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Crime, Punishment, and Colonization: a History of the Prison of Saint-Louis and the Development of the Penitentiary System in Senegal, Ca

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Crime, Punishment, and Colonization: a History of the Prison of Saint-Louis and the Development of the Penitentiary System in Senegal, Ca CRIME, PUNISHMENT, AND COLONIZATION: A HISTORY OF THE PRISON OF SAINT-LOUIS AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE PENITENTIARY SYSTEM IN SENEGAL, CA. 1830-CA. 1940 By Ibra Sene A DISSERTATION Submitted to Michigan State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY HISTORY 2010 ABSTRACT CRIME, PUNISHMENT, AND COLONIZATION: A HISTORY OF THE PRISON OF SAINT-LOUIS AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE PENITENTIARY SYSTEM IN SENEGAL, CA. 1830-CA. 1940 By Ibra Sene My thesis explores the relationships between the prison of Saint-Louis (Senegal), the development of the penitentiary institution, and colonization in Senegal, between ca. 1830 and ca. 1940 . Beyond the institutional frame, I focus on how the colonial society influenced the implementation of, and the mission assigned to, imprisonment. Conversely, I explore the extent to which the situation in the prison impacted the relationships between the colonizers and the colonized populations. First, I look at the evolution of the Prison of Saint-Louis by focusing on the preoccupations of the colonial authorities and the legislation that helped implement the establishment and organize its operation. I examine the facilities in comparison with the other prisons in the colony. Second, I analyze the internal operation of the prison in relation to the French colonial agenda and policies. Third and lastly, I focus on the ‘prison society’. I look at the contentions, negotiations and accommodations that occurred within the carceral space, between the colonizer and the colonized people. I show that imprisonment played an important role in French colonization in Senegal, and that the prison of Saint-Louis was not just a model for, but also the nodal center of, the development of the penitentiary. Colonial imprisonment was not meant to be a true replica of that in metropolitan France. Therefore, Saint-Louis received people who were just charged, those sentenced, vagrants, and even people in transit who never committed any crimes. The driving forces of the system were the need for control over a poorly understood sociopolitical order, and for cheap labor force, that went hand in hand with French territorial expansion. The absence of a clear penitentiary theory, of basic technical expertise in prison management, and of sufficient financial resources, distorted the system and created space for a prison subculture never really understood by the French, and which had a serious impact on the penitentiary. I collected archival sources in Senegal (Dakar and Saint-Louis) and France (Aix-en- Provence). I root the study in the historiography of African colonization, and imprisonment in other colonial settings. I am inspired by the Subaltern Studies and am using theories developed by Michel Foucault, David Rothman and the literature on punishment they inspired. I borrow from James Scott’s concepts of the “weapons of the weak” and “infrapolitics of subordinate groups” to analyze African agency in the prison space. The crisis in the prison system in many African countries, the political use of imprisonment, and the increasing development of “private” methods of policing and punishment due to the growing lack of trust by large components of African civil societies in the formal legal systems, are mostly informed by the colonial legacy. I argue that understanding these trends and their antecedents through historical inquiry is critical in the current process of building more democratic and socially just societies in Africa. Imprisonment is an institution through the history of which we gain a fresh view on the logics, the actors, and the outcome of French colonialism. My research sheds new light on a critical part of the history of Senegal and West Africa, but also opens up new research directions for a better understanding of the philosophy and politics of punishment and their implications for the rule of law in our societies in the postcolonial era. COPYRIGHT IBRA SENE 2010 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I started my research on the history of imprisonment in colonial Senegal with my MA thesis. From that time until the completion of my dissertation in 2008, I have benefited from the precious support, encouragement, and guidance of countless institutions and people to whom I would like to express my deepest gratitude. This work would not have been completed without the funding I got from a variety of institutions. While at Université Cheikh Anta Diop (UCAD), where I started my graduate work, I received funding from the university, the Council for the Development of Social Science Research in Africa (CODESRIA), and the West African Research Association. At Michigan State University (MSU), the History Graduate Teaching Award and monies from the UCAD- MSU Strategic Partnership (from various sources including the Office of the Provost) were instrumental for the completion of my coursework. I also received financial support from the Department of History, the College of Arts and Letters, the College of Social Science, and International Studies and Programs for pre-dissertation research trips in Senegal, and to present my work at conferences in Africa, Europe, and North America. Thank to an International Dissertation Research Fellowship from the Social Science Research Council, I was able to conduct research in Senegal and France for twelve months. A Summer Support Fellowship from the College of Social Science (MSU) allowed me to complete the writing of my dissertation. For their generous comments and suggestions, I owe a big debt to all those who listened my presentations at conferences, read portions of my work, and/or with whom I had the chance to discuss my research. Among other venues, I presented some chapters of my dissertation in nd their early stages at the West African Research Association’s 2 symposium in Dakar (2002), the African Studies conventions held in New Orleans (2004) and New York (2007), the French v Colonial Historical Society’s annual meetings in Toulouse (2003), Dakar (2006), and La th Rochelle (2007), the 8 Annual Graduate Student History Conference at York University, nd Toronto (2004), the 2 International Conference on Forced Labor in Africa at the University of Porto, Portugal (2005), and the Association of African Historians meeting in Addis Ababa (2007). I am especially indebted to my two mentors, Professors Ibrahima Thioub and Ousseynou Faye, in the Department of History, at Université Cheikh Anta Diop . I started my graduate work under their supervision, before joining Michigan State University. Even after I left Dakar, I kept in touch with them and they constantly offered important suggestions for the construction of my research. Also, they always let me use their office every time I went to Senegal for my research. Along with them, I thank all the members of the Groupe d’Études et de Reflexion sur la Marginalité et l’Exclusion au Sénégal (GERMES) in the Department of History, at UCAD. I would also like to thank the other faculty in the Department, especially the late Professors Mbaye Gueye and Brahim Diop, but also Professors Ndiouga Benga, Boubacar Barry, Cherif Ba, Idrissa Ba, Kalidou Diallo, Adama Diop, Mamadou Moustapha Dieng, Mamadou Fall, Omar Gueye, Aboubacry Moussa Lam, Penda Mbow, Mor Ndao, Abderrahmane Ngaide, Saliou Ndiaye, Babacar Sall, Moustapha Sall, and Rokhaya Fall Sokhna, for their continuous advice, encouragement, and multiform support while I was working on my dissertation. Without the assistance I received from the staff of the Archives du Sénégal (ARS), it would not have been possible to complete my dissertation. I would like to give special thanks to Saliou Mbaye, Momar Diop, Babacar Ndiaye, Mamadou Ndiaye, and the folks at the Batiment Annex , including Mme Awa Cissé Ba, Louis Diokh, Mactar Diouf, Atoumane Doumbia (now in Louga), Mame Gor Faye, Amady Aly Pam (now with the Banque Centrale des Etats de l’Afrique vi de l’Ouest ), and Ahmet Allassane Sy (Security), for their invaluable help. I am also indebted to the Director and staff of the Centre de Recherche et Documentation du Sénégal (CRDS), in Saint-Louis. In Aix-en-Provence, France, I owe thanks to the staff of the Centre des Archives d’Outre- Mer (CAOM). On the recommendation of the late Brahim Diop, Noel Coulet ( Fondation Paul- Albert Février ) welcomed me and housed me at the Février apartment, in downtown Aix-en- Provence. I would like to express my deepest gratitude to them. In East Lansing, the hospitality of Cheikh Babou, his wife, Fatime Diop Babou, Pape Diop, and Ellen Foley made my adjustment to the life in the US very smooth. I cannot thank them enough for their encouragements and guidance. At MSU, my fellow graduate students generously offered useful comments and suggestions on portions of my dissertation. I would like to thank Cheikh Babou, Moussa Dieng, Assan Sarr, Tamba Mbayo, Mary Mwandi, Mikelle Antoine, Bala Saho, and many more. I also owe a great deal to Peter Limb and Joe Lauer, both in the Africana section of the MSU Libraries. They never missed the occasion to draw my attention to sources they thought would be useful for my research. Also, as historians of Africa in their own right, they had many illuminating discussions with me on my dissertation, often times over coffee. I thank Prof. Nwando Achebe, Prof. Peter Alegi, and the other History faculty and staff who assisted me in one way or another. I would like to recognize my dearest sister, Dr. Barrel Gueye, who, though not a historian, always asked me provocative questions which, among other things, alerted me on the necessity to present my work in a language that is accessible to an audience beyond the circle of historians. vii I would like to give my heartfelt thanks to the members of my dissertation committee. Over the years I have been working on this project, Prof. Peter Beattie, Prof.
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