE HiSTORy OF BOxiNg iN NigERiA mICHAEL gENNARO

Former Boxers Association and the Wirral Former Boxers Association, and met some fascinating boxers from all walks of life. The award also gave me time to consult the Liverpool Archives and the British National Archives at Kew to bolster my research. This data will inform two chapters of my dissertation: one on the creation of a Nigerian diaspora in Britain that exists until today, and another on how Nigerian boxers were part of a larger migration of Empire peoples after WWII to Britain. Empire-born boxers from across Britain’s Empire, from the West Indies to Africa to India, were some my research examines the during a time of heightened nationalism of the most visible people in Liverpool, development of Nigeria’s boxing and the euphoria of independence. The and they were instrumental in breaking culture in Lagos from the 1920s to hopes of the emerging nation was vested in down racial barriers not only in Liverpool, the early 1970s and the influence these boxers and they did not disappoint. but across the British Isles and Empire. of Nigerian fighters abroad. In the Fall of 2013 I published my Through the case study of Lagos, Nigeria’s first article in theInternational Journal of the michael gennaro is a ph.D. largest city and economic capital, this work History of Sport entitled, “‘The Whole Place candidate in history. Funding provided demonstrates the role and importance of is in Pandemonium’: Dick Tiger Versus by the University of Florida graduate boxing in constructions of masculinity, Gene Fullmer III, and the Consumption of School Dissertation Research Award, Sport in Nigeria” based on a chapter of my the Center for African Studies, The urban and Atlantic migration, urbanization, UF Office of Research, and the and conceptions of “Empire” and later dissertation. The article focuses on the first British-Nigerian Educational Trust. “Commonwealth.” Boxing was one of the ever World Title fight in Africa in 1963 in most popular leisure enterprises during the Ibadan, Nigeria. Using this fight I analyze post-WWII era in Nigeria up until the early the culture and ethos of sport through 1970s. Although soccer is by far Nigeria’s boxing in Nigeria, and how that affected most popular sport today, boxing was the various ways that Nigerian consumed as popular, if not more so at the end of sports through a multitude of media and colonialism within Nigeria. In fact many of live shows. Boxing was a part of everyday their first sporting ‘stars’ were boxers. They life that was hotly debated and enjoyed, and were in many cases the first professional the “ring” was a site for the “performance” athletes to leave their colonies for the wider of masculinity, sportsmanship, and fair world, and they were heavily followed play to be contested and recreated. in the press, radio, and later television. During the summer of 2014, a Their success paved the way for a rising Graduate School Dissertation Research generation of sports stars in independent Award funded my travel to Liverpool and Africa. But boxing declined in popularity London for 6 weeks in order to assess in recent decades. The story of its rapid the impact of Nigerian boxers on local rise in popularity is just as important British and international boxing from as the decline. The stories of Nigerian the late 1940s through the early 1960s. boxers’ careers highlights the ending of During my travels I was able to conduct colonialism in Africa after WWII, the interviews with several former Liverpudlian transition from Empire to Commonwealth, boxers, managers, and trainers. I attended and the creation of a Nigerian diaspora the monthly meetings of the Merseyside

CENTER fOR AfRICAN STUDIES Research Report 2014–2015 37 STATE-LED NATiONAL iDENTiTy FORmATiON iN TANzANiA VICTORIA gORHAm

State-run museums are postcolonial government were largely not an altogether surprising telling of central to the study of national successful in encouraging national history, but the fact remains that it appears identity formation because they identity formation. Further, there is a to be significantly one-sided. This bias are tangible, relatively uncon- relevant and complex racial and national also extends to representation of racial tested sites of state-articulated dynamic that exists between mainland subnational groups in Tanzanian museums. national narratives. Throughout the Tanganyika and the Zanzibar archipelago. The National Museum of Zanzibar summer of 2014, I spent time in nine The salience of this identity divide is in Stonetown was a surprising departure museums and visited multiple public heightened by ongoing maneuvering from the museums on the mainland monuments across six different cities for potential constitutional reforms. My because the identity that it memorialized in Tanzania. I also went to the Kenya purpose this summer was to look at how was almost completely oriented toward National Museum in Nairobi. I was state-led nation building continues today, the Indian Ocean and the Arab world. fortunate enough to be the recipient fifty-three years after independence. Perhaps what is most interesting about of a FLAS fellowship and a Center for Additionally, I hoped to investigate the this museum was its lack of any exhibit or African Studies Pre-Dissertation Grant, inclusiveness of the narrative enshrined commemoration of the archipelago’s union so I combined intensive Kiswahili in the family of national museums. with the mainland. This is particularly classes at the University of Dar es I was able to spend time at museum surprising because the celebration of the Salaam with preliminary fieldwork sites in Dar es Salaam, Bagamoyo, fiftieth anniversary of union was ongoing for my future dissertation project. Stonetown, Songea, and Arusha. The this summer and widely propagandized My research is primarily concerned national stories told in each of these on the mainland, but hardly mentioned with identity formation and the ways that museums, excluding the National Museum in the museum Zanzibar. I mention states try to create consensus through of Zanzibar, were strikingly consistent. this to draw attention to the puzzling narratives that delineate who belongs to Each of these places was a touchstone in and complex relationship between the the nation and who does not. Tanzania an overarching narrative that celebrates two formerly separate states that make is at the center of my research project the ruling party (CCM), memorializes its up the United Republic of Tanzania, because it arguably represents a case guidance into independence, and largely particularly as it pertains to the idea of an in which independence leaders and the glosses over its policy failures. This is overarching Tanzanian national identity. This summer provided me with a valuable foundation, both in terms of research and language skills, upon which to build future research projects. I plan to expand the work I did this summer, both within Tanzania and within other cases in East Africa. Although I focused this trip on state-articulated national stories, my future work will also be concerned with the acceptability of these official narratives to ordinary citizens, as well as with grassroots alternative national histories and identity articulations.

victoria gorham is a phD student in political science. pre-dissertation travel funding provided by the Center for African Studies and the UF Office of Research.

38 CENTER fOR AfRICAN STUDIES Research Report 2014–2015 zANziBAR: THE NiNE-HOUR REvOLUTiON ANN LEE gRImSTAD

he had uncovered and introduced me to revolutionary leader’s desire for power other knowledgeable sources. I spoke got him unceremoniously deported with both of the last living members of from Zanzibar only two months after the “Committee of 14”, the group of the revolution. Finding himself persona mostly vibarua (day laborers) who have non grata all over East Africa, he was been credited with leading the revolution. ultimately killed by soldiers of another Equally ground-breaking are conversa- Ugandan Field Marshal, Idi Amin. tions with several of the Comrades The opposing narratives of the of the Umma Party who had received Revolution that are regularly debated in military training in Cuba in 1962, and blogs and barazas each entail factual details who formed the beret-wearing group of as well as conspiratorial imaginings. In my rebels saying “Vanceremos!” in the early days dissertation, I deconstruct the narratives, of the revolution. They were mistaken situating and analyzing both the actuali- for Cubans, adding to the inaccurate ties and the roots of the conspiracies. Western fear that the revolution was a In late 1963 and early 1964, various Communist plot. Finally, I was part of groups of Zanzibaris were talking about a local baraza with an unusual political revolution. In a climate of rampant political mixture of people, including a former gossip, one Assistant Superintendent of member of the Police Mobile Force whose Police admitted he “learned to ignore I conducted field research armory was attacked as the first target these rumors”. With roadblocks down in zanzibar and Uganda from of the Revolution, as well as a Principle at night, unarmed police sleeping in the June 2013 through february Secretary in the current government. barracks, rebels killed the sentry and took 2014. My dissertation is a microhistory Additionally, through an archival the guns from the armories. Within hours, of the 1964 Zanzibar Revolution, using newspaper article and contacts in Uganda, control over weapons had far-reaching both archival sources and interviews I located a previously unknown wife of political ramifications, as other groups of with revolutionaries to dissect what have Ugandan Field Marshall John Okello, people joined in when it began to appear become iconic moments in the few hours who was the instigator of the govern- that the government was actually toppled it took to overthrow the government. ment overthrow. In a remote village in with much more speed and ease than The first post-colonial revolution in northern Uganda, I interviewed this almost anyone imagined was possible. East Africa, this revolution has fostered woman and other family and friends of many conflicting accounts, and no single Okello’s who provided me with insights coherent tactical analysis of what trans- Ann Lee grimstad is a phD into his childhood as well as his life candidate in history. Funding provided pired. It remains so politically sensitive after the Zanzibar Revolution. Far too by a Fulbright-Hays Doctoral Dissertation that, at first, many Zanzibaris said it would Fanonian in his expression of retributive Research Abroad Fellowship, the be difficult to get people to talk. Having violence for Zanzibari sensibilities, this Center for African Studies, and visited Zanzibar countless times over the the UF Office of Research. last twenty plus years, I was fortunate to tap into long-standing networks in order to connect with relevant historical figures, many of whom have not previously told their stories. Even my location tied in to my topic, as my rooftop flat overlooked the Malindi Police Post, the site of the last skirmish of the revolution. A former policeman who researched and wrote a report on the revolution in 1980 for Aboud Jumbe, the second President of Zanzibar, explained what

CENTER fOR AfRICAN STUDIES Research Report 2014–2015 39 NEiTHER “FRiENDSHip FARm” NOR “LAND gRAB”: CHiNA’S AgRiCULTURAL iNvESTmENT iN NigERiA yANg JIAO

West Africa Ltd.(GAWA) located in the land to produce seeds (see Figure 1). town of Warra in the Kebbi state of Through this outgrower program, Nigeria. GAWA is initiated by China GAWA has participated in Nigeria’s Geo-engineering Construction Overseas Growth Enhancement Support program, Corporation Nigeria (CGCOC). CGCOC and local farmers gain training and Nigeria has extensive engineering reduce their cost of production. GAWA’s contractor experiences and has committed partners gain a well-established partner itself to agricultural development since that provides infrastructural input and 2005. It obtained 2025 hectares of land human capital. Such partnership thus on a 99-year lease from the Kebbi state in serves as a conduit for them to achieve 2006. Later it formed a joint venure with the goal of “Go Global” and exporting my dissertation, titled Yuan Longping High-tech Agriculture Co Chinese agricultural technologies. “migration and Social Life of Ltd. Shandong Denghai Seeds (specializes GAWA is not the only agribusiness the Chinese entrepreneurs in in maize) and Zhangjiakou Academy of endeavor of CGCOC. According to its ghana,” is an ethnographic study Agricultural Sciences (specializes in millet) manager, they have obtained a 54ha land of the transnational lives and later also joined as shareholders. GAWA near Abuja to build an agricultural indus- everyday practices of Chinese currently grows 400ha of rice in the rainy trial park. They plan to demonstrate hybrid entrepreneurs in ghana as well as season and 100ha of rice in the dry season. rice and maize developed with Chinese their impact on the ghanaian and GAWA has three ongoing businesses technologies, experiment ecological Chinese society, economy, and now. The most developed one is to use farming, and show case agricultural Chinese technology to produce rice seeds. processing machinery from China. culture respectively. It is the first In what is called the outgrower program, Although the case in Nigeria step of a larger research agenda aiming to GAWA provides foundation seeds to is not a “land grab”, it is relevant to understand a bigger question: What are the the participating Nigerian farmers. Next the trend where large corporations implications of China’s global economic GAWA buys the seeds produced by the are exporting farming technologies expansion to the Sub-Saharan African outgrowers, processes and packages them, to the global south and endangering countries? In 2014, I have focused on the and then sells the certified seeds to Kebbi small-scale farming livelihoods. agriculture sector among other areas. state. The latter sells those certified seeds China’s agricultural engagements to farmers who have registered their names with Africa have two main types of yang Jiao is a phD candidate in into a national database with subsidies. collaboration models. The first is China’s anthropology. Support provided by Outgrowers produce on their own land Johns Hopkins University-SAiS China comprehensive aid program that includes and GAWA sets up several regional centers Africa Research initiative with funding agricultural technology demonstration and provide technological support. GAWA from the Smith Richardson Foundation. centers, sending agricultural experts, also let adjacent outgrowers to use their training African farmers and technicians, as well as participating FAO’s “South-South” cooperation framework. The second model includes investment projects by Chinese entrepreneurs that produce locally and serve locally in Africa. My findings in Nigeria represent a new model that involves African governments’ agricultural support programs, advantageous Chinese agricultural enterprises, well-established Chinese engineering contractor corpora- tions in Africa, and local farmers. In April, I received a small grant to conduct a scoping study of a Chinese company called the Green Agricultural

40 CENTER fOR AfRICAN STUDIES Research Report 2014–2015 THE LEgACiES OF DEmOCRATiC ExpERimENTS iN AFRiCA: gHANA’S DEmOCRATiC TRAJECTORy iN COmpARATivE pERSpECTivE NICHOLAS KNOWLTON

democratic paths reveal a striking disparity other words, these conditions structured between aspirations and outcomes, such the sets of choices for leaders following comparisons also reveal the puzzling each democratic opening: each leader’s case of one country experiencing an perceived chances of maximizing their inauspicious democratic transition, yet authority ultimately determined whether eventually producing one of the most a given country would proceed along a widely recognized democratic regimes democratic or non-democratic trajectory. on the African continent. How is it that During my eight months of field Ghana, a country possessing many condi- research in Ghana, supported through the tions unfavorable to democracy at the Boren Fellowship Program, I collected time of its democratic opening—including data through elite interviews among questionable inaugural elections, a de-facto a variety of in-country experts within one party inaugural government, a domi- academia, politics, government, and civil nating presidential system, and an overall society, as well as through local archival uneven playing field between government and academic resources. Based on the more than two decades and opposition parties—nevertheless results produced from this investigation have passed since the end of the managed to follow a steadfast path of of Ghana, my research successfully Cold War, yet in many ways the democratization? Whereas all other explains 21 of 25 countries’ regime world continues to experience its countries with similar conditions have trajectories (excluding exceptional cases). consequences. As many countries, since produced ambiguous, or otherwise In sum, by regarding Ghana as the norm, including those in Africa, lost support from non-democratic governments, what factors rather than the exception to democracy their previous Soviet allies, and as future explain why Ghana took a different path? in Africa, we learn more about why financial assistance became conditional In answering this puzzle, my project some countries maintained democratic upon measures of good governance and investigates Ghana’s political history after regimes, and we understand why others democracy, many regimes were compelled its 1992 democratic opening and argues will continue to do so in the future. to both liberalize and democratize in that the case of Ghana indicates a larger order to survive. Within Africa, such phenomenon when explaining contempo- Nicholas Knowlton is a phD conditions were all the more significant rary democracy in Africa. Positing Ghana candidate in political science. Funding for as many regimes were confronted with as a paradigmatic example of a democratic his dissertation field research, including foreign language training in Twi, was poor economic conditions held over from trajectory, the insights gathered from this project aid in explaining the variation provided through the National Security the previous decade. As a result of the Education Boren Fellowship program. increased difficulty of maintaining an of regimes occurring in Africa after the authoritarian status quo, no fewer than Cold War. In brief, this project assesses twenty-eight African countries undertook for variation among three factors present “experiments” with democracy during the at the time of each country’s democratic critical period between 1990 and1994. opening: the strength of political opposi- However, in spite of the democratic tion, foreign aid, and the amount of upsurge, instances of coups, crises, and international leverage placed behind institutional stagnation continued to such aid. Furthermore, I also consider challenge the democratic gains made during executive decision-making and the manner the inaugural period. By 2009, only half in which leaders of these countries chose of the states previously experiencing such to either tolerate ongoing democratic democratic openings could still be listed demands or to repress them altogether, as nominally democratic, while only six based on the proverbial “writing on the could be considered “liberal” democracies. wall” displayed through the presence/ As comparisons of these countries’ absence of the three previous factors. In

CENTER fOR AfRICAN STUDIES Research Report 2014–2015 41 SEEKiNg STAKEHOLDER COLLABORATiON: AN EvALUATiON OF COmmUNiTy-BASED CONSERvANCiES iN KENyA LILy mAyNARD

During the summer of 2014, are hard at work growing conservation. addressed by management and community I traveled in Kenyan maasailand Lying between Amboseli and Maasai Mara participation for each community. This to assess the status of six National Parks, this region is an essential evaluation of the community conservancies community-based conservan- corridor for sustaining wildlife popula- identifies these problems to be addressed cies for my master’s thesis. I tions. These six community protected by protected area management and educa- collected information about the projects areas represent true community-based tional outreach and to promote account- by speaking with conservancy managers, programs driven by local leaders and ability and community participation. game scouts, and other stakeholders to local participation. My project was an The next step for my project will evaluate community involvement and opportunity to support these institutions. be to distribute reports of my findings to work towards recommendations for With the intention of assessing for each community and the region. improving the projects in the future. stakeholder participation in community- Identifying the strengths and weaknesses Community-based conservation is based conservation on these group ranches, of the current programs and analyzing a prevalent and often successful approach I collected community leaders’ opinions differences in stakeholders’ perspectives to conservation in Africa, and Kenya has and perspectives on what is currently will aid managers in improving benefits over 150 such conservancies. These conser- happening in their conservancies as well as and ensure the long-term success of the vation institutions created on the ground what may happen for them in the future. communities’ programs. This dissemina- are vital, because over 70% of the wildlife I had focus group discussions with the tion of results is my priority to ensure in Kenya is found outside of national park conservancy management committees that the project supports conservation boundaries. Since most of the diverse and the community game scouts. Also, I improvements at each site and promotes wildlife coexist with people, these programs interviewed other opinion leaders who stakeholder collaboration to augment driven by communities to promote are not involved in the conservancies but the conservation success in the region. conservation are extremely important. are community members with important By offering a new method for For my fieldwork, I was busy perspectives. These leaders included analyzing activities associated with with focus groups, interviews, and time government chiefs, traditional Maasai effective community-based conservation, getting to know the Maasai group ranches chiefs of different age sets, women’s I hope this project will enable managers in the South Rift valley of Kenya, which group leaders, head teachers, and church to improve their conservancies. This pastors in each community. In total my study contributes to a proactive discus- research included 10 focus groups with sion and analysis of community-driven 55 participants and 36 key informant projects in East Africa in the hopes of interviews. The many conversations in enhancing the conservation potential of each site allowed for me to get diverse conservancies by facilitating the imple- views on the communities’ projects. mentation of truly participatory policies. After completing my data collection in the Rift Valley, I could see that these Lily maynard is a second-year communities are each in different stages m.S. student in the Department of of their conservation projects. They have Wildlife Ecology and Conservation and a different issues to address in order to FLAS Fellow (2013-15). Support for this promote resource, wildlife, and environ- research was provided by the UF Tropical Conservation and Development program, mental conservation. Subdivision of land the Angel Fund, and the vogel Trust. was a major issue influencing the capacity for communal conservation projects. Also, illegal resource use, such as logging and wildlife poaching were major problems in many of the sites. The interviews and focus groups in each area brought out their unique and pertinent problems to be

42 CENTER fOR AfRICAN STUDIES Research Report 2014–2015 CAN ARCHAEOLOgy By AFRiCANS gENUiNELy BE FOR AFRiCANS? ASmERET mEHARI

Since the end of my under- graduate studies, the prime issue that has deeply concerned me as well as energized me to remain within the discipline is whether as an African I can practice an archaeology that is vibrant, engaging, accessible, and directly applicable to the daily lives of African people. I redirected my research interest to address whether producing African archaeologists makes a difference or not, both to African people and the discipline of archaeology. The need to train Africans in archaeology has been highlighted for the last five decades. Equally, some African and Africanist archaeologists have begged at the UDSM archaeology started to relationship between archaeologists and for the direct relevance of archaeology emerge as a full-fledged program only local communities still continues its to Africans as early as the mid-1980s. in 1985, today, the UDSM has a refined colonial legacies that disenfranchise the In this decade, we see the emergence program that offers both undergraduate latter and disregard their voices, rights, of research interests that address the and graduate degrees. On the other and needs. The Maasai community relationship between local communities hand, MKU just opened an archaeology of Olduvai Gorge, based on their and archaeology in sub-Saharan African program in the 2013-2014 academic year long-term experience, strongly advise to countries. Yet despite these developments, to offer Bachelor of Arts in Archaeology archaeologists to adhere a neighborhood research that recognizes local communi- In addition to documenting the reciprocity approach. As one way of ties’ perceptions, reactions, and demands status of academic archaeology in these transforming archaeological practices on archaeology or that examines the countries and publishing a co-authored in African settings, we presented the practice and teaching of archaeology article in Azania, I also organized concerns and experiences of the Maasai in African universities is very sparse. collaborative research involving both community in two venues. The first was Within that broader inquiry, between Tanzanian and Ugandan archaeologists, at the community archaeology workshop July 2010 and January 2012, I spent sixteen particularly fresh graduates both from held at the UF in March 2014. The months in Uganda and Tanzania to explore undergraduate and graduate archaeology second venue was the joint international the experiences of Africans--as practitio- programs at the UDSM. In this collabora- conference organized by the Pan-African ners, students, and local communities-- in tive research with Muwonge Herman from Archaeological Association and the Society archaeology. My research findings show Uganda and Kokeli Ryano and Naserian of Africanist Archaeologists, held in that archaeology in the Tanzanian and Ndangoya from Tanzania, we examined Johannesburg, South Africa, in July 2014. Ugandan higher education systems was local communities’ perceptions of and introduced during the early 1960s in only attitudes towards archaeology and archae- Asmeret g. mehari received her two universities: Dar es Salaam College in ologists. Local communities, either from phD in anthropology in 2015. Funding Tanzania (now the University of Dar es archaeologically under-researched areas for this research was provided by the Salaam - UDSM), and Makerere College such as Kajuna village, Masaka District, in Wenner-gren Foundation, the UF in Uganda (now Makerere University - central Uganda or over-researched areas for graduate School, the Center for African Studies, and the UF Office of Research. MKU). Archaeology was more vibrant at almost a century such as Olduvai Gorge in Makerere College than at Dar es Salaam. northern Tanzania, have the same attitude By the late-1960s, its visibility at towards archaeology and archaeologists. MKU started to decline and has remained We learned that despite the growth undeveloped ever since then. Whereas of the number of local scholars, the

CENTER fOR AfRICAN STUDIES Research Report 2014–2015 43 WASTESCApES iN URBAN AND pERi-URBAN SENEgAL THéRèSE D’AURIA RyLEy

industry. They sort through waste daily waste stream away from residential areas, for items such as single-use plastic bags agricultural fields, and grazing pastures. and PET bottles. This livelihood is one Consequently, the potential for waste to that grew out of a lack of efficient waste contaminate drinking water, reduce soil management on the part of the state. productivity, and kill grazing livestock pose Despite low productivity of manual significant challenges to public health. sorting, recyclers serve to manage waste Environmental changes that have resulted volume at Mbeubeuss. The threat to health in low crop yields and insufficient pastures and wellbeing for recyclers is not to be and water for livestock over recent decades dismissed. To meet needs, they were able has led to conflict between farmers and to found Association Bokk Diom, which in herders over access to land. Thus these turn established a school for recyclers and vast wastescapes aggravate already strained Non-biodegradable waste their children, and a medical clinic. While resources for livestock and agricultural is an ever-increasing byproduct their struggles are profound, they are able of urbanization and globalization to access some of the benefits of the in Sub-Saharan Africa. Senegal has infrastructure and development capacities experienced rapid urbanization in recent of Dakar due to their close proximity to decades, and faces challenges in managing the urban center. The Association Bokk non-biodegradable waste produced in the Diom is also currently in dialogue with country’s urban centers. This waste marks municipal and state officials that calls changes in consumption patterns as urban for a reduction of urban consump- centers increasingly rely on packaged goods tion of non-biodegradables through compared with their rural counterparts. restriction of single-use plastic bags. Despite rapid incorporation into a global Peri-urban zones far from the market economy that facilitates access to nation’s capital experience a manifold packaged products and durable goods, burden with regards to their growing Senegal’s cities have not responded in turn wastescapes. These small urban centers production. As rural migrants continue by developing infrastructural capacity to are increasingly engaging in consumption to migrate to urban areas, wastescapes absorb the resulting non-biodegradable of non-biodegradable goods similar to will continue to continue to increas- waste. This unintended consequence of the consumption of larger urban cities, ingly strain the Senegalese landscape. urbanization is not limited to major urban however they also still rely heavily on This research project served centers such as Dakar, but impacts smaller local food production for economic and as a foundation for a larger doctoral peri-urban centers as well. My summer livelihood security – mainly agriculture project that will comparatively explore research explored the spatial distribution and livestock production carried out in the health outcomes of those most of non-biodegradable waste in urban the adjacent lands. Peri-urban zones have impacted by these wastescapes in urban centers and peri-urban peripheries. little infrastructural capacity to direct the and peri-urban zones of Senegal. An exploration of wastescapes led me to investigate informal recycling of non-biodegradable waste at Mbeubeuss Therese Ryley is a doctoral student in anthropology and FLAS fellow (2013- – Dakar’s large waste dump located in the 15). Research funding provided by the suburb, Malika. Mbeubeuss was scheduled Center for African Studies and the UF to close in 2006, but failed planning for Office of Research. The West African a new site resulted in it remaining in Research Center in Dakar was instru- operation until present day with no further mental in coordinating this project. plans to close it. Informal recyclers – who make up the Association Bokk Diom – work and live at Mbeubeuss collecting non- biodegradable materials, namely plastics and metals, which they resell to nearby

44 CENTER fOR AfRICAN STUDIES Research Report 2014–2015 Hip HOp LiFE AND LivELiHOOD iN NAiROBi ERIK TImmONS

experiences I have spent hours sitting with these musicians and their friends on street corners, basketball courts, newspaper kiosks and numerous other locations where one can listen to the sauti ya mitaa (voice of the streets). As a musician I’ve been fortunate to work with very talented Kenyan rappers on a number of songs. These collaborative experiences have helped me to understand the process of how songs are made - from street to studio; from original concept to final mix. Analysis of the social worlds produced in and around the studios, and the other spaces that hip hoppers inhabit, adds another dimension to our understanding of how urban African Over 2014 I conducted grievances and strategy for combating the youth are challenging adverse demo- research for my dissertation on challenges they face in their daily lives. graphic and economic situations as they hip hop in Nairobi, Kenya. Focused Overall, Nairobi hip hop performers work to make a life through their art. on young urban Kenyans from disad- encourage and reinforce each other through social networks. But they also vantaged socio-economic backgrounds Erik Timmons is a phD candidate this research examines the daily social, conflict with one another, as when one in anthropology and a FLAS fellow discursive, and aesthetic practices hip hop of the producers at a community studio (2008-10). Research funding provided musicians and producers deploy while disappeared with several hundred dollars by a Fulbright-Hays DDRA grant, pursuing a livelihood. In the last fifteen worth of studio equipment, causing the Center for African Studies, and the UF Office of Research. years or so “African youth” and their the studio to be shut down and many futures have been focal points of debates local artists to lose their music. As one among development organizations, policy member of the community said to me, makers and scholars due to some stag- “He was so shortsighted! He’ll make a gering demographic and economic trends. little cash from selling the equipment, but In Kenya approximately 80 percent of what we were building here could have the population is under the age of 35, and fed all of us for years.” The constant within that population the unemployment tension between “eating today” and trying rate in urban areas is estimated to be 35-60 to build a future is a major issue hip percent. In the lower income estates of hoppers I’ve interviewed struggle with. Nairobi the outlook for employment is Another rapper I interviewed complained particularly grim. Nairobi is sometimes that his wife’s family won’t accept their referred to by young Kenyans as shamba marriage - even after nine years and three la mawe (farm of stones), meaning that children - because he still can’t afford to earning a life from the city is akin to pay bride wealth. It is from ethnographic farming on rocky soil. Hip hop is one way analysis of these types of encounters that some young Kenyans try to squeeze that I think the most interesting insights a living out of these difficult conditions. into the social worlds of Kenyan rappers With this research project I hope to can be made to speak to larger debates contribute to contemporary debates about about African youth and their futures. younger Kenyans by showing how hip hop Throughout the course of is utilized as both a forum for expressing this research and previous fieldwork

CENTER fOR AfRICAN STUDIES Research Report 2014–2015 45 iSLAmiC iNSURgENCy iN THE SAHEL IbRAHIm yAHAyA IbRAHIm

proved effective in fighting against the threat posed by jihadist movements and eventually led to the defeat of the jihadists and their withdrawal from their unsuccessful national front to join more promising ones in Libya and Mali. In Niger my investigation revolved around the description of this country in the media as well as in officials’ speeches as an “island of stability.” Niger is, in fact, encircled by crises of Islamic insurgency across its borders: Boko Hram, Ansar al-Sharia, AQIM, and MUJOA. Yet despite its structural weaknesses and the spread of violence along its borders, Niger appears unexpectedly resilient. Contrary to the other frontline countries, Niger has avoided the emergence of indigenous cells of jihadist groups within its territory, and prevented the occupation of its territory by such groups. This unexpected performance is credited to the country’s secularized Islam, its fairly operational my research focuses on the While the Malian state collapsed in and organized military, and the experience crisis of Islamic insurgency in 2012 in the face of the crisis and Niger of handling Tuareg insurgencies, which the Sahel region. I am particularly struggles to maintain a precarious stability, allowed Niger’s government to maintain interested in the socio-political and Mauritania seems the first to have reached tight control over the northern regions. religious dynamics that contributed to a post-Islamic insurgency period. My ongoing project consists of the emergence of the crisis, and the Over the course of the summer a comparative historical analysis that factors of vulnerability and resilience in 2013, I conducted field research in both traces down structural socio-political and each of Mali, Mauritania, and Niger. Mauritania and Niger to investigate religious dynamics that might explain the The Sahel region is going through their experience of the crises of Islamic different trajectories taken by each of an important transformation. A region that insurgency. Mauritania appeared as the Mali, Mauritania, and Niger in the face was once known for its peace and stability first Sahelian country to have successfully of the crisis of Islamic insurgency. has suddenly turned into a sanctuary of expelled the threat of jihad out of its violence, kidnapping, suicide bombing, and territory. In fact, after six years (2005 – 2011) of intense counterinsurgency no ibrahim yahaya ibrahim is a the spread of radical jihadist ideologies. phD candidate in political science This sudden change has puzzled scholars, terrorist attacks occurred on Mauritanian and a Fulbright grantee (2011-2013). and challenged the existing paradigms for soil. This is all the more notable given that, Funding for this research is provided understanding the political and religious prior to the onset of the Malian crisis, by the minerva Research initiative. dynamics of the region. Mauritania, Mali a number of factors suggested extreme and Niger are the three Sahelian countries vulnerability to jihadist activism, and that are on the frontlines of this crisis. seemed to set Mauritania apart from its These countries have each experienced Sahelian neighbors as the easiest prey for military assaults, suicide attacks, kidnap- the jihadist enterprise. Surprisingly, despite pings, and killing of civilians perpetrated the political instability that punctuated by jihadists inside their territories. Yet the period of the crisis, a combination of all three have had different trajectories. military, political, and religious strategies by successive Mauritanian governments

46 CENTER fOR AfRICAN STUDIES Research Report 2014–2015 COLLABORATivE REpORTS

peter SChmiDt Archaeological & Paleoenvironmental Research in the Ndali Crater Lakes Region juliuS lejju roSe SAu lugAno Alternative Small business financing Options to micro-finance Loans in Kenya FArAh ChArleS heejin Ahn peter SChmiDt Community Archaeology Workshop innoCent pikirAyi leonArDo A. villAlón Sahel Research group

SuSAn CookSey Kongo Across the Waters

FionA mC lAughlin Linguistic Ecology of Dakar’s markets ClAire hArter trACy lu renAtA SerrA Development, Security & Climate Change in the Sahel SArAh mCkune leonArDo villAlón thérèSe ryley Alioune Sow eSther obonyo Social Enterprise Approach in Low Cost Housing mỹDung thỹ nguyỹn kelly wooDFine gerónimo etCheChury

AnitA Spring Sub-Saharan Africa business Environment Report robert rolFe levy oDerA yAng jiAo FletCher Crowe toDD h. leeDy Uf-UDSm Linkage: 25 years of Cooperative Exchange

AgneS ngomA leSlie Taking Africa to the Classroom

CENTER fOR AfRICAN STUDIES Research Report 2014–2015 47 the late 2nd millennium BC to the late ARCHAEOLOgiCAL AND first millennium BC. Paleoenvironmental Research: We pALEOENviRONmENTAL succeeded in obtaining a number of deep cores from Kabata swamp dating back RESEARCH iN THE NDALi 13,000 years, where other researchers laid out the first known patterns of landscape CRATER LAKES REgiON OF change. Using phytolith analysis with pollen analysis we hope to produce a more fine-grained environmental record WESTERN UgANDA that is tightly correlated with results from PETER SCHmIDT AND JULIUS LEJJU a number of test excavations along the western, southern, and eastern rims of this caldera. Moreover, several deep cores During the summer of 2014, forested landscape. The more recent site taken from marshy contexts in the Lake faculty and students from the holds diverse lithic resources used in stone Rwakenzi basin, provided paleoenviron- University of florida participated tool production, moving from a quartz- mental records over the last 6800 years. in a collaborative research based industry to one that incorporates a Community Outreach: The Uganda project in western Uganda with wide range of chert resources alongside National Museum staff worked with other faculty, staff, and students from quartz. A high frequency of LSA remains members of our team to effect outreach mbarara University of Science and across the landscape suggest strong to schools, churches, local governmental Technology (mUST), Kyambogo possibilities for fruitful inquiry pertaining authorities, and the major local employer- University, Rollins College, and to the mid to later Holocene period. -the Ndali Vanilla Factory. School outreach the National museum of Uganda. Our program of survey and test focused on upper primary (5-7) and the The overarching goal of our research was excavation showed a pattern of population only secondary school. Presentations of to inquire into the history of human settle- growth and diminishment during the Iron our research goals and scientific methods ment among the crater lakes east of the Age in several major cycles: 1) the Early in both archaeology and paleoenviron- Ruwenzori Mountains, with the subsidiary Iron Age, starting about 500 BC with mental research were followed up by distri- goals to assess anthropogenic change to significant impact on forest resources; 2) bution of permanent posters in English the environment as well as climatic change. the turn of the millennium at 1000 AD, and Lutoro, the local language. These were The geographical setting--several score marked by the incursion of a second very well received and used the principle of small crater lakes within a small 12 x group with a distinctive stamped and that a trickle-up approach from kids to 15 km core zone--provides an ideal set carved roulette pottery; and 3) a significant adults is more effective in communicating of conditions for studying environmental presence of large villages during the our research goals. Presentations to local change from lake cores. Prior research so-called Ntusi/Bigo period which, further churches occurred on several occasions, in the regions by Peter Schmidt in 1995 to the West by 200 kms, started about 900 sending teams of investigators along showed that there was significant early AD and ran until approximately 1400--1500 with our outreach personnel to answer settlement along the margins of lakes AD. The growth of large communities in questions that arose from a population and throughout the crater lake zone. This the mid-second millennium AD may have very sensitive to land issues, given court- suggested a high potential for fine-grained been a response to the drying episodes affirmed claims by expatriate land owners analysis of human-induced environmental associated with Little Ice Age in dryer for land lost during the Idi Amin regime. change vis-a-vis climate change. central Uganda--inducing communities to move west into the wetter crater lakes Prior paleoenvironmental research peter Schmidt is professor of anthro- shows that there was a significant burning region. Finally, a new chronological chapter pology and former director of CAS. Julius episode about 1000 BC, an event that we has been added to Ugandan history with Lejju is associate professor of biology speculated could possibly be tied to early documentation of the Boudiné culture. at mbarara University of Science and human activity. The modest archaeological Ambiguous in its chronological attributions Technology (mUST). Research was funded (ranging from early first millennium AD by the National Science Foundation, the testing program of 2014 documented paleontological Scientific Trust (pAST) distinct burning strata in two sites, both to the 18-19th century AD) over the last and Scatterlings of Africa programme, associated with Late Stone Age (LSA) five decades, there is now evidence for mUST, and the Foundation for African materials--one dated to the 4th millennium Boudine-associated sacred sites--numerous prehistory and Archeology and its donors. BC and the other to the 2nd century AD. cemeteries--on crater rims spanning the This suggests that possible intensification first millennium BC. The presence of this of hunting and gathering activities may be cultural component may allow more viable associated with these locales in a humid, explanations environmental perturbations observed in the paleoenvironmental from

48 CENTER fOR AfRICAN STUDIES Research Report 2014–2015 CollAborAtion

ALTERNATivE SmALL BUSiNESS FiNANCiNg OpTiONS TO miCRO-FiNANCE LOANS iN KENyA ROSE SAU LUgANO, fARAH CHARLES & HEEJIN AHN

In summer 2014 I was depended on the socioeconomic status of for the group to successfully battle it awarded an RTA grant that the applicant and that poor women were out in court, because they are often facilitated research in Kenya, often restricted from joining KWFT due related or friends with each other. with two University of florida to failure to meet collateral requirements. The ROSCAs are highly valued undergraduate students, farah Furthermore, KWFT’s strict penalty by small business owners due to their Charles and Heejin Ahn. We system for defaulters which involves informal nature and their rootedness in examined the alternative financing options confiscation of physical assets hinders the traditional mutual guarantee system. utilized by self-employed women who are women from joining. In informal lending, There are thousands of ROSCAs in unable to access microfinance loans to there is a degree of flexibility; the rules Kenya, serving as the predominant source establish business. What prompted this governing repayment are negotiable of credit for women, with many having research was the widespread small scale when borrowers encounter extenuating experienced positive impact on their businesses run by women in response to circumstances, such as death in the family. businesses and family life. There is a need acute rising rate of unemployment. Self- Thus, frequently an “emergency fund” is for the formal and government financial employment plays an important role in established to assist members at no cost. institutions to work with the informal Kenyan economy and has the potential for Another deterrent to joining a financial groups to strengthen them contributing to women’s economic, social, formal institution is the high interest rate through the provision of technical and political empowerment, and specifically (20-30%) compared to informal saving financial support in order to meet women in reducing poverty. We collected the data groups (5-10%). The women informed entrepreneurs needs and enable them through surveys, in-depth interviews with us that it was advantageous to borrow reach their highest production in business. individual women, and observed women’s from their informal groups because the Overall, the study findings indicate self-help groups called chama - rotating interest they pay stays within their group that ROSCAs have great potential in saving & credit associations (ROSCAs) - in and adds to the collective “pot” whereas improving the standard of living of many two primary locations, Mombasa and formal institutions keep the interest to pay people in Kenya and reducing poverty. Nairobi. Both rural and urban women for operation costs. Although informal belong to chama, where they contribute associations seem to be efficient in serving Rose Sau Lugano is senior lecturer money monthly and lend to each other. women entrepreneurs’ needs, interviewees in the Department of Languages, Women entrepreneurs’ contribution pointed out two major challenges; often Literatures and Cultures (LLC). Farah to the economy of Kenya is immense, yet times the informal associations do not Charles and Heejin Ahn both completed provide them with adequate capital to undergraduate minors in African Studies. they cannot secure formal bank loans due This research was funded by the Center to lack of collateral. In response to these expand their businesses. Also, when a for international Business Education challenges, many microfinance institutions default case occurs, the “informal” nature (CiBER), the Cneter for African Studies, have evolved from NGOs to provide of these groups makes it challenging and the UF Office of Research. historically disadvantaged women with access to financial services, such as the Kenya Women Finance Trust (KWFT), Kenya Rural Enterprise Program (K-REP), Women Economic Empowerment Consort (WEEC) and Kenya Equity Bank. Despite this development, the current research indicate that informal forms of lending such as ROSCAs (or “merry-go-rounds”) are the main source of small loans for women entrepreneurs. All the women interviewed borrowed from their group while only 4% of them also subscribed to KWFT. The study found that the choice to borrow from formal institutions highly

CENTER fOR AfRICAN STUDIES Research Report 2014–2015 49 out what practice best fits local needs and COmmUNiTy ARCHAEOLOgy & larger management strategies. c) Long term community engagement for research HERiTAgE WORK iN AFRiCA: purposes inevitably means community buy-ins and participations at various points iSSUES, LESSONS, and levels of research, varying as research goals and community needs change. d) & THE FUTURE Response to community invitations to engage in heritage projects are fraught with PETER SCHmIDT AND INNOCENT PIKIRAyI hidden agendas and mixed motivations that may pose a threat to professionals or members of the community. e) Ethical In march 2014, CAS joined research as community-based, 2) some responsibilities to individuals in attribu- the Wenner-gren foundation notable top-down approaches (e.g., culture tion of testimony varies according to in sponsoring a workshop at banks in Dagon, Mali) have incorporated the subject matter and setting and must Uf that addressed community innovative ideas with the potential to be result in “no harm done.” f) Public and archaeology and heritage work grown elsewhere in Africa and around the community archaeology are different in Africa. Professional archaeolo- world; 3) displacement of contemporary species that may be interbred. To avoid gists and heritage experts from Kenya, people by development activities requires confusion in our use of these concepts Zimbabwe, South Africa, Ghana, Nigeria, that heritage experts be prepared to find we should distinguish between a public Eritrea, the USA, Canada, and Switzerland innovative ways to care for sacred sites archaeology that incorporates outreach and discussed pre-circulated papers with the that are threatened by development; 4) dissemination of results and community assistance of three outside discussants the colonial legacy of central control over archaeology that incorporates community from the USA and Australia. The goals excavation planning and implementation engagement with research, crafting of were to explore ways in which community is deeply engrained in university pedagogy interpretation, and sharing of indigenous engagement in Africa by archaeologists and will take serious and determined knowledge. g) Multivocality in community and heritage experts can contribute to efforts to change; 5) the glorification of heritage cannot be heard if archaeologists good practices outside of Africa as well heroes of colonial archaeology, such as or heritage workers speak on behalf of as incorporate good practices from other Louis Leakey, masks serious degrada- community members. The clearest way world regions appropriate to African tion of community sensibilities and to ensure that the voices of participating settings. The workshop also explored participation in archaeological inquiry members of communities are heard is to questions of top-down and bottom-up and heritage protection; 6) community stand aside and let them speak or to write initiatives, examining both to see what archaeology remains a remote ideal in them, letting them carry the narrative. h) positive lessons could be drawn from both some parts of the continent, particularly A discourse-based approach to defining genres. Much of community engagement where land alienation has occurred under “What is heritage” requires listening to heretofore in Africa has been mandated settler displacement and apartheid; 7) people as they engage in daily discourse by funding agencies and development culture change, especially the coming about what they consider to be their enterprises, top-down efforts have been of Christianity, has devalued traditional heritage. i) Human rights claims are often colored by centralized control over heritage values--thrusting experts into unveiled in community heritage and archae- policy and implementation, often leaving tenuous ethical postures when they ology investigations in disguised form, e.g., communities distanced from participa- advocate against the destruction of when people complain about the lack of tory activities. Centralized control over heritage places no longer highly valued. food, the absence of employment oppor- community work has meant the alienation Other common themes emerging tunity, and the deprivation of religious of communities from critical heritage in the papers and discussions, to be the beliefs. j) There is a professional and sites, with policy directives aimed at focus of a forthcoming volume, were: a) ethical responsibility to constantly assess protection overwhelming community Decentralization of some State institu- the change that archaeologists and heritage needs for access to sacred places. These tions, such as the National Museums of workers are inducing in a community. legacies have dominated African efforts to Kenya, has led to community governance integrate community needs in planning of of heritage sites alongside professional peter Schmidt is professor of research, implementation of preservation heritage managers, a significant change anthropology and former director of plans, and development of heritage sites. from top-down approaches. b) Community CAS. innocent pikirayi is professor in The workshop discussions isolated a archaeology and heritage takes many the department of anthropology and number of key issues: 1) many archaeolo- guises: local initiatives and professional archaeology at the University of pretoria. gists engaged in long-term research over participation; outside initiation with local the last several decades do not view their buy-ins, etc. The many different permuta- tions require nuanced case studies to bring

50 CENTER fOR AfRICAN STUDIES Research Report 2014–2015 CollAborAtion pOLiTiCAL REFORm, SOCiAL CHANgE, AND STABiLiTy iN THE AFRiCAN SAHEL LEONARDO A. VILLALóN

Dramatic events in recent intense pressures for political reform in the fieldwork component of the project. In the years have brought new attention name of “democracy” of the early 1990s. historic city of St. Louis, we co-sponsored to the little-studied countries of While their initial responses were quite a workshop on “Islam in the Sahel: the West African Sahel. This large varied, all were obliged to undertake signifi- New Trends and Local Dynamics,” in research project of UF’s Sahel Research cant liberalization, reflected primarily in collaboration with the Centre d’Etudes Group, funded by a grant from the reduced state capacity to shape and control des Religions of the Université Gaston Minerva Research Initiative, is focused on social forces. As a result, in all six countries Berger. In August the formal field research the factors affecting political stability in significant social transformations were portion of the project was launched, a set of six Sahelian countries—Senegal, set in motion, and their political systems initially in Senegal and Chad before Mauritania, Mali, Burkina Faso, Niger, and today are still being shaped by those forces. moving on to include all six countries. Chad—stretching across this arid region of The collapse of Mali, and the eventual In each of the six countries, the West Africa. Collectively these are among French-led international intervention to interactive processes of institutional the least developed countries in the world, attempt to restore the country’s territorial reform and social change that have been and they present some of the most signifi- integrity, however, also set in motion new carried out in the name of democratization cant governance challenges anywhere. At dynamics affecting the entire region. had led to our initial grouping of the six the same time, several have been in many In the initial phase of the project countries into three pairs on the basis of ways laboratories for democracy in the the research team, led by PI Leonardo an observed outcome on the democracy Muslim world, and all have experimented in Villalón and including three Ph.D. dimension in the two decades from the past couple of decades with reforming students in political science (Mamadou 1991-2011: Senegal and Mali (democra- institutions in the name of democracy. Bodian, Ibrahim Yahya Ibrahim, and cies); Chad and Burkina Faso (electoral Unfortunately, developments in the region Daniel Eizenga), elaborated a framework authoritarian regimes) and Niger and in the past few years, including the actions for comparative analysis of the six Mauritania (unstable efforts at democrati- of Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb countries, largely influenced by our zation). Our research in the first part of the (AQIM), and especially the consequences ongoing analysis of the causes of the project—underlined by developments in of the collapse of the Qaddafi regime in Malian collapse. Our weekly discussions the region—clearly demonstrated that the Libya, placed significant pressures on these in the broader setting of the UF Sahel processes and patterns of democratization states. In the time between the submission Research Group (sahelresearch.africa. do intersect with processes of building of the research proposal and the initiation ufl.edu/) continues to serve as a forum resilient state institutions, but in complex of the project, the region was rocked by for refining our framework and analysis. ways that are in the end independent of the overthrow of the government in Mali Periodic visiting scholars form the region, the outcome on the democracy dimension. and the subsequent displacement of state as well as other invited speakers regularly Within each of our pairs, then, we identi- authority in the north of the country by contribute to this effort. Other major fied one country where the two decades an assortment of Islamist jihadi groups. activities have included a 2013 conference of political debates on reform appears The goal of the research project on “The Politics of Institutional Reform to have strengthened state structures and to understand the points of vulner- in the African Sahel,” featuring distin- another where it has not done so, despite ability as well as of resilience in the guished scholars from all six countries. similarities in terms of the democracy region, and in particular to examine the In September 2014 we sponsored a variable. Our fieldwork objective is to variations in these factors among the six symposium on “Demography and the understand the processes that produce countries. The project undertakes this Challenge of Social Change in the African these varied results, and the variables via an analytic framework that examines Sahel,” as part of a collaborative project we need to consider in trying to build a the interactive and reciprocal effects of on “Development, Security, and Climate broader understanding of these processes. institutional reform on social change, in Change in the Sahel,” in conjunction with an iterative process of “micro-transitions” Sciences Po (Paris) and the Université Leonardo villalón is professor of that cumulatively build to potentially Cheikh Anta Diop (Dakar). Information political science and dean of the UF more substantial transformations in on other activities of the group, and a international Center. He is also former state capacity, and that hence shape the number of working papers from the director of the Center for African Studies. project are available on our website. He serves as principle investigator on prospects for stability or instability. the minerva initiative grant and coor- As with virtually all of Africa, the In June 2014 the research team dinator of the Sahel Research group. Sahelian states were directly affected by the met in Senegal to finalize plans for the

CENTER fOR AfRICAN STUDIES Research Report 2014–2015 51 ExHiBiTiONS AND ACQUiSiTiONS OF AFRiCAN ART AT THE HARN mUSEUm OF ART SUSAN COOKSEy

Over the last four years, the US, including the Smithsonian Museum Susan Cooksey is curator of African Harn museum of Art has opened for American History and the Smithsonian art. Support for these exhibitions from: two major original exhibitions, Museum of American Art, told the story michael and Donna Singer, the Harn 20th Anniversary Fund, the 1923 Fund, the both of which have travelled of Kongo creolization in the New World. Center for African Studies, the madelyn to US venues. Each has been a A website, kongoacrossthewaters.org, was m. Lockhart Endowment for Focus collaboration with Uf faculty and developed and will be maintained for the Exhibitions at the Harn museum of Art, institutions in the US and Europe. entire run of the exhibition. Extensive and mary Ann and Richard green, the programming highlights featured two Harn program Endowment, the AEC In 2011, the exhibition Africa Trust, Christie’s, UF Office of the provost, Interweave: Textile Diasporas featured fifty after hours events for students and UF international Center, UF Office of three textiles spanning the continent, community called Museum Nights, a Research, UF School of Art and Art including garments, wall-hangings, flags, UNESCO sponsored program focusing History, UF Center for African Studies, masquerade costumes, and contemporary on Gullah culture, and the Gwendolyn M. the C. Frederick and Aase B. Thompson Carter conference in 2014, Kongo-Atlantic Foundation, Hyatt and Cici Brown, William artworks. Immediately after the opening and Hazel Hough, Robert and Janet of Africa Interweave, the Harn entered into a Dialogues: Kongo Culture in Central Africa and Kemerait, Nella Taylor, Drs. israel and major collaborative project with the Royal the Americas with thirty panelists from the michaela Samuelly, Robert Haiman, mary Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren, Caribbean, Africa, the US, Canada and Kilgour, the Londono Family Endowment, Belgium. The RMCA is a leading museum Europe. The exhibition’s travel schedule the Federal Council on the Arts and the Humanities, and anonymous donors. and research institution for the study of includes the Jimmy Carter Presidential African art, culture and science. Working Museum and Library in Atlanta, the with Harn Museum of Art director Princeton University Museum of Art, Rebecca Nagy, and the RMCA’s director, and the New Orleans Museum of Art. Guido Gryseels, collections manager and These two monumental exhibitions researcher Hein Vanhee, curators, linguists, cap off 25 years of the Harn’s origination musicologists, anthropologists, conserva- of innovative and significant exhibitions tors and contemporary art specialists, and publications on African art. The Harn Harn curator Susan Cooksey and Robin is looking ahead to a reinstallation of Poynor, devised a plan for an exhibition its African Gallery in 2015. In February on Kongo art and culture and its trans- 2015, it will present Kabas and Couture: Atlantic impact. The three exhibition Contemporary Ghanaian Fashion, guest curators, Cooksey, Poynor and Vanhee, curated by UF alumnus Chris Richards, assisted by UF art history graduate student, who worked with designers in Accra in Carlee Forbes, also worked together on a the course of his doctoral research. This major publication by the same title, Kongo exhibition will look at fashion in Ghana across the Waters. The co-edited publication since Independence with a number of included essays by scholars in the US and garments by internationally recognized Europe, and a full color catalogue section designers. A major purchase in 2014 of of works selected for the exhibition. South African artist William Kentridge’s The exhibition included over 160 film,Tango for Page Turning, is a milestone objects, many of which were seldom- in the Harn’s history of collecting African displayed treasures from the RMCA. New contemporary art. The upcoming exhibi- research in archaeology and documentation tion, and exciting new works it will feature, of African-American life starting with the as well as newly acquired works in both the Middle Passage incorporated into the exhi- historical and contemporary collections bition in the form of artifacts from slave affirm the Harn’s legacy of collecting and villages in the US and works by contem- researching African art in collaboration porary artists. These along with a selection with local and international partners. of works of art and artifacts by African American artists from 13 collections in the

52 CENTER fOR AfRICAN STUDIES Research Report 2014–2015 CollAborAtion

THE LiNgUiSTiC ECOLOgy OF DAKAR’S mARKETS fIONA mC LAUgHLIN, CLAIRE HARTER & TRACy LU

With support from a Research Tutorial Abroad grant from the Center for African Studies and the Center for International business Education & Research (CIbER), in may and June of 2014 fiona mcLaughlin accompanied two Uf linguis- tics students to Senegal to participate in a new research project entitled The linguistic ecology of Dakar’s markets. The goal of this research trip was to start to collect data on the variable use of different languages in Dakar’s markets, including the use of written language in advertising, and to see what kind of correlation exists between the type of thesis and undergraduate honors thesis, they decided to move to Senegal and what market and the languages used. Markets respectively. Claire Harter is interested methods they were using in their attempt to were characterized as predominantly ‘sites in sociolinguistics and discourse analysis. learn the local language. She took pictures of necessity’ or ‘sites of luxury,’ following While in Dakar she collected data on of their notebooks, in which they create Stroud & Mpendukana’s (2009) work on bargaining sequences, primarily in Marché their own Wolof-Chinese dictionaries. the material ethnography of the linguistic Sandaga, a major market in downtown The data collected during this landscape in a South African township. Dakar, but also traveled to several other project will be archived in the UF Markets that constitute sites of necessity markets to look at the strategies used by Department of Linguistics’ Language include those that involve little invest- buyers and sellers to achieve their goals Documentation Archive. The corpus ment in infrastructure and that sell basic in the market. Claire’s research focuses consists of audio recordings of natural food and clothing, ie: necessities. Those on bargaining as a genre in the Dakar conversation, interview with Chinese included in our study were the centrally marketplace and how buyers and sellers merchants and their Senegalese employees, located food and clothing markets, Sandaga demonstrate their competence in the and photographs of the markets, the and Tilène, as well as the HLM cloth genre by using cultural and economic Chinese merchants’ notebooks, and market, and the Chinese-run Centenaire strategies. Claire will graduate with the commercial linguistic landscape. market. Our mid-range markets included her Master’s degree in May, 2015. the Casino and City Dia supermarkets. The focus of Tracy Lu’s research Fiona mc Laughlin is an associate Casino, a French company, has long had a in Centenaire market was to explore how professor of linguistics and African presence in Dakar, catering to European the Chinese merchants communicate languages and currently serves as the expatriates and the Senegalese bourgeoisie. in this environment. When they arrive, chair of the Linguistics Department. City Dia is a new Spanish-owned chain the Chinese have almost no background Funding provided by the Center for in Dakar which has been successful in African Studies, the UF Center for knowledge about Senegal, let alone French international Business Education implanting itself conveniently in popular or Wolof, but these merchants are able to and the UF Office of Research. neighborhoods. Finally, the Dakar Biennale, effectively adapt to the environment and a prestigious international art show and communicate with the Senegalese by devel- one of only two on the continent, served oping their own pidgin which based on as the ‘site of luxury’ in our research. urban Wolof. In the streets of Centenaire The two students involved in there are around 200 Chinese owned this project carried out individual research shops. Tracy collected data from around projects, working with Senegalese research thirty-five of these shops. She interviewed assistants, and gathered data for their MA the Chinese owners about when and why

CENTER fOR AfRICAN STUDIES Research Report 2014–2015 53 DEvELOpmENT, SECURiTy AND CLimATE CHANgE iN THE AFRiCAN SAHEL RENATA SERRA, SARAH mCKUNE, LEONARDO VILLALóN, THéRèSE RyLEy, AND ALIOUNE SOW

project is to shed light on the interplay expose students to specific issues and to between these different challenges and to generate discussion in order to facilitate generate development-based interventions small-team collaborative projects. The and solutions aimed at alleviating insecurity. workshop and lecture topics included: The goal is for selected project “Pastoral livelihoods and vulnerability participants to meet three times during the to climate change” (Sarah McKune - UF academic year, once in each location. The Public Health); “Demography, girls’ first series of activities took place at UF education, and women’s empowerment during September 20-26th. Two students in the Sahel” (Alisha Graves - OASIS from the MDP program at Science Po, Initiative); “Food insecurity in the Sahel: and three students from UCAD MDP Global markets and domestic policies” and Economics Programs attended. (Renata Serra - UF Center for African In fall 2014, we launched On the first day we held a one-day Studies); “Managing Salafi Activism in a new collaborative program symposium on the theme “Demography areas of limited statehood: Evidence between the University of and the Challenge of Social Change in from Mali and Niger” (Sebastian Elischer florida, Sciences Po (Paris, the African Sahel”, which was organized - University of Lunenburg and GIGA, france), and University Cheikh around three main teams: 1) Malcom Potts Germany); and “Linguistic Warscapes of Anta Diop (Dakar, Senegal) to (founder of OASIS, UC Berkeley) and Northern Mali” (Fiona McLaughlin - UF promote research and insti- Alisha Graves (co-founder of OASIS) Departments of Linguistics/LLC). tutional exchange involving presented a collision of crises in a discus- The weeklong events concluded faculty and graduate students. sion of population growth and climate with the formation of small-group cross- All three Universities are part of the change in Niger, followed by an argument collaborations between students of partner Global Association of MDP (Masters for the effectiveness of family planning, universities. Students have self-selected in Development Practice) programs and girls’ education, and women’s empower- into these smaller groups and will be this is the first initiative that builds on ment programs in encouraging fertility working through the 2014-15 academic this network to create lasting collabora- decline; 2) Matt Turner (University of year to develop a deliverable in the form tion on African development issues. The Wisconsin) and Leif Brottem (Grinnell of either a literature review or a manu- initiative is coordinated at UF through College) discussed the impact of micro- script. Participating students will continue the Center for African Studies, the climate variability on pastoral and agricul- working from their respective universities, France Florida Research Institute, the tural livelihoods and the constant need for and select students will reconvene at each Sahel Research Group, the International these population to adapt to environmental of the partner universities for weeklong Center (UFIC), and has been partly change; and 3) Arame Tall (IFPRI) and collaborative endeavors. Students will meet financed by the Cultural Services of the Sarah McKune (University of Florida) at Sciences Po Paris in spring 2015 and at French Embassy in New York, which discussed the challenges of appropriately the University Cheikh Anta Diop in Dakar promotes closer association between engaging local populations, particularly during summer 2015. A virtual conference American and French Institutions. women farmers, in climate information is scheduled to take place this December. The project focuses on the devel- services, and shared lessons from CCAFS opment challenges facing the African projects in Senegal. More than 50 faculty Sahel in the wake of security and climate Renata Serra is lecturer in the and graduate students participated in change. The Sahel is an expansive region Center for African Studies; Sarah the symposium, from Anthropology, mcKune is director of public Health characterized by intense environmental African Studies, Climate Change Institute, programs; Leonardo villalón is dean of change, political and economic instability, Geography, Linguistics, MDP, Political the international Center and professor of and rapid population growth – all of which political science; Thérèse Ryley is a phD Science, Public Health, Veterinary Medicine contribute to various security issues in the student in anthropology; Alioune Sow is and other departments and programs. region. Despite this confluence of issues, director of the France-Florida institute and The symposium was followed associate professor in the Department of development initiatives in the Sahel have by a series of workshops and lectures Languages, Literature and Culture (LLC). lacked a systemic approach able to tackle held at the Center for African Studies. interaction and feedback effects between The workshops were designed to different problem areas. The aim of the

54 CENTER fOR AfRICAN STUDIES Research Report 2014–2015 CollAborAtion

THE pOTENTiAL FOR USiNg A SOCiAL ENTERpRiSE AppROACH TO ACHiEvE impACT AND SCALE iN LOW COST HOUSiNg ESTHER ObONyO, mỹDUNg THỹ NgUyỹN, KELLy WOODfINE, gERóNImO ETCHECHURy

Satellite City. The diversity of needs among the different stakeholders revealed the multivalent character of affordable housing. Understanding the social context and the interfaces with the financial market are as important as the developing suitable technologies. Through collaborating with the NHBRA the home owners in the Kurasini-Chamazi Resettlement Project have constructed 2-bedroom units costing 4.7 million TZS. The owners provide labor for the construction following training in the compressed block making from NHBRA. The projects uses a modular construction approach through which each unit is built incrementally over time as each individual home owner pays off initial startup loans and qualifies for additional funding. WAT has also used the modular/ incremental construction approach to assist members in the Hanna Nassif slum to improve their living conditions. WAT provides Microfinance loans to its The focus of this under- building materials and the required members. The largest NHBRA-affiliated graduate research tutorial abroad technology to meet the demands for project was the NHC Kigamboni one (RTA) was identifying the key low-cost housing through collaborating which when completed will contribute an barriers to scale and impact in with both the public and private sector estimated 500 units. Financial constraints low cost housing using selected organizations. The most successful product emerged as one of the key barriers to cases from Tanzania. Tanzania’s is the soil-cement interlocking bricks scale and impact. Most of these initia- housing deficit is a staggering 3 million technology which is 40% cheaper than tives rely on limited funding from the units. Among the existing households the conventional building blocks. The Tanzanian government. WAT indicated throughout the mainland, only 15 percent interlocking mechanism eliminates the that they were transitioning into a for profit have electricity. Over 80 percent of urban need for mortar between layers (an external organization in the hope that stronger residents live as tenants in unplanned sealant is used) and allows for a faster ties with the private sector will increase informal settlements. Efforts by different building rate. The use of this technology the scale and impact of their initiatives. players in both the private and public can reduce the construction costs of a sector directed at provide adequate housing 3-bedroom home from TZS 70 million have had limited success and do not to TZS 40 million TZS. The construc- Esther Obonyo is associate appear to have the potential for impact tion time is also reduced by 50 percent. professor in the School of Building NHBRA affiliated sites visited during Construction. Funding for this program at scale. The host for the program was was jointly provided by the Center the National Housing Building Research the RTA include: a community-based for African Studies, the UF Center Association (NHBRA), a Government organization (CBO) resettlement initiative for international Business Education Executive Agency, which was launched at Kurasini-Chamanzi, slum upgrading and Research (CiBER) through grants on 1st September 2001. The NHBRA is and low income housing projects by the from the US Department of Education and the UF Office of Research. under the Ministry of Lands, Housing Women’s Advancement Trust (WAT) and and Human Settlements Development. a National Housing Cooperation (NHC) NHBRA conducts research in local project in the proposed Kigamboni

CENTER fOR AfRICAN STUDIES Research Report 2014–2015 55 SUB-SAHARAN AFRiCA BUSiNESS ENviRONmENT REpORT (SABER) ANITA SPRINg, RObERT ROLfE, LEVy ODERA, yANg JIAO & fLETCHER CROWE

In may 2014, Professor Anita and wind power); mining and resource Anita Spring is professor emeritus Spring presented the final release extraction; and telecommunications. of anthropology, University of Florida. of SAbER, 2012-13 at the Plenary New statistical tables and indices have Robert Rolfe is professor of international business, University of South Carolina. Session of the International been added on the values of imports and Funding for this project was by the U.S. Academy of African business exports by commodity between SABER Department of Education’s Title vi grants and Development (IAAbD) in countries and the United States and China. through the Center for African Studies bridgetown, barbados. SABER In response to reviewers, SABER (CAS), College of Liberal Arts and Science, 2012-2013 has also added a “Summary of University of Florida and the Centers for 2012-13 provides business informa- international Business Education and tion at a ready glance for the 19 largest Business Culture” based on the literature Research (CiBER) of the Warrington economies in Sub-Saharan Africa. Each and personal experiences of SABER’s College of Business, UF and the moore Regional Summary and Country Report authors and colleagues. It covers greetings, School of Business, University of South highlights the current situation for six business meetings and timing, titles and Carolina. SABER 2012-13 was assisted by business cards, communication, bargaining Dr. Levy Odera, yang Jiao (phD candidate, topics: Political Stability; Economic Anthropology), and Dr. Fletcher Crowe. Growth; Trade and Agriculture; Foreign and negotiation, gift giving, women and Direct Investment (FDI); Doing Business; gender issues, tipping, personal space and Business Culture and Financial (Stock) eye contact, business dress codes, and Markets; Infrastructure (construction, practices to avoid. In addition, SABER energy, telecommunications, transporta- has developed a series of Business Culture tion); and Health and Social Aspects. tables that will be put on the website so Appendix A contains a series of that readers can provide data for countries tables created by SABER that provide of which they are knowledgeable. a comprehensive statistical database, both quantitative and qualitative. The tables include FDI and trade; political and legal indicators; agricultural and commodity production and sales; ease of doing business rankings; financial market data; and social, gender, health, and education indicators. These data help evaluate business deals, business enablers and constraints, and political stability for each country report and sub-region summary. Development assistance programs and business invest- ments by governments and companies from Africa, China, Europe, India, the United Kingdom, the United States, and other countries are also provided. What is new in SABER 2012-2013? Although the previous volume, SABER 2011, included information on China’s FDI in African countries, SABER 2012-2013 examines the subject in greater depth in terms of exports and imports; infrastruc- ture contracts for building construction (houses, stadiums, government buildings); transportation construction (roads, railways, ports, airports); energy (electricity

56 CENTER fOR AfRICAN STUDIES Research Report 2014–2015 CollAborAtion

UF AND THE UNivERSiTy OF DAR ES SALAAm: 25 yEARS OF ExCHANgE AND DEvELOpmENT TODD H. LEEDy

As CAS celebrates its first 50 years, we also reach a remarkable milestone in our partnership with the University of Dar es Salaam (UDSm). Founded upon a memorandum of understanding developed by then-CAS Director Peter Schmidt and signed by both institutions in 1989, this linkage continues to provide extraordinary opportunities for UF students and UDSM academic staff. CAS and the UF International Center work with the UDSM Office of Cooperation, Links, and Projects (Links) as well as the Office of Staff Development (OSD) to administer our student-faculty exchange. Both UF and non-UF students can study abroad as international students at UDSM, residing on campus while doing Candidates for faculty residencies with UF faculty expertise for mentoring language and area studies coursework with are selected by the UDSM OSD in collabo- opportunities. UF Libraries offer research UDSM instructors. As per the continuing ration with CAS. The program prioritizes assistance and training. CAS provides staff MOU, UDSM provides housing, a food junior staff members who are working support and while based in Grinter Hall, stipend, and tuition waiver for student towards their doctorate in any field. CAS scholars are also able to participate in the participants. This allows UF to hold and UFIC coordinate visiting scholar full range of event programming on Africa. the student program fees in an account visas, air travel, accommodation, and Since the program’s inception, which supports the other aspect of this maintenance stipends for semester-long UF has hosted over 75 scholars from exchange: UDSM faculty residencies at UF. residencies. CAS also connects scholars a large variety of UDSM departments, including archaeology, architecture, botany, chemistry, development studies, economics, engineering, fine arts, geography, history, law, linguistics, literature, management, marketing, mathematics, sociology, statistics, and zoology. After completing their program at UF, UDSM visiting scholars either continue to pursue their doctorate through UDSM or go on to programs elsewhere, e.g. Germany, Norway, Spain, UK, etc. We are also pleased to announce that one former exchange participant, Prof. F.D. Luoga, will become the new UDSM deputy vice- chancellor for academic affairs in 2015.

Todd Leedy is associate director and senior lecturer in the Center for African Studies. He has coordinated the UF-UDSm exchange since 2001.

CENTER fOR AfRICAN STUDIES Research Report 2014–2015 57 TAKiNg AFRiCA TO THE CLASSROOm AgNES NgOmA LESLIE

Part of the mission of the Center for African Studies is to promote the teaching of Africa in schools, colleges and universities outside the University of florida. The Center with the assistance of its affiliated faculty provides various levels of training and assistance to teachers at K-12, two-year colleges, and universities. At college level, the Center provides workshops and institutes to enhance the teaching of Africa and assist instructors in developing courses or sections on Africa. In addition, the Center holds an annual summer institute for K-12 teachers. The objective is to help teachers increase their knowledge about Africa and develop lesson plans to use in their classrooms. In the last ten years more than 100 teachers have taken part in the summer institutes and more than 6,000 have participated in our in-service training. Part of the objective of the summer institute is to produce a publi- cation for teachers. Teachers who partici- pate in the institute design lesson plans and write articles which are published in the Irohin: Bringing Africa to the Classroom. Thus far, we have published more accurate information about Africa and contemporary Africa and thus sow the than 15 editions of the Irohin, most of offer effective ways for teaching about seed for future Africanists! So far, we which are available online. The Irohin serves the continent. The Irohin also explores have taught an average of 20 students as a valuable resource for teachers locally, topical issues pertaining to Africa. The each summer the basics of the Swahili regionally and nationally. Print copies are 2014 Irohin edition included: Reflections language, introduction to the continent, provided to teachers at workshops and on Nelson Mandela; Ngungi wa Thiong’o; music and dance. At the end of the in-service training sessions. The articles a comparative look at the cities of Lagos institute the students demonstrate their in the publication are written by teachers and Gaborone; Sudanese attempts to knowledge of Swahili through perfor- for other teachers. The objective of the rebuild the country; conflict diamonds mances including self-introductions, publication is to provide teachers with and the Kimberley process; great riddles and songs. They also demonstrate African leaders and social movements; their newly acquired African music skills the clash of traditional and modern through the creative playing of drums, cultures in Guinea; a look at African singing and dancing. Parents and families women authors; body adornment in are invited to the graduation celebration. selected regions of East Africa; Western versus African Hip-Hop; and the origin Agnes Ngoma Leslie is the outreach of the African Cup of Nations. director and senior lecturer at the In 2014 CAS held its 10th Jambo! Center for Africa Studies. She directs Summer program for area high school the summer institute for teachers and students. The objective is to introduce Jambo! She is also the editor of irohin: Bringing Africa to the Classroom. the students to an African language and

58 CENTER fOR AfRICAN STUDIES Research Report 2014–2015 ALUmNi UpDATES

timothy AjAni Taking yoruba and Africa to an HbCU

CArlee ForbeS Into the Collections: Congolese Painting

AShley leinweber The muslim minority of the Democratic Republic of Congo robert preSS Resisting Repression without Violence TAKiNg yORUBA AND AFRiCA TO AN HBCU TImOTHy T. AJANI

my primary research area help jump-start an ESL program and help It is evident that my deep roots continues to be on the new infuse Africa into the course curriculum in the UF Center for African Studies, Englishes (with emphasis on of the now defunct Department of the Department of African and Asian Nigerian English). More recently, I English and Foreign Languages. I am glad Languages and Literatures, and the have published on the legacy of Amos to report that we now have an add-on Linguistics Program have served me Tutuola as well as action research in the licensure certificate in ESL and offer well, and have been the impetus for my Yoruba language classroom (published Yoruba language courses. I have also been ongoing work and activities in the Tar in Paris, France). I have also published privileged to teach a few courses in African Heel state, thanks to the strong mentoring on Nigerian English, with emphasis on literature and the modern novel with an support received while at the University the works of Wole Soyinka and Chinua African emphasis. I have 19 students in of Florida, and particularly at the CAS. Achebe. More recently I submitted my Yoruba class this semester! Due to a May I also add that while at UF, I was a couple of entries for the still-in- strong demand for French, though, and one of the fortunate beneficiaries of the progress first Encyclopedia of Yoruba, the non-availability of funds to hire a CAS Summer Travel Grant award (1994). and currently, I am busy working on a full-time position in French, I have also forthcoming paper on aspectual relations been teaching French language courses. Timothy T. Ajani (phD, linguistics, in the Yoruba. Thus, in spite of carrying a I am currently the Critical Language 2001) is professor and chair of the full load of administrative responsibilities, Scholarship Program advisor for FSU – a Department of World Languages and I have managed to keep myself busy with fully-funded summer language institutes for Cultures at Fayetteville State University. research and publication nonetheless. U.S. university students sponsored by the Other research work in progress includes U.S. Department of State. In 2010 I was such topics as compounding in Yoruba awarded the much coveted UNC Board (morphology) and influence of the of Governors’ Award for Excellence in substrate in Tutuola’s English (syntax). Teaching, the highest teaching award in the I came to Fayetteville State UNC system. That same year I became the University (FSU) in the fall of 2001 in pioneering Chair of a new Department response to a job ad seeking someone to of World Languages and Cultures.

60 CENTER fOR AfRICAN STUDIES Research Report 2014–2015 Alumni iNTO THE COLLECTiONS: CONgOLESE pAiNTiNg CARLEE fORbES

The second portion of my intern- ship allowed me to begin expanding my research on Kongo artistic productions that I began in conjunction with the Kongo across the Waters exhibition/publication and my 2013 MA thesis. My MA thesis examined the imagery and patterns used in early 20th century raffia funerary mats to demonstrate both design continuity with raffia textiles dating from the 16th century and also the creative changes employed by 20th century Kongo artists In summer 2014 I began my for new markets and contexts. My new pre-dissertation research while research, which I hope will develop into my completing a curatorial intern- dissertation, brings in and compares other ship with the Royal museum two-dimensional Kongo arts from the early for Central Africa (RmCA) in 20th century. This summer, my research Tervuren, belgium. This internship focused on gathering materials from continues the collaborative bonds formed RMCA’s collection including: engraved between the RMCA and the University calabashes, commissioned watercolors, and of Florida created via the Kongo across further examples of raffia funerary mats. raffia mats, and watercolors to create a the Waters exhibition and publication. I was also able to view a large larger discussion on the nature of two- My internship served two purposes. collection of commissioned watercolors dimensional representation in the Congo th The first was to begin organizing, held at the Bibliothèque Royale in Brussels during the early-mid 20 century. By inventorying, and cataloging the RMCA’s and a smaller collection at the RMCA. questioning the nature of two-dimensional recently acquired collection and archive of These collections consist mainly of representation, this research may serve Congolese popular culture from historian works by Albert Lubaki and Djilatendo as a bridge between three art historical Bogumil Jewsiewicki. This collection (Tshelatende, Tshyela Ntendu), two discussions: from cave paintings, to more consists of over 2,000 Congolese popular Congolese artists working in the 1930s. canonical works (such as carved ivories), paintings (dating from the 1970s to the These works were commissioned by a and finally the academic paintings of present) and over 80 boxes of accompa- Belgian colonial officer George Thiry the 1950s (such as those by artists in nying archival material. My task was to and promoted in Belgium by Colonial Pierre Romain-Desfossés’s workshop in sort, organize, and categorize the archival administrator Gaston-Denis Périer. Lubumbashi). The larger themes I hope to boxes that included field notes, written These works have been discussed in the consider are questions of Kongo artists’ personal narratives, recorded interviews, context of colonialism and the reception artistic agency while living under the photos, music recordings, and objects. I of African art in Belgium during the colonial system, local vs. foreign audiences, separated these materials to be moved to period. However, the two collections also and Belgian reception of Congo art. their respective RMCA departments—the hold a small number of rarely discussed news archive, ethnomusicology, object works by Ngoma, René Massali, and Paul Carlee Forbes completed her mA storage, etc. In addition to organizing the Mapinda. Relatively little is known about degree in art history and was curatorial archive, I am now part of the exhibition these three artists. By comparing the five assistant at the Samuel p. Harn museum team under curator Bambi Ceuppens and of Art during 2013-14. Funding for artists: Lubaki, Djilatendo, Ngoma, Massali, this research was provided by the UF co-curator/artist Sammy Baloji for a 2016 and Mapinda it is my hope to better exhibition of Congolese popular painting international Center. Carlee is now enrolled understand the atmosphere surrounding in the art history phD program at the at the Bozar Museum in Brussels. So, the production of these watercolors. University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill. while sorting the archive, I was respon- As my dissertation research sible for separating any material related progresses it is my intention to bring specifically to popular painting, as this together the engraved calabashes, will be used in the exhibition’s research.

CENTER fOR AfRICAN STUDIES Research Report 2014–2015 61 THE mUSLim miNORiTy OF THE DEmOCRATiC REpUBLiC OF CONgO ASHLEy E. LEINWEbER

The muslim minority of the Islamic organizations became actively Democratic Republic of Congo involved in the provision of education (DRC), approximately 5% of since the end of the conflict in 2002. the total Congolese population, Therefore, we first documented experienced intense repression how the Muslim community has progres- and marginalization during the sively taken active part in the provision colonial period, resulting in of social services, and then ask why detachment from politics and Muslims have been able to do so, why the state that carried over even now, and what the political ramification after Congolese independence. of such involvement is. It is argued that Surprisingly, since the formal end of the minority Muslim community has been able to mobilize for two primary conflict in 2002, the Muslim minority has its historic marginalization, has mobilized reasons. The first explanatory factor is that become increasingly active, as evidenced in the post-conflict period in numerous in recent years there has been an easing by a proliferation of Islamic associations associations and is getting involved in the of historic tensions within the Muslim now involved in spiritual and develop- provision of social services; time will tell community itself. The second factor is ment realms. In particular, there has been if this expansion includes more active the opportunity that the post-conflict a concerted effort to establish Muslim engagement in democratic politics. public schools throughout the country. moment in Congolese history presented Undisputedly, more than a decade as the state was too weak to govern on of war in parts of eastern DRC had its own, yet increasingly democratic and Ashley E. Leinweber is assistant allowed access to previously marginalized professor of political science at missouri an immensely negative impact on the State University. She earned her ph.D. social fabric of communities. However, groups, such as the Muslim minority. from the University of Florida in 2011. She tales of destruction are not all that have In addition to involvement in post- was a Center for African Studies FLAS arisen out of the ashes of the Congo conflict reconstruction, members of the fellow in Swahili (2005-07 and summer wars. Dissertation research in 2008 and Muslim community expressed interest 2006). Her 2008-09 dissertation fieldwork in furthering their participation in newly was funded by the African power and 2009 revealed that the minority Muslim politics program through their partnership community was capitalizing upon the formed democratic institutions. Therefore, with the CAS. A mSU Faculty Research post-conflict moment of state weakness more recent fieldwork in 2013 aimed to grant funded her 2013 fieldwork. and desperate human need to mobilize for build upon the previous research by further the benefit of the larger society. Despite exploring the political involvement of decades of marginalization, discrimina- the Muslim minority in recent democratic tion, and withdrawal from politics and elections. Since the previously quiescent development, Congolese Muslim associa- community appeared to be experiencing a tions were organizing to provide social process of awakening through mobiliza- services. Specifically, although Catholic tion, we expected to find increased levels and Protestant groups had been running of involvement in post-conflict politics as educational facilities since colonial times, well. However, as a consequence of the historical legacy of marginalization, today few Muslims hold significant political or leadership positions and there is a clear underrepresentation of Muslims at all levels of the Congolese government. Unfortunately a continual delay in local and provincial elections has hampered efforts at collecting data on the Muslim minority’s involvement and success in subsequent democratic elections. However, what is clear is that the Muslim community, despite

62 CENTER fOR AfRICAN STUDIES Research Report 2014–2015 Alumni

RESiSTiNg REpRESSiON WiTHOUT viOLENCE RObERT PRESS

to this day on academic progress; Larry Dodd, Leslie Anderson, Peggy Conway; Paul Magnarella; Dennis Galvan and Hunt Davis, who helped me enroll on short notice and always encouraged my progress. Elsewhere in the University, Ken Mease, Leslie Thiele, Wayne Francis, Rich Conley and Jeffrey Needell stimulated my intellectual growth. And finally, librarians Peter Malanchuk and Dan Reboussin always helped me find Africa research materials when I need them. At the political science office Debbie Wallen and Sue Lawless-Yanchisin helped me keep things organized. Finally, Michael Martinez patiently answered my endless questions about the administrative details involved in getting a PhD. He was also a big source of encouragement throughout my years at UF. I owe a lot to the Center for African Studies and I’ve got a full research and teaching agenda ahead.

Robert press (phD, political science, 2004) is associate professor at the University of Southern mississippi and currently serves as president of the faculty senate. in 2008-2009 he was a Fulbright Fellow in Sierra Leone. my dissertation, with some other informally. The first book focuses changes, was published in 2006 on Kenya; the second highlights Sierra by Ashgate, a UK academic Leone, Liberia and a fresh analysis of publisher. It is titled: Peaceful Resistance: Kenya. I have also published a number Advancing Human Rights and Democratic of articles in peer-reviewed journals, Freedom. A second book is forthcoming including the Journal of Human Rights and next spring from Amsterdam University the Journal of Contemporary Africa Studies. I Press: Ripples of Hope: How Ordinary People am currently starting research on African migration to Italy and the rest of Europe, Resistance Repression Without Violence. Both a process that has seen thousands die books use social movement theory and trying to cross the Mediterranean. critique prevailing western-born theories I’d like to thank my professors of social movements in a number of ways. at UF for giving me the solid academic They recognize individual activism and not foundation these works are built on. just organizational activism; and they look Those professors include, particularly, at the various tactics activists – ranging Philip Williams, who introduced me to from mothers, students, teachers, lawyers, social movement theories and was the first and others use to confront authoritarian to support my argument that individual regimes in sub-Sahara Africa. In essence, activism is almost entirely left out of those they describe how in situations where it theories; Michael Chege, my first chair; is too dangerous to have formal orga- and Goran Hyden, my second and final nizations, activists resist without them chair who has guided and advised me even though often staying in touch with each

CENTER fOR AfRICAN STUDIES Research Report 2014–2015 63 In Memoriam

Madelyn M. Lockhart

CAS is saddened to inform you of the recent passing of one of our longtime and most stalwart supporters. Madelyn was born September 21, 1924 in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, the daughter of Alexander and Mary Lockhart. She graduated valedictorian of Dormont High School and received a scholarship from the Pittsburgh Music Society. She received an academic scholarship from Denison University in Ohio and graduated with a double major in Music and Economics. She earned her Master’s and Doctorate degrees in Economics from Ohio State University. Her research on measurement of income of cities and counties was adopted by the US Department of Labor. She and her husband, Dr. Milton Z. Kafoglis, came to Florida in 1960 and she became director of the Alachua County Poverty Program. She served as a member of President Johnson’s Council of Social Advisors and later on President Nixon’s Commission on Revenue Sharing. She served as Professor of Economics and Assistant Dean and Dean of the Graduate School. She spent most of 1978 in Africa visiting local universities in order to open research opportunities for University of Florida faculty research and to promote CAS. In 1984 she was appointed Dean of the University Graduate School, the first woman to hold an academic University-wide position at the University of Florida and one of the first of major universities. She later served as Chairman of the Southeastern Association of Graduate Schools.

Dr. Lockhart generously established several endowments to support African Studies. Her summer travel award for doctoral students funds one student each year to conduct pre-dissertation field research in Africa in order to assess project sites and develop institutional contacts. Her generous endowment to UF Libraries specifically supports African Studies collection development and has funded the purchase of antique and rare modern maps, videos, rare books and scholarly publications as well as paid for the shipping of unique manuscript collections.

64 Center for African Studies Research Report 2014–2015 AFRiCAN STUDiES QUARTERLy

FounDAtion

The Center for African Studies founded the African Studies Quarterly (ASQ) in 1997 to promote research on Africa beyond that undertaken by University of Florida faculty and graduate students. It is an interdis- ciplinary, fully refereed, online open access journal dedicated to publishing the finest scholarship relating to the African continent. ASQ invites the submissions of original manuscripts on full range of topics related to Africa in all areas. To qualify for consideration, submissions must meet the scholarship standards within the appropriate discipline and be of interest to an interdisciplinary readership. As an electronic journal, we welcome submissions that are of a time-sensitive nature.

ASQ undertakes two kinds of publications. Most issues contain articles from a wide range of authors on diverse topics, as in Volumes 13 & 14:

• Ethiopia’s Role in South Sudan’s March to Independence, 1955-1991 • Hip Hop as Social Commentary in Accra and Dar es Salaam • Securing Reform? Power Sharing and Civil-Security Relations in Kenya and Zimbabwe • Becoming Local Citizens: Senegalese Female Migrants and Agrarian Clientelism in The Gambia • Sons of the Soil and Conquerors Who Came on Foot: The Historical Construction of a West African Border Region

ASQ also publishes “At Issue” commentaries as well as special issues that focus on a specific theme, as with volume 11/2&3 guest edited by Ilda Lindell of Stockholm University titled “Between Exit and Voice: Infor- mality and the Spaces of Popular Agency.”

review proCeSS

An internal editorial committee - composed of graduate students in African Studies across a wide range of disciplines - conducts the internal review of submitted manuscripts that are original and not submitted or accepted for publication elsewhere. Final publication depends on the quality of the manuscript and the associated external peer review process. For submission guidelines, matters related to the ASQ style, how to contact the ASQ, and other issues, potential authors should consult the ASQ website: www.africa.ufl.edu/asq or contact the managing editor: [email protected]

CENTER fOR AfRICAN STUDIES Research Report 2014–2015 65 FLAS FELLOWSHipS

ACADemiC yeAr & Summer Foreign lAnguAge AnD AreA StuDieS FellowShipS

The University of Florida’s Center for African Studies anticipates awarding Foreign Language and Area Studies (FLAS) Fellowships for the academic year. These fellowships are funded by the U.S. Department of Education (USED) under Title VI of the U.S. Higher Education Act and are awarded to students combining graduate work in any academic discipline with African area and language studies.

Fellowships are offered for any one of the regularly taught languages (Akan, Amharic, Arabic, Portuguese, Swahili, Wolof, Yoruba, and Zulu) as well as for other African languages for which instruction can be arranged.

Academic year fellowships provide a stipend of $15,000 and cover the cost of tuition and fees (12 credits per semester). Applicants must be a citizen or permanent resident of the United States and be admitted to a graduate program at the University of Florida.

Summer fellowships provide students with an opportunity to undertake intensive African language study in any USED approved program. Summer fellowships cover tuition at the host institution and provide a stipend of $2,500.

For more information, including application deadlines, please visit our website: www.africa.ufl.edu/graduatestudies/flas.

66 CENTER fOR AfRICAN STUDIES Research Report 2014–2015 AFRiCAN STUDiES FACULTy & ALUmNi pRE-DiSSERTATiON AWARD jeAnne & hunt DAviS mADelyn m. loCkhArt graduate Research Award graduate Research Award In 2004, Dr. R. Hunt Davis, In 2004, Dr. Madelyn Lockhart, professor emeritus in History and professor emeritus of economics a former director of the Center and a former Dean of the Graduate for African Studies, and his wife, School, established an endowment Jeanne, established an endowment to support an annual award for to support graduate students doing graduate students doing pre- pre-dissertation research in Africa. dissertation research in Africa.

The generous contributions from Jeanne & Hunt Davis and Dr. Lockhart has made it possible for the Center to provide support for graduate students each summer doing fieldwork in Africa. In an effort to expand our capability for supporting graduate students, Dr. Davis has taken the lead in helping CAS work toward establishing an additional endowment.

The African Studies faculty & Alumni Pre-Dissertation Award now has over $20,000 in commitments and is moving toward the goal of $30,000, which will provide more support for graduate students. If you would like to contribute, please refer to the following page.

The Center would like to thank the individuals below who have contributed to our various funds in the past year (with an extra special thanks to those who are working to build the faculty & Alumni Pre-Dissertation fund).

THANKS TO OUR DONORS

Anonymous Fiona mclaughlin jane Southworth Charles bwenge Connie mulligan emerson r. thompson Susan Cooksey Susan o’brien leonardo villalón Abraham goldman terje & marit ostebo luise white Agnes & michael leslie Daniel reboussin iona & peter malanchuk Sandra russo barbara mcDade-gordon renata Serra

CENTER fOR AfRICAN STUDIES Research Report 2014–2015 67 CONTRIBUTE TO GRADUATE STUDENT RESEARCH ON AFRICA AT UF

Funds for graduate students to travel and carry out research in Africa are in very short supply, especially in these trying economic times!

Beyond their training at UF, field research in Africa is absolutely essential for students to write the kinds of dissertations on which they will be able to base successful careers, whether in academia, government, NGOs, or the private sector. The major dissertation research awards for Africa are limited in number and increasingly competitive. In order for Ph.D. candidates to be competitive for these awards they must demonstrate a strong familiarity with the proposed field site and the capability to carry out the proposed work.

As a result, preliminary summer research trips to lay the groundwork for dissertation fieldwork are invaluable for making students competitive for national awards for dissertation funding. Helping our students launch their professional careers in this way is one of our top priorities at the Center for African Studies.

The Center for African Studies has recently established a fund with the goal of creating an endowment of at least $30,000, so as to generate the revenue for an annual award to help a student carry out pre-dissertation research in Africa. If you would like to make a contribution to this fund, we (and future generations of UF Africanist students!) would be very grateful. For instruc- tions, please visit our website:

http://africa.ufl.edu/about/make-a-gift/

If you are a UF employee and would like to contribute via payroll deduction, please contact CAS for assistance.

If you have any questions or would like more information—please contact Abraham Goldman (CAS director) at [email protected] or 352-392-2183

68 Center for African Studies Research Report 2014–2015 CENTER FOR AFRICAN STUDIES 427 Grinter Hall CENTERPO Box FOR 115560 AFRICAN STUDIES 427 GrinterGainesville, Hall Florida 32611-5560 PO Box352-392-2183 115560 Gainesville,352-392-2435 Florida (FAX)32611-5560 352-392-2183www.africa.ufl.edu 352-392-2435 (FAX) www.africa.ufl.edu