Issues in Austronesian Historical Linguistics
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JSEALS Special Publication No. 1 Issues In Austronesian HIstorIcAl LinguIstIcs Edited by Hsiu-chuan Liao 1 © 2017 University of Hawai‘i Press All rights reserved OPEN ACCESS – Semiannual with periodic special publications E-ISSN: 1836-6821 http://hdl.handle.net/10524/52405 Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License. JSEALS publishes fully open access content, which means that all articles are available on the internet to all users immediately upon publication. Non-commercial use and distribution in any medium is permitted, provided the author and the journal are properly credited. Cover photo courtesy of Alexander Smith. i JSEALS Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society Editor-in-Chief Mark Alves (Montgomery College, USA) Managing Editors Nathan Hill (University of London, SOAS, UK) Sigrid Lew (Payap University, Thailand) Paul Sidwell (Australia National University, Australia) Editorial Advisory Committee Marc BRUNELLE (University of Ottawa, Canada) Kamil DEEN ( ) Gerard DIFFLOTH (Cambodia) Rikker DOCKUMUniversity (Yale University of Hawai‘i, USA at Mānoa,) USA San San HNIN TUN (INALCO, France) Kitima INDRAMBARYA (Kasetsart University, Thailand) Peter JENKS (UC Berkeley, USA) Mathias JENNY (University of Zurich, Switzerland) Daniel KAUFMAN (Queens College, City University of New York & Endangered Language Alliance, USA) James KIRBY (University of Edinburgh, Scotland) Hsiu-chuan LIAO (National Tsing Hua University, Taiwan) Alexis MICHAUD (CNRS (Le Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, France) DavidBradley MORTENSEN MCDONNELL (Carnegie (University Mellon of Hawai‘i University at Mānoa,, USA) USA) Peter NORQUEST (University of Arizona, USA) Pittayawat PITTAYAPORN (Chulalongkorn University, Thailand) Amara PRASITHRATHSINT (Professor Emeritus of Linguistics, Chulalongkorn University, Thailand) Joseph (Deth) THACH (Institut National des Langues et Civilisations Orientales, France) Alice VITTRANT (Aix-Marseille Université / CNRS-DDL, France) The Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society publishes articles on a wide range of linguistic topics of the languages and language families of Southeast Asia and surrounding areas. JSEALS has been hosted by the UH Press since the beginning of 2017. ii Contents Introduction from the Volume Editor iv About the Contributors vi Statement from the JSEALS Editor-in-Chief viii Papers Mora, Vowel Length, and Diachrony: the Case of Arta, a Philippine Negrito Language Yukinori Kimoto 1-22 Re-evaluating the Position of Iraya among Philippine Languages Lawrence A. Reid 23-47 Reconstructing Proto Kenyah Pronouns and the Development of a True Five Number System Alexander D. Smith 48-66 Linguistic Evidence for Prehistory: Oceanic Examples Malcolm Ross 67-101 Classifying Old Rapa: Linguistic Evidence for Contact Networks in Southeast Polynesia Mary Walworth 102-122 iii Introduction from the Volume Editor The International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics (ICAL) is an open scholarly forum on the languages and linguistics of the Austronesian language family. Since the initial meeting of 1-ICAL in Honolulu in 1974, ICAL has been held regularly in different continents every three to four years. 1-ICAL (Honolulu, Hawai‘i, USA) (Jan. 2-7, 1974) 2-ICAL (Canberra, Australia) (Jan. 4-12, 1978) 3-ICAL (Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia) (Jan. 19-24, 1981) 4-ICAL (Suva, Fiji) (Aug. 13-18, 1984) 5-ICAL (Auckland, New Zealand) (Jan. 11-16, 1988) 6-ICAL (Honolulu, Hawai‘i, USA) (May 20-24, 1991) 7-ICAL (Leiden, Netherlands) (Aug. 22-27, 1994) 8-ICAL (Taipei, Taiwan) (Dec. 28-30, 1997) 9-ICAL (Canberra, Australia) (Jan 8-11, 2002) 10-ICAL (Puerto Princesa City, Palawan, Philippines) (Jan. 17-20, 2006) 11-ICAL (Aussois, France) (June 22-26, 2009) 12-ICAL (Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia) (July 2-6, 2012) 13-ICAL (Taipei, Taiwan) (July 18-23, 2015) 14-ICAL (Antananarivo, Madagascar) (July 17-20, 2018) As a tradition of ICAL, the host institution(s) of each ICAL would take charge of the publication of post-conference proceedings or selected papers on specific topics. Following the success of the 13-ICAL meeting held at Academia Sinica, Taipei in July 2015, the 13-ICAL Organizing Committee contacted the editorial team of the international journal Language and Linguistics (L&L) for the possibility of publishing selected 13-ICAL papers as a Special Issue 3of L&L. However, the earliest the papers could be published was 2019, a year after 14-ICAL in 2018. Thus, in early August 2015, I contacted the editorial team of the Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society (JSEALS) for the possibility of publishing selected 13-ICAL historical linguistics papers through JSEALS. Because of the papers’ focus on insular Southeast Asian languages and solid contributors, I received full support to publish selected 13-ICAL historical linguistics papers through the JSEALS Special Publication series. The publication of the 13-ICAL historical linguistics volume faced a new challenge in mid-2016 because of the reorganization of academic departments in the Australian National University (ANU) in July 2016. Because JSEALS had been hosted in ANU cyberspace since 2009, we faced uncertainty about the continuing publication of JSEALS and the JSEALS Special Publication series from ANU. In May 2016, when this issue was raised at the SEALS 26 Business Meeting, I suggested that the editorial team contact the University of Hawai‘i Press (UH Press) for the possibility of publishing JSEALS through iv them. In late 2016, Mark Alves, the JSEALS editor-in-chief, informed me that the JSEALS editorial team had signed a contract with the UH Press for the publication of JSEALS. Even though most of papers for the 13-ICAL historical linguistics volume were ready for publication in late 2016, Mark and I jointly decided to postpone the publication of the 13-ICAL historical linguistics volume until the partnership between JSEALS and UH Press became effective in January 2017. Since August 2015, I have been working closely with each contributor, reviewer, and Mark for the publication of the 13-ICAL historical linguistics papers. It is highly significant that the 13-ICAL historical linguistics volume will become the first JSEALS special publication to be published by UH Press. As with papers in regular issues of JSEALS, all papers in this JSEALS Special Publication were reviewed by at least two specialists in the relevant subfields. I would like to thank the many scholars who served as reviewers of papers for the volume, among whom were Robert Blust, Ross Clark, Jeff Marck, Lawrence Reid, William Wilson, and David Zorc. Finally, I would like to thank each contributor, the JSEALS editorial team from 2015 to 2017 (Mark Alves, Nathan Hill, Peter Jenks, Sigrid Lew, and Paul Sidwell), and the UH Press. Without their support, the publication of this volume would not have been possible. Hsiu-chuan Liao May 25, 2017 Honolulu, Hawai‘i v About the Contributors The Editor HSIU-CHUAN LIAO ([email protected]) is an Associate Professor at the Institute of Linguistics, National Tsing Hua University, Taiwan. She received her PhD in Linguistics from the University of Hawai‘i at M noa in 2004. Her primary research interests include historical linguistics, Austronesian languages (especially Philippine languages and other western Austronesian languages),ā and morphosyntactic typology and theories. She serves as an Associate Editor for Oceanic Linguistics and is a member of the Editorial Advisory Committee for the Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society and is a member of the Board of Editorial Consultants for the Philippine Journal of Linguistics. Authors YUKINORI KIMOTO ([email protected]) is a postdoctoral fellow of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science hosted by Nagoya University, Japan. He received his PhD in Human and Environmental Studies from Kyoto University in 2017 (Dissertation title: A Grammar of Arta: A Philippine Negrito Language). His primary research interests include Philippine languages (particularly the description of the Arta language spoken in Luzon), historical linguistics, linguistic typology, cognitive linguistics, and sociolinguistics. LAWRENCE A. REID ([email protected]) is an Emeritus Researcher with the University of Hawai‘i and a Research Fellow with the National Museum of the Philippines. His current research activities focus on the historical development of Philippine languages, e.g. ‘Accounting for variability in Malayo-Polynesian pronouns: Paradigmatic instability or drift?’ (Reid 2016—Journal of Historical Linguistics 6: 130-164). He is also assisting in the documentation of Isinay, a Philippine language that is no longer spoken by young people, helping the elders in the development of a Community Dictionary of Isinay. His Talking Dictionary of Khinina-ang Bontok is available on-line. MALCOLM ROSS ([email protected]) is an Emeritus Professor with the Australian National University. He specializes in Austronesian and Papuan historical linguistics, as well as wider issues in historical linguistics, particularly methodology and contact-induced change. Together with Andrew Pawley and Meredith Osmond, his ongoing work with The Oceanic Lexicon Project has contributed to a valuable reconstruction of the lexicon of Proto Oceanic (Ross, Pawley, and Osmond 1998, 2003, 2008, 2011, 2016), the language ancestral to most of the Austronesian languages of Melanesia, Polynesia, and Micronesia. In addition to the Proto-Oceanic lexicon