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Th e Upper Guinea Coast in Global Perspective Integration and Confl ict Studies Published in Association with the Max Planck Institute for Social Anthropology, Halle/Saale Series Editor: Günther Schlee, Director of the Department of Integration and Confl ict at the Max Planck Institute for Social Anthropology Editorial Board: Brian Donahoe (Max Planck Institute for Social Anthropology), John Eidson (Max Planck Institute for Social Anthropology), Peter Finke (University of Zurich), Joachim Görlich (Max Planck Institute for Social Anthropology), Jacqueline Knörr (Max Planck Institute for Social Anthropology), Bettina Mann (Max Planck Institute for Social Anthropology), Stephen Reyna (Max Planck Institute for Social Anthropology) Assisted by: Cornelia Schnepel and Viktoria Zeng (Max Planck Institute for Social Anthropology) Th e objective of the Max Planck Institute for Social Anthropology is to advance anthropolog- ical fi eldwork and enhance theory building. ‘Integration’ and ‘confl ict’, the central themes of this series, are major concerns of the contemporary social sciences and of signifi cant interest to the general public. Th ey have also been among the main research areas of the institute since its foundation. Bringing together international experts, Integration and Confl ict Studies includes both monographs and edited volumes, and off ers a forum for studies that contribute to a better under- standing of processes of identifi cation and inter-group relations. Volume 1 Volume 7 How Enemies are Made: Towards a Th eory of Variations on Uzbek Identity: Strategic Choices, Ethnic and Religious Confl icts Cognitive Schemas and Political Constraints in Günther Schlee Identifi cation Processes Peter Finke Volume 2 Changing Identifi cations and Alliances in Volume 8 North-East Africa Domesticating Youth: Th e Youth Bulge and its Vol.I: Ethiopia and Kenya Socio-Political Implications in Tajikstan Edited by Günther Schlee and Elizabeth E. Watson Sophie Roche Volume 3 Volume 9 Changing Identifi cations and Alliances in Creole Identity in Postcolonial Indonesia North-East Africa Jacqueline Knörr Vol.II: Sudan, Uganda and the Ethiopia- Volume 10 Sudan Borderlands Friendship, Descent and Alliance in Africa: Edited by Günther Schlee and Elizabeth E. Watson Anthropological Perspectives Volume 4 Edited by Martine Guichard, Tilo Grätz and Playing Diff erent Games: Th e Paradox of Anywaa Youssouf Diallo and Nuer Identifi cation Strategies in the Gambella Volume 11 Region, Ethiopia Masks and Staff s: Identity Politics in the Cameroon Dereje Feyissa Grassfi elds Volume 5 Michaela Pelican Who Owns the Stock? Collective and Multiple Volume 12 Forms of Property in Animals Th e Upper Guinea Coast in Global Perspective Edited by Anatoly M. Khazanov and Günther Edited by Jacqueline Knörr and Christoph Kohl Schlee Volume 6 Irish/ness is All Around Us: Language Revivalism and the Culture of Ethnic Identity in Northern Ireland Olaf Zenker Th e Upper Guinea Coast in Global Perspective Edited by Jacqueline Knörr and Christoph Kohl berghahn N E W Y O R K • O X F O R D www.berghahnbooks.com Published by Berghahn Books www.berghahnbooks.com © 2016 Jacqueline Knörr and Christoph Kohl All rights reserved. Except for the quotation of short passages for the purposes of criticism and review, no part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system now known or to be invented, without written permission of the publisher. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Knörr, Jacqueline, 1960– editor. | Kohl, Christoph, editor. Title: The Upper Guinea coast in global perspective / edited by Jacqueline Knörr and Chris- toph Kohl. Other titles: Integration and conflict studies ; v. 12. Description: New York : Berghahn Books, 2016. | Series: Integration and conflict studies ; volume 12 | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2015026968| ISBN 9781785330698 (hardback : alk. paper) | ISBN 9781785330704 (ebook) Subjects: LCSH: Globalization—Political aspects—Guinea (Region) | Guinea (Region)—Politics and government. | Guinea (Region)—Social conditions. Classification: LCC DT477 .U67 2016 | DDC 966.5—dc23 LC record available at http://lccn.loc.gov/2015026968 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library This work is published subject to a Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial No Derivatives 4.0 International license. The terms of the licence can be found at https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/. For permission to publish commercial versions please contact Berghahn Books. ISBN 978-1-78533-069-8 (hardback) ISBN 978-1-78533-070-4 (ebook) ISBN 978-1-78533-373-6 (open access ebook) In Memoriam Th is book is dedicated to the memory of Christian Kordt Højbjerg (1961–2014). Christian was an associate professor at the University of Aarhus (Denmark) and a long-time member of the research group ‘Integration and Confl ict along the Upper Guinea Coast’ at the Max Planck Institute for Social Anthropology in Halle (Saale), Germany. After studying at the University of Aarhus, Christian did graduate work at the École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales before obtaining his Ph.D. and his Habilitation in anthropology at the University of Copenhagen. His areas of specialization included Guinea, Liberia, Sierra Leone, Côte d’Ivoire and Mau- ritius. He published extensively on a range of subjects, including historical mem- ory, ritual and social organization, confl ict and emergent political orders, identity and diff erence, and the role of refl exivity in shaping both social change and the- oretical change. Th roughout his work, Christian demonstrated mastery of many skills: he was a dedicated ethnographer, a critical and in-depth analyst, an inspirational teacher, a compassionate man and a fi ne scholar with an open and active mind. As a member of our research group, Christian made a great and valuable contribution to our work. We have lost a wonderful friend and colleague whom we will miss and keep in our hearts and minds as an inspiration for our lives and research. On behalf of all contributors to this book and the members, associates and friends of the Research Group ‘Integration and Confl ict along the Upper Guinea Coast’ at the Max Planck Institute for Social Anthropology, Jacqueline Knörr and Christoph Kohl Contents List of Maps and Figures ix Introduction: Th e Upper Guinea Coast in Global Perspective 1 Jacqueline Knörr and Christoph Kohl Part I. Creole Connections Chapter 1. Towards a Defi nition of Transnational as a Family Construct: A Historical and Micro Perspective 21 Bruce L. Mouser Chapter 2. Luso-Creole Culture and Identity Compared: Th e Cases of Guinea-Bissau and Sri Lanka 40 Christoph Kohl Chapter 3. Freetown’s Yoruba-Modelled Secret Societies as Transnational and Transethnic Mechanisms for Social Integration 58 Nathaniel King Part II. Diasporic Entanglements Chapter 4. Contested Transnational Spaces: Debating Emigrants’ Citizenship and Role in Guinean Politics 77 Anita Schroven Chapter 5. Identity beyond ID: Diaspora within the Nation 95 Markus Rudolf Chapter 6. Th e African ‘Other’ in the Cape Verde Islands: Interaction, Integration and the Forging of an Immigration Policy 116 Pedro F. Marcelino Chapter 7. Celebrating Asymmetries: Creole Stratifi cation and the Regrounding of Home in Cape Verdean Migrant Return Visits 135 Heike Drotbohm Part III. Travelling Models Chapter 8. Travelling Terms: Analysis of Semantic Fluctuations in the Atlantic World 157 Wilson Trajano Filho viii Contents Chapter 9. Rice and Revolution: Agrarian Life and Global Food Policy on the Upper Guinea Coast 174 Joanna Davidson Chapter 10. Transnational and Local Models of Non-Refoulement: Youth and Women in the Moral Economy of Patronage in Postwar Liberia and Sierra Leone 197 William P. Murphy Chapter 11. Expanding the Space for Freedom of Expression in Postwar Sierra Leone 222 Sylvanus Spencer Chapter 12. Sierra Leone, Child Soldiers and Global Flows of Child Protection Expertise 241 Susan Shepler Part IV. Interregional Integration Chapter 13. The ‘Mandingo Question’: Transnational Ethnic Identity and Violent Conflict in an Upper Guinea Border Area* 255 Christian K. Højbjerg (†) Chapter 14. Solo Darboe, Former Diamond Dealer: Transnational Connections and Home Politics in the Twentieth-Century Gambia 280 Alice Bellagamba Chapter 15. Market Networks and Warfare: A Comparison of the Seventeenth-Century Blade Weapons Trade and the Nineteenth-Century Firearms Trade in the Casamance 299 Peter Mark and José da Silva Horta Index 315 *This chapter is not available in the open access edition due to rights restrictions. It is accessible in the print and retail e-book editions, spanning pages 180–204. List of Maps and Figures Maps 1.1 Rio Pongo 23 13.1 Border of Liberia and Guinea 260 Figures 6.1 (1) Internal migration routes and internal migration incentives; (2) irregular migration ship/zodiac routes from West Africa. 122 6.2 Tentative inclusion/exclusion model: (1) perceived professional activity, ethnicity and class; (2) level of integration in host society. 125 7.1 A bandeira, the feast’s fl ag, is run up the feast’s pole. 143 7.2 Coladreiras, drummers and the festeiro, donating small- denomination U.S. bills. 145 8.1 Synoptic Chart of Semantic Shifts 169 Introduction Th e Upper Guinea Coast in Global Perspective Jacqueline Knörr and Christoph Kohl For centuries, the Upper Guinea Coast region of West Africa has been char- acterized by connections and interactions with societies and thought worlds in various parts of Africa and beyond. Th is book explores these regional and global encounters and exchanges, and points to the disruptions and continuities they caused as well as to the region’s infl uences on other parts of the world. Its chapters focus on the region’s entanglements with diff erent societies, entanglements trig- gered by the expansion of colonialism, the Atlantic slave trade and, more recently, densifying transnational networks and increased global interaction – processes and institutions that are interconnected and interdependent in manifold ways.
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  • Violent Conflicts and Civil Strife in West Africa: Causes, Stability Challenges and Prospects

    Violent Conflicts and Civil Strife in West Africa: Causes, Stability Challenges and Prospects

    Annan, N 2014 Violent Conflicts and Civil Strife in West Africa: Causes, stability Challenges and Prospects. Stability: International Journal of Security & Development, 3(1): 3, pp. 1-16, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5334/sta.da RESEARCH ARTICLE Violent Conflicts and Civil Strife in West Africa: Causes, Challenges and Prospects Nancy Annan* The advent of intra-state conflicts or ‘new wars’ in West Africa has brought many of its economies to the brink of collapse, creating humanitarian casualties and concerns. For decades, countries such as Liberia, Sierra Leone, Côte d’Ivoire and Guinea- Bissau were crippled by conflicts and civil strife in which violence and incessant killings were prevalent. While violent conflicts are declining in the sub-region, recent insurgencies in the Sahel region affecting the West African countries of Mali, Niger and Mauritania and low intensity conflicts surging within notably stable countries such as Ghana, Nigeria and Senegal sends alarming signals of the possible re-surfacing of internal and regional violent conflicts. These conflicts are often hinged on several factors including poverty, human rights violations, bad governance and corruption, ethnic marginalization and small arms proliferation. Although many actors including the ECOWAS, civil society and international community have been making efforts, conflicts continue to persist in the sub-region and their resolution is often protracted. This paper posits that the poor understanding of the fundamental causes of West Africa’s violent conflicts and civil strife would likely cause the sub-region to continue experiencing and suffering the brunt of these violent wars. Introduction 24). While violent conflicts are declining in The transformation from inter-state to intra- the sub-region, recent insurgencies in the state conflict from the latter part of the 20th Sahel region affecting the West African coun- Century in West Africa brought a number of tries of Mali, Niger and Mauritania sends its economies to near collapse.