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South-South De/Postcolonial Dialogues Reflections from Encounters Between a Decolonial Latin-American and Postcolonial Senegal

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South-South De/Postcolonial Dialogues Reflections from Encounters Between a Decolonial Latin-American and Postcolonial Senegal South-South de/postcolonial dialogues Reflections from encounters between a decolonial Latin-American and postcolonial Senegal Matías Pérez Ojeda del Arco Student number: 840701648020 Study Program: MSc. Development and Rural Innovation Course Number: SDC-80430 Chair group: Sociology of Development and Change Supervisor: Dr. Pieter de Vries, SDC Group, WUR Examiner: Dr. Conny. Almekinders, KTI Group, WUR August 2017 “Decididamente, nos habían enseñado (pretenden seguir enseñándonos) el mundo de cabeza” Roberto Fernández-Retamar - Calibán [1971] (2016, p. 201). « Je n’ai jamais eu la prétention de faire école, j’ai eu la prétention d’être moi-même, d’abord, et d’être sûr que je suis moi-même » Amadou Hampâté Bá - Sur les traces d’Amkoullel l’enfant Peul (1998). i Contents Abstract ................................................................................................................................ iii Preface ................................................................................................................................. iv Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................. vi Table of figures ....................................................................................................................vii CHAPTER I: THE NEED FOR SOUTH-SOUTH DE/POSTCOLONIAL DIALOGUES ............................ 1 1.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 The decolonial body of thought ........................................................................................ 3 1.3 A land grabbing: An entry point to south-south de/postcolonial dialogues ..................... 9 1.4 De/postcolonial inquiries ................................................................................................ 13 1.5 Entering the South-South de/postcolonial dialogues ..................................................... 13 1.6 Structure of the document .............................................................................................. 18 CHAPTER II: ENCOUNTERING THE NUANCED DE/POSTCOLONIAL SENEGAL ........................... 20 2.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 20 2.2 The postcolonial Senegal ................................................................................................. 21 2.3 Blurring the boundaries among de/postcolonial thought .............................................. 37 2.4 Conclusion ....................................................................................................................... 41 CHAPTER III: LAND GRABBING IN POSTCOLONIAL SENEGAL ................................................... 42 3.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 42 3.2 Senegalese views of a land grabbing case in a postcolonial context .............................. 42 3.3 Reflections on (im)possibilities for a ‘colonial’ articulation ............................................ 55 3.4 Coloniality of power, knowledge, and being in the land grabbing case ......................... 62 3.5 Conclusion ....................................................................................................................... 67 CHAPTER IV: EXPLORING DECOLONIALITY ............................................................................... 69 4.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 69 4.2 Landing decoloniality ....................................................................................................... 69 4.3 A reconciliation among de/postcolonial critical thought through Fanon ....................... 73 4.4 “Not two but three”: A reflection on being decolonial ................................................... 75 4.5 Conclusion ....................................................................................................................... 78 CHAPTER V: CONCLUSIONS ...................................................................................................... 79 REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................. 81 ANNEX ...................................................................................................................................... 88 ii Abstract This research is about south-south de/postcolonial dialogues emerging from a critical reflection on my position in the global geo-politics of knowledge. I draw primarily on the Latin American decolonial framework, and on the work of de/postcolonial critical thinkers in postcolonial Senegal and Africa. My research is based on a five months ethnography in Senegal. First, I explore the south-south de/postcolonial dialogues by analysing my encounters with the nuanced de/postcolonial Senegalese critical thought, which reveals the existence of an intense critique to ‘the something colonial’ that remains in postcolonial Senegal and suggests the necessity of blurring the boundaries among de/postcolonial thought. Second, I use the land grabbing case of Senhuile-Sénéthanol in the Ndiaël in northern Senegal to explore further this critique. In this case study, I explore how Senegalese perceive land grabbing in their postcolonial context, and whether they view it - or not - as a colonial phenomenon. I use the decolonial framework to interpret their views as well as to explore the coloniality of power-knowledge-being. This leads me to suggest that the decolonial body of thought is complementary and enriches analyses influenced by political economy to understand the coloniality of contemporary land grabbing in postcolonial Senegal. Aspects such as pejorative and racialized open discourses towards the affected population in the name of development gain relevance when using the decolonial body of thought. Finally, based on my encounters with postcolonial Senegal, I reflect on lessons around decoloniality, by focusing on decoloniality as an everyday ethics rather than as an unfulfilled and impossible project. I end the thesis exploring the convergences between de- and postcolonial thought, and a reflection on the confrontational aspects of the decolonial body of thought. Keywords: (de)coloniality, decolonial thought, postcolonial thought, Senegal, land grabbing. iii Preface As a graduate in forestry sciences from the urban capital of Lima, Peru, I immediately went to the Amazon rainforest to work, where I became fascinated with botanical and ecological voyages. However, as my time was passing by in the Amazonian region, I started talking more and more with people than with plants, from the utilitarian role of forests and cognitive interpretations of the chaotic nature, to listening to local dwellers' needs, plights, and long-time struggles. Such time was marked by personal social encounters, although the ‘social’ had not been absent during my childhood and adolescence. Back at my parents’, I grew up among sparks from the Latin-American theology and philosophy of liberation; the Cuban revolution and Peruvian leftist initiatives and movements in the 1960s and 1970s where family members took part; the guerrilla war of Ernesto Guevara dying in Bolivia; the incommensurable piles of ‘social’ books in the living room blocking the entrance of the house; my parent’s magic stories before going to sleep expressing all the human and no- human condition around feelings, comedies, sufferings, social struggles and liberations; and the class-struggles songs played in cassettes on and on while having breakfast before going to school. Nevertheless, it was precisely at a remote biological station in early June 2009 where I can locate a foundational moment to me. With efforts to hold the frequency in a military radio, I heard about the tragic end to 55 days of Amazonian mobilizations: 35 people died in the Northeast Amazon. It was there where I vividly experienced the racialization of the ‘Other’ through pejorative representations, such as the labelling of indigenous population as ‘citizens of second class’ by the Peruvian President Alan García, and the disavowing of indigenous’ customary lands considered as ‘unproductive’, ‘wasted’ spaces blocking the national ‘development’. I silently started formulating overarching questions to myself regarding the idea of development, development by who and from whom, as well as the clash among traditions and modernity. I realised that these clashing images repeat on and on also in Latin America. In my personal search for answers out of a classroom space, I accidentally came across two books that contributed to my critical thinking: Witness to Sovereignty: Essays on the Indian Movement in Latin America (2006) by the Peruvian anthropologist Stefano Varese, and El Laberinto de la Soledad (1999) by the Mexican poet Octavio Paz. Both somehow linking the idea that independences from colonial powers in Latin America mainly brought the colonized mestizo/criollo class to occupy the position of the former colonizer. This idea permeated deep in my way of reading and feeling the 2008- 2009 Peruvian-Amazonian crisis, and somehow gave me an initial clarification to why the president García was openly denigrating Amazonians for the sake of development and public interests not for Peru,
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