BAGA TSHI-TEM DICTIONARY (GUINEA) (revised May 2019) PO-LOKULOKU PӘ TSHӘ-BAKA TSHI-TEM Frederick John Lamp (c. 3000 Baga words)

FREDERICK JOHN LAMP

Frederick John Lamp is retired as The Frances & Benjamin Benenson Foundation Curator of African Art at the Yale University Art Gallery, 2004-2014. From 1981 to 2003, he was a curator at The Baltimore Museum of Art. He has taught African art at Yale University, The Johns Hopkins University, the Maryland Institute College of Art, Georgetown University, George Washington University, and Catholic University of America. He holds a Ph.D. in the History of Art from Yale University, 1982. He has conducted field research in Sierra Leone and Guinea, with fellowships from the Fulbright Scholar Award, the Smithsonian Institution, National Endowment for the Humanities, and others. His publications include Ancestors in Search of Descendants: Stone Effigies of the Ancient Sapi (2018); Continuing Life Histories of African Art: The Collection of Charles B. Benenson at the Yale University Art Gallery (co-authored), 2012; Yale University Art Gallery Bulletin: African Art at Yale (ed., special issue) 2005; See the Music, Hear the Dance: Rethinking Africa at The Baltimore Museum of Art, (ed.) 2004; Art of the Baga: A Drama of Cultural Reinvention, 1996; La Guinée et ses Heritages Culturels, 1992; with contributions to several books; and articles in African Arts, The Drama Review, and The Art Bulletin, among many others.

IPA ORTHOGRAPHY -- Baga Vocabulary, Frederick John Lamp -- revised May 2019

Vowels Consonants Character English sound Baga usage Character English sound Baga usage (with suggested (using available (with alternatives (using available alternatives) characters) and transformations) characters)

(alphabetized together:) b but kə-ba

a father kə-ba gb ---- gbaŋnε

ʌ / À cat ʌ-Tshol f full faka (following Dalby's Temne dictionary, unpublished. Sometimes called a caret. Regrettably, Lamp Baga gh (like Arabic guttural g) baŋgha Vocabulary does not distinguish from "a" in this edition) h hello haŋ ə / à about a-bəntsha (open a -- resembles an upside-down backwards e) k kin da-ka (k is glottal, somewhere in-between a g and a k, depending on context) (alphabetized together:) l lip kola e great de-sek n ton, not a-kɔnta ε / è get kε-lε (open e -- resembles a backwards 3) ŋ / ng sing ŋof

r→d run/do rok/daka (alphabetized together:) (r sometimes transforms to a d as in daka/raka or deke/reke; they are alphabetized together) i elite pise s sit sɔrnε I lip wIk (in the form of the u.c. I, but in l.c. size) (t, th, ts, and tsh are often difficult to distinguish, and ts and tsh are interchangeable; these four are alphabetized together:) t wit, tin te-tin (alphabetized together:) θ / th width kɔftha o ozone wi-kos ts wits wi-bətsə ɔ / ò ought kə-lɔ (open o -- resembles a backwards c) tʃ / tsh chair a-Mantsho*

(v is sometime mutable to w, but not the reverse) (alphabetized separately :) v visit te-ve

u truth luku w wet u-wan

y yet yεfε

*We choose not to use the character c authorized by the Universal Alphabet Africa because it confuses general readers. It is a Latin character that already has a recognized sound (s or k) that readers expect, and therefore is misleading. The characters tʃ follow the IPA standard.

BAGA TSHI-TEM DICTIONARY (GUINEA) (revised May 2019) PO-LOKULOKU PӘ TSHӘ-BAKA TSHI-TEM Frederick John Lamp (c. 3000 Baga words)

Key to Linguistic Abbreviations

Vocabulary of Baga tshi-Tem (Sitem/Sitemu) descent group dialects are noted as follows:

Bst-So = Somtup group (villages of Kamsar, Katako, Tshalbonto, Kaklentsh, Mare, K'fen, Kalktshe, B'kor): a-Samanthɔr / a-Mantuŋ = villages of K'fen, Kalktshe, B'kor a-Tako = villages of Kamsar, Katako, Tshalbonto, Kaklentsh, Mare

Bst-Bɔ = Bɔgləntsh group (villages of Tolkotsh, Kawass, Katongoro) (also includes Pukur, but not linguistically): a-Bunu = village of Tolkotsh a-Tfǝn = villages of Kawass, Katongoro

Included in this dictionary are selected words from the other four Baga dialect groups (M’ndor, Kakissa, Koba, and Kalum), for the reason that no dictionaries exist for these dialects. I have made no concentrated effort to collect a full vocabulary among these groups. These words are marked with the abbreviations listed below:

Bst = Baga tshi-Tem. All entries are in Bst unless noted otherwise. Bmn = Baga M’ndor (Mandori) Bkk = Baga Kakisa (Sobané) Bkb = Baga Koba Bkl = Baga Kalum

Some words are included from neighboring groups that share the Baga culture, and are used or may be recognized by the Baga:

PUK, BLS, NAL, KOK, TEM: Pukur (Baga Mbotteni or Baga Binari), Bɔlɔŋits (Baga Foré), Nalu, Kokoli (Landuma), or Temne, respectively

Derivitive words from outside the Baga culture are attributed as follows:

Ar = Arabic Ma = Maninka Su = Susu Engl = English Pu= Pular Fr = French Port = Portuguese

If a “<” appears before the culture abbreviation, it indicates that the word is derived and has been fully incorporated into the Baga language. If not, the word is simply known and borrowed by Baga speakers as a foreign word. The distinction, however, is not always clear.

Alphabetization

Like-sounding characters are grouped together alphabetically (just as they are in dictionaries of English or French—é is not alphabetized separately from è), so the reader can find them more easily. These discrepancies may be due to our own perceptions, or to variability in the spoken language by dialect group, descent group, village, age group, or even personal preference and physiological glottal structure. There is no “standard Baga.”

Filed Together (as if the same): Filed in Sequence: Transformations a, ʌ, ə s, sh (ʃ) b, then gb (voiced labial- filed separately: e, ε t, th (θ), ts, tsh (ʧ) velar plosive) d→r (check both) i, I n, then ŋ o, ɔ

N.B.: the IPA symbol ɔ sometimes gets downloaded wrong as a small square or large Ø. There may be other mis-transferrals from downloading. Note that there are no other special symbols used here other than what is listed above, and if they occur, they are a mistake in digital transfer.

We choose not to use the character “c” authorized by the Universal Alphabet Africa (1928), even though it is standard in Manding orthography, because it confuses general readers enormously. It is a Latin character that already has a recognized sound (s or k) in English that readers expect, and therefore the readers will not consult the pronunciation guide, and will pronounce it as “s” or “k”. The equivalent characters “tʃ “follow the standard International Phonetic Alphabet. General readers will recognize this and the other IPA characters used here (ǝ, ɛ, ɪ, ɔ, ŋ) as non-English, and will consult the pronunciation guide. Coastal Guinean languages, such as Baga, are not Manding languages, and are largely not published heretofore, so it is an opportunity to begin anew, using the globally-recognized International Phonetic Alphabet, following the standard already set by David Dalby for Mel languages, specifically the Temne family, of which Baga is a part.1 Let’s be reader-friendly and consistent.

In this draft manuscript, we render “ʃ” as “sh,” “ʧ” here as “tsh”, and “θ” as “th”, as the IPA characters are sometimes scrambled in email transmission. Please replace with the IPA characters for printing.

IPA symbols filed together will follow the order given above if all else is equal, i.e., long vowel, then short (open) vowel; consonents alphabetically – e.g.:

1 Unfortunately, Dalby’s Temne dictionary remains unpublished.

asop tempe temp ʌsop Tempε themp əsop tεmpe tsemp atar temta tshemp

Verbs: Filed by the root word (preceded by the infinitive prefix in parenthesis—to distinguish it from the noun prefix). In order to form the Baga infinitive, the prefix kə-/kɛ-/ki-/ku- (comparable to the English infinitive “to”) is added. The prefix vowel follows the first vowel of the stem, loosely, and is somewhat interchangeable--thus (kǝ)gbal, (kε)gbεyεnε, but (kǝ)bɔtǝs, (kε)gbiti, but never (ki)gbal. Other writers have alphabetized all verbs by the prefix, but this puts all verbs in the “Ks.” I include the infinitive prefix because the Baga have advised that they do not recognize the stem alone without the prefix. But I alphabetize the verb by the stem, because one usually hears it spoken with a pronoun rather than the prefix, for example:

in gbal, I throw mǝn gbal, you throw sǝn gbal, we throw etc.

Nouns: Nouns are alphabetized by the root word (stem), preceded by the singular prefix with hyphen, and followed by the plural prefix in parenthesis (following David Dalby for the related Temne). If the plural has no prefix, but only the stem, the word is followed by a simple hyphen in parenthesis (-). If the prefix is inseparable, the word is alphabetized by the prefix, and the complete plural follows in parenthesis.2 Although other authors of Baga vocabularies alphabetize nouns by the prefix, this is misleading, because each noun prefix can change circumstantially, depending not only upon singular and plural, but also upon its position as subject or object, and upon its size, among many variations. So one would have to list the word repetitively for each variation. For example:

ki-rir, mortar tshi-rir, mortars pe-rir, a huge mortar te-rir, a small mortar do-bɔlu do-rir, the height of the mortar de-lip de-rir, the demise of the mortar etc.3

2 Note:some nouns appear in the list without their prefixes – research needed. In some cases this author is not sure whether the prefix is separable or inseparable – again, research needed. Mea culpa. Question:Is there really such a thing as an inseparable prefix, or should such nouns be considered as contractions (as nouns said to have inseparable prefixes always have a vowel following the prefix consonant), eliminating the vowel in the prefix? I.e., all “separable prefixes” preceed root words beginning in consonants, and all “inseparable prefixes” preceed vowels. Thus should kola (tshola) really be k’ola (tsh’ola), and alphabetized under “O” rather than “K”? 3 These are hypothetical constructions although actual parlance may construct these in a different way. For

Intonation

The accent generally falls on the initial syllable, although often there is no accent distinguishable. When the accent falls on a following syllable, it is indicated in bold.

Other notations

A citation to "Notes" indicates written field research confirmation, usually within a text, with the location in Lamp fieldnotes. Many terms cited in the existing literature have been consistently challenged by Lamp's Baga consultants, often attributed to other languages such as Susu or Kokoli (Landuma), and have been removed from this vocabulary. I have revised the disparate orthographies of many terms taken from the existing sources to the IPA orthography that I believe is intended, although many early writers used idiosyncratic and dated diacriticals that are difficult to decipher.

I have also revised the spelling of some words taken from other authors to correspond more closely to my own recording of the spoken sounds in the field, especially in the pronunciation of open or closed vowels (e or ɛ), diphthongs (ia, ai), consonant clusters (tr, rk) and digraphs (gb, ts, tsh), which are very difficult to discern and to reproduce by English speakers. I have also revised some construction which, in comparing Temne construction with Baga construction, I believe is faulty.4

It should be noted that this dictionary and all other existing Baga dictionaries and word lists are deficient in that none take fully into account the standard differences between the descent groups of a-Mantuŋ, a-Tako, a-Tfǝn, and a-Bunu. Not only are there some completely different words (e.g., peanut = kolma in a-Bunu, pə-maŋkola in a-Tako), but many words take different vowels (e.g., elder = wi-biki in a-Bunu, wi-beki in a-Mantuŋ). These differences are many, much more than I have included here. I have indicated as many variations as I have heard in the field, but a thorough dictionary would require the compilation of complete, separate lists in each of the four descent groups. All four Baga tshi-Tem descent group dialects, however, are completely inter- intelligible, and all Baga tshi-Tem know the different words in other tshi-Tem dialects. If you say tεpitsh (“OK” or “a little bit” in K’fen, a Mantuŋ village) while in the village of Tokotsh (the neighboring a-Bunu village), even a little child can tell you that “here we say pitinini.”

Personal sources acknowledged:

example kǝ-lɔ = “house” and pɔ-lɔ = “large house,” but the Baga would normally use the term kǝ-lɔ kǝ-pɔn, “house- big,” whereas pɔ-lɔ might only be used to be amusing, even though it is technically grammatically correct. 4 I would like to acknowledge the generous help from Ramon Sarró and Aboubacar Camara, who have shared with me their wordlist compiled in 2000, unpublished. If I have confirmed their words independently with other Baga consultants, they are included here, in the form that I recorded (often at variance with theirs), but Sarró and Camara are not to be held accountable for any errors I have made. I am skeptical of all the root words beginning in nt and ŋt given by Sarro & Camara (e.g. anthɔf [ntɔf], p. 3). I had listed these as an-t and aŋ-t. Could the th in Temne aŋ-thɔf transform into nt in Baga a-ntɔf? I don’t think so. I believe the article prefix in Baga is an- and aŋ-, as it is in Temne. But this is only a work in progress, and I welcome any debate or confirmation. CC = Charles Djibi Camara (Kawass, a-Tfǝn) JNC = Jean Nfa Camara (Katako, a-Tako) MB = Mouctar Bangoura (Tolkotsh, a-Bunu) RB = Romain Bangoura (Kaklentsh. a-Tako)

A, ʌ, Ə

a- pref. pl. “the people of...” (Notes O: Katako)

Abol n. the highest female spirit represented in performance in an immense mound-shaped costume resembling a huge animal, incorporating the form of perhaps an elephant, perhaps a tortoise (Geertruyen 1976:69; Paulme 1956:110; Notes M:63-64) or an oval thatched-roof house (Notes L:43); wife of a-Mantsho-ŋo-Pɔn/Aparan (Notes L:50,52-53; B. Bangoura 1974:51). It is probable that “a” should not be considered a prefix, and that the name is Abol (not a-Bol, as in previous Lamp publications), similar to Aparan (not a- Paran): as in kǝ-lɔ-ka-Abol (“the house of Abol”) [e.g., one cannot say kǝ-lɔ-k’a-Bol , as one can abbrebiate kǝ-lɔ-ka-a-Tshol to kǝ-lɔ-k’a-Tshol (MC). Thus, if this is correct, Abol cannot be related to a-bol (small dam to catch fish). On the other hand, the term yambol-yambol (men serving as guards in the initiation to Abol) suggests that Bol is the root word, and that the name should be hyphenated with its prefix as a-Bol. Furthermore, my assistant in 1992, Bernard Camara of Kawass, ocassionally spelled it A’BOL (Notes S:55-65), suggesting, again, that “a” is a prefix. This needs further study. Regarding the central vowel, “o” is confirmed as correct, as opposed to “ɔ” in bɔl (“giant”). Therefore, because of the “ɔ” rather than “o”, it cannot be related to bɔl (“high, large, tall, wide, long”).

abuma n. November, lit. "they drive the birds” (Notes M:14), referring to the ripening of the rice, and the need to chase small birds that eat the rice

ake interrog. what (Notes N:14), what kind (Notes N:81) ake yi interrog. What is happening? (Notes N:13) akɔrε interrog. why? alina n. (Bmn) tomorrow (Notes M:99) alna n. tomorrow (Diassi 1974:56); the immediate future (including the same day) (Kalissa 1984:25) [?] dis ana n. (Bmn) yesterday (Notes M:99)

Andosa n. woman's name given in kə-Bεrε-Tshol initiation (Bangura 1972:85; Camara 1975:34; B.Bangoura 1974:49; Notes L-45).

Andyan n. (PUK) = D'mba ane / ana-ε pron. who (Sarro 2009:xiv)

Anɛka n. woman's name given in kə-Bεrε-Tshol initiation (Notes S:188) anina n. tomorrow anɔ interog. pron. Who? (e.g., anɔ yi di-ɛ = “Who is there?”)

d-anta (s-) n. nerve (Notes L:31)

Antshame / am-Tshame / an-Tshamε n. man's name given in kə-Bεrε-Tshol initiation (Notes L-45, 61; Bangura 1972:84; B. Bangoura 1974:49; Camara 1975:34: an-Thame) anve v., adj. called (as in "the man called...") (Notes N:16) aŋ pron. he/one, as in “one goes” aŋa (suffix-plurel, as in papa-aŋa, “the fathers”) aŋɛ adj. pl. those (closer than akakɔ)

Aŋtesε / aŋ-Theseə / aŋ-Thesa n. woman's name given in kə-Bεrε-Tshol initiation = lit.:"the beautiful one" (Notes L:30, 45; Notes S:188) (Bangura 1972:49; Camara 75:34; B. Bangoura 1974:49); a female spirit of the forest (Notes L:30) (Diassi 1974:28) apa (apa-ŋa/apa-aŋa) n. father (Diassi 1974:56); fraternal uncle; cf. u-kas; elder (Notes N:3) apantion n. (PUK) grandfather (Sylla 1976:55)

Aparan n. = a-Mantsho-ŋo-Pɔn; "the Grandfather" (Notes L:49; B. Bangoura 1974:51; Sarro 2009:xiv). (Aparan in Katako dialect; Aparεn in Tolokots) aparan (aparan-aŋa) n. grandfather (at Katako); godfather in kə-Bεrε-Tshol responsible for one boy (Sylla 1976:55; Sarro 2009:xiv) (JNC) [nb:paternal and maternal – ran does not indicate “woman”]; cf. aparεn aparεn (aparεn-aŋa) n. grandfather (at Tolkotsh); godfather in kə-Bεrε-Tshol responsible for one boy (Notes M:6, N:57; Sarro 2009:xiv) (MB) [nb:paternal and maternal – rεn does not indicate “woman”]; cf. aparan apayo excl. expression of surprise, fear, or disapproval (MB)

Arimo n. (Bkb) name given to male initiate (Notes M:121)

Arɔnk n. man's name given in kə-Bεrε-Tshol initiation (Notes L-45; Notes M:92; Notes S:188; Bangura 1972:89; Camara 1975:34; B. Bangoura 1974:49--Bmn)

-əs (verbal suffix indicating continuous tense, as in kɔtǝs, “stroll, walk on and on”) (Kalissa 1984:21) ku-ate n. sεbε wrapped and tied with red cloth for the safety of a warrior awo-o int. goodbye

aye…a interrog. How is…? (e.g., aye a-bətsh-a = “How is the work?”)

B

kə-ba (tshə-) n. (

ta-ba n. marigot

əm-bəbtshəran n. bow

da-Baka n. Baga country; Baga society (Kalissa 1984:4; Diassi 1974:7; Notes L:33). See wu-baka.

tsə-Baka n. the Baga language (Kalissa 1984:4; Diassi 1974:7)

wu-baka (a-) n. Baga person (Kalissa 1984:4; Diassi 1974:7; Notes N:11). etymology: a ba ka, “they who have of/seize,” as in the seizing of land, the settling of wilderness. Many villages among the Temne are called Ro-Baga or Ro-Baka, i.e., “the place reclaimed or seized from the wilderness.” The swamplands of the coast of Guinea were considered to be a frontier, settled by Temne-language group-speaking peoples. wi-Baka u-mεn (a-Baka a-mεn) n. the Baga M’ndor a-bəkár (-) n. Falco biarmicus (lanner bird) bakaribeli n. (Su) = bocare gbeli (Paulme 1957:270) (gbeli = "red" in S.) a-bəkar (-) n. falcon a-bəkəts (-) n. chest (Notes L:32) a-bakbəki n. (Bkl & Bst) parrot (Koelle 1854/1963)

bakha n. (Su) pap (Diassi 1974:26) = kə-bata in Bs (JNC)

Baki n. name given to a women's fourth-born son (Notes L:7) (Bangoura 1974:29)

Baki n. (Bkb) name given to male initiate (Notes M:121) baki adj. (Bmn) old

-baki n. (Su) amulets worn by widows (Sylla 1976:69); baki fore in Su = black cloth worn by widows (RB) i-bəki n. (KOK, Bkl) elder = wi-biki in Bst (a-Bunu) wi-baki n. (Bmn) elder (Notes M:86)

Bakimambo n. (Bkb) mask for higher grade men (Notes M:113) mask for male initiates (Notes M:119) [baki / bəki = old/elder in Bmn, Bkb, & Bkl] [mbo (mǝ-) = caps {pl.} in Bst] [therefore = “elder’s mask”? / “mask of an elder”?]

Bakome n. man's title or name given in kə-Bεrε-Tshol initiation (Notes L-45; Bangura 1972:84; B. Bangoura 1974:49; Camara 1975:34; Diallo 1974:56); title of man who accompanies and speaks for a-Tshol masquerade during dance (David Conrad, personal communication, 25 September 2015) wu-bakətshərnε (a-) n. landlord (Sarro 2009:xvi) a-bal (tshə-) n. a hut (Kalissa 1984:13; Diassi 1974:33), esp. a hut constructed by the women at the sites of salt extraction, or in the rice fields, used for living at that time (S. Bangoura 1972:34; Sylla 1984:1); a small conical structure of vertical piles of grasses, c. 2-3 meters high, placed along a road in the village at the time of men’s initiation (see Baga-1689- 1691 in “Ritual, Misc” and Baga-1516 in “Architecture,” Lamp Archive). a-bal = kə-lɔ- kə-pɔn (Notes S:161; V:c-14).

da-bal n. clearing where evildoers (a-ser) meet -- a spiritual place coinciding with the real world (du-ru)

ka-bal (dets-) n. salt flats in the swamps (Paulme 1957:274)

ta-bal (ma-) n. small, round house in village (RB, JNC) a-bala (-) n. (< Fr: balle) bullet (Arcin; Diassi 1974:86)

Bamankoma n. (Bkb) a mask (Notes M:134) [Koma mask of the Bamana?]

?-bamba (mə) n. whip

a-bəmp n. (Bkk, Bkb) bird; a bird headdress = a-bεmp in (Bst) (Notes M:105)

(kǝ)ban v. seize (?)

(kǝ)ban tshǝ-bǝntsh v., n. beating the previously initiated in Kǝ-Bɛrɛ-Tshol by the elders (Notes S: 187)

(kǝ)ban w’ran v. marry a woman

Banbakuti/Banbakutu n. a crocodile that guarded a pool and ate all who drank there (Fofana 1982:26); a fish in the river with only one single bone and a big stomach (Notes M:35)

Banda n. (NAL) (see Kumba-Duba)

kə-bənda (tshə-) n. cord, rope

(kǝ)banε v. bend (the head) i.e. "laugh one's head off" (Notes N:49)

wə-Bani n. (kə-Bεrε-Tshol) Susu person (Bangoura 1972:86)

Bansonyi n. (< Su) = a-Mantsho-ŋa-Tshol kə-bantsha (a-) n. shoulder (Diassi 1974:27; Notes L:32) (JNC)

a-bəntsha n. bridge

dɛ-bənta (-) n. talon

bantɔ n. village square; dancing place (Camara 1975:35; Notes U:Tolkotsh)

am-bantsho n. (Bmn & Bkb) = a-Mantsho-ŋa-Tshol (Notes M:89, 128)

a-Bantsho-ŋach n. (PUK) = a-Tshol

baŋ adj. difficult, hard (Notes N:95)

(kǝ)baŋ v. winnow

kə-baŋ n. winnowing

am-bəŋal n. Balearica pavonina (West African crowned crane bird) kə-baŋəs n. the period during rice farming between mid November and early December; lit.:"the grannary is empty" (Notes L:40)

a-baŋgha (tsə-) n. quarter (of a village), quartier in French (Notes S:32; Paulme 1956:109) consisting of several tsha-sunka/tshor or clans (Notes M:48) (JNC)

(kǝ)bəp v. reach (Notes N:1), meet (Notes N:19); uncover, discover, reveal (Notes N:41)

(kǝ)bəpənε v. meet (Notes N:34), meet with/encounter (each other) (Notes L:61; Kalissa 1984:18). cf. bəpsεnε

(kǝ)bəpsε v. lie flat on the stomach

(kǝ)bəpsεnε v. meet (Notes N:76). cf. bəpənε

kǝ-bəpsεnε n. meeting

(kǝ)bar v. (Bko) chase (Houis 1952:91)

bərbɛt n. morning (alna bərbɛt = “tomorrow morning”) (JNC)

kə-bara-gbaia n. (Bmn) male or female circumcision (Notes M:92)

(kǝ)barnε v. lean the head; fig., get protection (Notes N:59)

ka-bəri (ta-) n. (Bkl) twin a-bas (-) n. large termite hill kɔ-basera n. (Bkl?) Bombacaceae Adansonia digitata, baobob tree (Burkill 1985) a-bat n. swamp (Notes N:95); pool where children bathe (B. Bangoura 1974:8) kə-bat (bat) n. branch of a tree (Diassi 1974:25; Camara 1975:60; S. Bangoura 1972:36,66); branch of a palm tree (Paulme 1957:268; Diassi 1974:25); palm leaf [?] (B. Bangoura 1974:60); cf. kə-runk

(kǝ)batsh(o) (?) v. build (Notes L:65) kə-bətsh (yə-) n. work, job (JNC) (plural used generally as collective noun, “work”; singular refers to a specific job, as in in kɔ dǝ kə-bətsh, “I’m going to work/to my job”) (MB) kə-bata n. rice pap wi-bətsə (a-) n. worker (Kalissa 1984:9) a-batsha (-) n. a rattle tied to the ankles made of a dried mango pit with the inside emptied out and seeds left inside. (Notes L:55) wi-Batsha (a-) n. = Bulɔŋits in Bst (Tyam 1976:11) pε-bətshε (yε-) n. a tool, (of any kind) am-bateta (m-) n. (< Engl.) potato (Paulme 1957:274)

(kǝ)bətshto v. work (Kalissa 1984:8-9) bawo conj. because de-be (sε-) n. credit (Diassi 1974:26), something owed dε-bε n. chieftancy (Notes N:37) kə-be (tsə-) n. the fruit of a-be tree (Diassi 1974:28) -pod c. 20cm in length with peas inside used as an aromatic ingredient in sauce kə-bε (tshə-) n. clay water jug (Camara 1975:95; Diassi 1974:17, 23, 25 (can be large or medium size, but bigger than to-bol), a large water container with a narrow neck (Notes M:62) wu-bε (a-) n. (Bkl & Bst) king (Koelle 1854/1963), chief (Diassi 1974:26; Notes N:13; S:118; Sarro 2009:xvi) a-be/a-béa n. hard wood, Parkia biglobosa, used to carve masks (Camara 1975:59; Curtis 2013:94- 95; Diassi 1974:26), = le néré (in French); has a fruit:kə-be (Diassi 1974:28) becan n. bicycle

(kǝ)bek v. (Bkl) (Bst:kə-Bεrε-Tshol) come (Koelle 1854/1963) (Notes S:188)

(kǝ)bek v. age

(kǝ)bεk dis v. be big (Kalissa 1984:28), grow up

(kǝ)bεkəs v. enlarge (the belly in the process of gestation) (Diassi 1974:81)

(kǝ)bεkε v. embark in a boat/canoe (Kalissa 1984:20)

dε-bεkεnε n. size

de-beki n. old age (a-Tako & a-Mantuŋ)

wi-beki (a-) n. greater person, elder (a-Tako & a-Mantuŋ). cf. wi-biki (a-Bunu & a-Tfǝn)

wi-bekra (a-) n. older sister

(kǝ)bεksəs v. impregnate bektshe n. chain a-bεl n. slag iron, residue from foundry (Diassi 1974:62) kə-bεl n. corpse (Diassi 1974:65) bεlbεl adv. (< Fr belle ?) very well, very fine (Notes L:57) (Kalissa 1984:32:belbel)

(-) bεlεt (sə-) n. (< Engl.) belt (Diassi 1974:96)

(kǝ)bɛlkər v. hasten

(kǝ)bels v. chase (Notes N:84)

de-bem (sə-) n. claw of the crab (MB)

a-bεmp (-) n. bird, large bird (cf. gbaŋa)

a-Bεmp n. headdress in the form of a bird (Notes L:22) (Bkk, Bkb:a-Bəmp)

tε-bεmp (mε-) n. a little bird (Diassi 1974:93) (cf a-bεmp)

(kǝ)bempan v. (not Bsi) lie (tell an untruth) (Notes N:9) cf. (kɛ)yemɛ

bengle n. (< Engl bangles?) String of bells attached around the waist of drummers and dancers (Hockins draft 2013:26)

(kǝ)bɛnt v. erase, ruin, reduce to rubble

kə-bεnt (-) n. bone (Notes L:31)

bεntsh (sə-) n. (< Engl) bench (Diassi 1974:96)

kə-bentshəm n. a game like hockey am-bentsh’m n. a tree with a brown fruit (CC)

Benumbe n. (NAL) = D'mba de-beŋa (se-) n. rope, thread kə-bɛŋk n. backbone, fishbone kə-bep (tsə-) n. spoon (Notes L:35)

(kǝ)bεr v. put, decant, pour out (Diassi 1974:26,28) (of wine)

berbεr adj. injurious (Notes N:27)

(kǝ)bεrε v. enter, return (to a place) (Kalissa 1984:15, 27; Diassi 1974:27) come back (Notes N:10), return home (Sarro 1996:Songs 4); join (an association) (Notes N:51)

kə-bεrε a-Mantsho n. the final initiation procedure in which the boys run to meet a-Mantsho-ŋo-Pɔn kə-Bεrε-Tshol n. first initiation for young men and women, where they receive new names, usually before kə-kəntsh wi-bεrε-tshol (a-) n. the initiate of kə-Bεrε-Tshol (Notes M:27) wi-bεrε-tshol-wu-fu (a-bεrε-tshol-a-fu) n. the new initiate of kə-Bεrε-Tshol (Notes M:27) wi-bεrε-tshol-wu-kur (a-bεrε-tshol-a-kur) n. the older initiate of kə-Bεrε-Tshol (previously initated) (Notes M:27)

(kǝ)bεrεnε v. sink (into the mud)

kə-bεrεnε n. mixture (Kalissa 1984:40)

(kǝ)bernɛ v. belch

(kǝ)bεrnε v. wear, put on (clothes) (Bangoura 1972:86)

(kǝ)bεrnε v. roast (?)

pɛ-bɛrnɛ (yɛ-) n. clothes

(kǝ)bɛrsɛ v. enter (an enclosure)

a-bet (-) n. date palm leaves used to make the skirts of the boys in a-kəntsh (Notes M:10) bet n. wrap worn by boys of initiation when they enter town, made of tomarind stalks (Sylla 1984:10) - cf. Labitte photo bεt n. morning bεt bεt n. early morning (Notes M:96) bεt bεt sui n. very early morning bete n. (?) Tamarin plant (Camara 1975:29)

(kǝ)bεtε v. be lucky (Diassi 1974:40)?

a-bi (-) n. hole (Diassi 1974:26,33)

de-bi n. hole, rubbish pit

dε-bi phr. in the hole (Diassi 1974:26)

kə/ke-bi n. (Bkl & Bst) dew (Koelle 1854/1963); mist (Diassi 1974:23)

kə-bi ka da-rentsh n. cloud

pε-bi n. black (Sylla 1976:38; Camara 1975:80; Diassi 1974-97)

pi-bi n. early night; night (Kalissa 1984:10); Cf. tshektshek)

pi-bi fəp phr. all night

wi-bi n. black person (Diassi 1974:26)

da-bia n. world of the dead, world of the ancestors, lit:"in the hole" (Notes M:60)

tε-bia n. little hole (cf a-bi) (Diassi 1974:46)

a-bias n. journey (Notes N:51) (kɔ bias = “go on a journey”)

(kɛ)bifti v. labour with the hoe in the dry season (Diassi 1974:65). Cf. fəntsh

a-bik (-) n. mat; cane, rush (Notes L:35)

(kɛ)bikε v. wash (oneself or somebody) (Kalissa 1984:20)

dε-biki n. old age (Diassi 1974:94)

wi-biki (a-) n. adult (B. Bangoura 1974:22:abiki) (Kalissa 1984:17), an elder (Notes M:29). cf. wi- beki (a-tako & a-Mantuŋ)

(-) binkli (sə-) n. (Su) pestle (Diassi 1974:96) (JNC)

a-bil (tsε-) n. canoe, boat, ship (S. Bangoura 1972:21; Camara 1975:48) (Notes L:36)

tε-bil (mε-) n. a small canoe (Diassi 1974:36)

bilakoro n. (Manding) an uninitiated person

ka-bile (tsha-) n. family (Curtis, "D'mba carvers," 2013 draft for D'mba book, p. 14)

bili n. granary (Notes T:36)

biliŋ v. (Su) twist; outline(?) (Diassi 1974:67) cf. (kǝ)nɔŋg’r in Bst (JNC)

bim n. (Engl) beam, girder (Diassi 1974:27), especially the beam resting on the inner wall of a house supporting the inner circle of roof rods, both sagittal and transverse (Notes T:38)

bimgo/binko (sə-) n. a poison used to harm someone pursued by a-Tshol (Diallo 1974:57) (see tafo)

bingəli n. outer wall of a house (Notes T:36); cf. da-mba

bira n. sickle (cf. kə-tetia, wɔrtɛ)

(kɛ)birbir v. be dirty (Kalissa 1984:7)

(kɛ)birεnε v. divide something amoung (persons)

kə-biri (tshi-) n. twin

(kɛ)biri v. share, divide

Birisene n. (= Zigiren-Wunde/Tiyambo?) (Notes L:13) birkambla n. Macrodipteryx longipennis (standard wing nightjar bird) (Notes N:64) a-bis/te-bis (tshi-/me-) n. plum (Diassi 1974:25) a-bisa n. a sp. of hard wood (Camara 1975:59):used to carve stools (ibid:91), plum tree (Diassi 1974:25), used to carve D’mba and canoes (CC) ki-bit n. a sp. of wood used to carve the sεŋgbe drum (Notes L:39), a mangrove tree (Notes S:229) bita n. (Su) parent (Kalissa 1984:39)

a-blaŋət (-) n. (< Engl) blanket (Diassi 1974:84)

aŋ-bloktsər n. a species of tree (Notes S:77)

(kǝ)bɔ v. borrow/lend (Diassi 1974:26)

do-bo (sə-) n. inlet from the sea (S. Bangoura 1972:39), canal

kə-bɔ n. a sp. of wood used in the construction of dykes (Diassi 1974:63) mbɔntsh (-) n. odor, scent (Notes N:64)

bobo adj. (< Port) (Bkl) stupid (Koelle 1854/1963); (Bst) mute

(kǝ)bɔf v. plant (Kalissa 1984:17) cultivate (Diassi 1974:16

a-bof (tsǝ-) n. mud, rice swamp (Traoré 1980:406) (Notes L:37)

kə-bof n. dust, ash (Diassi 1974:17) (Notes L:37); sandy soil (MB)

bofea n. drum (Notes L:40)

Bɔglənsh n. name of a-Mantsho-ŋo-Pɔn among the a-Tfǝn and a-Bunu (Tolokots-Katongoro- Kawass aligned villages) of the Baga tshi-Tem, and among the Pukur (Notes L:34,42-43)

bok (Bkl & Bst) v. weep (Koelle 1854/1963) (Kalissa 1984:9), mourn (Diassi 1974:33) (Notes N:24), cry; be upset (Notes N:1)

(kǝ)bok v. touch (Notes S:117)

a-bok (bok) n. (Bkl, Bst) serpent (Diassi 1974:27,29)

ə-bok n. ancestral ritual (S. Bangura 1972:70)

kə-bɔk n. young unripe mango

ku-bok n. sacrifice (Notes M:54); (Bkk) funeral (Notes M:113)

mɔ-bɔk n. a woman's pubis (Notes N:65)

to-bok (mo-) n. small snake (Diassi 1974:30)

bokari gbéli n. (Su) a variety of rice (Traoré 1980:407; Paulme 1957:270)

(-) bokɔt (sə-) n. (

(kǝ)bɔl v. be a giant (Diassi 1974:28)

bɔl adj. high, tall, deep, wide, long, far

a-bol n. small dam made in a stream used to trap fish a-bɔl n. (

tɔ-bɔl (mɔ-) n. (

wu-bɔl(u) (a-) n. giant (a-Tako & a-Mantuŋ) (Diassi 1974:28, 29); lit.: “high person”; cf wu-bul

bɔlε adj. far (Notes N:26)

(kǝ)bɔlɛnɛ v. be far (Diassi 1974:26)

to-bɔlkɔts (mo-) n. ankle (Notes L:31)

bololo excl. expression of surprise, fear, or disapproval (MB)

boloŋ n. marigot, inlet from the sea (Paulme 1957:257) (?)

do-bɔlu n. length or height (Diassi 1974:99)

do-boŋ n. jealousy (MB)

to-Bom n. (Bmn) a small mask that danced with Banda (Notes M:93).

a-bomba (-) n. shell of a nut, skin of a fruit

ku-bomba n. a variety of rice (Traoré 1980:407). cf. malɔ mo-bomba

Bombo n. name given to a woman's first-born daughter (Notes L:1,7; B. Bangoura 1974:29

bomborusu n. smallpox

(kǝ)bɔmp v. bend, fold (Diassi 1974:27)

do-bomp (sə-) n. head (Notes L:31; Arcin 1907; Diassi 1974:24,94)

a-Bona n. village tutelary spirit at Bukor (S. Bangura 1972:72:a-Bohn)

bɔnbəila n. (Su) beater used to beat the mud walls flat in house construction (Sylla 1976:30) = po-sutε aŋ-tɔf in Bst

to-bonk (mo-) n. main branch of a palm kernel cluster

am-Bonsɔn n. (Bkk) = a-Mantsho-ŋa-Tshol (Notes M:109)

kə/ke-bont (tshə-/tse-) n. (Bkl & Bst) navel (Koelle 1854/1963) (Notes L:32)

(kǝ)bontsh v. blame (Notes N:7) accuse (Notes N:67) boŋa Mεnda n. (Bkb) a special sacred forest grove at Morara for the Mεnda initiation (Notes M:126) a-boŋən (tshə-)/bogoni (Su) n. dyke in the rice paddy (Notes L:43; Sylla 1976:33) do-bonu n. length a-bɔpər (-) n. leaf (Diassi 1974:92)

(kǝ)bopərnε v. wound oneself (Kalissa 1984:18) bopra n. a-kɔnta seed used by women to knock together to beat a rhythm; approximately six inches long (Notes M:37) bopsε adj. watched over, supervised (B. Bangoura 1974:30)

Bopsε n. name given to an infant girl when a mother's previous children have died (B. Bangoura 1974:30) bɔr adj. straight bɔrε n. (Su) friend (Notes N:33) cf. wan-apa in Bst bɔri adj. high

Bosbenya (Bosbenna/Bosbena?) n. woman's name given in kə-Bεrε-Tshol initiation (Notes S:188) (David Conrad, personal communication, 25 September 2015). = Bosna?

Bosna n. woman's name given in kə-Bεrε-Tshol initiation (David Conrad, personal communication, 25 September 2015). = Bosbenha? do-bɔshɔ n. place of sacrifice under a large tree (Romain Bangura)

Bosǝm n. man's name given in kə-Bεrε-Tshol initiation (Notes L:45; Notes S:188; Bangura 1972:84; B. Bangura 1974:49); = Basam? bɔt adj., adv. sweet (Notes N:2); well

(kǝ)bɔt v. agree, be good (Diassi 1974:27,28) please (Notes N:33) make happy; as in pəm bɔt im "I'm happy" (Notes N:46)

(kǝ)botsh v. place, lay down, keep (Diassi 1974:26); give, dispense (justice) (Diallo 1974:52) (Kalissa 1984:31:potsh) wu-bɔt (a-) n. (Bkl, Bst) friend (Koelle 1854/1963, Bkl:i-bot) (Diassi 1974:26, 28) (JNC)

(kǝ)bɔtər v. love, like (someone or something)

(kǝ)bɔtəs v. sweeten, make somebody happy

bote n. (Su) large pot-shaped drum:(Notes L-40); small drum held under the arms (Appia 1938:6); (BLS) wooden bowl (Notes M:106)

al-B'rak n. headdress in form of the Islamic al-Barak winged horse, framed in a rectangular open box, with the head of a Baga man (Notes L:26).

to-bu (mo-)/ta-bun (ma-) n. (Bkl & Bst) forehead (Koelle 1854/1963; Notes L:31:to-gbu [mo-])

am-Bubuan n. = a-Bεmp (Notes K:6; photos:a-Bεmp:Musée National)

buk n. (Engl) book

pɔ-buk n. something raw, unripe fresh (?) (Diassi 1974:96), crude (?) (Diassi 1974:102)

(kǝ)buklu v. peel

a-bukon (-) n. dyke

ku-bukum n. talent (Curtis, "D'mba carvers," 2013 draft for Lamp, et. al., D'mba book, p. 17)

a-bulε (-) n. palmetto tree (Notes M:8)

bulu adj., n. (< Eng.) blue (Sylla 1976:39; Camara 1975:82)

(kǝ)bulu v. become/be a giant (Diassi 1974:25)

wu-bulu (a-) n. giant (a-Tfǝn & a-Bunu) (MB); cf. wu-bɔlu

ku-bulum n. a plain (flat land) (Figarol 1907-12:168) am-Bumbu n. costume of palm fronds up to 5 meters tall, danced by children (Notes M:35).

(kǝ)bumε v. drive/chase (the birds) (Notes N:23)

bump adj. small, short (Diassi 1974:70), narrow

(kǝ)bumpsεnε v. be short

dɔ-bumsər n. blindness (Diassi 1974:67)

a-bun n. tool (Arcin) ? n. clan (?) (S. Bangoura 1972:11)

bundɛ n. (< Su) chisel (Camara 1975:54a)

ku-buntle/ ku-buntεlε (tshu-) n. clay pot used to hold palm wine (Camara 1975:95) in form of a gourd

wu-Bunu (a-) n. person (people) of Tolokotsh (Notes L:42; Notes M:15, 133)

(kǝ)buŋ v. be jealous

kə-buŋ n. jealousy

kə-bur (tshə-) n. path, trace

(kǝ)busu v. rinse

(kǝ)but v. miss (something you intended to hit; e.g., to miss the ball with the bat) (JNC)

(ke)butur-butur v. be uneven, as the fingers on a hand (Hockins, in Lamp 2020)

a-butu (-) n. grass mattress

GB

kə-gba adj. square

kə-gba n. line, rank

kə-gba k'a-biki n. adult male or female age group (30-50) kə-gba ka kǝ-naka (tshǝ-naka) (JNC) n. infants age group kə-gba k'-a-ndε n. highest age-grade, consisting of the a-nde (B. Bangoura 1974:20)

kə-gba k' a-tem n. elder male age group

kə-gba k'a-tembra n. elder female age group

kə-gba k' a-temp n. young male age group (unmarried)

kə-gba k' a-yetshra n. young female age group (unmarried)

kə-gba k'a-wut n. children's age group

gbai (tshə-) n. millet (Diassi 1974:33)

ta-gbai (ma-) n. small adze

gbaiε na n. salutation used by initiates in ka-kəntsh (Notes S:138)

a-gbaia runi n. (Bkb) an "initiate" or "circumcised boy" (Note M:120)

(kǝ)gbaka n. (Bkb) July-August; time when rice is planted; lit. "hang"; ["high tides"] and lots of wind (Notes M:117)

(kǝ)gbəktu v. pull out roots

(kǝ)gbal v. throw (something) away; abandon; wave (the hands) (Notes L:17-19; Notes N:10, 12, 16)

kǝ-gbal n. a children’s game (Notes S:204)

to-gbəl-kɔts (mɔ-) n. ankle (Notes L:32)

kə-gbal-tsə-tsa n. final initiation for a-Mantsho-ŋo-Pɔn (Notes L-17-19); lit:"to wave the hands" to say goodbye to a-Mantsho-ŋo-Pɔn

de-kə-gbal-yika n. place where rubbish is thrown

kə-gbala (tshə-) n. handle of the long spade, kop (S. Bangoura 1972:39; Diassi 1974:33:a-bala; Notes L:39) (JNC); in pl.:"knock knees"

(kǝ)gbalər v. cause something to fall on something

(kǝ)gbaləs v. throw (Kalissa 1984:15) a-gbam n. a large white bird with long legs, seen at the sea -- but rarely seen today (some old men have never seen it) (Notes S:28, 51), white heron? ro-gbane n. (Bkl) meeting place (Notes L:12) gbansaŋ adj. (Su) only (Kalissa 1984:40) aŋ-gbantan (m-) n. a kind of white fish found in the sea (MB) (cf. tɔkl) kə-gbəntrεn n. a small plaster-like patch used in the healing of fractures (Notes S:172) a-gbaŋa (-) / a-gboŋa (-) n. (Bst-Bɔ / Bst-So) sparrow (Diassi 1974:86); weaver bird (Notes N:72); or Antichromus minutus (little black-cap tchagra bird)? cf. tatshbaronka, təmbaliplip

(kǝ)gbəŋər v. thunder (Diassi 1974:70) v. shout at (someone)

(kǝ)gbaŋεnε v. claim to be (Notes N:51)

(kǝ)gbəŋgbəŋər v. scold aŋ-gbaŋkan n. viper (thin and long, usually in trees); cf. dɔf, dokra kə-gbaŋkan (tshə-) n. mangrove kə-gbaŋkan (tshə-) n. whip [a mangrove stick]

(kǝ)gbaŋnε v. put a load on the shoulders (B. Bangoura 1974:61) v. marry (referring to the groom only) (Camara 1996) kə-gbaŋnɛ n. marriage (S. Bangura 1972:29; Camara 1975:113; B. Bangoura 1974:61), lit:"to carry on the shoulder"; refers only to the man marrying a woman; cf. kə-nεntshε, kə-lɔ

u-gbaŋnɛ n. bridegroom (B. Bangoura 1974:61)

kə-gbaŋǝsnε n. large pile harvested rice stalks 2 m. high (Diassi 1974:33) (JNC)

(kǝ)gbəp v. turn upside down

(kǝ)gbapər v. talk around the truth, talk evasively

(kǝ)gbəpər v. cover; overturn a vessel kə-gbapro n. a sp. of hard wood easily eroded or attacked by termites (Camara 1975:60)

(kǝ)gbas-gbas v. clean up the yard around the house with a hoe (Diassi 1974:32,33), or with a broom

kə-gbasa-a-gbaia a-runi n. (Bkb) the coming out ceremony of male initiation; lit., "to bring in the boy initiates” (Notes M:121)

kə-gbasər / kə-ŋgbasa n. a trident staff of the village chief (Notes S:61); a chief's staff (Notes L-33) also used by eldest initiate of the society

(kǝ)gbat v. sharpen an adze

(kǝ)gbət v. close (a door)

-gbat n. palm fiber - c. 2 m. long - used to make a sound in initiation (Bangura 1972:79) kə-gbata (?-) n. mat for spreading rice to dry kə-gbatgbata n. slender horizontal rings of a roof skeleton, tied to the vertical roof beams -- ku-gbo (Notes T:38)

(kǝ)gbətnɛ v. focus the eyes (on something)

(kɛ)gbε v. separate the bunches of rice shoots after uprooting, and transplant

(kɛ)gbei v. split, separate, break (Diassi 1974:32)

(kɛ)gbeiεnɛ v. separate, divorce (Kalissa 1984:39)

(kɛ)gbεk v. suspend; dry on the fire, smoke fish (Diassi 1974:32) tε-gbεk n. small bucket used to draw up water from a well (Diassi 1974:32)

tε-gbεk n. a kind of small fish (Diassi 1974:33)

tɛ-gbɛklɛ (mɛ-) n. stool; cf. do-tshɔm

(kɛ)gbɛklɛnɛ v. argue

(kɛ)gbɛkrɛ v. observe, watch carefully a-gbelketsh (-) n. a sp. of animal, resembling a cat, that eats crabs (MB) gbenka n. a dance with a mortar held in the teeth and rested on the chest; a society for same (Notes M:35), the music for this dance, originally played on three iron gongs; created in Kawass after the Islamic jihad (Hockins draft 2013:32)

(kɛ)gbεnt v. pound fish/manioc/cassava/etc (but not rice:tshɔ) (RB)

(kɛ)gbeŋ v. crack nuts (Diassi 1974:70); pound the red shell off the palm kernels (MB)

(kɛ)gbeŋ do-fɔr v. "crack the eye" = give someone double sight (of witchcraft)

te-gbeŋgbeŋ n. clay pot - smaller version of ke-be w. 2 circular handles and a narrower neck (Notes M:62)

(kɛ)gbεp v. go by the side of, skirt (Diassi 1974:32) de-gbεp n. "near place" area between village and the swamp (Notes M:7)

de-gbεp n. place where initiates of kə-kəntsh were first taken in the early morning (Notes M:7)

(kɛ)gbɛs v. split (something) a-gbese (-) n. jack of all trades, very talented and strong (MB)

(kɛ)gbesi v. scarify (Ganong 2008). kə-gbesi (ye-) n. mark of scarification (Ganong 2008:13)

(kɛ)gbɛtsh v. forge kə-gbɛtsh (tshə-) n. spine wi-gbɛtsh (a-) n. blacksmith

(kɛ)gbεtəs v. scoop up palm oil from pot when it's boiled

(kɛ)gbεyεnε v. divide a-Gbi n. a kind of mask (M. Bangoura 1991:17) a-gbi (tse-/tsi-) n. (Bkl & Bst) caiman; salt water crocodile (Koelle 1854/1963; Arcin 1907; Diassi 1974:33; Figarol 1907-12:168; Notes M:30) te-gbi (me-) n. a little crocodile (Diassi 1974:46) gbin adj., adv. firm, firmly; as in tshmε gbin, "stand firm" (Notes N:93)

(kɛ)gbinti v. cut, slice (something:wood, hand, bread, etc.) gbintinε adj. intersecting te-gbiŋo n. a dangerous, big fish

(kɛ)gbip v. catch (a fish) (?) an-gbip n. small altar inside a sacred house (Notes L:2) used in the kə-lɔ-kə-pɔn; a shelter inside a house made to store the D'mba during the rainy season (Notes S:239)

(kɛ)gbiri v. split, crack (Diassi 1973:33) eg:"to crack kola" = kə-gbiri kɔla; cut/cross (syn. tsupu)

(kɛ)gbiti v. open (a door) (Diassi 1974:33) a-gbitɔ n. a long cylindrical drum, beaten at both ends; cf. tshə-wan and elit

(kǝ)gbɔ v. try (Diassi 1974:70) (?)

ko-gbo (tsho-) n. a mangrove tree-high used for poles, house roof timber, beams in a roof skeleton radiating from the spine (Notes T:38) a-gboŋa (-) / a-gbaŋa (-) n. (Bst-So / Bst-Bɔ) sparrow (Diassi 1974:86); weaver bird (Notes N:72); or Antichromus minutus (little black-cap tchagra bird)? cf. tatshbaronka, təmbaliplip to-gbu (mo-) n. short stick (JNC) gbof adj. lazy

gbogma n. evening meal?/ restricted area where the workers of a kə-le rest in the evening; cf. ta- kra (Diallo 1974:35)

(kǝ)gb?k v. cheat (someone) a-gboka (-/a-) n. belt used to climb the palm tree (Diassi 1974:31) (Notes S:128) kə-gboke (tshə-) n. river (inland); cf. ta-ba = the swamp marigot)

(-) gbonto (pl.) n. palm kernel fat, used to produce palm oil (S. Bangoura 1972:36)

gboŋa n. clan-based work group

(kǝ)gbɔŋk v. braid rope (Diassi 1974:67)

(kǝ)gbɔp v. embrace (Notes L:53; Diassi 1974:24). v. gather fish in a round net

kə-gbɔp-Abol n. ordeal when initiates run the gauntlet to reach Abol (Bangura 1972:87; Notes L-53) , lit:"to embrace Abol) (Diassi 1974-24) The final ceremony of initiation (Notes L:17)

kə-gbɔp-a-Mantsho n. final stage of initiation to a-Mantsho-ŋo-Pɔn (Bangura 1972:80; Notes L:17-19) when area is opened again (Bangura 1972:80); 3rd level initiation (ibid:87), lit:"to embrace a- Mantsho" (Diassi 1978:24)

gbopa n. (Bkb) October-November; lit. "big winds" when rice gets bent over (Notes M:117)

də-gbɔsɔ n. sacred house where D'mba is kept (Notes L-45); place at cotton tree where sacrifices are made; outside the ku-lɔ kə-pɔn (Notes M:6)

(kǝ)gbɔt v. hold lightly (?) (Diassi 1974:33); take a pinch of something or a little bit; or give some

a-gbot n. charm, talisman

to-gbu (mo-) n. stud of a house (exposed or covered with daub) (Notes T:38)

(kǝ)gbuktu v. uproot the rice plants for transplanting (MB)

(kǝ)gbuluŋ v. make a mixture (Diassi 1974:67)

gbuŋa (-) n. association of workers (MB)

gbutshu (a-) n. small fish in marigots caught by women in wide circular nets (MB)

mo-gbutshu (a-) n. immature gbutshu (MB)

gbuŋdu adj., n. (Su) secret (Notes L:24)

D (see also R:d and r are sometimes transformational)

da prep. to (Kalissa 1984:10); by, at the place of (Diassi 1974:44)

(kǝ)da v. create (Diassi 1974:60)

n-da conj. with (Diassi 1974:45), there at (the place of) (ibid:94)

dafi n. (Bmn) time in the evening around seven to ten o'clock when people visit (Notes M:96) dagə n. (?) rice flour

-daka/paka/etc. (no pl.) n. thing (Diassi 1974:27) (JNC)

daka adj. rich (Kalissa 1984:37) dǝklatshɔ n. center of the village; name of a clan dəm adj. only

Damba n. (Bkb) name given to an initiate (Notes M:121)

Dəmbɔnkε n. (Bkk) a female headdress (Notes M:112) dampa n. a sp. of fruit-bearing tree (Diassi 1974:30) dənda adv. there (Sarro 2009:xiv) danta (santa) n. (Bkl & Bst) vein (Koelle 1854/1963) nerve (Notes L:31) dantε n. clearing in the mangrove swamps where salt is mined (B. Bangoura 1974:18) (Balez 1930:11)

(kǝ)dantɛkɛ v. introduce (Notes N:76) daŋ n. early afternoon daŋ fəp n. all day dap n. (< Nalu taap, vt. cover?) large clay bowl (B. Bangoura 1974:17; Diassi 1974:24; Notes M:18) used by initiates to eat rice with sauce (ibid:41); the larger of two small bowls used to eat rice (larger than tap); may be turned upside-down to cover larger vessels as a lid (Notes M:64; Sylla 1976:87; Camara 1975:75, 92)

dap n. kola (Notes L:6)

darǝŋ adj. behind (Notes L:63; Kalissa 1984:24)

dǝrəŋ n. (Bkb) rainy season (Notes M:117) (JNC)

kǝ-dare (sə-) n. village, town (Diassi 1974:29,94) (cf. kə-lεntsh) (Notes N:12); country (Notes L:64) dare da-tsho n. village center dare do-kur n. (Bst & Bmn) old, deserted village (Notes O:Dobali, Katako) dareŋ n. inheritance

(kǝ)dəs v. invite someone to sit down. v. settle (something/someone) (Sarro 2009:xv) dəs wə-bε n. a crowning ceremony for chiefs; lit.:“to settle a chief,” (Sarro 2009:xv) dasɔkɔ n. (Bmn) the day after tomorrow (Notes M:99) dasuma n. (Bmn) night (Notes M:96) dayən n. (Bmn) noon-afternoon (Notes M:96) de auxiliary to verb (indicating future tense) (Kalissa 1984:27) dε adj. general dɛ n., adv. here (ɔ yi dɛ = “He/she/it is here”); cf. rɛ de (tsa-) n. enclosure of stalks (Diassi 1974:34) dεk n. swarm of bees [?] (Diassi 1974:64) dɛk (-) n. ant (Diassi 1974:30)

Deka n. name given to a woman's fifth-born son (Notes L:7; B. Bangoura 1974:24) also in Bmn (Notes M:88) deke adv., conj. where (Notes N:12) (Notes N:38) (JNC) (Kalissa 1984:24, 34; Diassi 1974:27) (Notes N:12)

(kɛ)dɛm v. prepare breakfast dembarakata n. a variety of rice (Traoré 1980:407) (Paulme 1957:270)

(kɛ)dεmp v. tend to the feeding of the children before going away (Diassi 1974:27)

(kɛ)den v. lie down (Kalissa 1984:14) denbita n. (< Su) work performed by a young man on the farm of his fiancée's family (B. Bangoura 1972:28); or any other gestures he makes toward the family (B. Bangoura 1974:60); = wo-komεnε in Bst

denderetshna/dendetshna n. day before yesterday (at Tolkotsh/B’kor) (Notes T:32) (MB) denderetshnadararəŋ n. second day before yesterday (at Tolkotsh (Notes T:32) dendisna n. yesterday (Notes T:32) dendisnadararəŋ n. day before yesterday (at Katako) (Notes T:32)

(kɛ)deŋ v. accuse (Notes N:52) depta n. (Bkb) November-December, cloudy time; lit. "rice buds"; a time when there is little to eat (Notes M:117)

(kɛ)der v. come (Notes L:61; Kalissa 1984:9; Diassi 1974:16) mən-der excl., phr. welcome (greeting), lit., “You have come.” (Notes N:48) wu-der (a-) n. newcomer (Sarro 2009:xvi)

(kɛ)derenɛ v. come with (someone) derəŋ n. the rainy season

(kɛ)dεrəm v. make a contract; swear an oath (Sarro 2009:xv) dere pron. which (JNC) derin datshɔ/dərən datshɔ n. middle of dry season- July-August (S.Bangoura 1972:68)

(kɛ)det/ret v. hang (Diassi 1974:29,40) detsh n. sun, day (Notes L:35) dεtsh da rofoi n. late afternoon dɛtsh-da-wur-da-tshɔŋ n. (Bmn) noon (Notes M:96) dεtsh dε ləp n. after dusk detsh delpəs n. dusk (Notes M:29) (JNC) dɛtsh nde n. (Bmn) today (Notes M:99) nde-dɛtsh-dɛ-ləpmɔ n. (Bmn & Bst) west (Notes M:96) (JNC) dɛwɛ n. lightning (no pl.) (JNC)

di n., adv. there (ɔ yi di = (He/she/it is there”); cf. ri

(kɛ)di v. eat (Kalissa 1984:14; Diassi 1974:27) (Notes L:47; Notes N:9)

kə-di a-lεntshε n. sacrifice made to D’mba before harvest (Notes M:37) kə-di-a-Mantsho n. highest intitiation for men, lit:"to eat a-Mantsho" (B. Bangoura 1974:50) kə-di a-Tεkən n. act of entering the female a-Tεkən initiation; lit.:" to eat a-Tεkən" (B. Bangoura 1974:49) kə-di a-tshir n. whirlpool kə-di-mo-lom n. initiation (literally:'to eat secrets') (Sarro 2009:xv) pε-di n. food (Diassi 1974:96) wi-di-Tshol (a-) n. initiates in kə-Bεrε-Tshol, lit:"those who eat Tshol" (B. Bangoura 1974:49)

(kɛ)dif v. (Bkl & Bst) kill (Koelle 1854/1963) (Kalissa 1984:8) (Notes N:52); fight (Notes N:60)

difɔ adj. there

Diliəŋ n. man's name given in kə-Bεrε-Tshol initiation (Notes L:45)

dim (sim) n. voice (Camara 1975:113; Diassi 1974:27; Notes N:14)

Dimbian n. woman's name given in kə-Bεrε-Tshol initiation (Notes L:45)

dim-din adj. united (Notes N:27)

-dingbəl n. canal in the rice fields (S. Bangoura 1972:39)

Dindafɔ Lontan phr. "that's that"/"that's the end of the speech”; a benediction

dinkin n. a sp. of vine used as an antidote to evildoers kin-kilitshin (Paulme 1958:415)

(kɛ)diŋε v. bear (trouble, difficulty) (Notes N:27)

(kɛ)dip v. defecate (Notes N:102)

(kɛ)dir v. call (Notes N:14)

(kɛ)dirε v. sleep (Notes L:58)

dis (no pl.) n. (Bkl & Bst) skin (Koelle 1854/1963); body (Kalissa 1984:26; Diassi 1974:31) (JNC)

disre adj. in the middle of, between, among, inside

djigita n. waistbeads

D'mba n. female dance headdress representing a woman who has borne many children; indigenous term for Nimba (Camara 1975:87). A figure of same representation (Chefs 1966:36; M. Riviεre, 1975:167).

D'mba-da-Tshol n. female headpiece with one eye, one breast, grotesque and disorderly -- counterpart to D'mba (Camara 1975:64). Cf. Nimba-pa-Fεt.

D'mba-do-Pɔn n. "the Great D'mba" -- the sacred D'mba, as opposed to the popular one (the one danced publically). (Notes M:15)

do prep. in (Notes N:37)

dɔbəl adj (< Engl) double

ma-doeanε n. (cf. ka-wune) perspiration (Notes L:32)

dɔf (sə-) n. viper (thicker and shorter than aŋ-gbaŋkan; thinner and shorter than ŋira); ball python (Ganong 2008:8)

(kǝ)dɔf v. plant, stick in (Notes N:80)

dɔi-dɔi adv. (Su) slowly

dɔk n. (< Engl) duck (Diassi 1974:63)

dok n. (Bkl & Bkb) dry season (Koelle 1854/1963) (Notes M:117)

dɔk/dok n. next year (Diassi 1974:30)

Doko n. (< Su -- "Mask" [Notes L:13]) wood headdress surmounted by a figure with bulging forehead, rams forns, and small ears (Plastique 1968:4). "The Old Man," a 3rd degree mask in wood with long nose, horns, cow ears (Arcin 1907:459). 8th degree mask (Meo 1919)? Male masked master of female Bondo (Arcin 1907:444-45)? Same as Lumbe (Holas 1947:67)? (Bkk) Mask with raffia costume danced at circumcisions and other important occasions; whenever the initiates wanted to move they had to pay tribute to the dancer of this mask first (Notes M:111, 123)

dokra / dǝkra? n. boa constrictor [?—boa constrictor does not exist in W. Africa. Could it be the viper? Or another species of python?]; thinner and shorter than ŋira. Cf. aŋ-gbaŋkan, dɔf.

domp (so-bomp) n. head (contraction of do-bomp) (Notes L:31)

domp da-amtan n. bunch of bananas

dɔn n. earth/territory [figuratively:home] (Koita 1983:29:dɔn) (Notes N:43, 76); cf. ru

doŋ n. mats woven for the roofing (Diassi 1974:68)

dop/wop n. forest (in a-Bunu) (Diassi 1974:24) cf wop in a-Tako; the place of the a-kərfin (Notes M:60)

dɔr n. hunger (Diassi 1974:30)

(kǝ)dos v. dish out the rice; share a meal (Kalissa 1984:22)

dos n. clay (Sylla 1976:38,56; S. Bangoura 1972:33; Camara 1975:73) dos de-bi n. black clay (Sylla 1976:38)

dos de-fer n. white clay used in making white paint

dɔsɔk n. day

dɔsɔka n. just before dawn

dɔsɔkɔ n. the day after tomorrow (JNC)

dow n. hen (Kalissa 1984:32)

(kǝ)du v. weave baskets (S. Bangoura 1972:33); weave, braid (the hair) (Camara 1975:113; Kalissa 1984:12; Diassi 1974:59) duba n. (-arabic) blessing (Diassi 1974:26)

duk adj. several, many (Diassi 1974:31)

duma (suma) n. (< Manding) shirt (Arcin 1907; Koelle 1854/1963); boubou (Arcin 1907; Bangoura 1972:86; Diassi 1974:24) dress (Notes N:79); skirt (Notes L:35) duma-ra-fak-ne n. shirt (Arcin 1907) dumpa (sumpa) n. intestine (Diassi 1974:24, 30)

dunia n. (< Su, < Ar) world (Notes L:35)

Dusum-a-bε n. = a-Mantsho-ŋo-Pɔn. "Teacher of the Chiefs [elder men]" (B. Bangoura 1974:52).

Dusum-a-bera n. = a-Mantsho-ŋo-Pɔn. "Teacher of the [elder] women" (B. Bangoura 1974:52). dut n. (< Engl “duty”?) tax (Diassi 1974:30)

Duwan n. woman's name given in kə-Bεrε-Tshol initiation (David Conrad, personal communication, 25 September 2015)

E, Ɛ

ε adj. yes (Kalissa 1984:26)

ε/ɔ pron. he (Kalissa 1984:23)

ku-ela (tshu-) n. Numenius aquatus (Curlew bird) ?; or Rostratula benghalensis (painted snipe bird) ?

εləŋənt n. (PUK)= dε-sεk

εlεk (εlεkεl) n. (BLS) = a-Tshol elit n. a long narrow drum with a head on one end and open on the other (see Baga-1579 & 1580); cf. a-gbitɔ or kə-wan

Esimɔra n. (Bkb) a mask higher than Sibila (Notes M:118)

F

kə-fəf n. dust in the air (as opposed to kə-bof)

fəfər n. light; easy

(kɛ)fəfərnɛ v. be light, easy (Hockins, in Lamp 2020)

(kǝ)fainɛ v. receive

a-fak (-) n. a king of long, flat fish (Paulme (1957:273)

faka (sə-) n. (< Port) knife used to cut rice (Traoré 1980:407; Notes L:36)

kə-fakəl (tshə-) n. headscarf

(kǝ)fal v. set a trap; fish w. a long net stretched across a river; v. hang up the laundry to dry (Diassi 1974:28)

kə-fəl n. dust in air

kə-fala (tsə-) n. wide basket used for fishing (Diassi 1974:34); the winnowing tray

kə-/ta-fala n. measure

ta-fala (ma-) n. small basket tied to the hair of a bride (S. Bangura 1972:30) (see ta-fala te kə-leka); used by the initiates (B. Bangura 1974:17)

ta-fala te kə-leka n. basket worn on the head of a new bride before sex w. husband

a-fəlεs (-) n. horse (Kalissa 1984:33); a promiscuous woman (figuratively) tε-fəlεs n. colt

(kə)fəlfəl v. make a rice nursery in the swamp (first planting before transplanting in the larger swamp)

(kǝ)fali v. discover (Diassi 1974:44) (?)

(kǝ)falsɛ v. bend forward

a-fan n. (Bmn & Bst) place of circumcision in kə-kəntsh (Bangura 1972:77), sacred grove of boys' initiation (Sylla 1984:9; Bangura 1972:77; Camara 1975:29), sleeping place for kə-kəntsh (Notes M:6, 89)

a-fan-nɔ-pɔn n. "The great a-fan," = the larger a-fan (B. Bangoura 1974:43)

a-fan-tontsh n. a prohibition both sacred and secular (B. Bangoura 1974:56)

Fənaŋkε n. woman's name given in kə-Bεrε-Tshol initiation (Notes L-45; Bangura 1972:85; Camara 1975:34; B. Bangoura 1974:49 ); or “F’nakεn” (David Conrad, personal communication, 25 September 2015)

da-fande n. (Bmn) the section of a-faŋ where the a-Mantsho-ŋa-Tshol is kept (Notes M:89)

(kǝ)fani v. disrespect, mock

kə-fǝntsh (tshə-) n. (Bkl & Bst) bed (Koelle 1854/1963; Kalissa 1984:9) (Notes L:35; Notes N:33)

a-fəntəl (-) n. frog

(kǝ)fəntərε v.refl. lie down; sleep with (have sex with); in faŋ m kə fəntərε = "I want to have sex with you." mǝ kɔ m’fǝntǝrɛ = “Go to bed.” (Notes N:33)

tɛ-fǝntǝrɛ (mɛ-) n. manner of lying down

fəntɔr (-) n. flying squirrel

(kǝ)faŋ v. want, desire (Kalissa 1984:10,35; Diassi 1974:34,104); like (Notes N:13) (Notes N:24)

a-faŋ (a-) n. divine law; as opposed to tontsh (B. Bangoura 1974:21, 55) [= "the wishes; the will"]; cf. faŋ

me-faŋ n. wish (Curtis, "D'mba carvers," 2013 draft for Lamp, et. al., D'mba book, p. 17)

fəŋan pron., adj. their; them fəp adj., adv., n. all (Kalissa 1984:32); everybody (Notes N:28); completely; only tε-fərəka (mε-) n. flea

(kǝ)fərəŋk v. climb (Kalissa 1984:24,27) fət adj. stuck (as of a door) (Diassi 1984:86) a-fǝts (ε-) n. (Bkl) iron (Koelle 1854/1963) ko-fats n. iron pot (Conrad, Tshol) kə-fat n. cicatrice (Diassi 1974:28 ) kə-fatsh n. period of engagement for marriage (B. Bangoura 1974:60); the obligations rendered by the fiancé

(kǝ)fati v. refuse (Diassi 1974:28)

-fε adv. (negative suffix to verbs) not (Kalissa 1984:35; Notes N:1) kə-fe n. coolness, the cold (Arcin 1907; Kalissa 1984:9; Diassi 1974:24)

ɔ-fe daka n. poor person (lit., “one who [has] nothing”) a-fef n. wind (Kalissa 1984:32; Diassi 1974:44); figuratively:a foolish person; February - March, lit. "wind" -- time of winnowing when wind drives away the chaff (Notes M:82). wi-fɛkǝs (a-) n. fisherman

(kǝ)fɛlr v. fly (as a bird)

(kɛ)fɛn v. sweep fendani n. (Su) symbol/sign/gesture/parable metaphor (B. Bangoura 1974:47, 72

Fεni/Fini n. name given to a woman's fourth born daughter (Notes L:7)

(kɛ)fεnt v. understand (Notes N:39) ka-fεntsh (a-) n. blade of kop (Notes L:38) (S. Bangoura 1972:39), the blade (Notes L:38)

(kɛ)fεntsh v. hoe, plow the rice fields (S. Bangoura 1972:39; Kalissa 1984:39; Diassi 1974:17,90)

(kɛ)fεŋ v. sweep (Diassi 1974:70)

(kɛ)fɛŋət v. wipe dry pɛ-fɛŋɛ (yɛ-) n. broom (JNC) feo adv. never

Fεp n. (PUK) = a-Bεmp; the bird

(kɛ)fεp v. beat brutally (Diassi 1974:34)

(kɛ)fer v. beat the drum/gong (Diassi 1974:34; Hockins draft 2013:21) at Kakilensh, Bukor, and Kouffin; an initiation for married young men equal to a-Tεkən (Notes M:48)

wi-fer (a-) n. drummer

(kɛ)fεr v. place an object across (a hole, a space); v. tilt (Diassi 1974:26)

a-fer kεsa n. iron box (Notes M:13)

(kɛ)fεrεnε v. lounge (Diassi 1974:26); v. peep on someone

(kɛ)fɛrmɛ v. lean over

fεrnε adj. crooked, bent, hunchbacked

(kɛ)fεt v. decrease, diminish

fεt adj. small (of a person), young (Diassi 1974:40) (Notes N:6)

(kɛ)fεt v. scale fish; v. shave the hair (Diassi 1974:24)

a-fεtsh n. iron

a-fεtsh (-) n. iron cooking pot (a-Bunu & a-tfən, and B’kor) (Diassi 1974:17); cf. koriɔrɔ

de-fet (sə-) n. sow rice seeds

de-fεt n. rice nursery in the village – "of the young" (cf. kə-fəlfəl)

wi-fεt (a-) n. boy child (Arcin 1907; Diassi 1974:40), younger brother

(kɛ)fetanε v. whistle through the fingers, or blow on the trumpet (luk); v. announce the arrival of the initiates in town for final ceremonies (Bangura 1972:79

(kɛ)fεtε v. be little (Diassi 1974:34)

wi-fɛtra (a-) n. girl child, younger sister

a-fɛya (-) n. person who guides a boat

(kɛ)fi v. die (Kalissa 1984:14; Diassi 1974:26) (Notes N:27)

a-fi (-) n. the small of the back (Diassi 1974:26), waist (Notes L:32)

dε-fi/de-fi n. death (Diassi 1974:26; Sarro 2009:xiv; Notes N:12)

kɔ-fi n. = kɔp of Bst

wi-fi (a-) n. dead person (Diassi 1974:26) te-fia n. little back (loin) (Diassi 1974:34) a-fif (-) n. wind wu-fiki (na-) n. backbiter (Notes N:81)

(kɛ)fikle v. shake/crack (a whip) (Notes N:97)

Fini/Fεni n. name given to woman's fourth born daughter (Notes L:7; B. Bangoura 1974:29)

(kɛ)fir v. find, sight, discover (Notes N:17) a-fir n. burnt dregs of the rice at the bottom of a pot (MB) kə-fir n. steam na-fits n. brain (Notes L:31)

Flεsa n. woman's name given in kə-Bεrε-Tshol initiation (David Conrad, personal communication, 25 September 2015) fɔ adv. not/do not/ am not/ (Kalissa 1984:11, 32, 35) (Notes N:27)

(kǝ)fɔ v. tell/instruct (Kalissa 1984:30) (?) fɔ adj. true (Notes N:5) tɔ-fo (mɔ-) n. place mɔ-fo fəp n. everywhere wu-fɔ-baka (a-) n. non-Baga; non-initiated Baga youth (Sarro 2009:xvi) a-fobət n. bull-rush do-fobot n/ rice-nursery (Paulme 1957:267) (?) a-fɔf (-) n. peeling from fruit (Diassi 1974:24,34)

(kǝ)fɔi v. winnow (from the rice) (Diassi 1974:34); v. float

do-foiana n. late afternoon fɔlɔ v. (Su) begin (Diassi 1974:26)

(kǝ)fɔn/fon v. cut something to even height (Diassi 1974:70), shave kə-fon (tshə-) n. hair (Notes L:31)

(kǝ)fonnɛ v. dress the hair fɔp (no sing.) n. callous on the hand (Diassi 1974:24)

(kǝ)fɔr v. slander (Diassi 1974:34) gossip (Notes N:70) dɔ-fɔr (fɔr) n. eye (Notes L:31)

(kǝ)fɔrɔ v. suffer (Notes N:13) a-fɔro n. gown worn by boys in initiation:a single cloth hung from neck to heels (Sylla 1984:10) - black (Notes M:27; Camara 1975:29 ); cloth worn by D'mba

(kǝ)forɔn v. close (Koita 1983:29)

Forsa n. man's name given in kə-Bεrε-Tshol initiation (David Conrad, personal communication, 25 September 2015) fos adj. empty

(kǝ)fos v. divine and avenge the source of witchcraft (S. Bangura 1972:51; Sylla 1984:8)) (Appia 1943:169:fossi [Su]) fossa n. a variety of rice (Paulme 1957:270)

(kǝ)fɔto v. (< Engl) take a picture (Notes N:40)

(kǝ)fɔtɔ v. think (Notes N:14)

(kǝ)fotsh v. twist and squeeze (the laundry, etc.); figuratively:exploit kə-fotsh (-) n. foam, lather (Diassi 1974:26,91) fu adj. (Bkl & Bst) new, young (Koelle 1854/1963) (Diassi 1974:59) a-fu n. shock ku-fu (tshu-) n. grave (Diassi 1974:59) to-fu n. cylindrical, roofed, large storage container for salt made of plaited sticks with grass roof (Sylla 1984:2) (S. Bangoura 1972:34); like a small round house (B. Bangoura 1974:8) to-fuk n. a small toad w. big belly

(kǝ)fula v. whistle

fum (a-) n. person (Diassi 1974:92), somebody (Notes N:28); pl.:people (Kalissa 1984:32); sensibility (Curtis, "D'mba carvers," 2013 draft for Lamp, et. al., D'mba book, p. 17)

wu-fum-wu-letsh (a-fum-a-lɛtsh) n. enemy (Notes L:64) (JNC)

do-fum n. personality (Diassi 1974:26) (Curtis, "D'mba carvers," 2013 draft for Lamp, et. al., D'mba book, p. 17) yɔ-fum n. nobody (Notes N:59)

(kǝ)fur v. slander

do-fura n. period of marriage ceremonies for bride, incl. ki-pisε do-fura

i-fura (ɔ-furan) n. sister-in-law/wife (Tyam 1976:44) (Notes L:36)

wu-fura / (a-) n. bride (Diallo 1974:41 ) a-furman a kind of medium sized fish that has big teeth and bites people (teeth are like a person's)

(kǝ)furp v. blow a-futel n. heart (Figarol 1907-12:166) (?). Cf. tim-to-fotsh

(kǝ)futu v. pierce

G (see also K)

da-gə n. rice flour (Notes L:1)

(kǝ)gfaŋ v. fasten

giné kobi n. (Su) a variety of rice (Paulme 157:270; Traoré 1980:407); lit,:"bad woman" in Susu

H

haŋ prep. until (Kalissa 1984:26); for a long time

I (i & ɪ)

i/im/in/iŋ pron. (Bkl & Bst) I (Kalissa 1984:23) (Koelle 1854/1963)

in kuri m/nu phr. (Bkk) I greet you! (sing./pl.) (Notes M:109)

ina pron. me (object) a-inare n. stomach

Inap n. (Bkb & Bkk) = a-Mantsho-ŋa-Tshol (Notes M:109)

Insondje n. (NAL) = a-Mantsho-ŋa-Tshol itɔ phr. "that is why" (Notes N:1) iya (iya-ŋaŋ) n. mother (Kalissa 1984:13; Notes N:24)

iya wə-ran n. aunt (father’s sister)

J

Jamban n. (PUK) = D'mba; cf. Yamban

K

ka prep. of (Notes N:5) kə pron. him (Notes N:19)

a-ka (tshə-) n. hippopotamus

wu-ka (a-) n. the owner (Notes N:97) də-kə-woləs n. performance area (Hockins draft 2013:23)

wu-ka yem (a-) n. liar (Notes N:71) da-ka / pa-ka (tsha-) n. thing, something (Notes N:34, 42)

Pa-ka n. god (of a thing, such as “the god” of the rice crop, Paka pa malo) (Notes S:44). See also Paka wu-ka do-tɔf (a-) n. native to a village (Sarro 2009:xvi) ["one who owns the land"] wu-ka yimki (a-) n. a man of science (Notes N:96)

Kabulu n. (Bkl) a kind of mask (Notes M:134) wu-ka da bi (a-) n. the deceased (Notes N:51)

da-ka da fum n. somebody's property (Notes N:98)

wu-ka da-ka (a-) n. the owner (Notes N:91) da-ka diris adj. empty-handed (Notes N:11) wu-ka do-fɔr n. person with omnivision wu-ka kə-lɔ kə-pɔn (a-) / wu-ka kanu (a-) n. elder in charge of the kə-lɔ kə-pɔn (Notes M:27)

(kǝ)kafle/ kafli v. turn oneself, turn (something) over; (fig,:) turn (someone) into (something), assimilate

(kǝ)kai v. hollow out (Diassi 1974:32), excavate; fig.:inquire kaka n. measles (Tyam 1976:42) a-kakəm (-) n. bat (animal). Cf. te-mprifǝn

Kakilambe n. (< Su) = a-Mantsho-ŋo-Pɔn (Sylla 1984:6; Notes L:11) -- Kaki is the name of a tree (Latin name:gomme copal) that is very tall; Lambe means "to climb". Possible meaning is something that ranges as tall as the Kaki tree. (Notes M:107)

kakɔ adj. this a-kakɔ pron. them wi-kaksa (a-) n. Baga Sobane in Bst (from kεkəs = "to surround and protect (someone)" - (when the Bkk migrated, the Bst protected them)

Kakulima n. (Bkb) a face mask similar to Dudu, with lots of attachments (Notes at IFAN, photos:masks:Musée National, Conakry?); mask for Menda society (Notes M:118); the sacred mountain at Dubreka

du-kə-lɔ n. bedroom (Notes L:35); lit:" room of house"

(kǝ)kal v. inundate, plunge (something) into water to capsize (a boat) (Diassi 1974:32)

a-kalaitsh n. (Bmn) the iron gong; = ke-se in Bst (Notes M:92)

a-kələntshen (-) n. chameleon (Paulme 1958:414; FL consultants)

də-kəlap/diklap n. a tight path in the forest

(kǝ)kalε v. dive; drown

a-kəlentshen (-) n. chameleon

kakili n. (< Su) independent thinking in the head (as opposed to communal thinking in the belly) (Sarro 2000:173-174) (JNC)

kalma (tshalma) n. hyena (Diassi 1974:79)

Kalum n. those of the piedmont, the grasslands (the Baga Kalum) (see ka-lum) kamba n. plain cooked rice without sauce or oil (Notes N:21)

Kəmbaŋ n. (Bmn) a figure/mask that sat on a stool with its head covered by a white cloth; kept in sacred house (Notes M:95) seems to serve the purpose of Tɔŋkɔŋgba among the Bst and KOK (Notes M:96) kamkamεnε n. December, lit. "your own" time of shortage when only relatives can give you food (Notes M:82) kampa (tshampa) n. pruning knife kamui n. the pod with red seeds that is used to produce red paint (Notes M:33) a-kan n. evil, fault kanafɔ adj., adv. so-called, supposed, supposedly kanda (tshanda) n. civet cat kankɔ adj. this (B’kor); cf nkɛ a-kəntsh n. wood of mangrove trees (Camara 1975:81); wood used to carve stools, pestles, tool handles (ibid:73a, 91). cf. a-kəntsh = "the initiates"

(kǝ)kəntsh v. circumcise (Notes N:5) ka-kəntsh n. initiation/circumcision (Bangura 1972:77; 21:ka-kentsh; the final stage of Bansonyi initiation (Notes L-15-19 ) female initiation I (N'Diaye 1980:c3:Nkintsh) [from Susu:Gayantii - circumcision? - N'Diaye 1980:105] wǝ-kəntsh (a-) n. circumcised boy (Notes L:15, N:20) in initiation (MB) wə-kəntsh wo-pɔn (a-) n. boy chosen to be circimcised ahead of the other, the night before. (Notes M:7) = wi-tibis wɔ-kəntsh (a-) n. woman who performs the female excision (of yɔŋgo-yeli in Su.) a-kantsa (-) n. cheek (Diassi 1974:27) (Notes L:32); jaw (Notes N:63)

Kanu n. (Bst & Bmn) the supreme creator God (Notes M:91; Bangoura 1974:55) (no plural— JNC)

Kanu-ku-Pɔn n. = Kanu, « the Great God » (Sylla 1984:5; Camara 1975:26) kəŋan phr. (prep.-pron.) to them

Kaŋkəbəlá n. (Bmn) = Tɔnkɔngba in Bst kaŋkan n. each one

(kǝ)kar v. wait (Kalissa 1984:32; Diassi 1974:21; Notes N:9, 14) kə-kar n. patience (Curtis, "D'mba carvers," 2013 draft for Lamp, et. al., D'mba book, p. 17) wi-kire n. sister (Notes L:41) (JNC) kərekətshamat adj. (Bkb) fifty (Notes M:117) kərekətshamat marəŋ adj. (Bkb) seventy (Notes M:117) kərekətshamat ramaŋre adj. (Bkb) ninety (Notes M:117) kərekətshamat rəmasas adj. (Bkb) eighty (Notes M:117) kərekətshamat rikin adj. (Bkb) sixty (Notes M:117) kəremaŋre adj. (Bkb) forty (Notes M:117) kəremarəŋ adj. (Bkb) twenty (Notes M:117) kəremarəŋ intɔtin adj. (Bkb) twenty-one (Notes M:117) kəremarəŋ maŋre adj. (Bkb) twenty-four (Notes M:117) kəremarəŋ masas adj. (Bkb) twenty-three (Notes M:117) kəremarəŋ mɔmarəŋ adj. (Bkb) twenty-two (Notes M:117) kəremasas adj. (Bkb) thirty (Notes M:117) kəremasas intɔtin adj. (Bkb) thirty-one (Notes M:117)

kəremasas mɔmarəŋ adj. (Bkb) thirty-two (Notes M:117) kərɛsna adj., adv. first, initially o-kərfi n. (Bmn) spiritual being with negative character; cf. wi-kərfi(n) in Bst

da-kərfi n. (Bmn) the next world (of ancestors and a-kərfi) (Notes M:99)

de-kərfi(n) n. world of the spirits (JNC)

wi-kərfi(n) (a-) n. spiritual being with negative character (Bangoura 1991:34; Paulme 1958:412; Notes L-26, 30, Notes M:91) (JNC)

Karu n. = Kanu? (Paulme 1958:414) ([Ma] = "moon" -- Arcin 1907:394)

kas (tshas) n. father [as term of address] (Diassi 1974:32)

u-kas (a-) n. father (cf. apa)

u-kas-kə-fεt n. "little father" (B.Bangoura 1974:25 ): father's brother

(kǝ)kəsnε v. think (Notes L:47)

Kassɔ a variation of a-Mantsho-ŋo-Pon for young men (Notes M:53)

a-katsh (-) n. stingray (fish) (MB)

a-kətə/a-kata (-) n. skin (Notes L:32)

kətamat adj. (Bkb) five (Notes M:116)

kətarasɔkɔ n. the third day after today (Notes T:32)

kətarasɔkɔkərarəŋ n. the fourth day after today (Notes T:32)

kətarundu n. the fifth day after today (Notes T:32)

kətarundukərarəŋ n. the sixth day after today (Notes T:32)

katna adj. fast, quick (by) (Kalissa 1984:29)

kətsamət adj. five (5) (Notes L:37)

a-katsh n. stingray

kətsɔfət adj. (Bkb) ten (Notes M:116) kətsɔfət maŋəri adj. (Bkb) fourteen (Notes M:116) kətsɔfət marəŋ adj. (Bkb) twelve (Notes M:116) kətsɔfət masas adj. (Bkb) thirteen (Notes M:116) kətsɔfət rikin adj. (Bkb) eleven (Notes M:116) kətsɔfət tamatrəmaŋre adj. (Bkb) nineteen (Notes M:117) kətsɔfət tamatrəmarəŋ adj. (Bkb) seventeen (Notes M:117) kətsɔfət tamatrəmasas adj. (Bkb) eighteen (Notes M:117) kətsɔfət tamatrikin adj. (Bkb) sixteen (Notes M:117) kətsɔfət tsamat adj. (Bkb) fifteen (Notes M:117)11 kawe adj. before (Notes N:13) wu-kayinki (a-) n. servant de-ke n. theft (Diassi 1974:27) wi-ke (a-) thief (Kalissa 1985:30:Diassi 1974:26) keəndəl n. (Engl) candle tε-kεk n. a kind of fish (Diassi 1974:32)

(kɛ)kεk v. beat (a rhythm on the drum) (Diassi 1974:27) kek (tsek) n. beard (Arcin 1907)/ chin (Diassi 1974:32) (Notes L:32)

(kɛ)kεkəs v. protect kel (tshel) n. hoe (Sarro 2009:xv)

Kelefa n. (see kε-Lefa) a-keli (-) n. rat kεlkəla adj., adv. fast

kεme kin adj. (Bst & Bkb) (< TEM < Ma) one hundred (Diassi 1974:38; Notes M:117); cf. tə-sar- tin dε-kεn (sε-) n. muscle (at Tolkotsh) kεn (tshεn) n. the army ant (Diassi 1974:32) te-ken n. ember, live coal (Diassi 1974:61) kenk n. shark kεntεŋ n. (Bkk) a mask for entertainment (Notes M:114) a-kɛp (-) n. portion (Diassi 1974:32) a-kɛr / de-kɛr (sə-) n. veranda ( Notes L:36; Notes N:29, 51; Notes T:36) kerε n. mother (Notes N:14) (Notes N;23)

(kɛ)kεrε/k’rɛ v. bring, carry (Notes L:59), carry away, to take to (Notes N:25); v. send (Notes N:59); v. (figuratively) induce spiritual possession (Notes N:46); v. bring home (Diassi 1974:27); v. lead to

(kɛ)kεt v. draw, fetch (a liquid) (Diassi 1974:31); draw fish from a dam; fish (S. Bangoura 1972:34:fishing) - by bailing water out of a pool to catch the fish

kete kete n. tuberculosis (Tyam 1976:42)

ki/pi/tsi, etc. pron. it (direct object) (Diassi 1974:105)

ki-rin prep. before

kin-kilitshin n. stick used by evildoers (a-ser) to hit victims (Paulme 1958:414)

Kinson n. generic name for a-Bεmp, Yombofissa, Signal/Sinyal, and Tiyambo, named for carver (Holas 1947:65)

aŋ-kiŋkili n. outer and inner ring of bound rods at the circumference of the roof support (Notes T:36, 38)

kip (tship) n. sea crab cf.: kε-tere, kə-mbankɔs, kəmbankurmεnε, kə-mεnε (MB)

wi-kirε (a-) n. sister (Kalissa 1984:25, 37; Diassi 1974:92; Notes N:61)

kiriŋ/kiriŋi/kirinchi n. (Su) a double-headded drum [?] played in sets of three at general celebrations (Chevier 1906:354-60); huge slit gong with three long slits along the length, and a hole at each end. Cf. tali

kiriŋ adj. forward, in front (Notes L:64)

(kɛ)kis v. gather in a heap

a-kisin n. spitting cobra (Diassi 1974:31); cf. a-wut bεpən wi-kiya (a-) n. maternal cousin

(kɛ)kiyε v. steal (Notes N:40) klentsh n. the crossing (MB) ka-klentsh n. those who have crossed the boundary (MB) [the a-Tako who first crossed the Kapachez River] da-kma (sa-) n. sword (Notes L:36) kɔ conj. and (Kalissa 1984:8; Daissi 1974:79) kɔ adv., n. there (Kalissa 1984:39) if (Notes N:14) kɔ pron. him

(kǝ)kɔ v. go (Kalissa 1984:10; Diassi 1974:16; Notes N:49) (e.g., in kɔ da-lɛ = “I’m going to the rice field”) wi-kɔ dǝ kǝ-lɔ n. new bride (lit.:“she who goes to the house”)

(kǝ)kɔ do-bo v. fish (Notes N:36). cf. do-bo a-kɔbɔ (-) n. bottle (Paulme 1957:268) (Diassi 1974:26)

a-kobon na a-tshol n. a-tshol made of a bottle of water, wood fragment, & kola (Paulme 1957:268 )

u-kɔ-d'ku-lɔ n. man who helps carry the bride in a hammock to her new home, lit.:"He who goes to the house" (B. Bangoura 1974:62)

kofi (tshofi) n. cabinet

kɔftha (tsɔftha) n. shoe (Kalissa 1984:13)

kɔgba (tshɔgba) n. underpants

a-kok (-) n. penis (Engl “cock”?) (Bangoura 1972:86) (Diassi 1974:27) (Notes L:31)

po-kok (-) n. big penis . cf. pε-rit

to-kok (-) n. small penis

?-kɔkəm (tshə-) n. banana leaf (Notes S:93) koknεt (tshoknεt) n. (< Engl) coconut (Kalissa 1984:13)

Koko n. (Bmn) name given to a woman's fourth born daughter (Notes M:88)

(kǝ)kɔl v. touch kola (tsola) n. kola nut (Notes L:39) kolma (s&pl) n. (< Nalu) peanut (Bst -- a-Bunu) (cf. pə-maŋkola in a-Tako) kolo n. today (Notes N:8) kɔm (tsɔm) n. sky (Diassi 1974:24; Notes L:35) kɔm (tsɔm) n. crayfish (Diassi 1974:34)

(kǝ)kom v. give birth; bear fruit; bear children (Notes N:8) wu-kom (aŋ-) relative, related person (Notes N:33) da-kom/ do-kom n. (no pl.) kinship (Diassi 1974:83), family relationship (Notes N:61) do-kom(εnε)-da-rəkun n. patrilineage (B. Bangoura 1974:24 ) do-kom(εnε)-da-ran n. matrilineage (B. Bangoura 1974:24) o-kom phr. she gives birth (Notes L:47) a-kombε (-) n. clam with large fluted shell

Kombo n. (PUK) = a-Mantsho-ŋo-Pɔn. cf. Konbol / Kombol do-kombra (no pl.) n. maternity (Diassi 1974:94) wu-kombra (a-) n. suckling mother (Diassi 1974:85; Notes L:36) do-komεnε n. line of descent; …da-ran = cognatic (maternal) line; …da-rkun = agnatic (paternal) line wo-komεnε n. relationship between a man and his in-laws

Komnε n. ancestor spirit, male and female, in costume of dried banana leaves worn by boys under the age of fifteen at night during the full moon (Notes M:55)

kɔmɔ n. (Mikifore) mask (Diassi 1974:26 )

komp (tshomp) n. palm kernel (with red outer shell) (cf. do-komp, tshǝ-komp)

a-komp (-) n. palm tree (general) (S. Bangoura 1972:21) do-komp (tsə-) n. palm kernel cluster (Diassi 1974:89) (cf. komp)

tshǝ-komp (dǝ-) n. palm nut (interior, without shell)

komponye n. (Su?) dinner served to the workers in the rice fields (S. Bangoura 1972:30 )

komporon n. (Bkb) bowl (Notes M:124)

komtu (tshomtu) / kumtu (tshumtu) n. (at Katako / at Tolkotsh) cap (cf. tǝ-mbo). Cf. ɔ-tshape

a-kon n. a sp. of hard wood, used to carve the head of a-Mantsho-ŋo-Pɔn; wood was sacred -- it was said to be able to move about on its own (Notes Q:12).

to-kon (mo-) n. a kind of fish (Paulme 1957:273), catfish (Diassi 1974:43)

n-kɔn ə ban Abol n. "He who has taken Abol" - the initiate who reaches Abol first in the final stage of third level initiation (Bangoura 1972:87; Camara 1975:39 )

Konbol / Kombol n. woman's name given in kə-Bεrε-Tshol initiation (Bangoura 1972:85; B. Bangoura 74:49; Diallo 74:56; Notes L-45; Camara 1975:34)

konko n. sleeping rooms of the house, surrounding the central space. (Sylla 1976:30 )

konko n. a coiled basket (Sylla 1976:58), used at the dikes to open and close to let water in or out

Koni n. (Bmn) name given to a woman's third born daughter (Notes M:88)

kontsh (tshontsh) n. charcoal

a-kɔnta n. a sp. of hard wood used to carve the tali (Notes L:40) and masks (Camara 1975:73a), e.g. D'mba (Notes M:37; S:177)

kɔntɔfili n. (Su) embarrassment, distress, trouble (Notes N:1)

Konu / Kunu n. (in a-Tako/ a-Bunu) name given to a woman's third born daughter (Notes L:7; B. Bangoura 1974:29) kɔp (tshɔp) n. (< Nalu?) long blade with long handle (wood tipped with iron) used by a man to plow furrows and dikes in rice swamps (Traoré 1980:407) spade (Notes L:38). Various forms of the kɔp are:kɔp ku-bump, kɔp ku-s'rok, kɔp ku-bətsh, an-kubεl u-rok, an-kubεl ɔn-pɔn (Notes S:218), kɔp kə-fεt (Notes S:229), tɔp; technically only the wooden blade of the instrument (cf. ka-gbala, ka-fɛntsh), but also the entire instrument including handle, wooden blade, and metal tip

kopεr (tshopεr) n. a sp. of wood used in carving tool handles (Camara 1975:73a); large mangrove trees found at edge of ocean and marigots

kor (tshor) n. 1. belly (referring to the interior) (S. Bangoura 72:22; Notes L:32). Cf. a-putu 2. clan [lit., "belly], lineage group (S. Bangoura 72:22); extended fanily (B. Bangoura 74:20,24 = ku-sunka)

kor ke yiŋkε n. upset stomach (Notes N:73)

(kǝ)kɔr v. call (upon); implore

Kora n. = a-Mantsho-ŋa-Tshol (Notes M:19, 33; Notes S:220, 232)

Kora / Kura? n. (Bkb) God

a-kɔre adv., n. "Why?" (Notes N:11); "What is wrong?" (Notes N:58)

a-korkonta/korokonta (-) n. crocodile

kɔrkɔr adj. entire

aŋ-koro/aŋ-kura n. a kind of vine whose root bark is used in making yellow dye/ paint (Sylla 1976:39; Camara 1975:81); camwood

kɔrɔnbata n. (PUK) = a-ntshampan of Bst (Conrad 2015)

kɔrtɛ (tshɔrtɛ) n. witch gun

(kǝ)kos v. scatch

(kǝ)kɔs v. scale fish (cf. tεt);

kɔs (tsɔs) n. star (Arcin 1907; Diassi 1974:30,36 )

kɔs (tshɔs) n. small shrimp (cf. kə-ntaŋbulu)

do-kos (no pl.) n. friendship (Diassi 1974:83), mate, age grade (general term)

wi-kos (a-) n. friend (Notes L:60; Kalissa 1984:39); age-mate

(kǝ)kɔt v. walk (Kalissa 1984:14); (Notes L:47)

(kǝ)kot v. attach, tie (Diassi 1974:40) kot n. (Engl “coat”?) sport coat tɔ-kɔtsh (mɔ-) n. hip (MB) kɔ-kot kə-tcha n. first phase of engagement for marriage:attaching a strand of palm leaf (kə-bat) on the young girl's waist (B.Bangoura 1974:60 ) wu-kot(εnε) kə-fatch (a-) n. spokesman for a man engaging in marriage (B.Bangoura 1974:61 ) kɔta adj. (Su) having supernatural knowledge and abilities -- the expertise of sorcerers; fig.:extremely clever; the state of having this characteristic, as in ɔn kɔta = "He's bad [in the sense in African-American speech]." (Notes S:115); evil-possessing sorcerer's knowledge (cf. lεtsh) (Sarro 2009:xv)

(kǝ)kɔtəs v. walk to (Notes N:50) kote n. load (Notes N:40)

(kǝ)kɔtεnε v. work, operate (Notes N:80)

Kɔtɔ n. title of small female initiate chosen to serve the others (Bangoura 1972:82); girl not yet initiated (B. Bangoura 1974:46); young uninitiated girl who acts as servant for female initiates undergoing excision (Diallo 1974:47)

Koyərundu n. (Bkb) = al-B'rak; lit. "It is there"; in answer to the question "Where is the mask you have?" one would answer:"Koyərundu" (Notes M:127)

Koyilo n. (Bkk) a mask, = Dudu? (Plastique 1968:11); a mask used for entertainment (Notes M:108) = Sibila; always at the front of the line of male or female initiates (Notes M:123) krima n. leprosy (Tyam 1976:42) mε-kroŋ n. mountains (Notes N:13) kruwe n. spirit (Notes N:87) tshe-ktshek n. night; cf. pi-bi da-ku n. a fool (Notes N:11)

(kǝ)kuar v. (Bkl) give birth kuate n. = ta-fo anti-binko

(kǝ)kufun v. cover (with a lid) kuk n. (Engl) cook. cf wu-tshoŋ a-kul n. a species of wood -- used to carve human figures; called "pork meat" in Susu (Notes S:201) ku-kula (tshu-) n. bean kulε adj. noisy (Notes N:13); adj. spectacular, exquisite (Notes N:46)

(kǝ)kulε v. bellow, shout (Diassi 1974:105), rejoice, make a noise pu-kulɛkulɛ n. noise (Notes N:61); news [figuratively] (Notes N:40) a-kulokulo (-) n. a bird:medium-arge, white and gray with bright yellow beak, crest də-kulum (sə-) n. the bush [sacred?] (Sarro 2009:xiv)

(kǝ)kum v. (Bkl) to give birth po-kum (yo-kum) n. fruit kumba (tshumba) n.door at the front of a house (Roman Camara) (Notes L:36; Notes T:36); ku-mba?

Kumbaruba n. royal crocodile spirit (Chefs 1966:33; Appia 1943:158-160), incorporating bird, serpent, crocodile, fish (Silva 1956a:37), chameleon, and human head. Worn by biggest initiate of kə-kəntsh (Notes M:45); = Banda/Dudu kumbaruba n. drum supported by horse (Notes L:13) (Roman Bangoura says this is the timba); cf. Kumba Duba aŋ-ku-mber (wu-mber) n. small spade used to build the dykes used to collect salt (S. Bangoura 1972:38)

Kumbukum n. sacred forest of a-Mantsho-ŋa-Tεmp at Tolkotsh

Kulpεmpε n. (Bkb) a mask used during initiation (Notes M:121)

Kulpεmpε Rogbanε n. (Bkb) a kind of mask (Notes M:119) kuna n. honor (Notes L:58) kuntshi n. father-in-law of the wife (father of the husband) kur (tshur) n. pile of harvested rice in the fields (Diassi 1974:21,59) kur adj. old (Diassi 1974:103)

wu-kur (a- / kuraŋa [?]) n. ancestor tsha-kuraŋa (-) n. story, history (lit.:“things of the ancestors”) n'kurin excl. good day! ya kuri prep. during (Notes N:45) kurkɔntɔ n. fresh water alligator (Notes M:30)

Kurɔ n. (Bkl) God; also Kurɔmasaba (Notes M:131)

(kǝ)kurnε v. invite (Notes N:41)

kurɔŋ n. top (of something); ta-kurɔŋ = “on top of”

(kǝ)kus v. pour

kə-kus n. last phase of engagement for marriage:akotenε kə-fatch offer wine in the ru-buntεnε to family of bride, and announce marriage. (B. Bangoura 1974:61 )

ku-kus n. final ceremony of initiation to Abol, in which initiates pour wine for the elders (Notes S:129) a-kut n. room for the newly married couple

L

kə-lagba n. long raffia skirt (of D'mba, etc.) (Notes M:15) lak n. (Engl) lock wi-lakɔ (a-) n. concubine

(kǝ)lɔm v. throw

(-) lamp (sə-) n. (< Su/Engl) lamp (Diassi 1984,96) kə-ləmp (tsə-) n. well (for water) (Notes L:36; N:95)

kə-lanka (tshə-) n. head louse

ta-lankan (ma-) n. okra (MB) a-ləns n. (Bkl?) ear (Bangoura 1972:21)

(kǝ)lant v. tend the farm, lit.:drive away the birds from the fields (Notes L:48) da-lantma n. Kokoli (Landuma) country (Diassi 1974:44) wi-lantma (a-) n. Kokoli (Landuma) person (Diassi 1974:94) lit:" those who drove away the birds on the farm"

(kǝ)laŋ v. breath laboriously, heavily (when sick, or during sex or excitement) (Diassi 1974:35,40,65

?-laŋ (na-) n. (Bmn) bell (Notes M:92) wa-laŋ n. (1) sacred dances of kə-kəntsh performed only in a-fan (Notes M:36 ) (2) Dance of the initiates of kə-kəntsh in which the initiates crouch and beat their staffs on the ground to the rhythm of a master dancer (?) and the tali (B. Bangoura 1974:73-74 ) (3) the rhythm of this dance (Notes S:137) a-ləŋəs (-) n. ear (Notes L:31) a-ləŋk (-) n. leg (Notes L:31), thigh (Notes L:32)

(kǝ)lap v. have shame (Diassi 1974:34) kə-lap (?-) n. a clearing (Diassi 1974:39); an entrance (footpath) into the forest; ma-lap n. shame naŋ-lap phr. "I am ashamed" (Notes N:57)

(kǝ)lapərnε v. be ashamed (collectively) (Notes N:58) ləpəs adj. the last, the remainder (Kalissa 1984:27) tɛ-lǝpǝs (mɛ-) n. the last time tɛ-lǝpǝs-tɛ-lǝpǝs adv. most recently ta-lapεnε n. a non-sexual alliance between a boy and a girl, lit.:"white marriage," rarely resulting in real marriage (B. Bangoura 1974:34)

(kǝ)ləpsər v. be late tǝ-lǝr-ta-dǝkǝtsh (mǝ-lǝr-mǝ- n. toe larəm adj., adv. much, many, a lot lare adj. full

Laria n. woman's name given in kə-Bεrε-Tshol initiation (David Conrad, personal communication, 25 September 2015)

(kǝ)las v. fill (Diassi 1974:28)

(kǝ)ləsər v. bring trouble, spoil (Notes N:29, 52)

(dɔ)lε v. be strong (Diassi 1974:30) (JNC)

(kɛ)le v. scold, slander (Diassi 1974:17,28)

(kɛ)lε v. invoke (Notes N:15); shout (sing) (Notes N:31) a-le n. flower of the palm tree used to make paint brushes and mosquito chasers (RB); brush for painting (Camara 1975:80) - made from the flower of the palm tree:a-le (RB) da-lε n. farming (Notes L:43); the swamp, rice swamp, field (Kalissa 1984:10, Camara 1975:73; Notes N:14) [I believe this is a collective noun, with no plural, as, for example, “farming”]) (e.g., in kɔ da-ɛ = “I’m going to do farming,” or “I’m going to the rice fields”) kə-lɛ (tshə-) n. organization formed for farming, bridge construction, etc. (Diallo 1974:35, Tyam 1976:14; Sarro 2009:xv) ke-lε (tshε-) n. grannary made in the form of a huge clay pot (unfired), built inside the house (S. Bangoura 1972:31,40; Paulme 1957:269; Camara 1975:92 , Notes L:36) me-le/ ma-ya n. (Su) raffia (Camara 1975:113 ) tε-lɛ (mε-) n. small grannary (Diassi 1974:28,35)

(kɛ)lεk v. raise

(kɛ)lεk v. take (Diassi 1974:35) (Notes N:28); take away (Notes N:46) take over, take charge (Notes N:50) v. expose (Notes N:4, 14) də-kə-lek kə-bep ceremony at end of marriage ceremony after first sex act -- family of bride bring rice dish for groom to eat with his friends (RB) kə-leka (tsə-) n. basket given to newly married couple by parents of bride. (Notes K:7) bottom part of marriage rice basket (Notes M:18) lel/leli/lelε adj. (?/Katako/Tolokots) heavy (Kalissa 1984:40) lele n. (?) raised platforms of stakes used as a bed (Camara 1975:46) tε-lεlε (mε-) n. vagina (at Tolkotsh) a-lembr (-) n. a kind of fish (Paulme 1957:273): carp; found in marigots (MB) lenk n. time of beginning of harvest (S. Bangoura 1972:64; Paulme 1957:257; Notes L:23):end of the rains (S. Bangoura 1972:64; Paulme 1957:257); ca. October 15- January 15 "thin season", late October-November

(kɛ)lɛnk v. blossom a-lεnt (-) n. sling (Diassi 1974:?) (used to hurl stones to chase birds) kə-lεntsh n. new settlement/town/village. cf. dare (Notes M:5). cf. village of Kaklεntsh a-lεntshε n. place in the bush where D'mba is kept (Notes L:40-41, M:23, 24); husk of Wakərba; also a children's spirit? (N'Diaye 1980:63) kə-lεntshe n. the Ter sacred forest grove (Notes M:83); the sacred forest grove of a-Mantsho-ŋo-Pɔn (Notes U:Tolkotsh)

(kɛ)leŋ / leŋəs v. sing (S. Bangoura 1972:29; Camara 1975:38; Diassi 1974:17; Kalissa 1984:14, 21) te-leŋ (me-) n. song (Sarro 2009:xvi) kə-leŋa n. tail (Diassi 1974:35) wi-leŋǝs (a-) n. singer tɛ-lɛŋbɛtsh (mɛ-) n. wrist we-lεŋk n. elephant (Notes M:15) kə-leŋgbe n. hut built to house a-Mantsho ŋa-Tshol during the rainy season (Notes M:33) a-lep/we-lep(?) n. a sp. of light porous wood (Camara 1975:59) lεpsr adj., adv. last (B. Bangoura 1974:30) u-lεpsr adj., n. "the last" - a suffix added to children's given names at birth, e.g. Tshotsho-u-lεpsr, "the last Tshotsho" i.e. the sixth born boy of a mother (B. Bangoura 1974) tε-lεr (mε-) n. finger (Diassi 1974:77,93) (Notes L:32) tε-ler-ta-dək-tsək (mε-ler-ma-dək-tsək) n. toe (Notes L:32) (JNC) a-lesən n. cow or horse-tail switch (Notes M:26) held by women when dancing a-Tεkən (Notes M:37)

(kɛ)lɛt v. pinch (Diassi 1974:28) lεtsh adj. bad, unmannerly, hideous (Diassi 1974:24,83) rotten (Notes N:79) wi-lεtsh (a-) n. villain, ugly person (Diassi 1974:44) pǝ-lɛtsh n. badness a-leuleu n. wigeon, Anas penelope (a kind of duck) a-lfɔt n. Balaeniceps rex (whale-headed stork bird) ?; or Leptoptilos crumeniferus (maribou bird) ? ka-liki ku-tɔk n. (Bmn) bowl used to eat rice (Notes M:85) pi-lili/pə-lel n. weight kə-lim (tsə-) n. bundle of wood (Diassi 1974:24) ki-lim/kə-lim (tsi/ tsə-) n. neck (Kalissa 1984:9; Diassi 1974:24; Notes L:32) lin (no pl.?) n. saliva (Diassi 1974:42)

(kɛ)linε v. address oneself, talk to oneself.

(kɛ)liŋ v. draw (Diassi 1974:67) ki-liŋ n. wounded part of body

(kɛ)lip v. finish (doing something) (Kalissa 1984:24,39; Diassi 1974:65), end; v. kill (Notes N:60), exterminate (Notes N:77) lip adj., adv. finished, complete; total; only de-lip n. demise (Notes N:29) kə-lip n. pork-skin (Diassi 1974:28) ki-lip n. end ki-lip ka du-ru n. end of the world lipa n. torch (Diassi 1974:84) tε-lipa n. small drum used in Abol dance (Camara 1974:34) ?= kə-ntshmp in small form de-lipmɔ n. end, tail

(kɛ)lipnε v. finish (S. Bangoura 1972:24) wi-lipnε (a-) n. elders of the highest rank; lit. "those who have finished" (S. Bangoura 1972:24); elderly ritual specialists at the apex of the age grades (Curtis & Sarro 1998:133) liter n. (Engl) liter (liquid measure) və-live n. (?) fruits of labor (Notes L:58)

(kǝ)lɔ / lɔ-nε v. build (a house) (Kalissa 1984:14; Diassi 1974:35,43); v. marry (refers only to a woman marrying a man) (Notes N:49) [as in “to build a household”) dɔ-lɔ n. river (Kalissa 1984:29) kə-lɔ/ku-lɔ (wo-) n. house (Notes L:23,35; S. Bangoura 1972:21) kə-lɔ (wə-) n. marriage - refers only to the woman marrying a man; cf. kə-nεntshε, kə-gbaŋnε, lɔ pɔ-lɔ n. a big house (cf. kə-lɔ) (Diassi 1974:37) tɔ-lɔ (mɔ-) n. a little house (Diassi 1974:40) wu-lɔ n. bride kə-lɔ darentsh n. roof kə-lɔ disrε n. family compound (Paulme 56:109) , = kor, ku-sunka; lit. "inside the house" (S. Bangoura 1974:18); secrets of the family kə-lɔ-kə-baki n. (Bmn) = kə-lɔ-kə-pɔn of Bsi (lit., "house of the elders”); cf. ku-mbala (Notes M:85-88) kə-lɔ ka iya kem n. mother's house:"House of my mother" (Bangoura 1972:86) kə-lɔ ka papa kem n. father's house:"House of my father" (Bangoura 1972:86) kə-lɔ-kə-pɔn/wo-lɔ-wo-pon n. large sacred house of a family (Camara 1975:47; Paulme 1956:109) (Notes L-45); "great house" occupied by the lineage elder (S. Bangoura 1972:23) or a separate small sacred house ku-lɔ kin kaíkosí n. name of a lineage group of second rank (Paulme 1956:109), the "sons in law", lit. "house -- one to be in for it" (Paulme 1958:412); those in the same house, the male decendents of a single ancestor. Cf. wu-suto a-lɔba (-) n. sack to-lobε (mo-) n. a kind of small clam w. a long, oval,white, paper-thin shell, that hides in the mud or sand. lof n. (< Engl “loaf”?) bread (Diassi 1974:25) lok n. (< Engl) luck

lɔkɔ ɔ lɔkɔ adv. now and then, always (JNC)

(kǝ)loku v. tell, speak, say, charge with, entrust (Kalissa 1984:15, 23, 24) (Notes N:1, 14, 52) (JNC) (MB)

to-loku (mo-) n. talk, information, word (Notes M:2), speech; the parade of elders (B. Bangoura 1974:20); (pl.) excessive talking, gossip (Notes N:2, 27, 33)

(kǝ)lokuloku v. argue

po-lokuloku n. language

a-loləm (-) n. nose (Notes L:31). Cf. ta-sut

lolim n. worn out, exhausted (Kalissa 1984:26)

(kǝ)lɔm v. count (Diassi 1974:89)

lɔm adj. some (Notes N:84)

a-lom n. color (Camara 1975:80)

a-lom ŋa-tshεbe n. the color yellow (Sylla 1975:39; Camara 1975:81)

a-lom ŋe-bi n. the color black

a-lom ŋo-buk n. the color green (Sylla 1976:38)

a-lom ŋe-fer n. the color white (Camara 75:81)

a-lom ŋe-yim n. the color red (Sylla 1976:38; Camara 1975:80)

an-di-ta-lom n. (Bkk) the initiation for young men (Notes M:110)

to-lom (mo-) n. anything sacred (Notes L-39,43; Camara 1975:48); sacred mask (Notes L:39); spirit's costume (Notes S:117); initiation (Notes N:46); pain (Sarro 2009:xvi) to-lom/to-lom-ta-Baga n. initiation society (Notes L:21) to-lom-ta-kəntsh n. the sacred, secret parts of initiation; an expression of affirmation added to a statement to give serious effect (B. Bangoura 1974:51), lit., "sacred spirit of circumcision" (?) to-lom-ta-rεn n. (Bkk) a society of women (Notes M:111) to-lom-ti-ta-rə-kun n. (Bkk) a male society (Notes M:111) wi-lom (a-) n. braggart (Diassi 1974:24)

wu-lɔm (a-lɔma) n. somebody (Notes N:29); some (people) dɔ-lɔma n. another

(kǝ)lɔməs v. count (Kalissa 1984:15)

a-lombε n. Phoeniculus purpureus (wood-hoopoe bird); or Dendropicos Lugubris (melancholy woodpecker)(MB)

(kǝ)lomp v. be right, correct (Diassi 1974:62)

lomp adj. straight

(kǝ)lompəs v. organize (Notes N:13); arrange (the house) (Kalissa 1984:10); prepare (Paulme 1957:268); repair

ku-lompəs ka du-ru n. creation

wu-lompəs-a-tshol n. practitioner of medicine; lit. "one who prepares the a-Tshol (Paulme 58:412)

(kǝ)lompəsnɛ v. prepare (oneself)

(kǝ)lɔnε v. build (Notes N:4)

lonk adj. round

a-lonk (-) n. ball

(kǝ)lɔŋ(ε) v. capsize, overturn (Diassi 1974:35, 40)

to-loŋk (mo-) n. calf of leg (Diassi 1974:69; Notes L:32)

kə-loŋka n. small pile of harvested rice stalks

to-loŋkon (mo-) n. lip (Notes L:31)

kə-lɔŋnε n. sacrifice of rice bread and kola (Notes M:29); any sacrifice sacrifice at kə-lɔ-kə-pɔn (Notes M:29)

loŋto adj. empty

a-lop (-) m. fish (Bangoura 1972:86) (Diassi 1974:88) (Notes L:36)

kə-lop n. strangler fig (Sarro 2009:xv); a wood whose soup is cooked and used to make black pigment (Camara 1975:81)

to-lop n. small fish (Diassi 1974:30)

ku-losən n. Tockus semifasciatus (allied hornbill bird)

(kǝ)lɔt v. push (Diassi 1974:38)

(kǝ)lɔto v. get marrried (of woman) (Diassi 1974 :35,38)

kə-loto (tə-/tshə/tsho-) n. wrapper (skirt) (Kalissa 1984:25); piece of cloth (Notes L:36; Notes N:67); pl. = clothes (Notes N:45, 86); shroud (Notes N:27)

a-luk (-) n. (Bst & Bmn) antelope horn (Notes M:89); cow horn; trumpet used at funerals (S. Bangoura 1972:73) and at initiations (ibid :79); used by initiates of ka-kəntsh to blow when they enter the village while in initiation (B. Bangoura 1974:45)

kə-luk n. deer (Diassi 1974:35)

(kǝ)lukəs v. return (Notes N:43, 76)

(kǝ)luksε v. render; return (something (Kalissa 1984:40)

tsu-luksor adj., n. the second, again (name added to each of five given names of a woman’s children, after the fifth, as in Tɔŋɔ tsu-luksor, “the second Tɔŋɔ”)

kə-lulu n. photo

ka-lum n. "the base of the mountain" (Notes L:12). cf. Mt. Kalum at Dubreka (origin of Baga Kalum ethnonym?)

ku-lum (tshu-) n. grassland (Notes N:26), bush (Notes N:96), wasteland

(kǝ)luŋnε v. pray (Notes N:51)

M

-m pron. you (sing., object [e.g., in bɔt-m = “I love you”], possessive [e.g., kǝ-lɔ kǝ-m = “your house” – lit., “the house of you”) (Notes N:11) mə / mǝn pron. you (sing., subject) (Kalissa 1984:23) mǝ-na pron. you (sing., emphatic, as in mǝ-na, mǝ kɔ-m fǝntrɛ = “You! – Go to bed!”)

Magbəse n. (Bkb) name given to male initiate (Notes M:121)

Mafering n. an entertainment mask (Camara 1975:61).

Mafudia n. an entertainment mask (Camara 1975:61). maiame n. (Nalu) drum supported by figures (Silva 1956:38, fig. 8), = timba of Bst

(kǝ)makərənε v. lie with (Notes N:56)

mal n. (Fr « mal de tête »?) headache (Diassi 1974:33)

(kǝ)mali v. grow up (Kalissa 1984:39) malɔ n. rice (collective, pl.; cf. talɔ, sing.) (Notes L:36; Notes N:10)

malɔ mo pukus n. plain, uncooked rice soaked in water, to be eaten (S. Bangoura 1972:29)

malɔ ma-baka n. floating rice (Sarro 2009:xvi)

malɔ ma-dalε n. swamp rice (Sarro 2009:xvi)

malɔ mo-bomba a n. variety of rice (Paulme 1957:270 (?), unpounded rice in husks (kɔlma ko-bomba = the uncracked peanut)

məm biori phr. (Bkb) good evening (Notes M:115)

məm parneri phr. (Bkb) good afternoon (Notes M:115)

mama/ maman (mama aŋa) n. grandmother (Camara 1975:38; Notes N:46, 53)

Mama Ɔtsafən n. a spirit with a sacred grove at Tolkotsh

to-mambe n. somebody's son (Notes N:5)

mamusu n. a variety of rice (Paulme 1957:270)

mǝn pron. you (sing., subject)

mənagire n. October-November, lit. "were you there"; the women did not participate in the farming and when the women ask to share the fruits of the farm, the man asks "were you there?" (Notes M:82). Cf. mεnagire

(kǝ)mənəna (?) v. measure (keep time/rhythm?) - a song and dance of children, used with məna (mənəna + məna) (B. Bangoura 1974:55)

mənbεlbεl adv. well, carefully (Notes L:57). cf. bεlbεl

məndira phr. (Bmn) "good morning" (Notes M:87)

mandira phr. (Bkk) goodnight (Notes M:114) (Bkb & Bkl) goodbye (Notes M:115; M:131)

mandiran phr. (Bkk) goodnight said to more than one person (Notes M:114)

mandire phr. (Bkl) goodbye (said to a group) mange n. (< Su) chief (Appia 1943:160; Arcin 1907:428,466; Coffinieres de Nordeck) manon pron. he/she/him/her manpaneri phr. (Bkl) Good afternoon! (Notes M:131) manta n. fishing net (Note N:39) mənts n. sauce used on rice dish (Paulme 1957:273:ments) sə-mantshεkε n. Scopus umbretta (hammerkop bird)

Manshinko n. = a-Mantsho-ŋa-Tshemp (Notes N:98) a-Mantsho n. something secret, spoken in a secret place (David Conrad, personal communication, 1 October 2015, from testimony of Daouda Sonka, Katako, 30 January 2008)

Mantsho Ba n. Pukur alternative praise-name for a-Mantsho-ŋa-Tshol, or possibly a different version of the masquerade because said to be used “for entertainment” (David Conrad, personal communication, 1 October 2015, from testimony of Ali and Abou Camara, Mbor’n, Pukur, 15 March 2008) a-Mantsho-ŋa-kə-Gbət n. a type of a-Mantsha-ŋo-Pɔn? (Notes Q:9) a-Mantsho-ŋa-Tsemp n. a-Mantsho-ŋa-Tshol for young men (Notes N:90; S:?) a-Mantsho-ŋa-Tshol n. serpent spirit and its manifestation, including a wooden serpent figure used as a headdress (Notes L:11,15); the issue of the sacred python, Niguinaŋgue (Chefs 1966:32), (Notes L:11,13; Silva 1956a:36:Bansondyi; Povos 1972:#145:Basondje) a-Mantsho-ŋa-Wut n. stage of initiation for children (Notes L:49); dance with a stick imitating the adults’ a-Mantsho-ŋa-Tshol (Notes M:35); a spirit? a-Mantsho-ŋo-Pɔn n. highest male spirit, 20-meter-high raffia costume with bird head at top (Notes L:15-18,42-43,49). a-Mantsho-Tshapr n. = a-Mantsho-ŋa-Tshol, Kora (Notes S:232)

Mantun n. = a-Mantsho-ŋo-Pɔn (Notes N:96) wu-Mantuŋ (a-) n. person (people) of the group of villages comprising comprising B’kor, Kalktshe, and K’fen (Sarró 2009). cf. wu-Samanthɔr ka-məŋk n. maize (Paulme 1957:274:kamenk) maŋkadi n. a variety of rice (Paulme 1957:270; Traoré 1980:407) maŋklε adj. four (4) (Notes L:37) pə-maŋkolo/pomanolo n. peanut (a-Tako & at Kawass) (Paulme 1957:274); cf. kolma

Mapitsh n. man's name given in kə-Bεrε-Tshol initiation (David Conrad, personal communication, 25 September 2015)

(kǝ)mar v. help (Diallo 1974:52) mardalo n. a variety of rice (Traoré 1980:407) (Paulme 1957:270) marεn n. godmother (Notes M:6), godmother in kə-Bεrε-Tshol responsible for one girl

(kǝ)mari v. suit (Notes N:10) maronki/maronkone n. swamp rice (Diallo 1974:34) a variety of rice (Paulme 1957:270), = mereke (Diassi 1974:34) mas adj. three (3) (Diassi 1974:33; Notes L:37)

Masa n. (Bkb) name given to male initiate (Notes M:121)

Masɔnka n. personal name of Kura of Kasiŋki ward, Katako (Notes M:33).

Maspitsh-Kolodi n. (Bmn) a name given to initiates (Notes M:92); cf. Mapitsh

(kǝ)mət v. inter, bury mata n. days (pl. of dɔsɔk) matiye n. a variety of rice (Traoré 1980:40; Paulme 1957:270) matok n. praise (Notes N:90)

Matolam n. (NAL) = a-Tshol?

Matshol Kombo n. (BLS); (see Kombo)

Matsholi-Kuye n. (Su) = a-Tshol (Camara 1975:87; Sylla 1984:7 & 1976:51); a-Tshol -> matsholi; kuye = "fetish" (Tyam 1976:80) (also Matshiwoli-Kuye)

Maya n. (Bkb) name given to female initiate (Notes M:121) mba conj. but da-mba (sa-) n. inner wall of a house (Notes T:36); cf. bingəli ka-mba n. cooked rice without sauce (Notes N:9) kə-mbakəlεn (tə-) n. covering made of reed worn by initiates of kə-kəntsh; see tə-mbalεn (Notes M:3-4) kə-mbala n. entrance, entrance to a-fan (Notes M:32) ku-mbala n. (Bmn) = kə-lo-kə-baki; lit. "round house" (Notes M:86) kə-mbalεn (tə-) n. a covering made of reed worn by initiates of kə-kəntsh; a simpler version of a-reŋk, used by small initiates (Notes M:3-4); cf. kə-mbakəlεn pə-mbaliplip n. Stercorarius parasiticus (arctic skua bird) a-mbankan (-) n. field slashed (before burning) a-mbanklum n. a sp. of soft wood used in carving D’mba, canoes, masks, and drums, (Camara 1975:60, 73a, 87) kə-mbankɔs n. crab, very small, brown, digs holes in rice paddies and eats young plants. kə-mbankurmεnε n. crab -- red, small, found under mangrove trees ka-mbaŋala (tshə-) n. mat used in woman's fishing (Paulme 1957:273) ka-mbaŋkla (tshə-) n. fishing net (S. Bangoura 1972:35) a-mbəŋtshran (-) n. arrow

Mbarε n. a kind of mask (Notes L:56). kə-mbasoso (tshə-) n. melon a-mbateta (-) n. (< Eng) sweet potato a-mbayεrε n. Larus argentatus (Atlantic Islands gull bird) a-mbayok (-) n. cassava (S. Bangoura 1972:21; Paulme 1957:274) kə-mbefe/am-befe n. rice farina, used in sacrifices (S. Bangoura 1972:67; Notes M:5)

Mbelekete n. (NAL) = a-Tshol kə-mbεmbəlε (tsə-) n. cranium,skull (Notes L:31) a-mbembəlentsh n. Alopochen aegyptiacus (Egyptian goose bird) a-mbentshəm n. a sp. of wood which is burnt and used to make black pigment (Camara 1975:81) mbita n. mother/father/older brother or uncle of one’s spouse (cf nimɔkɔ) tǝ-mbo (mǝ-) n. cap (a-Samantɔr group) (Bangoura 1972:86); cf. komtu) tə-mbonk n. Botaurus stellaris (bittern bird) tə-mbonk n. tree trunk ku-mbom n. place where both female and male initiates of kə-Bεrε-Tshol were kept (Notes M:26); place of instruction for kə-Bεrε-Tshol (Notes M:6); or place of justice in some cases (Notes M:49); (Bmn & Bst) place of initiation to a-Tshol deep in the forest (Notes M:91); (Bkk) the name of the sacred forest of male initiation (Notes M:106) ku-mbomεrε n. (Bmn) = ku-mbom (Notes M:86)

(ku)mbosi v. (Bko) castrate (Houis 1952:19) ku-mbumkum (tsu-) n. giant base buttresses of cotton trees to-mgbonton n. vessel used to contain food for boy who died during initiation. (Sylla:illus.) dε-me n. swarm of bees (Diassi 1974:26), bee hive kə-me (tsə-) n. (Bkl & Bst) bee (Kalissa 1984:13; Diassi 1974:24; Koelle 1854/1963)

(kɛ)mek v. care for the feeding of (someone) (Diassi 1974:33)

(kɛ)mɛk v. hide

(kɛ)mɛkit v. cook mela n. foot (Figarol 1907-12:166) mεmbεr n. palm wine (Notes L:59; S. Bangoura 1972:21) member ma-kus pn. alm wine offered at final marriage ceremony (kə-kus) (B. Bangoura 1974:61), or for sacrifice; fig.:a purchase price for bride or ancestral favor. mεmple n. roof thatch (Notes T:36); cf. a-ron wu-mεn (a-) n. traditional medical practitioner mεnagire n. October-November, lit."were you there?"; Women didn't take part in the farm work and now the man sees that she wants the fruits of the farm and so he asks her "Were you there" (when the work was being done). (Notes M:82). Cf. mənagire

Mεnda n. (Bkk) the initiation of adult men and women that took place in the town in a fenced enclosure (Notes M:122) da-mεnda n. (Bkb) the dance during the Menda initiation. (Notes M:122) mɛnɛ prep. except

(kɛ)mεnε v. have to, must (Kalissa 1984:34) ka-mene (tshə-) n. bush crab (MB)

(kɛ)mεnk v. hide, keep (Diassi 1974:38) kə-mεnk (tshə-) n. corn (Diassi 1974:38) mεntsh n. 1. source (Notes L:36). 2. tide of sea. 3. soup (Notes N:48) mεntsh mε-las n. = ŋof ŋyε-las, full moon, lit:"the tide up full" mεntsh mɔn tshop n. first half moon = "beginning of the tide" mεntsh mɔn tshopε n. second half moon, lit:"the tide is cut off" a- mεntshεrε n. the initiation to Tɛr wi-mεntshεrε (a-) n. initiate of Tεr (Notes M:48)

(kɛ)mεntrε v. (< Fr: montre) show (Notes N:16)

(kɛ)mεp v. close, lock (Diassi 1974:34) mə-mεp ku-su n. secret, self-control (Curtis, "D'mba carvers," 2013 draft for Lamp, et. al., D'mba book, p. 17) [lit.:"our closed thing"] mɛr n., pl. (Bkl & Bst) salt (Sylla 1984:1; Koelle 1854/1963; Kalissa 1984:13; Notes L:39) (see sing., tshɛr: a grain of salt; mɛr is pl.: salt, some salt)

(kɛ)mer v. swallow (Bangoura 1973:86; Diassi 1974:34) te-mer (me-) n. tongue (Notes L:32) a-mera (-) n. throat (Notes L:32); metaphorically, moral agency and intelligence (Sarro 2000:11); one’s spirit (Ganong 2008:12) mεrəŋ adj. two (2) (Notes L:37) mere n. drowsiness, sleepiness mereke/merekan/merkini n. a variety of rice (Paulme 1957:270) – grown on in undated plains (Diallo 1974:34) mεrkεt (tεrkεt) n. pepper (Kalissa 1984:13) mes n. manner, actions (mes mam mɔm bɔtim = “I like your manner”) a-mεs (-) n. egg (Notes L:1) (JNC) a-mesa (-)/a-mεsa n. (< Port) table (Diassi 1974:92) (Notes L:35) tε-mεsa (mε-) n. a little table (cf. a-mεsa) (Diassi 1974:43)

(kɛ)mɛsɛ v. suck (milk) mεsε n. milk (Notes N:84; Diassi 1974:35) mɛtɛn adv. a little bit, slowly a-mi n. a sp. of wood used in carving paddles (Camara 1975:73a) ni-mi n. shit (Notes N:67) ( ?). cf. nini

(kɛ)miti v. dig up (Diassi 1974:24) kə-miti yetsh n. transplanting of rice shoots (S. Bangoura 1972:68) miyinɔ phr. good day (greeting) (Notes N:39) (lidt. “Are you here?”)

(kǝ)mɔ v. aux. as past participle, used after the verb (Notes N:10); as present participle, used after the verb, as in "she is sitting" (Notes N:10) moke n. a small wild fruit with a black skin of the texture of velvet (Curtis 2018) mɔkɔ n. today (Notes L:60; Kalissa 1984:23) (lit., “is going”?) ku-mɔla/kə-mɔlɔ/mola n. a measure (used in cola trade) (Hair ALR 61:53; Diassi 1974:26); a basket used to measure rice (Coello 1953:62) mɔlɔfε n. end of dry season- March -"the rainy season is near" (Notes L:24):beginning of the rains, May-June (S. Bangoura 1972:29); beginning of farm work (ibid:65,67); ca. May 15-July-15 (Paulme 1957:257); late April-June, between kǝtɛla and dɛrǝŋ

(kǝ)mɔmən v. look at, look after (Notes N:60)

(kǝ)mɔmənε v. look at oneself/each other (Kalissa 1984:15)

(kǝ)mɔmənεmɔmənε v. look here and there (Kalissa 1984:21) mɔn-biori/mɔm-biori phr. good evening mɔn-sɔkɔrε phr. (Bkb) good morning (Notes M:115)

(kǝ)mɔnε v. protect (Notes N:50); v. prohibit kə-mɔnɛ (tshə-) n. mistreatment, "lack of support" (Notes N:53), suffering (Notes N:57); prohibition (Sarro 1996:6) moni n. pap (S. Bangoura 1972:29) mɔnti (sǝmɔnti) n. short pants mɔra n. little belly (Diassi 1974:24)

Mɔrεkunde/ Mɔrkunda n. (Bkb) a mask used for initiations of boys and girls; on the eve of the final day it danced during the night and all the next day. Costume was three metres in diameter and approx. two metres high and consisted of a short skirt of raffia covered with about four cloths (Notes M:127), (Bkk) mask that was both male and female; like the Nimba, but it had a cage underneath like the Sibondel. The cage was very tall, like the Sorsorne. moro n. oil, grease, fat (Notes L:57, S. Bangoura 1972:21; Kalissa 1984:37)

(kǝ)mɔrɔ v. climb (Notes N:13) moro ma wa-na n. butter

Mosolo Kombo n. (BLS) = a-Mantsho-ŋa-Tshol (male)

Mosolo Saŋara n. (BLS) = a-Mantsho-ŋa-Tshol (female)

(kǝ)mot v. light a fire

(kǝ)mɔt v. begin (Diassi 1974:33) wi-mɔt (a-) n. the beginner (Diassi 1974:24) kə-mɔt-a-luŋnε n. ceremony of harvesting the first rice (Notes L:46)

a-mɔtkan n. (Bkb) children (Notes M:120) (plural only?) kə-mparara large globular water container without a neck, with a broad opening (Notes M:62) mpɛ adj. this (something)

(kǝ)mpεt v. swim (Notes N:20)

mpiariəŋ phr. (Bkk) Good afternoon:(Notes M:109)

ku-mpɔn n. a pot (Notes L:29), vessel in Seattle Art Museum [?] (Notes L:29); small drum beaten by women

te-mprifǝn (me-) n. bat (animal) . Cf. a-kakəm

to-mpunk n. thief (Notes M:28)

Mrime (NAL) = a-Tshol

a-mtan/a-məntan/a-mtanə n. banana (Kalissa 1984:13)

ku-mufr n. a musty odor (MB)

(kǝ)mun v. (Bkl & Bst) drink (Kalissa 1984:8; Koelle 1854/1963; S. Bangoura 1973:21); v. smoke

mun tonk n. saline water (Sylla 1984:2) (S. Bangoura 1972:34; Camara 1975:22)

do-mun n. water (Arcin 1907) (Bangoura 1972:86) (Notes L:36) (Notes N:14)

du-mun da-rukun n. semen, lit:"water of a man"

(kǝ)mun yamba v. smoke tobacco (Notes N:63)

muno thɔro phr. Thank you (lit., “You have suffered”)

ko-munt/ke-munt/kə-munt (tso-/tse-/tsə-) n. back (Arcin 1907) (Notes L:31) to-munt (mo-) n. axe (Camara 1975:55; Diassi 1974:93; Poujade 1947:88) to-munt to-patε n. chisel used in carving muro n. (Bkl & Bst) palm oil (Koelle 1854/1963; Paulme 1957:257); any vegetable oil, cooking oil or body oil (JNC) kə-muyi (tshə-) n. a pod with red seeds = TEM a-kam

N

n/nǝ/nǝŋ pron. you (pl.) you (second personal plural, subject (Kalissa 1984:23)

na pron. they (Kalissa 1984:23). Cf ŋa.

(kǝ)na v. stamp the foot (Diassi 1974:45)

na v. aux. will ( as in I will go...) (Notes N:19) mə-na n. a song and dance for children, used with mənəna (mənəna+məna) (B. Bangoura 1974:55); a foot-stamping dance of a-Mantsho-ŋa-Tshol

pa-na n. the big ox (Diassi 1974:25)

ta-na (ma-) n. calf (of cattle) (Diassi 1974:25, 97)

wa-na (tsə-) n. bovine, cow (of cattle) (S. Bangoura 1973:21; Diassi 1974:44; Notes L:63)

wa-na wɔ kə-lun n. bush cow (Diassi 1974:103)

kə-nabok n. an initiate in kə-Bεrε-Tshol (Notes S:187)

(kǝ)nəftshe v. undulate the body in dance (MB)

a-nak n. (Bkl & Bmn) cooked rice (Koelle 1854/1963; Notes M:90)

kə-naka (a-) n. infant (Notes L:35)

Nǝklǝn / Nεkln n. an old name for circumcision in the initiation when the novices learned Tshol; also employed during initiation into Sonŋon & Kenkǝleŋ (var. Kεngεlεn) (David Conrad, personal communication, 25 September 2015—testimony of Abou Camara, M’brn, 13 March 2008); archaic form of kə-Bεrε-Tshol

ku-nakεlimɔ n. honor (?) (Notes L:58)

(kǝ)nal v. scold, reprimand, insult (Diassi 1974:28,115)

(kǝ)nalε v. (of the skin) blister after a burn (Diassi 1974:30)

wi-nalo (a-) n. a Nalu person (Diassi 1974:95)

a-nalu n. (Bmn) a Nalu person (Notes M:99)

kə-nəm n. (Bmn) = kə-leka in Bst

ta-nama (ma-) n. vagina (Notes L:31)

nəmba n. (Bmn) praying mantis

Nəmba n. = D'mba? Term used at Tshalbonto and among Nalu; an older form? -- not the same as Nimba? (Notes M:30; Silva 1956a:38,#12). Cf. also Numbe.

Nəmba-Benunde n. (NAL) = D'mba. Cf. also Numbe.

(kǝ)namp v. clean (Notes N:96)

namparanta n. August – lit.:"half the farming is done" (Notes M:14)

a-nana (-) n. gritty leaf used as sandpaper (Camara 1975:55)

nǝna pron. you (pl., subject, excl.)

kə-naŋəs n. mid-November to early December – lit.:"the grannary is empty" (Notes L:40)

(kǝ)nankanɛ v. abuse

(kǝ)nəŋk v. (Bkl & Bst) see (Koelle 1854/1963); discover; cf. Temne nəŋk

(kǝ)nəŋk ŋof v. menstruate

wa-napa (a-) n. member of an age grade

kə-narənε n. movement in dance when dancers quickly reverse movement and step backwards

Nari n. name given to a woman's fifth-born daughter (Notes L:7; B. Bangoura 1974:29)

(kǝ)nas v. stamp on the harvested rice stalks to separate the grains (Diassi 1974:28)

kə-nas n. child still attached to its mother (B. Bangoura 1974:54)

a-nata (-) n. chisel (Camara 1975:55). Cf. solse

kə-ngbasa n. spear (Notes M:18)

tε-nda (mε-) n. mosquito net (Diassi 1974:93) (JNC)

(kǝ)ndəp v. shit (Notes N:32)

(kǝ)ndɛ v. to be; is/are (reflexive) (Notes N:4)

(kǝ)ndε v. sit, sit down (Diassi 1974:27) (Notes L:47) (Notes N:24) (MB); settle (Notes N:26)

nde adj. which (Notes N:10); where (Notes N:10)

nde adj. over there (Diassi 1974:45)

nde a-luŋnεm n. place of sacrifice for D'mba-do-Pɔn, the sacred D'mba, as opposed to the one that danced publicly (Notes M:15)

(kǝ)ndɛ ba v. settle (Notes N:12) ndɛ dεtsh dεm kalεmɔ n. west (JNC) ndɛ dεtsh dεm ləpmɔ n. west ndɛ dεtsh dεm pεmɔ n. east ndɛ-detsh-den-yεfεmɔ n. (Bmn & Bst) east (Notes M:96) (lit., “where the sun comes from”)

ndɛ na prep. with/at/by (someone/someone’s place)

to-nde (mo-)/tɔ-nde (mɔ-) n. clay jug (Camara 1975:74,96; Diassi 1974:93)

wə-nde (a-) n. (used with possessive pronoun) step-mother, co-wife on one’s mother; neighbor

wə-ndε (a-) n. elder councillor (B. Bangoura 1974:19) who occupies the kε-lɔ ku-pɔn (lit:"He who is seated")

wə-ndε-də-rɔ-tshom (-a) n. = wə-ndε, lit. "the elder who has the stool" (B. Bangoura 1974:20)

a-ndεf n. (Bst/PUK & BLS) large drum - caryatid (Notes L:25) used to announce a female (Sylla 1984:illus) = tε-ndεf (Tyam 1976:31) with caryatid support; at Tolokots this is the caryatid drum; a huge drum beaten by men and women. (Notes L:25)

tε-ndεf (mε-) n. a drum used only by women (Notes L:10, 21, 25, 33; Bangoura 1972:89; Camara 1975:32,37) and only during women's ceremonies such as marriage and christenings. (Notes L:10) smaller than a-ndεf (Notes L:25), without caryatid support tε-ndεf-tε-fεt n. small drum used in female initiation, with tε-ndεf (Camara 1975:37) ndεkəl adv. now, soon ndεkəl kos adv. now, immediately tε-ndεn n. (PUK) = tε-ndεf , caryatid drum (Camara 1975:37; Notes L:10,21,25), smaller than a- ndεf; used by woman (; used only by women ndire phr. (Bkl) goodbye (said to one person) ndor n. home (Notes N:27) (ndor-nu = “your home”; ndor-su = “our home”)

Ndunku n. personal name of Kura (a-Mantsho-ŋa-Tshol) of Kamshomble ward, Katako (Notes M:33).

(kɛ)nε v. listen (Notes N:16; Notes N:30), hear/understand (Kalissa 1984:14; Diassi 1974:17; Notes L:47; Notes N:1); v. smell (Notes N:64) [mə nε ti ba = “Are you listening?”]

-nε pron. -onesself/ -themselves (reflexive) (as in bopərnε = "wound oneself") an-Ne-banke n. (Bkl) a spirit (local?) (photo:Baga Ritual:Musée de l'Homme:E69-982-494) kə-nεbεk n. clan patriarch (Paulme 1956:113) (either the founder or the oldest living male member) a-nek (-) n. ridge made in the ground of the rice fields when plowing (S. Bangoura 1972:39; Diassi 1974:30) kə-nεk n. lightning, or a flash of light (cf pə-wεlwεl)

(kɛ)nεkəsnε v. think (cf. vakəsnε/tεmmεnε)

(kɛ)nεkət v. roast

(kɛ)nεmbrε v. be full (from eating) a-nεnε (-) n. mother (Notes N:38); nεnts n. fire (Notes L:36) (Kalissa 1984:25) kə-nεntsh n. dance of male initiate at coming out, single file (B. Bangoura 1972:31, 80; B. Bangoura 1974:43) the final dance of kə-kəntsh (Notes M:36) kə-nεntshε n. marriage (of a man marrying a woman only) (Notes L:41) (Ganong 2008:18: nɛŋtshɛ, to marry [of the man]). Cf. kə-gbaŋnε, kə-lɔ neŋ de-retshna n. the day before yesterday neŋ de retshna da-rarəŋ n. two days before yesterday neŋ disna n. yesterday

(kɛ)nep v. surround (Diassi 1974:32) kə-nεp n. small wrapped amulet carried by hunters,

(kɛ)ner v. hear it said, have been told (Diassi 1974:30)

(kɛ)nεr v. say yes (Diassi 1974:28) a-ner (-) n. tsetse fly

(kɛ)nesε v. suck at the mother's breasts (Diassi 1974:42)

(kɛ)nεsε v. fear (Kalissa 1984:32; Diassi 1974:28,43; Notes N:1), be afraid (Notes N:30)

wi-nεtsa [nɛntsɛ ?] (a-) n. married person (Diassi 1974:37) (cf kə-nɛntshɛ)

a-ngulma-kǝ-tsha n. hand.

a-ni (-) n. foot (Notes L:32)

M'Niando n. (Bmn) the initiation for the young married Baga women; = a-Tεkən in Bst (Notes M:92)

(kɛ)nim v. extinguish (a fire) (Diassi 1974:30)

Nimba n. (Su) = D'mba -- ni [soul] & ba [great]? (Povos 1972:#151)

ki-nimε n. smoke

nimɔkɔ (animŋkɔ) n. young brother or young sister of one’s spouse. Cf. mbita.

tɛ-nimp (mɛ-) n. fish hook

nini n. shit (?). cf. ni-mi

Ninigane n. = Ninkinaŋka (Appia 1943a:160-66; 1943b).

Ninkinaŋka n. (< Su ?) a serpent spirit (also Ninginanga, Ninkinanka, Ninguinandga, Ninigane) (Sampil 1961:46, Silva 1956a:36; Notes M65).

Ninte-Kamatchol n. (NAL) = a-Tshol.

kə-nkəf n. a bulge, swelling

ku-nkəlu n. bow (for hunting)

ta-nkara (ma-) n. apron-skirt for girls consisting of two long flaps for the front and back and two short flaps for the sides. mə-nkərɔkərɔ n. Nycticorax leuconotus (white-backed night heron bird) nkε adj. this (Notes N:10) a-nkiri (-) n. baobab

a-nkərt (-) n. a kind of monkey. cf. wəkr, pəkr, a-rosu, təkr, a-tshalkaka, yǝk

a-nkisim (-) n. spitting cobra

nkɔn pron. he (subject pronount), him (object pronoun)

wu-nkɔn ɔ-bεk-gonebek n. eldest man of a village quarter (a-baŋa) (Paulme 1957:264); lit:"He is the elder"

a-nkonk (-) n. surprise

a-nkora (-) n. stick for harvesting mangoes

ku-nkornε n. a bend

a-ŋkumpara (-) n. umbrella

nɔ adj. specific

(kǝ)nɔ v. be able (Kalissa 1984:13; Diassi 1974:37)

nɔ adj., n. here (Notes N:10) (Notes N:14)

(kǝ)nok v. beat (someone)

a-nok n. the event when the married women got together and cooked a meal for themselves before a wedding (Notes M:32)

ku-nok a-kəntsh n. phase of kə-kəntsh when boys are beaten (Notes M:8)

ku-nok a-kəntsh mεntsh n. phase of kə-kəntsh when wounds of circumcision are healed and boys may now eat rice with sauce (lit. "to beat-sauce"); before healing, initiates eat only rice without sauce but with dryed fish at bottom and oil on top of the rice. Abbreviated to ku nok mεntsh (Notes M:9) ku-nok mεntsh n. = ku-nok a-kəntsh mεntsh

kə-noknε n. (Bmn & Bst) ritual performed before new rice may be eaten (B. Bangoura 1974:13); ceremony of introducing the new rice harvest (Notes M:90); a ritual of young men beating each other en masse (Notes S:193)

nɔn de rok n. last year

(kǝ)nɔŋg’r v. twist (JNC)

(kǝ)nɔnkəl v. surround, encircle

nonknε adj. crooked; zig-zag (also for a person); off-balance, akilter

nɔnɔfɔr n. sadness (Notes N:11), trouble (Notes N:88), pity, sympathy (Sarro 2009:xvi)

nɔns-fɔr adj. sorry (Notes N:25)

nsɔkɔri phr. (Bkl) Good morning! (Notes M:131)

tsə-ntakala n. small basket (Notes N:21)

kə-ntakla n. goblet-shaped basket used to serve plain rice to initiates of ka-kəntsh (B. Bangoura 1974:41)

kə-ntəmban (tshə-) n. the upper part (lid) of the marriage rice basket (Notes M:18) kə-ntshəmp (tshə-) n. tall drum in hourglass shape used for major events, e.g. death, a large, heavy musical instrument = tamba in Susu (Diallo 1974:14); a drum the size and shape of a mortar, used in bands (Notes M:6) with hide at both ends, strings along sides (Bangura 1972:56); in conical shape—one end covered with hide and the other pointed [this contradicts Diallo]; suspended by a cord slung over the shoulder, used to accompany a-Mantsho-ŋo-Pɔn (Notes S:148). Possibly kə-ntshεmp a-ntshampan n. a child’s masquerade of leaves, larger than ta-ntshampan (MB); cf. kɔrɔnbata

ta-ntshampan n. a type of little mask-costume of dry palm branches, banana leaves, or found materials danced by children (not a proper noun) (Tape 1986:12A:11; Notes S:115); diminuative of a-ntshampan.

kə-ntaŋbulu (tshə-) n. shrimp (MB) (cf. kɔs) ntε adv., conj. when (Notes N:14); how (Notes N:19); because ((Notes L:58; Notes N:14, 23); ntεnε n. aunt (Notes N:78)

kə-ntentəl (tshə-) n. root; cf. kə-ntshɔntsh

tɛ-ntshɛr (mɛ-) n.tear (fluid from eye) (JNC)

kǝ-ntshɛs (tshǝ-) n. lower leg (MB)

(kǝ)ntεsε v. enoble (Notes L:65), good (Notes N:28)

a-ntimbəli / ntempeli (-) n. dolphin

tɔ-ntɔbal (mɔ-) n. seed; cf. tɛ-ŋgbɛn

ta-ntɔf adj. below, under, at bottom (with prefix corresponding to noun of reference—e.g., tshɔftha ta-ntɔf… = “shoes underneath… [the bed, etc.]”)

də-ntɔf n. obeisance, position below (Curtis, "D'mba carvers," 2013 draft for Lamp, et. al., D'mba book, p. 17)

to-ntof/tǝ-ŋtof (mo-/mǝ-) n. the porting pad (Notes M:18) ntshɔkɔ (a-ntshɔkɔ) n. uncle on mother’s side kə-ntshontsh (-/tshə-) n. root; cf. kə-nténtəl; esp. the thick roots of the palm tree a-ntumbɔn / a-ntombon (-) n. Pelecanus onocrotalus (pelican bird) ntuntuŋ n. (Bkb) the seeds in the water lily pod; eaten, mixed with medicine to cure hemorrhoids, and possibly used in special dishes for initiation. (Notes M:130) ku-ntuntuo n. water lily (Paulme 1957:275) nu pron. you (pl., object)

(kǝ)nunkɛnɛ v. precede

(kǝ)nut v. bend the arm

(kǝ)nya / nyan v. bite (Diassi 1974:17; Notes N:84) (cf., ŋaŋ)

(kǝ)nyεt v. scratch (Kalissa 1984:21,31; Diassi 1974:31)

Ŋ

ŋa/ŋan/ŋaŋ pron. they

ŋach n. (PUK) Medicine; = tshol in Bst (Notes M:11-12)

(kǝ)ŋalaŋalaŋ v. complain (Notes N:8)

(kǝ)ŋaŋ v. bite, peck (cf., nya) a-ŋaŋət n. Platalea alba -- African spoonbill bird)

(kǝ)ŋare v. let them (Notes N:46)

Ŋari n. (Bmn) name given to a woman's fifth born daughter (Notes M:88). cf. Nari

ŋas (yas) n. chaos

to-ŋburku (mo-) n. tree squirrel (a-Tako & a-Mantuŋ) (tǝ-ŋburku at Tolkotsh--MB)

tsha-ŋgba n. sanitary cloth which was the only garment worn by women when working in the fields when they were menstruating (Notes N:48)

də-ŋgbaŋk (sə-) n. cutlass

tǝ-ŋgbɛ n. Melierax gabar (gabar goshawk) bird (MB)

tɛ-ŋgbɛn (ɛ-) n. seed. cf. tɔ-ntɔbal

a-ŋgbeŋkle (-) n. bell

tǝ-ŋgberi (mǝ-) n. spinning top

a-ŋgbɔŋɛtsh/ a-ŋgbɔŋəts (-) n. Adam's apple

(kɛ)ŋεr v. close (Diassi 1974:43)

kə-ŋer n. The "closing of the earth" performed by Somtup (S. Bangoura 1972:54,77), time of prohibition enforced by Somtup during initiation; a period of prohibition covering the whole town when no dances may take place and it is forbidden to quarrel, fight, etc. -- imposed for about one month before the dance of Abol or a-Mantsho-ŋo-Pɔn (Notes S:43, 52)

(kɛ)ŋesǝm v. breathe

(kɛ)ŋesmərənε v. breath heavily (as after exercise)

ŋɛt (yɛt) n. worm

(kɛ)ŋɛt v. scratch

(kɛ)ŋεtsəs v. cut into little pieces (Kalissa 1984:21), grate

ŋira n. rock python, bigger and longer than the dəkra or dɔf

ŋke adj. this, here (Diassi 1974:18)

a-ŋkesia (-) n. sheep (S. Bangoura 1972:21; Kalissa 1984:34; Notes L:37)

ŋkɔ adj. that (adj.), there (Diassi 1974:18) a-ŋblɔktshər (-) n. a kind of toy made with calabash pieces on a stick (MB)

ŋof (yof) n. (Bkl & Bst) menses, moon, month (Koelle 1854/1963; Notes M:117, L:35)

ŋof da tso n. half moon

ŋof ŋa mɔtia n. November; mɔtia is a family quarter (in Kouffin only) (Notes M:22)

ŋof ŋa pətia n. November; the ceremony of pənta comes before that of mɔtia (in Kouffin only) (Notes M:22)

ŋof ŋo-fu n. the emerging moon; new moon (Notes L:35)

ŋof ŋo pon n. July; "the big month" (Notes M:14)

ŋof-ŋε-fεt n. new moon = ŋof-ŋo-fu (Notes L:35) (JNC)

ŋof-ŋε-fi n. the last quarter of the moon; dead (new) moon (Notes L:35) (JNC)

ŋof-ŋε-ləpəs n. end of moon = ŋof-ŋyε-fi (JNC)

ŋof-ŋε-lare n. the moon is full (JNC)

ŋof-ŋε-las n. full moon (Notes L:35) (JNC)

ŋoŋ n. (Bmn) good spiritual beings; = ŋɔŋk in Bst (Notes M:91)

ŋɔnk/yɔnk n. a good spiritual being (as opposed to kərfi), a red/white spirit. Is the root word ɔnk, as Bernard Camara wrote it (Notes S: 166), with “ŋ/y” as separable prefixes?

ŋɔntsh (mɔntsh) n. nut from the ŋɔntsh tree (found inside a large, pulpy, inedible fruit) (Notes M:82)

ŋɔntsh (yɔntsh) n. a species of tree (Notes S:191) whose leaves are used for the costume of Wakərəba (Notes M:47)

kə-ŋtaŋgbɛ (tshə-) n. red ant

kə-ŋtshɛnklɛ (tshə-) n. harpoon

O, Ɔ

ɔ/ε pron. he/she/it (third person singular, subject) (Kalissa 1984:23)

p'-ɔn / k’-ɔn (etc.) pron. his/hers

ɔwa minaiŋkɔ phr. (Bmn) "goodbye" said in the morning (Notes M:87)

P

pa/paŋ v. (subjunctive verbal prefix) let's (more than two people) (Notes L:64; Kalissa 1984:17, 43; Notes N:1) (paŋ kɔn = "Let's go"; pa dirɛ = “Goodby”/ “Good night”, literally “Let’s sleep”). cf. tha/thaŋ

pǝ pron. it/he/she (3rd person subject singular) pa-de-ləŋəs/iya yə-ləŋəs n. earring (lit., “father/mother of the ear”)

ε-pagbətsh phr. "let's keep it together" (Notes L:55) tɔ-pai n. turtle dove (Notes N:44, Sarro 1986:9)

Paka n. god [lit. "thing"? or "Pa who has"?] (Notes S:44, 52). cf. Kanu, Kuru. Also Pa-ka

pəkr n. huge monkey (Diassi 1974:37). cf. wəkr, a-nkərt, a-rosu, təkr, a-tshalkaka, yǝk

(kǝ)pələr v. forget (Notes N:4)

pəmbia n. (Bmn) night (Notes M:96)

pəmnasim phr. “I would like to” (Notes N:15)

pǝmɔ conj. as

pǝmɔ ntɛ conj. because

a-pampε (-) n. largest clay vessel used to hold wine, water, or rice (Notes M:62)

ta-pampε n. = to-mgbonton; wine container the shape of a-pampε, but smaller (Notes M:62)

pan n. (< Engl?) tin roofing (Diassi 1974:24)

an-pənəs (m-) n. spider

pano n. hammock (portable or stationary) (B, Bangoura 1974:62; S. Bangoura 1972:30)

pə-panpan n. dawn (Ganong 2008:20)

kə-pantsha (pantsha) n. dried palm branch

Pəntshaman n. (PUK) a version of a-Mantsho-ŋo-Pɔn.

pəŋ phr. pron.-v. "It's..." (noisy, cold, hard, tasty, etc.) (Notes N:13, 97)

(kǝ)pəŋ/pεno v. shoot (Kalissa 1984:15,36; Diassi 1974:16,70,90)

wi-pəŋ (a-) n. hunter (Diassi 1974:16,90). cf. u-pɛn

paŋəri adj. (Bkb) four (Notes M:116)

(kǝ)paŋnɛ v. have in common

papa (papa-aŋa) n. father

kɔ-papai n. (Bkl?) (< French -- papayer < Spanish < Carib -- pəˈpaɪə or pəˈpɑːjə) Caricaceae Carica papaya; papaya/pawpaw plant (Burkill 1985); cf. a-p'kai a-papari n. (Bkl?) (< French -- papayer < Spanish < Carib -- pəˈpaɪə or pəˈpɑːjə) Caricaceae Carica papaya; papaya/pawpaw plant (Burkill 1985); cf. a-p'kai papasɔ n. grandfather parəŋ adj. (Bkb) two (Notes M:116)

(kǝ)pas v. brush something with the intentions of knocking it over (Diassi 1974:37) pasas adj. (Bkl & Bkb) three (Koelle 1854/1963) (Notes M:116)

(kǝ)pat/pat-tok v. carve sculpture (S. Bangoura 1972:33; Camara 1975:47; Diassi 1974:25) wi-pat (a-) n. sculptor (Camara 1975:113)

(kǝ)pətsh v. aux. (continous participle) (Notes N:71) kə-pətsh n. the small rear door of a house (RB) the exit from a-fan (Notes M:6,32)

(kǝ)patsh tɔrsεnε v. find fault (Notes N:19)

(kǝ)patəs v. peel a fruit with a knife a-payo phr. "Hey, everybody" (Notes N:13); (expressing of pleading, like "Lord have mercy!") (Notes N:97) pε adj. high (as sun)

(kɛ)pε v. climb (Diassi 1974:25), go up (Notes N:24), crawl out of (a hole, water, a canoe) ka-pɛ (tsa-) n. yam (Paulme 1957:274) kə-pe (tsə-) n. mudskipper fish (Notes K:10); [Diassi 1974:24:“tadpole,” but this is not correct] a-peka n. a sp. of tree/plant whose leaves are used to make black dye/paint (Camara 1975:81; Sylla 1976:39) kə-pεn n. rifle u-pɛn (a-) n. hunter. cf. wi-pəŋ

pεndε-pεndε n. something that spins around and around (Notes N:34); cf. pere; adj. spinning around and around

Pende-Pende n. (

kə-pεnε-kuru n. ceremony in kə-Bεrε-Tshol when the initiates go around the village and villagers gives them lashes (Notes M:49) -- children must walk stooped, with head down; they must not look left or right or they will be given extra lashes. (Notes M:70)

pεnsəl n. (Engl) pencil, pen

a-pεp (-) n. (< Engl ?) pipe (Diassi 1974:25) a-pεpε (ε-/-) n. (Bkl) calabash (Kalissa 1984:39; Koelle 1854/1963; Diassi 1974:25)

pepesup n. (< Krio, < Engl “pepper soup”) sauce without oil

pεpitsh adv. (everywhere except in Tolkotsh) a little bit, for a little bit (cf. tεpitsh, pitinini) [first letter depends upon the noun it modifies; tεpitsh is the norm]

pεr n. big mouse (Diassi 1974:31,37) (cf wer)

a-per n. (> Fr. pierre?) stone (Notes L:5); cf. a-sar

(kɛ)pere v. revolve; cf. pεndε-pεndε

peri (yeri) n. food

a-pesa n. dike, mound, hill

a-pesa ŋa an-thɔf n. mountain (lit., “mound of the earth”)

pet adj. dirty (Notes N:99)

(kɛ)pεt v. build a dyke (S. Bangoura 1972:38; Diassi 1974:24)

(kɛ)pεtsh v. warm, boil (Notes N:6)

(kɛ)pim/pimə v. pick, gather (Kalissa 1984:27)

pin adj. (Bkl, Bkb & Bst) one (1) (Koelle 1854/1963; Notes L:37; M:116)

wo-pinɛ (-) n. fork used in the planting an-pinkan n. (< Nalu, pinkaar < Pular, finkari) gun an-pinkan ŋa-ser bimgo/bingo n. the weapons of the priest of a-Tshol (S. Bangoura 1972:51,62; Camara 1975:28) pira n. huge goat (cf. wir) (Diassi 1974:37) piriŋ-piriŋ n. sound of a drum (Notes N:5)

(-) pirit (sə-) n. (< Su?) printed book (Diassi 1974:96) te/a-pis (me-/-) n. piece of cloth (Diassi 1974:25) a roll of cloth (ibid:31)

(kɛ)pisa v. (Bkl) (< Port: pisar) dance (Koelle 1854/1963; Paulme 1956:110)

(kɛ)pisε v. (< Port: pisar, imperative: pise) dance (S. Bangoura 1972:21; Camara 1975:28) ki-pisε do-fura n. bride's dance during do-fura ki-pisε tshol n.final dance of kə-Bεrε-Tshol te-pisε n. manner of dancing, style of dancing (Diassi 1974:30), choreography wi-pisɛ (a-) n. dancer ye-pisεnε(pl.) n. orchestra (Camara 1975:113); all the instruments used in dance

(kɛ)piti v. light (Diassi 1974:24)

(kɛ)piti v. detach (Diassi 1974:109) pitinini adv. (only in Tolkotsh) a little bit, for a little bit a-p'kai (-) n. papaya; cf. a-papari a-plet n. (Engl) plate dɔ-pɔ (sə-) n. road (Diassi 1974:32) (Notes N:14) a-poi mεni n. (PUK) = kə-lɔ ku-pɔn a-pokpoka (-) n. pigeon

(kǝ)pol v. clap (hands) (Notes N:93) kə-pol (tshə-) n. skin, peel ko-pol n. piece of cloth

kǝ-pompa (tshǝ-) n. the side of the canoe (MB) pɔn adj. big mo-pon n. small drum in the form of a calabash (Notes S:229)

kə-ponkəm n. name of a sacred cotton tree at K’fen (Notes S:77)

ponsonyi n. (< Susu) small apron worn over a cloth on the buttocks by a bride (Notes L:55) = ta- nkara in Bst

pɔn / pɔŋ adj. big (Notes L:23; Diassi 1974:70)

tshə-pɔp n. tree spec. (Ganong 2008:fuit tree considered to have been the "apple" of the garden.)

pɔr/por n. a big belly (Diassi 1974:24,31)

Pɔre n. a masked spirit of the boys' initiation (Sylla 1984:9); youths' entertainment mask (Camara 1975:29; Diallo 1974:49); a costume, sometime with horns, danced by young boys for amusement (Notes M:35); a female bust headdress with horns [= Tiyambo?] (Bangura 1972:45). = Yokui? (Notes M:35)

kɔ-porɔŋ n. (Bkl?) Bombacaceae Ceiba pentandra, silk-cotton tree (Burkill 1985); cf. ka-we

a-pot (sə-/-) / a-pɔt (-) n. < (Engl?) mug (Diassi 1974:24,96)

mo-pot n. metal clappers used by musicians (Hockins draft 2013:21)

potiuputse n. conical pot used to measure rice to be used each day (Paulme 1957:273)

pubutu n. happiness (MB)

(kǝ)pukε v. plunge (Kalissa 1984:15)

ku-pul n. bark of a tree (RB)

(kǝ)pulu v. cut (palm kernel clusters from the tree) (Kalissa 1984:34; Diassi 1974:25)

pundu n. fonio (a tiny grain) (Bangura 1972:21; Figarol 1907-12:168)

(kǝ)pus v. boast (Diassi 1974:59)

(kǝ)pusərnε v. compete (Notes N:15). cf tasərnε

a-putu n. belly, paunch (to refer to outside appearance). Cf. kor

R (see also D:d and r are sometimes transformational)

kə-ra (ta-/wa-) n. branch (Diassi 1974:40), cane/reed (Coelho 1953:62)

tε-rəket (mε-) n. pimento (Diassi 1974:43)

wə-rəkun (a-) n. man (Notes N:49) (Notes L:35:wu-rkun) wǝ-rǝkun wǝ-nentshe (a-rǝkun a-nentshe) n. married man tshə-rəm n. a small black shell fish or snail (Notes N:20) tə-rəmo n. a sasa used in hunting- packet wrapped in red cloth wǝ-ran (a-) n. wife (Notes L:59) wǝ-ran (a-) n. woman, girl (at Katako) (Notes N:1; L:35) wǝ-ran wǝ-fɛt (a-ran a-fɛt) n. girl already married wǝ-ran wǝ-lɔ n. married woman (lit.:“the woman of the house”) i-rani n. (Bkb) woman (Notes M:125) kə-rənka n. house of kə-Bεrε-Tshol (Notes M:50)

ka-rəŋka n. figure with Nimba face (Notes L:22; M:15); also any figure used in sacred shrines? (Notes M:16). (? – cf. kə-roŋka)

tɛ-rəŋka n. figure, statue (Ganong 2008:24), a small figure

i-raŋgba n. (Bkb) boy, young man (Arcin 1907) (Notes M:125)

wə-rəŋk (tsə-) n. elephant (Diassi 1974:40,44,90). cf. wε- rεnk dε-rəm / de-rem n. oath; contact with a spirit (Sarro 2009:xiv) ta-rare n. (Bkb) the place where the older boys stayed and slept, in initiation (Notes M:120)

(kǝ)rasi v. counsel, give advice rɛ n., adv. here (ɔ yi rɛ = “He/she/it is here”); cf. interchangeable dɛ da-re n. village (Notes N:39) ka-re n. land (Notes N:14) kε-rε (tshε-) n. mother me-rε n. sleep (Diassi 1974:62)

mε-rε adj. which (Notes N:21)

ɔ-rε n. mate, co-wife (Notes N:50)

ta-re n. a hamlet, small village (Diassi 1974:29)

kə-rεbε (tshε-) n. winnowing tray (cf. a-kup)

a-reka (-) n. skin, paper (Notes L:37) k'-rεm n. the stitching on the thatch of a roof (Notes T:38) da-ren n. town (Notes N:38) kə-ren n. bed (Diassi 1974:40) [?]

kə-ren (mε-) n. year (Diassi 1974:61); cf. kə-rin kə-ren ke n. this year kə-ren nke n. (Bmn) year (Notes M:99) cf. kə-rin wi-ren (a-) n. woman (at Tolokots) (Notes L:57,64; Diassi 1974:40) (Notes N:1,11) a-renk n. costume worn by male initiates resembling a thatched roof (Bangoura 1972:80); a hood (B. Bangoura 1974:42); with horns on top; = tambalεn (Notes M:3, 5); cf. Kə-mbalεn wε- rεnk (tshε-) n. elephant (at Katako) (Notes N:20, 99). cf. wə-rəŋk wi-renkən (a-) n. girl (Camara 1975:38) rεntsh adj. high (as sun) da-rεntsh n. summit da-rentsh n. sky (Notes N:34) (?). cf. da-rintsh

(kɛ)reŋ v. help (Notes M:5)

kε-rεrε n. ocean (Notes L:42)

wǝ-res (a-) n. co-wife

ri n., adv. there (ɔ yi ri = “He/she/it is there”); cf. interchangeable di

da-ri n. respect (Notes N:78)

wi-ri n. mother (Diassi 1974:33) (father?) (ibid:86)

yε-ri n. food (Diassi 1974:37)

vi-ri n. mother (perjorative) wi-di-Tshol (a-) n. initiate in kə-Bεrε-Tshol, lit:"those who eat Tshol" (pl.) (B. Bangoura 1974:49) kə-rifini n. a sp. of leaf or vegetation from the swamps mixed with clay in its production (S. Bangoura 1973:33; Camara 1975:74)

a-rimi (-) /a-remi n. chimpanzee (Figarol 1907-12:168; (Notes N:32)

de-rimi n. a kind of fish

da-rin n. village (Notes L:63)

kə-rin n. year (Notes N:4). cf. kə-ren

a-rinini (-) n. a bird: pied crow

da-rintsh n. the heavens, outer space (?). cf. da-rentsh

ki-rir (tshi-) n. mortar (Camara 1975:48; Diassi 1974:40)

pe-rir n. a huge mortar (Diassi 1974:40)

ta-rira/ta-dira phr. (Bmn) "goodnight" said to one person (Notes M:87)

a-rit (-) n. testicle sack (Notes L:31)

me-rit n. testicles (pl.) (Notes N:65)

pε-rit n. a huge penis (testicle?) (Diassi 1974:40) (?). cf. po-kok

tε-rit (mε-) n. small testicle

ka-rkɔkɔ (tsha-) n. a kind of bird:medium-size, iridescent dark blue and black

ku-rkɔntɔ n. alligator (fresh water)

ma-(ro) nde adj. there (Notes N:11)

kə-rɔbɔ (tsə-) n. nape of neck (Notes L:31)

kə-rofoi n. evening (Diassi 1974:35, N'Diaye 1980:36)

a-rɔk (dɔk/sə-rɔk n. (< Engl?) duck tɔ-rɔk n. duckling (?) (Diassi 1974:32) rabbit (ibid:49) (probably incorrect -- see to-rop) wə-rok (a-) n. nephew (maternal only) on sister's side (B. Bangoura 1974:24) a-rokbai (-) n. ground squirrel wǝ-rokra n. niece on sister’s side a-rom n. a type of skin infection

?-rom (tǝ-) n. metal tack (Notes M:62) ku/kə-romp (tshə-) n. pestle (Camara 1975:48,113; Kalissa 1984:9) a-ron n. thatch (finished with stitching) (Notes T:38); cf. mεmple kə-ront n. prepuce/clitoris (S. Bangoura 1972:77). cf. tən-tshərok kə-roŋ (tsə-) n. (Bkl & Bst) face (Notes L:32) (Koelle 1854/1963) (Diassi 1974:40) kə-roŋ n. end, tail ku-roŋ adj. above; n. summit kə-roŋka n. human figure; used in the kə-lɔ kə-pɔn to offer sacrifices (Notes M:15) (? – cf ka-rəŋka) ti-rɔŋkɔn n. penis of a bull, dried and twisted and stuffed with pepper, used to beat to death violators of prohibitions during kə-kəntsh (Notes M:4,7) kə-rɔŋpəs n. whole to-rop (mo-) n. rabbit kə-rɔrɔ (tshə) n. iron, iron pot (a-Tako, a-Samantory) (cf. a-fεtsh) ka-rɔs (tsha-) n. bead a-rosən (-) n. leech a-rosu (-) n. a species of monkey with two sub-species:a-rosu ŋi-yim (red) and a-rosu ŋe-bi (black). cf. wəkr, a-nkərt, pəkr, a-rosu, təkr, a-tshalkaka, yǝk kə-rɔt (rɔt) n. feather (Diassi 1974:32) to-rotatsha n. a sp. of tree/plant (?) whose leaves are used in making black dye/paint (Sylla 1976:39; Camara 1975:81) du-ru n. the physical world (Notes N:33) (as opposed to da-bal or da-bia)

kə-runk (dunk) n. palm branch; cf. kə-bat

a-runtsh (-) n. wound

(kɛ)ruru v. go on foot

ku-ruru (tsu-) n. elbow ku-ruru n. (Bmn) world (Notes M:99)

S, Sh

-sa v. aux. (suffix to verb indicating imperfect indicative:eg.:i pisa-sa -" I was dancing")

sə pron. we (Notes (N:5)

Saba n. a highest spirit -- cloth mask that falls to knees ornamented with white metal, pair of horns at top, tube for nose, round eyes, includes a carved serpent with diamond shapes [a- Mantsho-ŋa-Tshol?], raffia costume (Arcin 1907:460; Plastique 1968:5). Elephant mask (Notes L:13). Means "three" (Arcin 1907:419). Red cloth mask, = Pende-Pende (Lacan, 1942:382; Raimbault 1885a:150). = D'mba-da-Tshol? (Notes M:25). (Bkb) mask representing an old man; hung with tin cans, etc.; dancer would tremble (Notes M:123)

Sabəŋka n. (Bmn) name given to initiates (Notes M:92)

Sabinti n. man's name given in kə-Bεrε-Tshol initiation (Notes L:45; Notes S:188); (Bangoura 1972:84; Camara 1975:34; B. Bangoura 1974:49)

Səbondel n. headdress in form of a box frame with figures standing on the top, and with a hare's head on the front (Notes L:11, 26; Holas 1974:64).

a-sədǝn n. a kind of seashell used to hold water in the home (Notes S:189)

(kǝ)safe v. line up (Notes N:13)

safikilé/safikle n. a variety of rice (Traoré 1980:407; Paulme 1957:270)

sagale n. (< Pu) tribal payment (Fofana 1982:9; Paulme 1956:101)

(kǝ)sak v. leave (Diassi 1974:36; Notes N:16); leave behind (Notes N:34), abandon

sək adj. near, beside, outside

kə-sək n. edge

kə-sək-pərε-nε n. the exchange of sisters for wives (Notes L:41); in general:any exchange

Sakti n. man's name given in kə-Bεrε-Tshol initiation (David Conrad, personal communication, 25 September 2015)

dɔ-səkɔ/do-sɔkɔ n. the day after; the second day (Notes T:32)

(kǝ)sale v. slide (Diassi 1974:40). Cf. (kǝ)tale, (kɛ)telər

man-sali n. a talisman used by practitioners who chases evildoers (Paulme 1958:415)

a-səm da-tsho n. (Bmn) midnight (Notes M:96) pə-sam (no pl.) n. money (Bangoura 1972:86:pssam; Kalissa 1984:34; Notes L:59)

Sama n. (Bst, Bmn) name given to a woman's third-born son (B. Bangoura 1974:29; Notes L:7; Notes M:88)

Səməkal n. man's name given in kə-Bεrε-Tshol initiation (Bangoura 1972:84; B. Bangoura 1974:49; Diallo 1974:56; Notes L:45)

wu-Samanthɔr (a-) n. person (people) of the group of villages comprising comprising B’kor, Kalktshe, and K’fen (literally:“one of Sama who has come down” – Sama is the founding ancestor) (Notes S:197). cf. wu-Mantuŋ

Səmarəŋkε / Sǝmaronkɛ n. (Bmn, Bst) man's name given in kə-Bεrε-Tshol initiation (Notes L:45; Notes M:92; Notes S:188)

Samarbunta n. (Bmn) name given to initiates (Notes M:92)

Samkanu n. = Kanu? (Notes N:92). The patron saint of Kaklentsh (Notes M:115)

kə-samp (tshǝ-) n. clay water jug (Camara 1975:74,95); large wide clay pan, used for washing (Notes M:62) sampa n. fruit of the dampa tree (Diassi 1974:30) samudu n. a variety of rice (Traoré 1980:407) (Paulme 1957:270)

sanda n. ornament of seeds tied around the legs (Notes S:204, 230) = a-batsha (Hockins draft 2013:26)

Sandεla n. (Bkb) mask used during initiation (Notes M:121); a terrifying face mask of a disciplinary figure, with raffia hung to the waist, who chased children with canes (Notes M:123) a-səndəŋ (-) n. shell (empty, of shellfish) sangaré n. a variety of rice (Paulme 1957:270; Traoré 1980:407) sanka n. fencing (of any kind), palm-branch shed used by sculptor as workshop, or used as temporary shelter in the rice fields (Camara 1975:56)

sənɔ an kom mo phr. "we are related" (Notes N:57)

kə-səntsh (a-) n. sand

santi n. (Bmn) comb (Notes M:94)

saŋ/sən/sǝna pron. we, us

saora n. (Bkb) August-September; time when rice is transplanted (Notes M:117)

ta-sapa (ma-) n. key

(kǝ)səpərn v. close up (a hole or a gap)

kə-səp-kə-rεnε n. the practise of exchanging sisters for wives (Notes L:41)

a-sar (ε-) n. (Bkl) stone (Koelle 1854/1963)

ka-sar n. (Bkk) lit. "stone"; the name of the young men's initiation (Notes M:105); the funeral ritual (Notes M:106); the funeral dance when Bakimambo was danced (Notes M:113)

ta-sar (ma-) n. stone (S. Bangoura 1972:21)

Sar-Abol n. = Abol (Notes N:96) [“stone of Abol?]

ma-sar-mas adj. three hundred (300) (Notes L:37)

ma-sar-mem n. = ma-sar-ment (Camara 1975:80)

ma-sar-ment n. laterite soil (Sylla 1976:38; Camara 1975:80)

ma-sar-mεrəŋ adj. two hundred (200) (Notes L:37)

(kǝ)sarε/sər v. put a load on the head (B. Bangoura 1974:61; Diassi 1974:40; Notes N:19) pɛ-sarɛ (yɛ-) n. load, burden pə-sarε rɔt n. a feather crest [Lit.:a parted feather] (Notes N:44)

saris n. [archaic?] wake/”last tribute to the dead (Samuel Gamble, 1793-94, in Mouser, “Who” 2002:342:Sarrise)

ta-sar-tin adj. one hundred (100) (Notes L:37) (JNC)

kə-sata n. the dance (Kalissa 1984:10,37)

ke-se n. iron gong knocked with an iron ring on finger (Notes M:26)

sɛbɛ n. (Su) amulet (Plastique 1968:4)

(kɛ)sεbε v. (Su) write (Notes N:25) sεbε-simɔ n. (Bkk < Su) the young men's initiation (Notes M:105)

(kɛ)sek v. attach (Diassi 1974:36)

(kɛ)sεk v. cough when choking (Diassi 1974:35)

?-sɛk (-) n. gill(s) of a fish de-sek (-) n. tooth (Diassi 1974:29) (Notes L:32); elephant tusk (S. Bangoura 1972:69; B. Bangoura 1974:9); elephant tusk used as a musical instrument (navel drum) (B. Bangoura 1974:9) sɛkɛ n. (Su) cinders used to make black soap yε-sekεnε n. (Bmn) = yɔma (in Bst) the skirt of date palm leaves (Notes M:85)

Sekole n. (Bkk) costume made of date palm leaves, with no mask (Notes M:111) a-seksek n. Pandion haliaεtus (osprey bird)

(kɛ)sel v. laugh (Kalissa 1984:15); mock (Diassi 1974:40; Notes N:53)

(kɛ)sεl v. make pottery (S. Bangoura 1972:33; Camara 1975:73; Diassi 1974:24) a-sel (-) n. varan (a large lizard) wi-sεl (-wi-ran) (a-) n. potter (Camara 1975:113; Diassi 1974:29) a-/tε-sεm (mɛ-) n. meat (Notes L:36) we-sem (-) n. animal (general) (Notes L:36) tɛ-sɛmbɛ (mɛ-) n. needle kə-sεmp n. a sp. of hard wood used to carve D'mba (Notes M:37; S:177)

(kɛ)sen v. smell bad (Diassi 1974:28) kə-sεnk n. passage between two buildings (Diassi 1974:63) de-senk da wə-renk n. (Bmn) = de-sek in Bst a-sεnts (-) n. nail (of finger/toe) (Notes L:31), claw a-seŋa n. little flat basket used to chase the flies away (Diassi 1974:35)

seŋbenyi/səŋbenyi n. a variety of rice (Paulme 1957:270)

sεŋgbe / sangbe n. drum (Camara 1975:113), w. cords stretched along sides (Notes L:39; Sylla 1976:47); large, double-headed, cylindrical; used with dance of D'mba (Curtis & Sarro 1998:129).

te-seŋgbe n. small drum (Camara 1975:113) [?]

(kɛ)sεp v. beat the rice stalks after harvesting, separate the grains (S. Bangoura 1972:40; Diassi 1974:25). cf. sεpərə

(kɛ)sεpərə/səpər v. beat (the rice, etc.) (Kalissa 1984:7; Paulme 1957:269:kesepar). cf. sεp de-ser n. (

(kɛ)serε v. practice witchcraft (Sarro 2009:xv)

kə-serε n. witchcraft (Notes N:40)

(kɛ)sεt v. insert (an object) between (other objects) (Diassi 1974:25)

ka-seth n. wattle and daub (Notes T:38)

a-seth n. house walls made of daub and wattle

(ki)si v. pass gas, fart

wi-si n. mother (Diassi 1974:86) (cf wi-ri)

Sibila n. (Bkb) a mask from a society called Menda (Notes M:118), used during initiation (Notes M:121) = Koyilo; always at the front of a line of male or female initiates (Notes M:123)

siko/sikoa n. box drum -- used in dance of Sibondel (Notes S:180)

(kɛ)sikli v. detach

a-siksik n. a raptor bird larger than the hawk but smaller than the eagle (MB)

Silatigi n. (Su) supervisor of the male initiates (B. Bangoura 1974:46) (Bangoura 1972:82); the first girl initiated (Camara 1975:32)

Sili-Simo n. (< Su?) mask/headdress (Holas 1947:62) (= "sacred elephant" in Susu); = Abol /a-Bule?

(kɛ)sim v. clear the brush

(kɛ)sim v. break

(kɛ)sim v. clear the underbrush (Diassi 1974:30)

simo/simoi/simon adj., n. (< Su) sacred

a-simtɔ n. Threskiornis aethiopicus (sacred ibis bird) ?; or Ephippiorhynchus senegalensis (seddle-bill bird) ?

dε-sinkεl a-rank n. (Bkk) = de-sek in Bst (Notes M:113)

a-sinki (-) n. rainbow

Sinyal n. (< Fr signal-? -- pronounced "Sinyal") Female bust with serpent crest braids -- mask with two horns [?] (Chefs 1966:37); cf. Yombofissa (Plastique 1968:13); name of a fish (Curtis 2013:135) we-sip (tshe-) n. leopard (Notes N:21)

Sa-Sira-Ren n. headdress in the form of a female bust, representing an unmarried woman, with firm breasts. Cf. Zigiren-Wɔndε

(kɛ)sitε v. fart (Diassi 1974:40) sɔ adv. again (Kalissa 1984:13; Notes N:78)

(kǝ)sɔ v. pierce (Kalissa 1984:14; Diassi 1974:17)

kə-sɔ-kə-tsha n. (?) (ritual before transplanting rice, dedicated to Tomalo (B. Bangoura 1974:13) ("to pierce with the hand")

kə-sɔ-kop n. ritual before farming begins, (Bangura 1972:58; B. Bangoura 1974:13; Paulme 1937:267), lit:"to pierce the plow"

sɔfalɛ n. (< Su, sɔ = “horse”; fǝlɛs = “horse” in Bst) donkey

do-sɔka/da-sɔka n. dawn, early morning before dawn (Bmn) (Notes M:96)

(kǝ)sok v. shove, jostle (Diassi 1974:30)

(kǝ)sɔk v. be clean, proper (Diassi 1974:24) kə-sɔk n. hole in the dike worn through by the water (Diassi 1974:66) a-sɔkət n. Lophaetus occipitalis (long-crested hawk-eagle); or Stephenoetus coronatus (crowned hawk-eagle) (Diassi 1974:102)

(kǝ)sɔkε v. aid (Diassi 1974:31)

Sokore n. forest spirit, enemy of Ninkinanka, a centaur (Appia 1943b:38-9; Lestrange 1950:8, 14-15). (at Boke:Suguru; at Boffa:Sokore; at Forecariah:Suguri). He also comes into the village sometimes and forcibly circumcises young boys running naked in the street (Notes M:66) m' sokori phr. good morning! a-sokot/a-sɔkɔt n. diviner who chases evildoers (Paulme 1958:413) (?); eagle

(kǝ)sol v. walk together do-sol n. age-grade (general term—“those who walk together”) (B. Bangoura 1974:33); single file

(kǝ)sɔlε v. lose, get lost (Kalissa 1974:28)

(kǝ)sɔlε v. accompany someone on a walk (Diassi 1974:35) tə-sɔlε n. green snake solse n. small adze used by a sculptor. Cf. a-nata

(kǝ)som/sɔm v. eat, chew, munch (a hard object) (Diassi 1974:63; Notes L:47; Notes N:23) da-sɔma n. Susu country (Diassi 1974:94) wu-sɔma (a-) n. Susu person (Bangoura 1972:86; Diassi 1974:38,94)

(kǝ)sompər v. defend (Notes L:64)

Somtup n. name of a-Mantsho-ŋo-Pɔn among the a-Tako and a-Samanthor (Katako-B’kor-aligned villages) sona adj. only, alone, sole, single (B. Bangoura 1974:30)

(kǝ)sɔnε v. prick oneself (Diassi 1974:28) to-sonk (mo-) n. a kind of animal – gennet?

Sonku = Tonko/ Tɔnkɔngba? (Notes S:98)

Sonta n. man's name given in kə-Bεrε-Tshol initiation (David Conrad, personal communication, 25 September 2015)

Sɔnti n. (Bkb) name given to a female initiate (Notes M:121)

(kǝ)soŋ v. give (Diassi 1974:17; Kalissa 1984:25; Notes L:57)

(kǝ)sɔŋε v. be the cause of (Diassi 1974:31)

(kǝ)sop v. rub oil on the body (Diassi 1974:30,35); wash oneself with soap (ibid:35)

(kǝ)sɔp v. stick in, insert kə-sɔp kə-tsha n. ceremony to inaugurate the beginning of the transplanting of the rice a-sɔp (-)/a-sop (ε-) n. (Bkl & Bst) pig, boar (Koelle 1854/1963) (Diassi 1974:25,88)

(kǝ)sor v. thread a needle (Diassi 1974:29); slip something on, eg:slip a ring on a finger [same root as sɔrnɛ? – should be sɔr?] (Ganong 2008:22:sor)

(kǝ)sɔr v. (Bkl & Bst) cough (Koelle 1854/1963) (Diassi 1974:91) kə-sora/ ku-sura (tsə-/tsu-) n. bangles, bracelet (Notes L:36)

(kǝ)sɔrε v. be in the process of (doing something) (Diassi 1974:40)

(kǝ)sɔrnε v. put a series of things inside each other, as with a telescoping antenna, and draw each one out to a great height. cf. Temne a-sɔrnε = height) (Notes M:60) [same root as sor? – should be sornɛ?] sɔrɔ adv. again; cf. sɔ kə-Sɔrsɔrnε/ Sorsorne n. fiber costume with wooden headdress resembling Tiyambo used by youths -- lit. "Rise up, rise up" (Notes L:14, 49).

(kǝ)sɔsε v. dig holes in the ridges of the rice fields (Diassi 1974:29) sɔsɛt n. work association, larger than gboŋa

(kǝ)sɔt v. sew (Diassi 1974:29) wi-sɔt (a-) n. tailor (Diassi 1974:25)

(kǝ)sɔtε v. urinate (Diassi 1974:28) mɔ-sɔtε n. urine

(kǝ)sɔthɔ v. have, receive (Diassi 1974:86,63:sɔtɔ) su pron. us (Notes N:10) ku-su (tsu-) n. mouth (Diassi 1974:31); a system of language (Note L:31; Notes N:32) ku-su ka mε-sε (tshu-su tsha mε-sε) n. nipple ku-su ka-tshol n. secret language of kə-Bεrε-Tshol (Notes M:26)

(kǝ)suk/suksuk v. wash fish (Diassi 1974:31)

Sukurukambia n. = Sokore? spirit with one leg (Paulme 1958:415); a religious organization (?) (Paulme 58:415) kə-sul n. bamboo (Diassi 1974:29) a-sum n. night when it is darker than pi-bi

(kǝ)sumprə v. fall on (Kalissa 1985:15)

(kǝ)sunε v. reopen a wound (Kalissa 1984:18) ku-sunka (tshə-) n. clan (M. Bangoura 1991:18), the family (Notes N:28), lineage group (S. Bangoura 1972:22); extended family (B. Bangoura 1974:18); = kor (Notes M:48); doorway (Sarro 2009:xvi) ku-sunka n. (Bkl) door (?) (Koelle 1854/1963); (Bst) doorway; entranceway, stoop of a house (Notes T:36)

(kǝ)sunpər /sumpər v. catch (Diassi 1974:16; Sarro 2009:xvi)

(kǝ)sunpər-lop v. fish (S. Bangoura 1972:34) wi-sunpər (a-) n. fisherman (Diassi 1974:103) ku-sununku (tshu-) n. lion

(kǝ)suŋ v. fast (Diassi 1974:67) surundu n. "crawcraw"; open sores, bumps on the body (Notes N:35)

(kǝ)sut v. beat/kick(?) (B. Bangoura 1974:22,34); slap,hit (Kalissa 1984:15; Diassi 1974:30) (Notes N:7). mese ma-sut = "slapping the breasts (of D'mba)" a-sut ku-bof n. the first age group of little boys (Notes M:48) (lit. “those who beat the dust”) ku-sut kə-bεntchəm n. a game similar to hockey (B. Bangoura 1974:34) two teams used sticks to try to hit a ball through opposing goals, like hockey. played on the beach. Begins with ball put in a hole in the center of the court and two players try to beat it out and send it to the opposite side ta-sut n. nose. Cf. a-loləm

kə-sutε n. stick used to beat (something) (Diassi 1974:54)

po-sutε aŋ-tɔf n. = bɔnbəla (s) in Bst:a flat stick used to beat the earth flat in building the foundation of a house

(kǝ)sutenε v. fight (Kalissa 1984:12)

wu-suthɔ (a-) / wu-sɔthɔ n. (?) name of a lineage group of primary status, descended from the founders of the village -- the masculine line (Paulme 1956:109), lit. "he found " (Paulme 1958:412). Cf. ku-lɔ kin kaíkosí

T, Th, Ts, Tsh

ta v. aux. not, do not, don't (imperative) (Kalissa 1984:31; Notes N:33); without (Notes N:19) kə-ta (ma-) n. day (Diassi 1974:86) tha/thaŋ (pa/paŋ) v. (subjunctive verbal prefix) let's (Notes L:64; Kalissa 1984:17, 43) (Notes N:1) (paŋ kɔn = "Let's go"; pa dirɛ = “Goodby”/ “Good night”, literally “Let’s sleep”). Singular form is used to address one other person; plural form is used to address two or more people (MB).

(kǝ)tsa v. enclose (Diassi 1974:34)

a-tsha n. elephant's ear (Notes S:35)

a-tsha n. round shield

kə-tsha n. side, direction, region

kə-tsha (tsə-/wa-) n. arm/hand (Kalissa 1984:9; Arcin 1907; Diassi 1974:17,91; Notes L:17,31)

kə-tsha-disrɛ n. palm of the hand (“inside the hand”)

kə-ta-dɔ-sɔkɔ n. two days after

kə-ta-dɔ-sɔkɔ kə-rarəŋ n. three days after tomorrow

kə-tsha kə-meria n. left hand; the left; north

kə-tsha kə-tɔt n. right hand (Diassi 1974:58), lit:"the good hand"; the right, south (Bmn) the south (Notes M:96)

kə-ta-taka n. a twenty-four hour day ka-tsha-kɔ-mera n. (Bmn) north (Notes M:96)

Tsha-tshə-bok n. the most beautiful a-Tshol (Notes M:16)

te-ta n. business, matter te-ta ake interrog. adv. why da-tabo n. land of the white people (Diassi 1974:94) wi-tabo (a-) n. white person (European) (Diassi 1974:94)

Tabunde n. title of a man who acts as an assistant for a Mantsho-ŋo-Pɔn in performance (David Conrad, personal communication, 2015) təf adj. big (Kalissa 1984:10), thick

Tafo/Tafo-ti-gbele/Tafo-anti-Bimgo n. (Su) a red-cloth used to counteract Bimgo medicine (Tyam 1976:27; Notes L:1)

Tshafən n. man's name given in kə-Bεrε-Tshol initiation (Notes L:45, 61; Bangoura 1972:84; B. Bangoura 1974:49 (Diallo 1974:56) (Bmn) (Notes M:92) wǝ-tshafən n. rain (Kalissa 1984:32)

Taiyai n. name given to a woman's second born daughter (Notes L:7) (B. Bangoura 1974:24:Tyai) da-tsak n. (Bkl?) Dioscoreaceae Dioscorea Linn., yam plant (Burkill 1985) kə-tsək (tsə) n. staff, used by boys in kə-kəntsh (Notes M:17; S:119) kə-tsək (wa-,vε-) n. leg, foot (Kalissa 1984:9). Cf. ta-taŋk kə-tsək (ve-) n. antelope taka adj. tired

(kǝ)taka v. (< Nalu, “be unable”?) be tired (Notes N:11) a-tshaka/a-tshakar (-) n. tortoise (Notes M:30), turtle ma-taka n. fatigue, tiredness ta-taka (ma-) n. date, day

(kǝ)thəkəs v. learn; v. teach

take prep., conj. without/except (Kalissa 1984:25)

tsəke interrog.. adv. how? how much?

tshagra n. little bird. cf. a-bεmp

a-tshaklala (-) n. a kind of black monkey. cf. wəkr, a-nkərt, pəkr, a-rosu, təkr, yǝk (JNC) kə-takla n. a type of basket used to serve food during men's initiation (Notes S:60)

wu-tako (a-) n. person (people) of the group of villages comprising Katako, Mareŋ, Kaklentsh, Kamsar, & Tshalbonto (Notes M:2) təkr (məkr) n. a little monkey (Diassi 1974:43). cf. wəkr, a-nkərt, pəkr, a-rosu, a-tshalkaka, yǝk

(kǝ)tshakra v. punish a-taktaka n. butterfly

(kǝ)təl v. understand (Notes N:32)

kə-tal n. the opening, fount, river (Diassi 1974:28)

kə-tshal n. toad (cf. a-fəntəl = frog) taləpura phr. (Bmn) "goodbye" in the afternoon (Notes M:87)

(kǝ)talər v. lie, tell an untruth (Diassi 1974:81)

(kǝ)tale v. slide (Kalissa 1984:5). Cf. (kǝ)sale, (kɛ)telər

tali n. huge slit gong (Notes L:40) used at boys' initiation coming-out (Sylla 1984:11); differs from the Susu kiriŋi in that it has only one long slit along its length, and the ends are closed (Notes M:6)

(kǝ)tsali v. cross (Kalissa 1984:21, 37; Notes N:31)

talɔ (malɔ) n. rice grain (pl.:rice) (Diassi 1974:93)

(kǝ)tam v. be able; bear (Notes N:46); v. be stronger than (Diassi 1974:38; Sarro 2009:xv)

a-tam n. Egretta alba (great white egret bird)

kə-tam n. power

(kǝ)tsaməs v. trade, hawk, peddle, sell (Diassi 1974:91) wi-tsaməs (a-) n. trader, merchant (Diassi 1974:91) tamba (mamba) n. (Su) drum (generic) (Notes L:25); small drum held under armpit (Notes L-39; M:6), heavy musical instrument-from Susu (Diallo 1974:19); = kən-tchεmp in Baga?; hide at both ends, strings along sides. ka-tamba n. women's hoe (Paulme 1957:267; Traoré 1980:406) təmbakən n. period of three years of prohibition before initiation.

Thambalεn n. = D'mba -- name used among Manding-influenced Baga (Notes L:49); (doubtful - see kə-mbalεn/ta-mbalεn) təmbaliplip n. (a-Tako) sparrow (Notes M:66). cf. a-gbaŋa, tatshbaronka

Tambamane n. personal name of Kura of Kangbinifi ward, Katako (Notes M:33). an "idol" (Arcin 1907:463).

(kǝ)tsəmbər v. place (Kalissa 1984:39)

(kǝ)tǝmɛ v. wake up (MB)

Tambol n. (?) a name associated with Ter? (Notes ??)

Tamboria n. (Bkl) headdress representing an initiated girl (Notes M:133)

Tambui n. (PUK) = Pəntshaman/ Tankulum.

(kǝ)tshəmbr v. escort (Notes N:39)

(kǝ)tsəmε v. stop (Kalissa 1984:21); stand, stand still (MB) [similar to arêter in French]

(kǝ)tsəmεtsəmε v. stop repeatedly (Kalissa 1984:21) tamokulum n. (PUK) a swear at Binari to prevent someone from doing something (Notes M:36); a place in the forest, or a spirit, at Binari (Koita 1983:31); = Tankulum? tshǝmtshǝm n. a kind of drum tsamtəmaŋklε adj. nine (9) (Notes L:37) tsamtəmas adj. eight (8) (Notes L:37) tsamtəmεrəŋ adj. seven (7) (Notes L:37) tsamtitin adj. six (6) (Notes L:37) do-tshan n. chair/bench (Notes L:35) kə-tande/ kə-tane n. basketry (Camara 1975:22); a conical vessel (sieve) made of a basket with packed mud suspended on three stakes, for holding the salt and mud gathered for salt production (S. Bangoura 1972:24) used to filter salt at the salt mines.

tandirana phr. (Bmn) "good night" said to two or more people (Notes M:87)

tango n. a sp. of light wood used to carve masks and paddles and Dəmba (Camara 1974:59, 73a, 87), whose bark is used to make black pigment (ibid:81)

(kǝ)tshǝnkɛl v. listen

(kǝ)tshənkən v. tremble tanke n. bamboo support used to hold headdresses (such as Tiyambo) tanko (manko) n. mango

Tankulum n. (PUK) = Tambui/ Pəntshaman

(kǝ)tsəntsεnε v. cause (Kalissa 1984:20)

tantɔf adj. below, on the bottom. cf. tɔf

tanu n. Heterotrogon vittatum (bar tailed trogon bird)

kə-tanyi n. a sp. of hard wood (Camara 1975:59, 91) used to carve masks, handles, and stools; a kind of wood whose sap is used in making red dye/paint (Sylla 1976:28; Camara 1975:80)

tsaŋ adj. closed

kə-təŋ n. dry season (Figarol 1907-12:170); dry season; time of "scarcity of food"- January- February (Notes L:24; S. Bangoura 1972:16,65; B. Bangoura 1974:7); dry season, ca. January 15-May 15, after lenk (Paulme); February-April (Diallo 1974:34)

(kǝ)tsaŋ v. nail (Diassi 1974:17); close, lock

(kǝ)tshaŋ wakərba v. make the Wakərba mask (S. Bangoura 1972:44)

kǝ-tshaŋa n. calabash

(kǝ)tshaŋǝr v. enclose

(kǝ)tshəŋəl/ tshəŋkəl v. listen (Notes N:15), listen to (Notes N:2)

Tsəŋala n. June, "starting of digging" (on the farm) (Notes M:21)

Tsəŋatsəŋa n. January, lit. time of "survival"; when there is not enough food; September (November) lit. "to persevere" or "to keep on stumbling" or "dizziness (because of hunger)" Notes M:14,21) (?) taŋk n. (Bkb) June-July; lit. "early rains"; time of heavy farmwork (Notes M:117) tsəŋk adj. (Bkl & Bst) fresh, cold (Koelle 1854/1963) tshaŋk adj. shy (Notes N:13) ta-taŋk (ma-) n. (Bkl & Bst) leg (Koelle 1854/1963) (Notes L:31). Cf. kə-tsək pǝ-tshǝŋki n. coolness

(kǝ)təŋnε v. agree (mutually); become unified, unite (Notes N:52) kə-təŋnε n. unity (Notes L:64)

(kǝ)tshaŋto v. put the hide on a drum (Diassi 1974:35); generally:"close"; make a (mask/costume) təŋta n. port tap n. the smaller of two small bowls used to eat rice or turned upside down to cover larger vessels as a lid (Notes M:64). cf. dap (Diassi 1974:39:tapa)

(kǝ)tsap v. (Bko) beat (Houis 1952:19)

ɔ-tshape n. cap (Figarol 1907-12:166). Cf. komtu

Tshapel n. woman's name given in kə-Bεrε-Tshol initiation (David Conrad, personal communication, 25 September 2015); same word as tshapl? Cf. Tshapronkə. tshapər/tshapl n. a type of organized dance without masquerade, e.g. the dance of women at a marriage (cf. yarsis); dance of men in the sacred forest (Notes L:4) done to the accompaniment of the seŋgbe (Notes S:38); a dance including men and women at the central plaza of the village, rotating in a circle, with musical instruments, after the a-Mansho-ña-Tshol has returned to its sacred forest (A. Camara 1990:37); Nalu name of the sacred forest of a- Mantsho-ŋa-Tshol (?) (Seidel 2014:122) tshapər n. a medicine used on sores made of the ashes of certain types of leaves (Notes N:8) tshǝpafo n. indirect/metaphoric speech, e.g., parable, riddle

(kǝ)tshəpəsnε v. mumble (Notes N:19)

Tshapi n. (Bmn) name given to a woman's second born female child (Notes M:88) = Taiyai (B. Bangoura 1974:29)

(kǝ)tshǝpnɛ v. carry on the head

Tshapronkə / Tshəpronkə / Tshapronkε n. women's name given in kə-Bεrε-Tshol initiation (Notes S:188; Bangoura 1972:85; B. Bangoura 1974:49; Diallo 1974:56; David Conrad, personal communication, 25 September 2015) ta-Tshaprɔnkə n. masked spirit of the boys' initiation (Sylla 1984:9; N'Diaye 1986:63); youths' entertainment mask (Camara 1975:29; Diallo 1974:49). Cf. Tshəprɔnkə

Taptshonk / Thaptshuŋk n. man's name given in kə-Bεrε-Tshol initiation (Notes L:45; David Conrad, personal communication, 25 September 2015)

(kǝ)tər v. hope (Notes L:65)

a-tar (-) n. raffia (Camara 1975:113; Diassi 1974:35)

da-tshar n. slavery (Sarro 2009:xiv)

kə-tar n. (Bmn) short stick hung with bells and used by women in dance (Notes M:92)

wi-tshar (a-) n. slave (Diassi 1974:44; Notes L:23; Notes N:5, 20)

(kǝ)tshərə/tshɛrǝ/tshɛrɛ v. know (Notes N:1)

tara n. (< Su – ntara) big sister or brother (Notes N:25, 38; Sarro 1996:Songs 5)

Taribo n. (Bkb) name given to a male initiate (Notes M:121)

kə-tarok adv., n. year after next

tən-tshərok (mən-) n. clitoris. cf. kə-ront

tarɔrɔsɔkɔ n. two days after tomorrow

(kǝ)tas v. depart, pass (Diassi 1974:28)

(kǝ)tasərnε v. compete, best someone (Hockins draft 2013:32). cf. pusərnε

Tasimɔ / Ta-Simɔ n. man's name given in kə-Bεrε-Tshol initiation (Notes L-61; Camara 1975:34 (incorporating the Susu simɔ?) (David Conrad, personal communication, 25 September 2015)

kə-thas-rok n. year after next year

kə-thas-rok kə reran n. three years from now

tatakɔ adj. after (Kalissa 1984:39)

kə-tatəp n. Phalacrocorax africanus (long-tailed shag bird)

kə-tatəp n. a children’s game, having something to do with Kora (Notes S:204)

tatshbaronka n. sparrow (Notes M:66). cf. a-gbaŋa, təmbaliplip

tshatshɔkɔ adj. this (one) here

taya (maya) n. scarification

(kɛ)te v. be able (Diassi 1974:17)

(kɛ)te v. rot (Kalissa 1984:14) a-te (-) n. termite (Diassi 1974:25) te ta conj. because (Notes N:30) tε-tε (mε-) n. trousers (Diassi 1974:25; Notes L:35)

(kɛ)tsε v. expose; put in the sun (Diassi 1974:36)

(kɛ)tshe v. be careful (Notes N:25); v. shun (Notes N:33), reject (Notes N:60)

(kɛ)tshε v. let, leave (Notes N:3)

kə-tεfrεnε adj., n. opposite

a-tek (me-) (-) n. heel (Diassi 1974:64; Notes L:32)

te-tek n. a clearing in the forest

tεka n. little chin (Baird; Diassi 1974)

a-Tεkən n. adult female initiation society (for those who have borne a child (Notes L:43) the women's bush -- in the opposite direction from the a-fan (Notes M:30)

tel (mel) n. a little hoe (Diassi 1974:35)

(kɛ)tεl v. cut, harvest (Kalissa 1984:17,39; Diassi 1974:28; Notes N:41)

kə-tɛl n. harvesting, the harvest (Notes L:43; S. Bangoura 1972:40)

wu-tel n. poor person

ka-tεla n. beginning of the dry season (S. Bangoura 1972:64); time of harvest -- December- January (Notes L:24); November-January (S. Bangoura 1972:69; Diallo 1974:33)

(kɛ)telər v. slide (Diassi 1974:85). Cf. (kǝ)tale, (kǝ)sale

a-telmεts (-) n. firefly

tεm n. (< Engl) time

ta-tem n. (Bkb) old man (Notes M:125)

ta-Tem n. (Bkb) "the old man" = a-Mantsho-ŋa-Tshol (Notes M:125, 128)

tεm-tεm adv. sometime

wu-them (a-) n. male elder; old man (Notes L:35); male ancestor. cf. themnɛ wu-Them n. = Somtup; lit.:"the patriarch" (Notes L:16,49). wu-Them-Bakən n. = Bakən, personal name of the a-Tshol from Dəklatshɔ ward at K’fen (Notes M:20); praise name for Tshol at K’fen (David Conrad, personal communication, 25 September 2015--Song by Amara Bangoura 3/17/08) wu-Them-Sənəŋk n. personal name of a-Tshol at Kamshomble ward, Katako (Notes M:35). wi-them və-ka-dare n. a famous, notable elder (an elderly councilor) (lit. "the man of the village") a-tshem (-) n. guinea-fowl kə-tema n. a sp. of wood used in carving masks (Camara 1975:73a) kə-tsεmbəl n. palm tree/leaf (Notes L:51); mat

(kɛ)tsɛmbər-kə-lɔ v. build a house (Camara 1975:44) (JNC) a-tshembe n. imported clay jar used in Somtup ritual to hold palm wine (S. Bangoura 1972:56) - and also used in marriage ceremonies ta-tembra n. (Bkb) old woman (Notes M:125) kə-tchembr a-pεpε n. second phase of engagement for marriage:"presenting the calabash" (B. Bangoura 1974:61) wi-Tembra n. (see Abol), lit.:"the old woman" (Notes L:50, 52). wu-thembra (a-) n. old woman (Arcin 1907; Diassi 1974:85; Notes L:35)

(kɛ)temε/timi v. wake up (Diassi 1974:42; Notes N:89)

(kɛ)tεmε v. remain (Notes N:78)

tεmεmi adv. perhaps

(kɛ)tεmεnε v. think (Notes L:47) tεmfəp adv. always

(kɛ)themnɛ v. be old (MB) (ɔn themnɛ = “He’s old”). cf. Themnɛ (Temne) people

de-tsɛmp n. youth (male only) (MB) wu-tsεmp (a-) n. adult male (B. Bangoura 1974:21), young man (Notes N:72), unmarried male adult class (S. Bangoura 1972:25) sə-tempa n. the staff used by the initiates of kə-Bεrε-Tshol made from a vine, cut and dried; it is the same vine used to attach a spade (kop) to its long handle (Notes S:187) sə-tεmpa n. vine, rope (Notes L:39; Notes S:187)

(kɛ)tεmpεnε v. fall (Kalissa 1984:12); fig.,:be promiscuous (of a woman)

(kɛ)tεmpεnεtεmpεnε v. fall repeatedly (Kalissa 1984:21) tshεmpi adj. clear, intelligible

(kɛ)tsεmtsεmnε v. remember (Kalissa 1984:19); think over, reflect (Notes N:6) a-tsen n. beam running lengthwise at the summit of a roof serving as the spine (Notes T:38) a-tshen (-) n. (< Fr.?) dog

(kɛ)tεn/ tεnε v. look for, search for (Kalissa 1984:34; Diassi 1974:16, 42); find (Notes N:14); get (Notes N:37) kə-tɛn n. object of research, object search for

(kɛ)tεnεnε v. look for each other (Kalissa 1984:19)

(kɛ)tεntsnε v. stretch (oneself)? (Kalissa 1984:18)

(kɛ)tsεŋ v. suck through the teeth (sign of distain) (Diassi 1974:70)

-tsεp(a) (a-) n. the youth (Kalissa 1984:17,33)

(kɛ)tshεp v. transplant rice shoots (S. Bangoura 1972:40; Diassi 1974:34; Diallo 1974:30)

(kɛ)tshεp v. bind

(kɛ)tshεp sə-wu v. bend the knee, bow down

(kɛ)tsepər/tshεpər/tsεpsər v. pass; be more than (Kalissa 1984:40; Notes N:14); v. follow (Notes N:27); v. go (Notes N:49); v. join, link, tie up. Cf. tshɛpsɛ/tshɛpsɛr

(kɛ)tshepər nɔ v. pass by (Notes N:71)

(kɛ)tshepǝs v. clear the bush

tepe-tepe n. action of a masked dancer executing a particularly stylized gesture involving a rolling of the head from side to side (Hockins, in Lamp 2020)

(kɛ)tsεpnε v. cut oneself (Kalissa 1984:16)

tεpitsh adv. (everywhere except Tokotsh) a little bit, for a little bit (cf. pεpitsh, pitinini)

tεpitsh-tεpitsh adv. slowly, carefully, little by little, a little bit

(kɛ)tshɛpsɛ v. follow. Cf. tsepər/tshεpər/tsεpsər ter n. an exclusive initiation for older adult men (Povos 1972:Fig 151) (Notes M:48) found only at K’fin, B’kor, Kalktshè, and Kaklentsh, and in one quartier of Tolkotsh: Kagbɛnɛnɛ (Notes S:195-196)

(kɛ)ter v. dislike (someone) (Diassi 1974:28,43), hate (Notes N:49) tεr n. a small mouse (Diassi 1974:62) tshɛr (mɛr) n. (Bkl & Bst) a grain of salt (Sylla 1984:1; Koelle 1854/1963; Kalissa 1984:13; Notes L:39) (pl.: salt)

(kɛ)tser v. leave, reject (Diassi 1974:34) kə-ter n. process of blackening with charcoal and palm oil, as used on the D'mba mask (Curtis, "D'mba carvers," 2013 draft for Lamp, et. al., D'mba book, p. 17) wə-ter n. someone who hates (Notes N:49) wa-tshεrəŋ n. technique, skill (Curtis, "D'mba carvers," 2013 draft for Lamp, et. al., D'mba book, p. 17) a-terε n. enemy (Notes N:49)

(kɛ)tshεrε/tshǝrǝ v. know, recognize (Notes L:61; N:14) kε-terir (yε-) n. sand crab, reddish, small, found on beach. tɛrkɛt (mɛrkɛt) n. hot pepper

(kɛ)tshernɛ v. wake up (suddenly) terpε (merpε) n. anus (Notes L:32) tes (mes) n. thing (Diassi 1974:35; Sarro 2009:xvi); deed (Sarro 2009:xvi) (mes ma-a-baka = “history of the Baga”)

(kɛ)tsεs v. remove the palm kernels with an axe (Diassi 1974:36) kə-tshεs n. palm branch used to beat the initiates in kə-Bεrε-Tshol (Notes S:101, 108)

(kɛ)tesəs v. make (something) fine tεsε (mεsɛ) n. breast (Diassi 1974:35) (cf. mɛsɛ = “milk”) tεsε (mεsɛ) n. honey [same as "breast"?] thesε adj. good (Kalissa 1984:32 Diassi 1974:105), beautiful (Kalissa 1984:32; Diassi 1974:28), well tεss adj. incomparable (Notes L:64)

(kɛ)tεt v. cut with a blade (Diassi 1974:25) tshεtshεk n. (Bmn) deep night, midnight midnight to dawn (Notes M:96) i-tsetshεra n. (Bkb) young woman (Notes M:125) kə-tetia n. sickle used for rice harvest (cf. bira, wɔrtɛ)

(kɛ)teyε v. burn oneself; be burned down (Kalissa 1984:13) wu-tfən (a-) n. person (people ) of the group of villages comprising Kotongoro and Kawass (Notes M:133)

(kɛ)ti v. curve, bend (Diassi 1974:28) ti pron. it (generic, no class) (Notes N:1)

(kɛ)ti v. incline, bow, bend (Diassi 1974:28) (JNC) kə-ti/tshi n. justice (Diallo 1974:52) ki-tshia n. fault, mistake an-tshibi n. a species of tree whose leaves are used to construct Wakǝrǝba (Notes S:191) a-tibis n. (Bmn) a knife (Notes M:86)

Tibine n. (Bkb) name given to an initiate (Notes M:121)

a-tibis n. the stone that the first boy to be circumcised sat on

wi-tibis (a-) n. initiate of the youngest grade, n-kəntsh (Bangoura 1972:78):the newly circumcised boy (B. Bangoura 1974:40); the first boy to be circumcised (Notes M:7); boy chosen to be circimcised ahead of the others, the night before (Notes M:7)

wɛ-tshik (tshɛ-) n. deer

wɛ-tsikra (a-) n. stranger (Kalissa 1984:37)

(kɛ)tikro v. bow down (Notes M:20); bow the face (Notes M:23)

Tikro n. ugly, black mask of old man with beard, invented at Kawass in 1980's, used in expiation dance (Notes M:19-20). Affiliated with D'mba-da-Tshol; perhaps a male version of D'mba-da-Tshol tim (mim) n. lung (Diassi 1974:39) / heart (Ganong; MB) / liver? (mim = liver in Temne) tim-to-fotsh (mim-) n. heart. Cf. a-futel timba n. large drum 1m -1.5m H (Camara 1975:35) often supported by figures, played by men (Notes M:6) = ma-timbo in PUK -- used by men (see Tyam 1976:49ff:BLS); (Bst & BLS) small drum used by male initiates (Bangoura 1972:80) [?] timbo (?) n. bonnet, crown (S. Bangoura 1972:12) ma-timbo n. (Bmn) = timba in (Bst)

(kɛ)tsimsεnε v. fight (Kalissa 1984:39:simsεnε) tin adv. all together (Notes N:5) te-tin n. something (Notes N:28)

(kɛ)thin v. shake (Notes N:97) tinbi n. (kə-Bεrε-Tshol) ? an-tsingsɔ n. a tortoise with a red shell and long arms (Notes M:30) tinki adj. of people who have have violated the interdiction (Notes L:56)

(kɛ)tshInkl v. shake, tremble (CC)

tiŋgbiri n. game of spinning tops

tiŋkǝrobobo n. automobile (“quiet shaking”?)

? (tship) n. a type of crab (Notes N:83)

(kɛ)tipi v. break, undo

te-tsir-tin adj. one thousand (1000) (Notes L:37) (JNC)

me-tsir (no pl.) n. blood (Notes L:32) me-tsir-mεrəŋ adj. two thousand (2000) (Notes L:37) tira n. little she-goat (Diassi 1974:40)

Tirba n. formerly a Kokoli (Landuma) women's dance; borrowed by the Baga (Notes M:55) ki-tshispi (tshi-) n. cock, rooster

(kɛ)tshitsh v. draw a-tsitsh n. circle, space a-tshitsh da-tsho n. village circle where dances are held (JNC) kə-titi (tshi-) n. loin kidney [?] (Diassi 1974:25) kə-titi n. basin titshirtin adj. thousand to-tshko n. balls of fat on the back of a person's neck (Notes M:25)

(kɛ)tshiya v. make a mistake (Hockins draft 2013:5)

Tiyambo n. female bust headdress (Sylla 1984:illus.; Plastique 1970:25), with Fula-type coiffure (Camara 1975:88), and horns (Notes L:30,33; Holas 1947:65). da-tshɔ adj., prep. in the middle of (Notes N:25), between, among

(kǝ)tɔ v. have (Notes N:28, 95)

(kǝ)tshɔ v. pound rice in a mortar (RB)

kə-tɔ n. a funnel (Diassi 1974:29)

ku-tɔ n. March -- time of collecting palm wine

ku-tɔ n. instrument used to collect the palm wine (Notes M:82)

u-tɔ bεrε a-tshol n. one who has not been initiated into kə-Bεrε-Tshol wu-tso adj. 10 (Kalissa 1984:40; Diassi 1974:17) wu-tso kə-tsamət adj. 15 (Kalissa 1984:40) (JNC)

To-Malɔ n. a clan responsible for sacrifice before eating newly harvested rice (Notes M:46) (also Tomalong, Tɔmalo, and to-Malo) wu-tɔ-yo-daka n. poor person (lit., “someone who doesn’t have a thing”)

Tobontshi n. village tutelary spirit at Bukor (S. Bangura 1972:72).

Tɔbeŋkan n. (Bmn) name given to initiates (Notes M:92)

Togba n. (Bkb) name given to an initiate (Notes M:121) tɔf (mɔf) n. tick an-thɔf n. land, territory, place (Notes N:13); soil, ground, floor (Notes L:35, N:10) (MB); people [cf. French monde = world/people] (Notes N:16); village (S. Bangoura 1972:21)

(kǝ)tsɔf v. burn (Diassi 1974:24,34) a-tofən (-) n. dog-faced baboon (MB) ta-tohanga n. the ritual "telephone" used to call people from afar. (Notes L:2) ka-tɔk/ku-tɔk (-) n. wood, tree (S. Bangoura 1972:21; Camara 1975:55; Kalissa 1984:9, 17; Diassi 1974:29,91); firewood (Notes L:36), a stick (Notes N:80) tɔkl (tshɔkl) n. smallest type of aŋ-gbantan fish (MB) tɔkɔ n. praise (Notes L:57) a-tsɔkɔ (-)/a-tɔkɔ (ε-) n. (Bkl) fowl, hen, chicken (Koelle 1854/1963 1854/1963; Bangoura 1972:86; Diassi 1974:92; Notes L:37) tɔ-tsɔkɔ (mɔ-) n. chick tsɔkɔtsɔkɔ adj., adv. before (Kalissa 1984:34), at first, formerly

-Tshol n. = kə-Bεrε-Tshol (B. Bangoura 1974:48-9)

ʌ -tsol/tshol (tshə-) n. (Bst & Bkl) medicine, both scientific and traditional (Koelle 1854/1963 & S. Bangura:tshor, sacred object; prohibition (Notes L:56); "medicine" used to protect farm:bottle of sacred water, wood, kola nut (Traore 1980:406) (see εlεk); used in a-fan to guard the gates during the entire duration of kə-kəntsh (Notes M:32) ); a stage in initiation (Notes L:49)

ʌ-Tshol n. human/beaked head on socle, used as guardian figure for male initiation, as a healing device by healers, and as a dance headdress with no costume (Sylla 1984:8; M. Riviere 1975:171).

ʌ-Tshol-ŋa-Bəpsa n. (Bmn) = Tɔnkɔngba in Bst (Notes M:94)

ʌ-Tshol-ŋɔ-Pɔn n. the title or name of the first boy initiated in kə-Bεrε-Tshol (Notes M:50)

Ma-Tshol/Matshɔli/Matiol n. (Su) (1) = third degree initiation to Baga Aparan among Nalu (Bangoura 1972:87; Camara 1975:35); second degree among Baga -- degree devoted to a-Tshol (ibid:87), open to both males and females (Notes L:45; Camara 1975:34), the kə-Bεrε-Tshol initiation

(kǝ)tola v. beg (Notes N:15)

(kǝ)tɔlε v. do on purpose (Diassi 1974:35)

Tɔlε n. (Bkk) a spirit collected from the sea and appeared only at the circumcision (Notes M:111)

kə-tɔlε n. a boil (Diassi 1974:35)

kə-di tolom n. male initiation (S. Bangoura 1972:76)

tɔlɔbita n. great grandson

do-tshɔm (su-) n. chair, bench, stool (Notes N:60), seat, position, stool used for the seating of lineage heads (S. Bangoura 1972:24,56; Camara 1975:48, 90, 91; B. Bangoura 1974:20); see wə- ndε-də-rɔ-tshom; cf. tɛgbɛklɛ

kə-tsom (tsə-) n. bread (Notes L:37)

toma n. a variety of rice (Paulme 1957:270)

Tɔmalo n. name of the clan responsible for the rice ritual; also the name of the patron spirit of rice found along the marigots or in the trees. There was no mask representation (Notes M:55); a spirit involved in protection of harvest (Notes M:55; Appia 1943:171-173); a village tutelary spirit at B’kor (S. Bangoura 1972:72); god of rice and earth (B. Bangoura 1974:13); (also Tomaloŋ and to-Malo)

Tɔmbo n. (Bkb) name given to a female initiate (Notes M:121)

(kǝ)tsombrə v. rebuild (Kalissa 1984:13)

(kǝ)tɔmpər v. have, hold; adopt (a child)

(kǝ)tɔmpərnε v. make provisions pə-tɔmpərnε n. provisions for a journey

Tompunk n. the mask that is called Tombu in Tolokots; used by boys of ka-kǝntsh in Katako, Kakilentsh, and Mare, when they went to steal rice. (Notes M:28, 66) – = Dudu?

(kǝ)tshon moro/tshoŋ moro v. make a mixture of water and palm kernel fat in producing palm oil (S. Bangoura 1972:36) tɔndɛ (mɔndɛ) n. large clay vessel (22) wǝ-tɔne (a-) n. deaf person tondu (mondu) n. buttock(s) (Notes L:32) tshonk (pl.) n. large conical hat covering the face, made of fan palm (a-tshonk) leaves, worn by the male initiates (Notes S:132, 135). a-tshonk (tshonk) n. Borassus aethiopum, African fan palm, African palmyra palm (ronier in French) (MB). The fruits are 15–25 cm wide, roughly spherical and each contain 1-3 large seeds. Depending on species, fruit color varies from black to brown, yellow or orange; the fibrous pulp is aromatic and sweet to taste (Wikipedia, 2017-11-01). Leaves are used to construct the ta-mbalεn of the boys in a-kεntsh an-tshonk ŋa bulε n. leaf of a-tshonk (Notes M:8)

Tɔnkɔ n. = Tɔnkɔngba -- term used at Kamsar and Talbonto (Notes M:51), also among Nalu (Curtis 1996, 2013).

Tɔnkɔngba n. horizontal wooden headdress, with snout, oblong head, and horns in an almond shape (Notes L:1,11). Modern usage:"radio" tɔnkɔngba n. radio; cf also the spirit (Notes L:37)

Tonkurε n. a young man's association (Sarro 2009:xvi)

(kǝ)tonnε v. attend (Kalissa 1984:37) tontsh n. prohibition (S. Bangoura 1972:36; Diassi 1974:64, B. Bangoura 1974:16:Tonty); secular law, as opposed to a-fan (ibid:55). an patki tontsh = announcement made at night lifting the prohibition on harvesting palm kernels (S. Bangoura 1972:36). a tsəmbər tontsh = to begin the prohibition on the harvesting of palm kernels.

(kǝ)tɔŋ v. flow (Diassi 1974:40)

(kǝ)tsoŋ v. prepare (food), cook (Kalissa 1984:31; Diassi 1974:17)

(kǝ)tsɔŋ v. push (Diassi 1974:70) wi-tsoŋ (a-) n. the cook (Diassi 1974:17) tshɔŋəs n. June (beginning of farming) (lit."push and push"; they have to push the dry dirt off the kop when farming) (Notes M:82) tshoŋir n. digging stick

(kǝ)tshɔŋk v. have courage (Notes N:28)

(kǝ)tshɔŋnε v. push off (go), move (Notes N:50); approach

(kǝ)tsoŋkε v. prepare, make (Kalissa 1984:24)

(kǝ)tsɔŋnε v. continue

wi-toŋgro wi-tfən (a-toŋgro a-tfən) n. person (people) of Katongoro and Kawass (Diallo 1974:20)

Tɔŋɔ n. (Bmn & Bst) name given to a woman's second born male child (Notes M:88; Notes L:7; B. Bangoura 1974:29; Diassi 1974:13)

Tɔŋɔ tsu-luksor n. name given to a woman’s seventh born male child (tsu-luksor added to each of five given names, after fifth) (Notes L:45)

(kǝ)toŋtnɛ v. crouch, squat

tɔp n. small spade (Diassi 1974:25, 32), cf. kɔp

(kǝ)tsop v. begin (JNC)

ku-tsop n. beginning

ku-tsop ka du-ru n. beginning of the world

(kǝ)tshɔp v. (Bkl & Bst) speak (Koelle 1854/1963) (Diassi 1974:24; Notes L:47; N:4); ta m tshɔp'n = "keep quiet!" (Notes N:97)

ku-tshɔp-a-fɔ n. "hidden or indirect speech; the skill of speaking about something through allegories and metaphors" (Sarro 2009:xiv –capafo [tsapafo in our orthography], meaning, literally, "not speech" or "non-speech" or “something not spoken”)

mɔ-tshɔp n. a quarrel (Notes N:74)

(kǝ)tshɔpεnε v. discuss (Notes N:52)

kə-tɔpεtsh (tshə-) n. (Su) kola (cf. kola/tsola) tshopi-e greeting. “How are you?”

(kǝ)tɔpronε v. get, provide oneself with (Kalissa 1984:25)

(kǝ)tshopu v. break (a branch), cut (a rope)

(kǝ)tor/tɔro v. go down (Notes N:67) tshoro n. a little bit of oil (as opposed to moro, “oil”) tɔrɔ (mɔrɔ) n. mountain (S. Bangoura 1972:21)

(kǝ)tors/tɔrs v. punish (Notes N:14) tɔt adj., adv. carefully, well, beautiful, good (Diassi 1974:25,28), kind a-tshots (-) n. a fly (Diassi 1974:34) do-tɔt / pǝ-tɔt n. kindness, goodness (Curtis, "D'mba carvers," 2013 draft for Lamp, et. al., D'mba book, p. 20) tɔ-tɔt (mɔ-) n. bead(s) (Notes L:36); necklace (pl.) u-tɔt n. beauty (Curtis, "D'mba carvers," 2013 draft for Lamp, et. al., D'mba book, p. 20) wi-tɔt (a-) n. gentleman (Diassi 1974:25) tshotsa n. (Bkb) September-October; time when there are lots of "tsetse flies" in the farms (Notes M:117) totshko n. knob on back of D'mba's neck (Notes M:25); eggplant a-toto n. conical headdress of the boys in initiation that covers the head, made of palm leaves (Sylla 1984:10; Camara 1975:30) = ta-mbalεn or a-reŋk (Notes M:7, 8)

Tshotsho n. name given to a woman's first born son (Notes L:7; B. Bangoura 1974:29) also in Bmn (Notes M:88)

Tshotsho tsuluksor n. name given to a woman's sixth boy (Notes L:45; Notes N:49) wi-tshrm-tshrm (a-) n. small boy (Notes N:99) tshu adj. (Bkl & Bst) sick (Koelle 1854/1963; Diassi 1974:57; Notes N:84). do/dɔ-tshu (no pl.) n. sickness (Diassi 1974:94)

ku-tshu n. pain; i yi ku-tshu-ne = “I have pain.” (MB)

wi-tshu (a-) n. sick person

wu-tuba (a-) n. Djakanke person

(kǝ)tubutsh v. measure (JNC) tukum adj. deep, wide kə/ku-tul n. handle of a tool, stump (Diassi 1974:29); charcoal from kitchen

(kǝ)tulnε v. bow down (Kalissa 1984:15)

(kǝ)tulu v. refuse to give (Diassi 1974:29) ku-tsum ka am-bayok n. Cassaura farina, manioc, cassava, yucca (Paulme 1957:274) tumbonklo adj. bald

Tumbu n. mask worn horizontally (resembling Banda) with horns parallel to face and long ears; danced to force a new bride to copulate with groom; mask is responsible for keeping the family united (Notes L:30; M:24) tumεfε adj. shallow tumsa (mumsa) n. cat (Diassi 1974:103:to-məsa) tumsa ta-do-rɔ-mun n. octopus, lit:“the cat of the water" (Diassi 1974:103) ku-tundu n. stud extending from the ceiling to the roof spine of a house (Notes T:38) u-tungulu n. idler a-tshunk n. the binding around the rods (aŋ-kiŋkili) supporting a house roof on top of the walls (Notes T:38)

(kǝ)tup v. taste, as in tasting a bit of sauce to see if its ready; taste saliva, etc. (Notes M:47) (JNC) v. kiss, embrace (Diassi 1974:60) po-tup n. taste (JNC)

Tupεnε n. (PUK) = Tombu?

tsupenε n. (? – part of the human anatomy)

(kǝ)tsupu v. cut/cross (cf. gbinti)

(kǝ)thur v. come (Notes N:1), lower, descend

tsur n. pile of harvested rice (Diassi 1974:61) tura (mura) n. (< Port) bull

(kǝ)turanε v. happen, take place; (Notes L:63)

Turika n. (PUK) = a-Tshol

tsutsha adj. difficult

tshutsha kəndε adj. difficult to come sit with (to satisfy) (Notes N:49)

U

V (see also W, sometimes interchangeable)

(kǝ)vakəsnε v. think

(kɛ)ve v. call (someone) (Notes L:57). Cf. (kɛ)we

de-vε n. thunder

te-ve (me-) n. name vela n. (< Engl?) whale (?)

ki-vela n. Hagedashia Hagedash (hadada bird)

pə-vεlvεl n. lightning

W (see also V, sometimes interchangeable)

waf n. (< Engl) wharf, port

(kǝ)wai v. buy; v. sell (Notes N:16)

(kǝ)wak v. try (Diassi 1974:32; Notes N:5); v. return a slap; beat/challenge (Notes N:21); v. disparage/distain/put down (Notes N:47)

wakamkomənε n. October "the month of the relatives"; tough month, one is dependant upon relatives for food (Notes M:14)

(kǝ)waknε v. challenge (Notes N:11)

Wakərba n. huge costume of leaves (Notes M:47), used in boys' initiation, kə-di-Wakərba (B. Bangoura 1974:36); youth's entertainment mask (Camara 1975:29).

wakərba n. first pseudo initiation (excluding circumcision) for boys 18-15 years old. (B. Bangoura 1974:35-36)

kə-di-wakərba n. first initiation for boys aged 10-15, without circumcision, lit.:"to eat wakərba " (B. Bangoura 1974:36)

wəkr (tsəkr) n. monkey (Diassi 1974:37,40). cf. a-nkərt, pəkr, a-rosu, təkr, a-tshalkaka, yǝk

wǝkr wa-robo n. a species of monkey (JNC) kə-wal n. site of the boy's initiation residence (S. Bangoura 1972:79; Camara 1975:29; Sylla 1984:10); post-circumcision site (Notes M6); men's drinking and conversation place (S. Bangoura 1972:28) in the sacred forest (Diassi 1974:33); also place of second male initiation (S. Bangoura 1972:84) walan / walaŋ n. a dance of initiation (audiotape notes, André Schaeffner, 1954 [Musée de l’Homme 81.12.1-4])

(kǝ)walε v. gulp down a big mouthful a food (Diassi 1974:37)

(kǝ)walε v. tear to pieces (Diassi 1974:37) wali v. (Su) work (Notes L:62, 64), work the farm (Notes N:25); plant (Notes N:11) a-wamən (-) (< Nalu, waam) oyster (Sylla 1976:39; Camara 1975:81) a-wan n. a sp. of wood whose sap is used to make white pigment (Camara 1975:81) kə-wan (tsə-) n. war, battle (Notes L:37, 61); name of an initiation for small boys (David Conrad, personal communication, 2015) kə-wan (tshə-) n. drum on the form of a tube 2-3 metres long (S. Bangoura 1972:69) one end with head, the other open, held against someone's belly, who moderates the sound by pulling the stomach in and out = "wars" (played on serious occasions); or a long cylindrical drum beaten at both ends -- cf. a-gbitɔ or elit wan (a-wut) n. (Bkl & Bst) child (Notes L:35) (Diassi 1974:37), son (Notes N:5) (Koelle 1854/1963), fraternal nephew. Cf. to-wut / a-wut (JNC) wan-apa n. age mate (Ganong 2008:25), friend (JNC) wan-fɛt (a-wut-fɛt) / wan u-fεt (a-wut a-fɛt) n. young child, toddler (Notes N:1) (JNC); cf. wan u-fεt wan sɔ (a-wut sɔ) n. grandchild (JNC)

wan u-tɔ-kəntsh (a-wut a-tɔ-kǝntsh) n. an uninitiated person (JNC)

wan wǝrkun (a-wut a-rkun) n. male child (JNC)

wan wǝran (a-wut a-ran) n. female child (JNC)

wanta n. trousers (pl. only) a-war n. Ardea goliath (goliath heron bird) de-war n. (Bkb) the time when boys went for initiation; the place where the elders met to drink and discuss the procedure of the initiation (Notes M:120) a-Wárna n. (Bmn) the initiation for the young married Baga women; = a-Tεkən in Bst (Notes M:92)

(kǝ)was v. weed (Diassi 1974:33), clear a space of vegetation (Notes M:5)

(kǝ)wase v. answer (Notes N:52) watsh n. (< Engl) watch, clock

(kɛ)we v. be called (something) (Kalissa 1984:39); v. call (Diassi 1974:36; Notes N:52). Cf. (kǝ)ve

ka-we (tsha-) n. Ceiba pentandra, silk-cotton tree (Camara 1975:47), wood used in carving paddles, pestles and drums (ibid:73a) (JNC); cf. kɔ-porɔŋ

te-we (me-) n. name (Notes N:89; Sarro 2009:xvi)

(kɛ)wei v. (Bkl) buy (Koelle 1854/1963; Diassi 1974:32)

(kɛ)wεk v. prop up, support (Diassi 1974:33); v. put together in a mass (ibid:39); press (ibid:39) tε-wεk n. pressing, squeezing (Diassi 1974:38)

Wekiya-Wekiya n. = Komnε in Katako, Mare, Kakilentsh; = Pεndε-Pεndε in Susu (Notes M:65). pə-wεlwεl n. lightning; flash of light (cf kə-nεk)

(kɛ)wɛn v. push, move (as a curtain)

(kɛ)wεnε v. associate with (Notes N:57)

(kɛ)wεnt v. fish

u-wεnt n. fisherman/woman

wɛntsh (a-) n. brother

weŋwe adj. not any

(kɛ)wεp v. scold roughly (Diassi 1974:37)

(kɛ)wer v. ask

wer (tsher) n. small mouse (Diassi 1974:37) (cf. per)

(kɛ)wεrp v. dream

(kɛ)wεswεs v. call out to (someone) (Diassi 1974:82)

(kɛ)wεt v. gather, collect (Diassi 1974:33)

ka-wet n. sacred grove of a-Mantsho-ŋo-Pɔn (Notes N:97)

dε-wεtsa n. fraternity (Diassi 1974:94)

wu-wεtsa (a-) n. younger brother (Diassi 1974:37)

wik n. (Engl) wick (for a lamp)

winda n. (Engl) window

wir (tsir) n. (Bkl & Bst) goat (Koelle 1854/1963; S. Bangoura 1973:21; Diassi 1974:37, 44)

wiri (a-wiri-aŋa) n. mother (2nd person address) (JNC) wisi (a-wisi-aŋa) n. father (2nd person address) (JNC)

a-wo (tshə-) n. rush, cane, rattan

kə-wɔ n. hoop net for fishing

wobe n. a sp. of tree whose sap is used in making yellow dye paint (Sylla 1976:30; Camara 1975:81)

wɔkəl adj. big, wide

a-wɔkətsh n. a cold (illness)

(kǝ)wol v. play (Notes L:62); v. fuck (cf. fəntərε)

(kǝ)woləl v. play

(kǝ)woləs v. play (Kalissa 1984:31; Diassi 1974:16), enjoy (Notes N:12), reenact, rehearse, make a repetition (Hockins, draft 2013:5). See də-kə-woləs

(kǝ)wolεnε v. have sexual intercourse (Notes L:37) kə-wolεnε n. copulation wololo excl. an expression of grief, sorrow, sympathy, surprise (Notes N:43); sometimes read sarcastically, or in amusement; an exclamation as "Oh my God!," "Good grief!," or "Oh dear."

(kǝ)wolsεnε v. dance (Notes N:41) pɔ-wolsεnε (mɔ-) n. toy (Sarro 2009:xvi); dance (Notes N:41), particularly for entertainment rather than sacred ritual (Hockins, in Lamp 2020)

(kǝ)won v. be hot pǝ-won n. heat

(kǝ)wɔnε v. be amorous (Diass 1974:37)

(kǝ)wɔp v. deform something by pressing on it (Diassi 1974:60) a-wop (tshə-) n. forest a-wop-na-ren n. the sacred forest of a-Tεkən do-wopεrε n. (Bkk) the forest grove of male initiation (Notes M:110) wor-wor/-wor (ma-) n. (Su) bell tied to body in dance (Sylla 1976:60)- small bells worn by female initiates, or tied by kə-kəntsh boys to their stick wɔrtɛ n. sickle. cf. bira, kə-tetia wos (a-) n. husband (Kalissa 1984:39)

(kǝ)wosε v. respond, reply, agree to, accept (Kalissa 1984:15,25; Notes N:27, 85) a-wot n. the forest (in a-Taka) (Diassi 1974:34); cf dop in a-Bunu wotsho adj. ten (10) (Notes L:37) wotsho-kɔ-pin adj. eleven (11) (Notes L:37) wotsho-mas adj. thirty (30) (Notes L:37) wotsho-mεrəŋ adj. twenty (20) (Notes L:37) do-wu (su-) n. knee (Diassi 1974:94; Notes L:31) to-wu (mo-) n. the little knee of a child (Diassi 1974:33) do-wukəlu n. length to-wul (mo-) n. trap a-wump (-) n. Tyto capensis (cape grass-owl bird) (MB)

(kǝ)wun v. last, be of long duration, be a long time pu-wun adv., n. long time, for a long time past wun-du-kum-ta-bəri n. (Bkl) one born after twins wun-tempro-kato n. torch carried on head in tonkure dance (Koita 1983:58) ka-wune n. perspiration. cf. ma-darane

(kǝ)wup/wupε v. bury (Diassi 1974:60; Notes N:27)

(kǝ)wur v. leave, depart (Kalissa 1984:25)

(kǝ)wurε v. bring out (Kalissa 1984:30); release (Notes N:21), show, expose (Notes N:24); take off v. create (Notes N:34) kə-wurε-a-kəntsh n. (Bmn) the final dance in the a-faŋ (Notes M:90) ); the entire final ceremony of kə- kəntsh kə-wure-a-kəntsh-a-ren n. dance of female initiates returning to village, single file, at end of initiation (Camara 1975:32) kə-wure-a-kəntsh-a-rkun n. = kə-nεntsh (Camara 1975:31). cf. kə-wurε-a-kəntsh (JNC) kə-wurε-a-tshol n. ceremony of bringing the a-Tshol out of the house to the kə-lɔ-kə-pɔn after the rainy season ends (Notes M:59) wuru yetsh n. ceremony in the fields to signal the start of the harvest d’-wuru n. outside; physical surroundings a-wus n. a sp. of wood used in carving drums (Camara 1975:73a)

wus / wusu adj. dry (MB) (e.g., po-wus = “It’s dry”)

do-wut n. childhood, youth (Diassi 1974:29)

to-wut / a-wut n. children (pl. only) (sing.: wan) (B. Bangoura 1974:21; Diassi 1974:29; Notes L:35)

a-wut a-kombra n. bastards (pl.) (literally “children of a [single] mother”) (Notes N:21)

a-wut a-ran n. young girls (pl.) (Notes N:1, 21)

a-wut bεpən n. spitting cobra (Diassi 1974:31); cf. a-kisin

to-wut pɔtɔ (mo-) n. tadpole (JNC)

Y

yabə (tə-) n. (Bkl) onion (Koelle 1854/1963; Paulme 1957:273)

(kǝ)yagba v. (< Su ?) pay attention to, obsess about

yaia/yaya n. (< Su) expiation ceremony for one caught by a-tshol (Paulme 1972:268; Sinayoke 1937:225; Appia 1943:171:yayati) - see yainε

(kǝ)yainε v. (< Su) redeem oneself in witchcraft accusation (S. Bangoura 1972:51; Camara 1975:28; Sylla 1984:8); n. ceremony of expiation for a crime

yək n. monkey (Diassi 1974:37). cf. wəkr, a-nkərt, pəkr, a-rosu, təkr, a-tshalkaka

(kǝ)yak v. wash something (Kalissa 1984:19)

rə-yak-ŋof/kə-yak-ŋof n. menstruation; lit:to wash the moon" (Notes M:46)

yaka n. a variety of rice (Paulme 1957:270), grown in the coastal swamps (Diallo 1974:34)

yaka n. (?) leaf (Diassi 1974:34)

(kǝ)yakər v. pull off the pulp of a seed (e.g. mango) and all that's left is the interior seed which is worthless" (i.e. all the mangos are rotten) the same word can also be used for palm kernals (Notes M:82)

(kǝ)yakəs v. be washing (something) (Kalissa 1984:21)

yakuya n. a variety of rice (Paulme 1957:270)

yala n. a fishing line (Diassi 1974:34)

yam n. waves (pl. only) (Notes N:31) yamaku n. ginger yamba n. (< Su) tobacco (Kalissa 1984:13; Sarro 1996:Songs:4)

Yamban n. (PUK & BLS) = D'mba; cf. Jamban

Yamban-Ŋach n. (PUK) = D'mba-da-Tshol

yambo n. shirt (Notes L:36) yambol-yambol n. men (pl.) serving as guards in the initiation to Abol (Notes S:244) yandi imper. pardon (Notes N:11); please (Notes N:26) ka-yanta n. mouth of the river (S. Bangoura 1972:10) yaŋ n. joy (Notes N:41)

Yaŋkrɛs / Yamkrεs n. man's name given in kə-Bεrε-Tshol initiation (Notes L:45; Bangoura 1972:84; B. Bangoura 1974:49). (a- yiŋkǝres = Cucurbitaceae Cucurbita pepo, summer squash, in Temne—Burkill 1985:958)

(kǝ)yas v. row (Diassi 1974:37)

-yas (yas) n. paddle (for canoe) (Camara 1975:48; Diassi 1974:32)

(kǝ)yatsh v. defend (Notes N:61);

(kɛ)yεfε v. (ɛkl & Bst) rise (Arcin; Koelle 1854/1963) stand up, get up (Kalissa 1984:12, 29; Notes L:47; Notes N:29); mǝ yεfε = Are you up? – a standard greeting in the morning, before tanateife. v. leave

(kɛ)yɛfrɛnɛ v. argue, fight kǝ-yɛfrɛnɛ n. argument, fight

(kɛ)yεk v. pile up the rice stalks when harvesting (Diassi 1974:36) yekba n. = yeliba (Notes N:9)

(kɛ)yεksε v. run (Kalissa 1984:31; Diassi 1974:16)

(kɛ)yεkyɛk v. choose (Diassi 1974:64) (JNC) wi-yeli/yeliba (a-) n. (Su/Ma) musician (Camara 1974:113; Notes N:30) yem (a-) n. lie(s), untruth(s) (Notes N:37, 78)

(kɛ)yemε v. lie (tell an untruth) (Kalissa 1984:8; Notes N:40) kə-yen n. a fine, penalty (S. Bangoura 1972:24) yenk adj. strong (Notes N:14), hard, difficult (Notes N:42) mə-yenk dis n. perseverance (Curtis, "D'mba carvers," 2013 draft for Lamp, et. al., D'mba book, p. 17)

Yenka n. woman's name given in kə-Bεrε-Tshol initiation (Notes L:45)

Yenkes n. (Bkk) the female companion to the male serpent headdress (Notes M:109), the herald of Inap; resembled Pəntshamən (Notes M:114)

Yenyari n. monster spirit/octupus? (BLS?) a-yepa n. a sp. of plant whose stem is used to make cough medicine

(kɛ)yer v. share (Diassi 1974:37) yeri n. food (Notes N:14) yeri yεtsh n. "sleep rice", rice meal left overnight (Notes N:6)

(kɛ)yesəm v. rest (Notes L:47) yεt n. poetry (?) (Diassi 1974:48) yεtsh n. rice (cooked) (Kalissa 1984:27; Diassi 1974:49; Notes L:36) da-yεtsh ra da-yɔlfɔ n. Jallof rice (Notes N:10)

Ti-yεt n. (Bkb) a buffoon mask painted with lively colors (Notes M:125) u-yetsra (a-) n. girl, young unmarried woman (Notes L:35) (JNC) cf wi-tshɛmp wi-yεtshra (a-) n. de-yɛtshra n. youth (of girls)

(kɛ)yi v. be; live, stay, reside; be present; be presently…, be in the process of (doing something) (Kalissa 1984:7; Notes N:12, 38) (a ke yi nɔ = "what's happening?" -- Notes N:101) te-yi n. manner, fashion

(kɛ)yialε v. (of the soul):leave the body at night to roam freely (S. Bangoura 1972:61), disappear miraculously (Diassi 1974:37), change into another form (Notes M:35)

(kɛ)yiali v.t. of yialɛ: make someone dissappear, etc. (Notes M:35)

(kɛ)yif v. ask, greet (Kalissa 1984:8; Diassi 1974:34; Notes N:13) (e.g., yif kɔ = “Ask him/her”; in de yif m = “I come to greet you”) yifi adj. great (Notes N:14) a-yik (-) n. yam, taro (Paulme 1957:274) a-yika (-) n. chaff (yika-malo = rice chaff) (Sylla 1976:38; Camara 1975:81); refuse (in pl.)

(kɛ)yikti v. lift up kə-yikti a-kok n. penile erection ki-yikti-do-bomp n. ceremony at end of kə-Bεrε-Tshol when children went to wash; lit:"to lift the head" (Notes M:48) pə-yim/pe-yim n. red (Diassi 1974:97) yimki n. ropes (Notes N:97)

Yiniya n. woman's name given in kə-Bεrε-Tshol initiation (Bangoura 1972:85; B. Bangoura 1974:49; Diallo 1974:56:Yenika) te-yiŋk (me-) n. raffia fiber

(kǝ)yɔ v. do; v. have (Diassi 1974:31; Notes N:11) u-yɔ daka n. rich person (lit. "someone who has things") yɔ fum n. nobody (Notes N:30)

(kǝ)yɔf v. grind a medicine a-yɔfən (-) n. vulture (MB)

(kǝ)yɔk v. pull off the ripe palm kernel cluster from the palm tree (Diassi 1974:36)

(kǝ)yɔk v. make a hole in a tree (Diassi 1974:60) a-yɔkən (-) n. Gyps rüppelli (Ruppel's griffon bird)

(kǝ)yokε v. jump (Kalissa 1984:5) yɔma n. date palm fibre (Notes M:28)

yɔma (s & pl.) n. skirt worn by initiates during initiation, plaited of date-palm raffia (Bangoura 1972:79) (Notes M:17; S:135).

Yonbofissa n. female bust headdress with long hair (Camara 1975:90), with horns [?] (Notes L:14), male/female spirit in mermaid form (Appia 1943:155).

(kǝ)yɔnε v. give (Notes N:10)

(kǝ)yɔnε v. underestimate oneself (Diassi 1974:37)

yɔntsh n. April.; tree whose leaves are used for Wakərəba bears fruit at this time and the boys roast them (Notes M:82)

Yɔŋgo-Yeli/Yɔnkoyeli n. (< Su) matron of female initiates (Camara 1975:33; Diallo 1944:47) woman who performs the excision; man who performs the circumcision in the initiation of young men and boys (Notes S:113)

yɔpɔ adj. big, wide (Diassi 1974:32)

(kǝ)yotu v. pull out by the roots

(kǝ)yɔyε v. do (Kalissa 1984:24)

(kǝ)yuk v. empty (Diassi 1974:60); v. spit

ku-yuk tu-kur n. stump of a tree

Z

Zigiren-Wɔndε n. (Bkk) mask with female bust as superstructure, used in the circumcision ceremony; lit. "the new bride" (Notes M:112). cf. Sa-Sira-Ren

Baga Dictionary -- References Frederick John Lamp

Note: In some cases I have revised the disparate orthographies in the sources to correspond to the usage I have chosen. In other cases, I have chosen to correct spellings that I believe to be inaccurate in sources I have used.

Arcin, André. La Guinée Française: Races, Religions, Coutumes, Production, Commerce, Challamel, Paris, 1907.

Appia, Beatrice. "Masques de Guinée Française et de Casamance," Journal de la Société des Africanistes, 13, (1943):153-82.

Baga Guiné (prospectus for a film, Les Films d'Ici, Paris, 1995).

Bangoura, Blez. L'Education Traditionnelle de la Jeunesse en Pays Baga: Baga Sitemu de Boké (Memoire de Fin d'Etudes Superieures, Institut Polytechnique Julius Nyerere, Kankan, Guinea, 1974).

Bangoura, Mohamed Mangue, ed. Patnè: Le Traditionalisme Baga, La Commission Culturelle [des Jeunes Bagas de Conakry], 1991.

Bangura, Seku Beka. Croyances et Pratiques Religieuses des Baga Sitemu (Memoire de Diplome de Fin d'Etudes Superieures, Institut Polytechnique Julius Nyere, Kankan, Guinea, 1972).

Camara, Abraham. L'Art Baga: Cadre de Reference Baga Sitemou de Boke (Memoire de Fin D'Etudes Superieures, Institut Polytechnique Gamal Abdel Nasser, Conakry, Guinea, 1975).

Camara, Mohamed Saliou. His Master's Voice: Mass Communication and Politics in Guinea under Sekou Touré 1957-1984 (Ph.D. Dissertation, Northwestern University, 1996. 9714557).

Chefs d'Oeuvre de l'Art Guinéen et Africain, Institute National de Recherches et de Documentation, Conakry, 1966.

Chefs d'Oeuvre de l'Art Guinéen et Africain, Institute National de Recherches et de Documentation, Conakry, 1967.

Chevrier, A. "Note Relative aux Coutumes des Adeptes de la Société Secrèt des Scymos, Indigénes Fétichistes du Littoral de la Guinée," L'Anthropologie, XVII, (Paris), 1906:359-376.

Coelho, Francisco de Lemos. Duas Descrições Sescentistas da Guiné, (1669 & 1684), ed. Damito Peres, Academia Portuguesa da Historia, Lisbon, 1953.

Coffinières de Nordeck, (Lieutenant) André. "Voyage au Pays des Bagas et du Rio Nuñez," Le Tour du Monde, I, Paris, 1886: 273-304.

Curtis, Marie Yvonne, & Ramon Sarro. "The Nimba Headdress: Art, Ritual, and History of the Baga and Nalu Peoples of Guinea," Museum Studies: African Art at the Art Institute of Chicago (The Art Institute of Chicago), XXIII, 2, 1997.

Dalby, T. David P. Temne-English Dictionary (unpublished ms., 1982).

Diallo, Rouguyatou. Monographie Historique du Bagataye, de la Région Administrative de Boké des Origines à 1958 (Memoire de Diplome de Fin D'Etudes Superieures, Institut Polytechnique Gamal Abdel Nasser, Conakry, Guinea, 1974).

Diassi, Thomas. Etude Phonologique du Baga (Memoire de Diplome de Fin d'Estudes Superieures, Institut Polytechnique Gamal Abdel Nasser, Conakry, 1974).

Figarol, J. "Monographie du Cercle du Rio Nunez," (Unpublished MS, ca. 1907-1912, Archives Nationales, Conakry, Guinea, compiled 1959, after original, now lost).

Fofana, Fodé. Monographie Culturelle et Artistique de la Region Administrative de Boké (Memoire de Diplome de Fin D'Etudes Superieures, Institut Polytechnique Gamal Abdel Nasser, Conakry, Guinea, 1982).

Galhano, Fernando. Esculturos e Objectos Decoradas da Guiné Portuguesa no Museu de Etnologia do Ultramar, Junta de Investigações do Ultramar, Lisbon, 1971.

Ganong, Marty & Tina Baga Unicode Dictionary (unpublished MS, Pioneer Bible Translators, 2008).

Geertruyen, Godelieve van. "La Fonctian de la Sculpture dans une Société Africaine: Les Baga, Nalu et Landuman," Africana Gandensia, 1, 1976: 63-117

Hair, Paul E. H. "An Ethnolinguistic Inventory of the Upper Guinea Coast before 1700," in African Language Review, VI, 1967: 32-70.

Hamy, E. T. "La grotte du Kakimbon à Rotoma, près Konakry (Guinée Française)," L'Anthropologie, XII, 1901:380-395.

Holas, Bohumil. "Danses Masquées de la Basse-Côte," Etudes Guinéennes (Conakry), I, 1947: 61-67.

Kaba, Sory. "Le Musée de Boké" (MS, Ministère de l'Enseignement Superieur et de la Recherche Scientifique, Conakry, 1984).

Kalissa, Idrissa. Etude du Systeme Verbal du Baga Sitemu (Memoire de Diplome de Fin D'Etudes Superieures, Université de Conakry, 1984)

Kjersmeier, Carl. Afrikanske Negerskulpturer, Scultz Wittenbam, Inc., New York, n.d., (Copenhagen, 1947).

Koelle, S. W. Polyglotta Africana, (1854), Fourah Bay College, Freetown, (1963).

Koita, Aminata. Etude de l'Activité Litteraire dans la Région Administative de Boffa (Memoire de Diplome de Fin D'Etudes Superieurs, Institut Polytechnique Gamal Abdel Nasser, Conakry, Guinea, 1983).

Lacan, Ph. Grammaire et Dictionaire: Français-Soussou et Soussou-Français, Pères du Saint-Esprit, Bordeaux, 1942.

Lestrange, Monique. "Génie de l'Eau et de la Brousse," Etudes Guinéennes, No. 4, 1950: 3-24.

Mouser, Bruce L. "Who and Where Were the Baga? European Perceptions from 1793 to 1821," History in Africa, Vol. 29, (2002), pp. 337-364.

N'Diaye, Youssouf. Conception Philosophique en Pays Baga (Memoire de Diplome de Fin D'Etudes Superieures, Institut Polytechnique Gamal Abdel Nasser, Conakry, Guinea, 1980).

Niane, Djibril Tamsir. "Nimba, Goddess of Fertility in Baga Land," Afrique Histoire (Indianapolis), 1, 1982: 63-64.

Notes (the fieldnotes of Frederick John Lamp, notebooks K-V)

Paulme, Denise. "Structures Sociales en Pays Baga," Bulletin de l'Institut Française d'Afrique Noire, ser. B, XVIII, 1-2, 1956: 98-116.

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