Center for AFRICAN STUDIES RESEARCH REPORT 2013–2014 ABOUT THE CENTER

ONE OF THE NATION’S PREMIER INSTITUTIONS FOR TEACHING AND RESEARCH ABOUT AFRICA

Founded in 1964, the Center for African Studies at UF has been continuously designated a U.S. Department of Education Title VI National Resource Center for Africa for 30 years. It is currently one of only 12 such centers nationally, and the only Africa NRC located in a sub-tropical zone. Title VI funding to CAS supports research, teaching, outreach, and the development of international linkages in Africa.

The Center has over 100 affiliated teaching and research faculty in all of the core disciplines in the humani- ties and social sciences, as well as in agriculture, business, engineering, education, fine arts, natural resources and environment, journalism and mass communications, law, tourism, and natural sciences. Graduate study on African issues may be pursued in any of these fields. Center faculty maintain ties with universities across the African continent, including institutions in Botswana, Ethiopia, Ghana, Mali, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, South Africa, Tanzania, and Uganda.

The Center’s innovative and influential on-line journal, the African Studies Quarterly, is the first fully peer- reviewed electronic journal devoted to the field. ASQ plays an important and largely unique role in facilitating the publication of research on and from Africa, and offers invaluable professional training for UF graduate students who serve on its editorial board.

GRADUATE STUDY OF AFRICA AT UF

Graduate study with a focus on Africa can be carried out in virtually every graduate or professional program across the university. Prospective students are encouraged to consult the websites of the individual programs for admissions procedures and criteria. Students in any graduate program at UF have the option of pursu- ing a Graduate Certificate in African Studies. We also encourage them to consult the Center’s website and to contact us when they submit their applications.

Complementing formal coursework, a regular and dynamic series of lectures, conferences and other activities open to all interested graduate students provide rich opportunities for interdisciplinary exchange and discus- sion about Africa. Most significantly, a number of dynamic CAS-sponsored interdisciplinary working groups organize speakers and events that bring together faculty and graduate students with shared interests, provid- ing students with unique opportunities for research and professional development.

CENTER FOR AFRICAN STUDIES Research Report 2013–2014 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABOUT THE CENTER...... 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS...... 2 FROM THE DIRECTOR...... 4

FACULTY REPORTS BRENDA CHALFIN – Infrastructure, Extraction and Urban Public Life in Ghana...... 5 ELIZABETH DEVOS – Emergency Medicine Curriculum Development for Africa...... 6 JAMES ESSEGBEY – Documenting the Language of Fishing among the Dwang...... 7 JOAN FROSCH – Partnerships In Research and Performance: Africa Contemporary Arts Consortium...... 8 BARBARA MCDADE GORDON – The African Diaspora: A Global Geographical and Historical Phenomenon...... 9 ABDOULAYE KANE – Articulation of Translocal and Transnational Tijani Religious Circuits...... 10 AGNES LESLIE – Chinese Investments in Zambia: The Role of Government in Protecting Workers...... 11 CORENE MATYAS – Rainfall Patterns in Mozambique and Income Change for Subsistence Farmers...... 12 FIONA MCLAUGHLIN – Centenaire Pidgin: Senegal’s Newest Urban Language...... 13 CONNIE J. MULLIGAN – Epigenetic Alterations and Stress: A Biocultural Investigation of the Effects of War...... 14 TERJE ØSTEBØ – Islam, Ethnicity and Reformism in the Horn of Africa and Africa...... 15 DANIEL REBOUSSIN – Manuscripts Support Research on Wildlife Conservation...... 16 RICHARD RHEINGANS – Understanding and Tackling Health Disparities in East Africa...... 17 VICTORIA ROVINE – Africa at the Colonial Expositions: Representation through Visual Art...... 18 PETER SCHMIDT – Building Community Heritage Collaborations in Kagera, Tanzania...... 19 FRANK SEIDEL – Documentation of Baga Mandori: an Endangered Language of Guinea...... 20 RENATA SERRA – Women’s Collective Action in Agricultural Markets...... 21 JILL SONKE – The Arts and Health in East-Central Africa...... 22 ISTVÁN TARRÓSY – US Africa Policy and the Changing Global System...... 23 LEONADRO VILLALÓN – Political Reform, Social Change, and Stability in the Sahel...... 24 LUISE WHITE – Mobile Soldiers, Porous States: The Un-National Liberation of Southern Africa...... 25 ALYSON YOUNG – Risk, Health Systems, and Maternal/Child Health in Pastoral Communities...... 26

STUDENT REPORTS KAREN BAILEY – Influence of an Agricultural Mosaic on Small Mammals and their Ecosystem Services ...... 27 MAMADOU BODIAN – Coalition Politics and Electoral Systems in Francophone Africa ...... 28 LEANDRA CLOUGH – Situational Analysis of Communities around Sabie Game Park in Mozambique...... 29 NASIRU DANMOWA – Transport of Phosphorus Fertilizer and Pesticides in a Northern Nigerian Soil...... 30 JUSTIN DUNNAVANT – Ethiopian Archeology and the Archives ...... 31 DANIEL EIZENGA – Processes of Democratization in the Sahel ...... 32 CARLEE FORBES – Woven History: Raffia Cloth in the Kongo ...... 33 ANN LEE GRIMSTEAD – Zanzibar: The Nine-Hour Revolution ...... 34 EMILY HAUSER – Democratization and Colonial Legacies in Nigeria ...... 35 NICHOLAS KNOWLTON – Ghana’s Democratic Trajectory in Comparative Perspective ...... 36 CHESNEY MCOMBER – Gender Equity within Climate Information Services: Insights from Kenya ...... 37 ANNA MWABA – Supporting Democracy: Preparing Malawi for 2014 ...... 38 EMMANUEL A. OFORI – Use of Insults/Intemperate Language in Political Discourse in Ghana...... 39 AMY PANIKOWSKI – Women Crafters and Protected Areas in KwaZulu-Natal ...... 40 CHRISTOPHER RICHARDS – The Significance of Fashion in Accra, 1953-2013 ...... 41 ABIYOT SEIFU – Life and Death of Medieval Ethiopian Priests in Northern Ethiopia ...... 42 DANIEL STIRLING – Adapting Hospital Outreach to Village Needs in Northern Uganda ...... 43 RAINA S. ZANTOUT – Health Risks Linked to Irrigation and Gender Roles in Agriculture in Tunisia ...... 44

2 CENTER FOR AFRICAN STUDIES Research Report 2013–2014 COLLABORATIVE PROJECT REPORTS SUSAN COOKSEY, ROBIN POYNOR, HEIN VANHEE & CARLEE FORBES – “Kongo Across the Waters” Exhibition...... 45 CHARLES BWENGE, JAMES ESSEGBEY & AKINTUNDE AKINYEMI – African Languages Initiative (AFLI)...... 46 ANITA SPRING & ROBERT ROLFE – Sub-Saharan Africa Business Environment Report (SABER)...... 47

AFRICAN STUDIES QUARTERLY...... 48 FOREIGN LANGUAGE AND AREA STUDIES FELLOWSHIPS...... 49 THANKS TO OUR DONORS...... 50 SUPPORT UF GRADUATE STUDENT RESEARCH ON AFRICA...... 51 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS...... 52

CENTER FOR AFRICAN STUDIES Research Report 2013–2014 3 FROM THE DIRECTOR ABE GOLDMAN

interdisciplinary work at UF and CAS. American Studies at the University of Particularly notable in 2013-14 has been the Florida. MDP admitted its fourth class in major exhibit of Central African Kongo 2013, and many of the MDP students have art and its impacts in the Americas. Titled been or plan to be involved in development Kongo Across the Waters, the exhibit and its projects and efforts in Africa. associated major publication with the same Finally, UF’s Program in African title, is the result of collaboration among Languages, which is closely linked to CAS our affiliated faculty at the Harn Museum, as well as UF’s Department of Languages, UF’s School of Art & Art History, and Literatures, and Cultures (LLC), organized the Royal Museum for Central Africa in and hosted a third summer of intensive Tervuren. The exhibit and related research African language instruction through was also the foundation of the 2014 Carter the African Languages Initiative (AFLI). Conference, which brought together his- Graduate and undergraduate students from torians, archaeologists, art historians, and UF and numerous other American universi- artists to explore past and present intercon- ties received innovative immersive instruc- It is a great pleasure to nections among Central Africa, Europe, tion in five African languages. present the University of Florida’s and the Americas. Following its time at These are only some of the col- Center for African Studies (CAS) the Harn Museum, the exhibit is scheduled laborative efforts involving our faculty and 2013-14 Research Report. These to travel to Atlanta, Princeton, and New students over the past year. Many more research summaries represent a sample Orleans in 2014-15. research activities of wide ranging focus of some of the wide scope of work on Numerous other collaborative and interest are summarized in the reports Africa being carried out at the University of efforts, both formal and informal, are below, and we hope you will find them Florida. Our faculty and graduate students reflected in the report. Among these are stimulating. as well as visiting scholars are involved in various projects carried out by members We are also very pleased to research that spans the continent geograph- of the interdisciplinary working groups acknowledge the support we receive from ically and ranges in focus from multiple sponsored by the Center, among the most various sources. Most notably, CAS was areas of the humanities to the natural active of which in 2013-14 have been again granted funding as a Title VI National sciences and wildlife conservation; from groups focused on Islam in Africa and on Resource Center for African Studies aspects of political, social, and economic Health and Society in Africa. Both of these in 2010, one of only 12 in the country. change to the human and environmental groups hosted a range of visiting speakers Despite substantial budget cuts to the Title impacts in Africa of climate change, dis- and other events through the year. Some VI programs nationwide, this grant helps ease, and globalization. of the research being done by members of us continue our work and supports many A major objective of CAS is to the Islam in Africa group is summarized in of our students through Foreign Language bring together scholars from numerous reports by faculty members Ostebo, Kane, and Area Studies (FLAS) fellowships. We backgrounds and perspectives to identify and Villalon and graduate students Bodian, are also grateful for continuing support and address important questions of intel- Eizenga, Hauser, and Grimstead. Some from several sources at the University of lectual and applied significance. The Center of the work on health issues in Africa is Florida, especially the College of Liberal and our faculty and students have also reflected in the reports by faculty members Arts and Sciences, the Office of Research, consistently encouraged and supported col- DeVos, Mulligan, Rheingans, Sonke, and and the Office of the Provost. Numerous laborative engagement with our colleagues Young and graduate students Stirling and individual donors, listed later in the report throughout Africa, and we have been Zantout. In addition, the research summa- continue to support our activities and enriched by short and longer term visits by ries include a selection of work at UF on students and help us to prepare skilled and scholars and researchers from various parts language and linguistics, art, archaeology, knowledgeable scholars and researchers of Africa and elsewhere. development and political change, and con- who have deep understanding of and com- In addition to work by individuals servation and climate change. mitment to African peoples, societies, and and smaller groups of researchers, several CAS also continued its strong environments. larger collaborative projects included in commitment to the new Masters in For more information about CAS, this report help to illustrate the range of Development Practice (MDP) degree, and our various activities and opportunities, jointly offered with the Center for Latin please visit our website: www.africa.ufl.edu.

4 CENTER FOR AFRICAN STUDIES Research Report 2013–2014 FACULTY REPORTS

Infrastructure, Extraction and Urban Public Life in Ghana BRENDA CHALFIN

I am presently in the midst of two new projects. Building on my earlier research on maritime frontiers and security infrastructure, my newest project explores the manifold regimes of risk management surrounding off-shore oil rigs and opera- tions. Drawing on a pilot study conducted in Ghana (the hub of this new oil front) with UF PhD students in 2012, I focus on deep water hydrocarbon prospecting and extraction in the western Gulf of Guinea. In addition to presenting preliminary research findings, I am now preparing grant applications for what I envision to be a multi-disciplinary study involving a number of West African and European collabora- tors. The second project, which I am work on tropical commodities, bureau- Revealing the functional underpin- using my current sabbatical year to write- cracy, and security, it attests to the value of nings of the modernist city upon which its up in book and article form, addresses exploring and theorizing global processes production and reproduction is based, my infrastructure and urban politics in Ghana. from the vantage point of the so-called research brings the politics of these invisi- I began this work in 2009 and continued in periphery. blized yet vital spaces, and modes of social 2010 and 2011. As the places and processes I build my case around the range life to the fore. At the crux of my analysis of interest to me continue to unfold, I of variation found across the multiple are the social and technical infrastructures returned for follow-up research during quarters of the city of Tema. Planned and of waste production and waste manage- the summers of 2012 and 2013. Bringing constructed at the cusp of independence at ment deployed at the city’s margins. These me back to grass-roots ethnography, this the behest of nationalist leader and political include public toilets and bath houses, research reveals the centrality of infrastruc- visionary Dr. Kwame Nkrumah, Tema is sewage and septic systems, garbage dumps, ture to the political life of Ghana’s urban an artifact of modernist internationalism. waste-transfer sites, and bio-waste power underclass at a time when state capacity for While most high-modernist mega-projects generators. Though devised in the face of public provisioning is largely disabled by in the tropics are considered failures, Tema exclusion and the failure of state-based international interventions and a push for is noted for its relative success. My re- public services, as a form of ‘infrastruc- administrative decentralization. In the in- search reveals the city’s very existence and tural politics from below’ these solutions formal and partially planned settlements of on-going functioning to be predicated on instantiate new modalities of public life and urban Ghana of interest to me, the result a series of carefully orchestrated exclu- public provisioning, refiguring the urban is a host of private, primarily community- sions and displacements. These include the public sphere and its political underpinnings based and profit-driven authorities that removal of Tema’s original inhabitants, the and potentials. both replace and recreate the state in the rerouting of shorelines and waterways, and production and capitalization of public the creation of informal satellite settle- Brenda Chalfin is professor of anthro- goods. Relevant to understanding urban ments and populations poised to service the pology and a Center for African Studies trends elsewhere in the world, my under- city but rarely receiving comparable services affiliate. Her research was supported by a standing of these phenomena is informed or supports in return. Like Tema’s electrical 2010-11 Department of Education Fulbright- by Lefebvre’s notion of the ‘right to the grids, drainage channels, and sewer net- Hays FRA fellowship and a 2012 Research city,’ Arendt’s discussion of the public works, these persons, locations and environ- Tutorial Abroad grant from the UF Center realm, and Latour’s conception of ‘thing- mental modifications provide the backbone for International Business Education and politics.’ An article drawn from this study of the city’s operability yet are treated as an Research. appears in the February 2014 issue of the implicit and thus largely unexamined feature journal American Ethnologist. Like my earlier of the wider urban setting.

CENTER FOR AFRICAN STUDIES Research Report 2013–2014 5 Emergency Medicine Curriculum Development for Africa ELIZABETH DEVOS

in Accra, Ghana in 2012. Emergency physi- cians and EMS experts from the United States and South Africa partnered to offer senior medics from the Ghana National Ambulance Service a day of training and career development. Dr. DeVos also presented two lectures to African and International nurse, medic and physician delegates to the main congress on low-cost, high-yield approaches to thoracic and head trauma. As demographics and burdens of disease change, the work of providers of emergency care in Africa will continue to evolve. The first generation of African emergency physicians and acute care Imagine rushing your infant with the AFEM core curriculum bank. Utilizing providers will address non-communicable pneumonia or a friend injured in lectures, journal clubs, quizzes, vignettes diseases and injury in addition to infectious an automobile crash to a hospital and case simulations, faculty from across diseases. Dr. DeVos plans to continue to only to find the most junior med- the continent and the world are working engage UF residents and faculty along with ical graduates staffing the casu- to improve the available resources for EM African partners to support these efforts as alty ward with little expertise and education. Similarly, the African Federation the first locally trained Emergency special- no supervision. This was the reality in for Emergency Medicine will release a ists set out to in their own practices and most of the world until relatively recently— handbook for practitioners in emergency training programs. in fact, Emergency Medicine was only offi- centers across the continent. International cially recognized as a specialty in the United and African faculty partnered to develop Elizabeth DeVos is the Medical Direc- States in 1979. The African Federation of the first book of its kind especially for the tor for International Emergency Medicine Emergency Medicine is working to change African provider. Dr. DeVos collaborated Education at the UF College of Medicine- that reality on the continent. The field of with emergency physicians from South Jacksonville, an assistant professor of practice based on the knowledge and skills Africa to edit the psychiatry section of the emergency medicine, and an affiliate of the required for the prevention, diagnosis and book and authored several chapters. Center for African Studies. management of acute and aspects of illness Further, Dr. DeVos continued to and injury in patients of all ages has been work in the development of skilled ambu- recognized for only a few years in most lance transport for emergencies when she of Africa. During the 2012-2013 year, Dr. served as an organizer for the Pre-Hospital DeVos worked with the African Federation Leadership Workshop satellite to the First for Emergency Medicine to develop model African Congress on Emergency Medicine curriculum for the training of specialist Emergency Medicine physicians. The residency training program for doctors at the Emergency Medical Department at Muhimbili National Hospital in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania is amongst the first on the continent. Dr. DeVos developed a month-long curriculum for Emergency Psychiatry to be utilized by trainees at Muhimbili and later the lessons will be adapted for use more broadly in

6 CENTER FOR AFRICAN STUDIES Research Report 2013–2014 FACULTY REPORTS

Documenting the Language of Fishing among the Dwang JAMES ESSEGBEY

In 2013 I spent nearly six months studying the influence of the dis- appearance of a cultural practice on the language of the Dwang community in the middle belt of Ghana. This group call themselves Akenyenyi and their language Kenyen. The total population of the Dwang people is 3300 and they live in a total of 21 villages. My research consisted mainly of finding out which fishing-related practices the Dwang engaged in and which of these are expressed with Dwang words and which ones are expressed with bor- rowed words. Although mostly farmers, the Dwang people also fish in the rivers on their territory, the most notable one being the Sene river. Until the late 1960s, the main fishing method was communal. It involved using some herbs known as kəsə. At dif- than kəsə: they introduced DDT and a that he used the term to my hearing for the ferent times in the year, the community powder which the people simply called first time. A second consequence is that would harvest the kəsə and take it to the ‘poison.’ Within a short time, this lethal since the fishing practice is no longer com- rocky banks of the Sene river. There they and extremely effective method replaced munal, fewer people get involved in fishing beat it into pulp. They would then spread kəsə. It also removed the need for com- activities. As a result, fewer people know it over the waters and wait ashore. Not munal engagement since anyone could go of Dwang names for fishes and their uses. long afterwards the fish in the area become and sprinkle some poison over an area and Thus within one generation, a development incapacitated and then the community then start collecting the dead fish. The new project wrought changes which have far- moves into the water in an orderly manner method didn’t last long however. This is reaching consequences on the community, to collect them. The communal importance because it was illegal and the Dwang people including their language. of this practice is such that everyone was themselves discovered that the fish they required to cultivate some kəsə on their caught through the process did not taste James Essegbey is associate professor in farms and make it available during kəsə good, and rotted in short time. Surprisingly the Department of Languages, Literatures, expeditions. The fishing event itself was a by the time they stopped this process, and Cultures and a CAS affiliate faculty festive occasion and competing groups were they had also stopped the cultivation of member. formed to see which one beat their kəsə kəsə. They explained that it was too time into pulp fastest. The integral nature of this consuming to cultivate and took precious to the Dwang can be seen from the fact land. As such, they could not revert to their that the traditional way of saying ‘to fish’ is collective fishing practice. During the time I yɛ kəsə which literally means ‘go kese.’ spent there nobody could produce a sample Sometime in the 1960s, the to show to me. Akosombo dam was constructed which led The immediate consequence of to the creation of the then largest man- the stoppage of the kəsə practice is that made lake in the world, part of which is in the expression for catching fish among the Dwang area. This led to the influx of most Dwang has changed from yɛ kəsə to fishing communities from southern Ghana kyire mkpətra, literally ‘catch fish’. In fact, with their fishing practices. Unfortunately, it wasn’t until more than a month into my the new guests also brought along more stay when a medicine man talked about lethal methods of incapacitating their fishes medicinal uses of fish among the Dwang

CENTER FOR AFRICAN STUDIES Research Report 2013–2014 7 Building Enduring Partnerships In Research and Performance:The First Decade of the Africa Contemporary Arts Consortium (TACAC) JOAN FROSCH

been fortunate to work with outstanding over “cultures.” Our evolving friendships choreographers, including Béatrice Kombé and artist-networks thrive as we engage (1971-2007). Resolving early on to engage with cultural workers, organizations, and with international audiences, artists show- public communities across Africa and the cased their creativity in uneven associa- U.S. We embrace human creativity as an in- tions with European presenters. If initially valuable resource. However fleeting, fragile, positioned in the “global arts” market, or intangible it may seem, human creativity a number of artists emerged as leading is, in fact, a resilient, renewable, and emi- contemporary dance figures. While building nently sustainable resource…particularly in European audiences, artists also sought to a diverse and relational ecosystem such as 21st century African experimental develop audiences for their work at home, TACAC. choreographers have not only seeking to professionalize and sustain their constructed dances, but also craft at the grassroots level. Joan Frosch professor of theater & dance, By 2004, Americans remained director of the Center for World Arts, and spaces of freedom. As they embody largely unaware of contemporary dance founding member of TACAC. TACAC is new forms of expression, forerunners from Africa. To address the gap, in con- supported by the Robert Sterling Clark imagine new communities and stimulate cert with the Center for African Studies, Foundation, the Doris Duke Charitable public discourse. Often confronting and the UF Center for World Arts created the Foundation, and in-kind contributions of challenging dominant norms, the creative Gwendolen M. Carter conference/fes- member institutions. Individual touring and practices of such artist-citizens are also tival Movement (R)Evolution Dialogues: residency projects have received sup- practices of democracy building. Inspired Contemporary Performance in and of port from l’Institut Français, and from the by their work, the UF Center for World Africa. Prominent participants introduced National Dance Project of the New England Arts celebrates the tenth anniversary of the form to American artists, scholars, Foundation for the Arts (with lead funding co-founding of the Africa Contemporary critics, and students in several days of from the Doris Duke Charitable Foundation Arts Consortium (TACAC), an organization lectures, symposia, and choreographic labo- and additional funding from the Andrew W. formed to support the work of contempo- ratories. Moreover, as the artists debated Mellon Foundation, the Community Con- rary artists in and of Africa. best practices to foster and sustain contem- nections Fund of the MetLife Foundation, Creative processes and products porary dancemaking in Africa, they came and the Boeing Company Charitable amass energy and resilience, building poten- to understand the unique circumstances Trust). Support for the participation of Af- tial to alter critical perceptions and material of their fellow African artists. Preparing rican artists in TACAC programs has been realities. A new generation of choreogra- for the Gwendolen M. Carter conference/ made possible by the Lambent Foundation, phers has mastered such artistic alchemy. festival was followed by a special invitation the eeg-cowles Foundation, and Art Moves Faustin Linyekula (DRC), Opiyo Okach from MAPP International Productions Africa. Leadership support for research, (Kenya), Nelisiwe Xaba (South Africa), to collaborate with top tier American arts planning, and contextualization provided Nadia Beugré (Cote d’Ivoire), among organizations; and in 2004, the UF Center by the National Endowment for the Arts others, have transformed political histories, for World Arts co-founded The Africa (2006-2012). social tensions, governmental disruptions, Contemporary Arts Consortium. and more, into intimate spaces for analysis Today, ten U.S. organizations and and reflection. Such intricately medi- ten African affiliates comprise TACAC. ated environments foster possibilities for Our activities cycle to amass energy and “thinking differently.” If, during the decades resilience among partners, affiliates, and the since independence, dance performance varied constituencies we serve. In contrast was primarily positioned to play the role to many “cultural exchanges,” TACAC proj- of cultural progenitor, this dance form has ects pursue mutually beneficial interactions taken on the role of cultural interrogator, if defined by those involved. In a decade of not iconoclast. operation, TACAC has prioritized people From 1999 to the present, I have

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The African Diaspora: A Global Geographical and Historical Phenomenon BARBARA MCDADE GORDON

The migration of African peoples has both returned to Ghana after completing his historical and geographical resonance. Ph.D. in geography at UF. I presented a paper at the International While here I am also doing re- Conference on African Studies sponsored search on Africans from the Diaspora who by the Institute of African Studies at the ‘returned’ to Ghana. The diversity of these University of Ghana in October 2013 groups ranges from recent immigrants that captured this phenomenon - “The from the United States and the Caribbean Geography of the African Diaspora: to descendants of Africans who escaped Where, When, Who, What.” I also chaired enslavement in Brazil in the 19th century a panel session “Out of Africa, Back to and relocated to Ghana. Africa: African Diaspora, Migration, and Sustainable Development.” Material from Barbara McDade Gordon is associate pro- my research as well as other studies on this fessor of geography and CAS affiliate facul- topic will inform the new course that I am ty. During 2013-14 she is a visiting scholar in developing at the University of Florida, the Department of Geography & Resource “Geography of the African Diaspora.” Development, University of Ghana. During 2013-2014 I am a vis- In addition to my research on the iting scholar in the Department African Diaspora and follow-up on pre- of Geography & Resource vious research on African entrepreneurs, I Development at the University of am teaching several courses at UG: Human Ghana. UG was my academic base when Geography, Regions--West and East Africa, I did doctoral dissertation fieldwork in and Population Studies. Students at UG are Ghana as a Fulbright Scholar over 25 years enthusiastic about learning these subjects ago. I have returned to Ghana several times as well as wanting to know more about stu- since then for research or professional dents at the University of Florida and life in conferences and this was an opportunity to the United States. I also learned much from serve as a faculty member at the University. Ghanaian students as well as international The International Academy of African students at UG from China, Japan, Nigeria, Business and Development (IAABD) of Norway, Tanzania, and the United States. which I am a member held its Annual In collaboration with faculty mem- Meeting in Ghana in May 2013. I presented bers in the UG Geography Department, I a paper, “Networking among African- initiated a project to produce a textbook for owned Businesses in the Diaspora (United the two-semester sequence of introductory States) and Businesses in Africa.” This courses, Physical Geography and Human report examined the incidence and char- Geography, which are required for all geog- acteristics of African-owned business in raphy majors. One of the book’s authors is the United States: types of businesses, Dr. Kwadwo Owusu, Senior Lecturer, who size, location and geographical distribu- tion. Ghana’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs recently established a program to encourage Ghanaian businesspersons living in the United States, United Kingdom, Europe, and other countries to network and collabo- rate with businesses owners in Ghana. The Africa Diaspora is global and reaches almost every country in the world.

CENTER FOR AFRICAN STUDIES Research Report 2013–2014 9 The Centrality of Fez in the Articulation of Translocal and Transnational Tijani Religious Circuits: the Case of the Baro Family in Mbour, Senegal ABDOULAYE KANE

Every year thousands of West African Muslims belonging to the Tijani Sufi Order travel to Fez to pay a visit (ziarra) to the founder of the Tariqa buried inside the Tijani Zawiya situated in the old Medina of the city. The Baro family in Mbour, known for belonging to the Medina Gounass branch of Tijaniyya in Senegal, has over the past two decades led collec- tive visits to the Zawiya Tijani of Fez. The annual ziarra of Fez has become one of the most important moments for the Baro brothers to reenact their religious authority over their expanding translocal and transna- tional networks of followers. Mansour Baro initiated in the 1980s translocal circuits of travel that take him from Mbour to the villages of the Senegal River Valley (along the border between Senegal, Mauritania, and Mali) and among popular neighborhoods of Dakar where he exhorts Muslims to return to the practice of “true Sufi Islam” by following the recommendations of the Prophet and Sidi Ahmed Tijani. Over the years, he estab- lished a vast network of villages who are af- filiated to him and to the Medina Gounass Branch of Tijaniyya. Some of the leaders of this translocal community of followers were invited to join Tierno Mansour on his annual ziarra in Fez where they are met by their followers from Morocco and Europe. After his death in 2007, Tierno Mansour was replaced by his brother who continues during annual ziarras. The appearance of descendants. The research addresses lastly to entertain both his expanding translocal Sheikh Tijani to Sheikh Baro as well as the a touristic dimension of the pilgrimage by and transnational networks, with a special claims of embodiment of Sheikh Tijani by looking at various activities that pilgrims attention to Fez and their connections with followers, and the assurances of prayers engage in which make them comparable the Tijani Family in Morocco. answered are all part of the confirming ele- to secular tourists. The research examines This research examines how the ments of the high ranking of Sheikh Baro. lodging arrangements for pilgrims outside Baro brothers use the ziarra of Fez to The research analyzes the relations that hotels as well as the shopping and sight- consolidate their religious authority and pilgrims in the Zawiya Tijani of Fez enter- seeing of symbolic places in and around the to prove their special rank in the Tijaniyya tain with the sacred and how they attempt city of Fez. brotherhood. It analyzes the ritual per- to materialize baraka through the combi- formances and the sermons delivered nation of the water of Zawiya’s well, the Abdoulaye Kane is associate professor of by the Baro brothers inside the Zawiya tomb of the founder of Tijaniyya, and his anthropology & African studies.

10 CENTER FOR AFRICAN STUDIES Research Report 2013–2014 FACULTY REPORTS

Chinese Investments in Zambia: The Role of Government in Protecting Workers AGNES LESLIE

My current research focuses on was employed as casual workers even those Chinese investments and their working at the company for a long time. impact on Zambian workers. This The workers in all the five companies were is part of my book project which examines concerned about the conditions of service China’s relationship with Zambia since the and benefits. They had few or no benefits latter’s independence in 1964. Part of the and no sick leave or housing allowance. Two research investigates Chinese investments of the companies offered their employees located in Lusaka with the objective of transport allowance if they left work after portraying the working environment and six in the evening, but their employers conditions of service of the workers. The avoided paying that by keeping the workers investigations focused on benefits for the locked in the factory and working until six workers, including salary, allowances, sick the next morning. leave, safety, and compliance to environ- There are several laws enacted by mental standards. the Zambian parliament intended to protect the Zambia workers. There are at least I toured and investigated small, laws and the poor labor conditions. In 2013, seven laws which relate to labor, employee medium, and large-sized companies. Four the Zambian government revoked licenses relations, benefits and their working envi- of the companies were located in the of Chinese officials who managed the ronment. However, most of the Chinese Lusaka’s industrial area, a few miles from Collum Coal mine, 200 miles south of the employers said they were not aware of the the town center. The fifth company was capital of Lusaka due to poor safety, health laws. In most cases the foreign investors located in a non-industrial area, a few miles and environmental conditions. This is the are made aware of the laws as soon as they off the Great North Road. One company company where the Chinese employers shot start operating in Zambia. The labor de- was involved in brickmaking, another one and injured 11 workers, two seriously. partment also holds workshops to educate in making roofing tiles, two were engaged I conducted surveys with various employers about workers’ rights. in plastic bag production, and the fifth and groups including LSS officials, members Despite having the laws and the largest dealt in steel production. of parliament, the media, university faculty Ministry of Labor and Social Services (LSS) The companies had similar and graduate students. Most of them felt there have been several incidents in which characteristics, including location, set-up, that the government was not doing enough workers’ rights and environmental protec- conditions of employment, and style of to protect the workers. Officials from the tion have not been observed. The LSS has management. They all employed a majority LSS admitted that they were understaffed at times had to close factories due to non- of their workers on a non-permanent basis. and would be more effective if they had compliance of the safety and environmental Some were on contract, but the majority more staff and transportation to conduct the inspections. The MPs suggested the need for more laws to protect the workers and stronger laws to guide the investors and keep them accountable. They also suggested that foreign investors should partner with indigenous companies in order to create positive environments and to empower Zambians.

Agnes Ngoma Leslie is senior lecturer and outreach director in the Center for African Studies. This research is funded in part by the Center for African Studies and the Of- fice of Research..

CENTER FOR AFRICAN STUDIES Research Report 2013–2014 11 Rainfall Patterns in Mozambique and Relationships to Income Change for Rural Subsistence Farmers CORENE MATYAS

As societies dependent on rain- rainfall variability and abnormally high or fed agriculture are highly vulner- low rainfall amounts exhibit a stronger able to weather extremes, link- association with declining incomes than ages between rainfall variability do demographic variables that are not as- and economic well-being merit sociated with the weather, such as being a close attention. Since 2011, I have been female-headed household. working with Dr. Julie Silva (University of We have published two papers Maryland) to explore how rainfall variability with a third in the planning stages. Our and extreme rainfall events may be related first paper appeared in Natural Hazards and to changes in income for rural subsistence the second has been accepted by Weather, farmers across Mozambique. Climate, and Society. Although Drs. Silva and To date, we have characterized I hold separate CAREER awards from the the rainfall patterns that occurred between National Science Foundation to examine two national surveys of socio-economic rural development in southern Africa (Silva) data. The National Agricultural Survey and tropical cyclone rainfall in the U.S. of Mozambique was conducted in 2002 (Matyas), our collaborative work examining and 2005 by the Mozambican Ministry of rainfall and socio-economic outcomes in Agriculture and Rural Development and Mozambique is self-funded. USAID. We extracted data for 3,859 house- holds in 536 villages. We utilized rainfall Regions experiencing the least variability in Corene Matyas is associate professor of estimates detected by satellites to develop rainfall and fewest extreme rainfall events geography. monthly rainfall climatology and deter- were characterized by better economic mined the percentage of normal rainfall performance in agricultural crop income, received at each village in each study month after controlling for other predictors in the of the growing season. We also calculated model. rainfall received at each village from two Households affected by Cyclone landfalling tropical cyclones. These rainfall Delfina in January 2003 exhibited the worst totals plus the percentage of normal rainfall economic performance, indicating that received in each month were analyzed to heavy rainfall from some tropical cyclones establish nine rainfall zones across the can have long-lasting negative effects on country. Rainfall was below normal overall income. Rainfall from Cyclone Japhet in in all three growing seasons. March 2003 may have benefitted crops in To measure economic well-being, an area that was previously experiencing we calculated the change in income from drought as many households experienced 2002 to 2005 for each household. We found increases in income. Households experi- that more than 30% of villages experienced encing high rainfall totals from events other income declines over this 3-year period. We than tropical cyclones fared poorly relative further explored linkages between rainfall to those that did not receive these heavy patterns and change in income by devel- rains. The southern portion of the country oping a regression model to predict annual experienced rainfall deficits in many household per capita change in agricul- months. In some locations, these deficits tural crop income as rain-fed agriculture were interlaced with above-normal rainfall is extremely vulnerable to high rainfall thereby increasing the month-to-month variability in the region. We discovered that variability. variables measuring agricultural character- Various factors, including social, istics and regional rainfall patterns were political, and historical elements, influence significant, while none of the demographic changes in household economic well-being. variables were significant in the model. However, our research indicates that high

12 CENTER FOR AFRICAN STUDIES Research Report 2013–2014 FACULTY REPORTS

Centenaire Pidgin: Senegal’s Newest Urban Language FIONA MCLAUGHLIN

the African language serves as the substrate and the European language as the lexifier, but Centenaire Pidgin is different in that it has been lexified primarily by an African language, namely urban Wolof, and to a certain degree French, while the substrate influences are from Mandarin. Not only is this different from the majority of docu- mented pidgin languages, it is also different from what is found in Chinese markets in other parts of West Africa, where English My current research focuses on and eventually built shops along the street appears to dominate. the sociolinguistics of language in front of them. This influx of Chinese Our research on Centenaire Pidgin contact in urban West Africa, and retailers quickly transformed what had is starting to yield some interesting results, while my original intent before formerly been a residential area inhabited some of which were presented at the I left for the field in 2013 was to primarily by Senegalese civil servants into a France Florida Research Institute’s work- look into the linguistic ecology of hub of commercial activity. Currently there shop on “French in Contact” in November urban Fula (Pulaar and Fulfulde) are two hundred small businesses concen- 2013. We look forward to publishing a in Dakar, Bamako and Niamey, my trated along the boulevard, and the name first account of this language which has plans were thwarted by the can- Centenaire has become synonymous with changed, ever so slightly, the linguistic cellation of all Fulbright programs the Chinese market. ecology of Dakar. in Mali due to political instability Most of the Chinese merchants following the coup d’état of in Centenaire are Mandarin speakers Fiona Mc Laughlin is associate professor March 2012. An extended stay in Dakar, from Henan province. They spend long of linguistics and African languages and however, resulted in a fruitful new area hours in their shops, interacting with their chair of the Department of Linguistics. Her of research on Dakar’s newest language, Senegalese employees and customers who research in Dakar during the spring and which I am undertaking in collaboration come from Dakar and other parts of summer of 2013 was funded by a Fulbright with Minna Zhou, a Fulbright researcher Senegal, as well as from neighboring coun- Africa Regional Research Award. from Northwestern University. In Niamey, tries such as Mauritania, Guinea and Guinea and especially in conversations with Bissau. Outside work hours, however, graduate student Hamza Abdoulaziz in the they socialize almost uniquely with other Linguistics Department at the Université Chinese, thus their domain of linguistic Abdou Moumouni, I became interested in interaction with African speakers is mostly an urban variety of Hausa that has emerged limited to the workplace. These are the out of contact with Songhay, which I hope classic circumstances under which pidgin will become part of a future project. languages – simplified languages that gener- As Dakar evolves from a postco- ally arise in situations of commerce among lonial capital into a globalized metropolis it speakers of different languages – emerge, has started to attract new kinds of migrants and in this case a unique language, which and with them, new kinds of language we have dubbed Centenaire Pidgin, serves contact. Beginning in the late 1990s, a sig- as the lingua franca of the market. nificant number of recently arrived Chinese Like creole languages, pidgins shopkeepers began moving into one of are often discussed in terms of their lexi- the central residential areas of the city, fier and their substrate. The lexifier is the known as Centenaire. They rented space language that has contributed most of the from local owners along the Boulevard vocabulary (or lexicon) to the pidgin, while Général de Gaulle, established stalls from the substrate contributes grammatical struc- which to sell their merchandise in the tures. In almost every pidgin or creole that garages or front yards of the residences, has an African and a European component,

CENTER FOR AFRICAN STUDIES Research Report 2013–2014 13 Epigenetic Alterations and Stress among New Mothers and Neonates in the DRC: A Biocultural Investigation of the Intergenerational Effects of War CONNIE J. MULLIGAN

It has been known for decades with birthweight) and decreased birth- stress exposures as well as information on that a mother’s health impacts the weight. These results are consistent with the post-partum depression and anxiety, blood health of her children. Moreover, it developmental origins of health and disease samples from mother, placenta, cord blood is known that a mother’s experiences while hypothesis in which events in early life, such and newborn for DNA and RNA analysis, she is pregnant (i.e. peri-natal experiences) as pre-natal maternal stress, may modify and saliva and hair samples from mother affect her children’s health, both when offspring biology, in this case via an epigen- and baby to measure cortisol as a biological they are born and throughout their lives. etic mechanism. We also have a manuscript indicator of stress and stress reactivity. We What is unknown is how information in review in which we present genome-wide have also recently expanded the study to about the mother’s health is transmitted methylation data at over 400,000 sites. include follow-up samples from the infants to the developing fetus and, furthermore, These data show that methylation in both at birth, Day 1, Month 1, Month 6 and how this information impacts children’s mother and newborn is correlated with Year 1. Felicien Maisha, who is director of health throughout their lives. This project maternal stress indicating that stress has the HEAL Africa team, recently visited the is one of the first to test the possibility a more generalized effect that is manifest U.S. for the first time – he hand-carried the that extreme environmental or psychoso- throughout the entire genome at over 600 samples to UF and also started the process cial stressors may result in altered health genes. to apply to our graduate program in medical outcomes, possibly in a heritable, multigen- Based on these initial, intriguing anthropology. erational manner. results, I was successful in obtaining NSF We believe this research will With Nikki Rodney (2013 UF funding to expand the study. This past improve our understanding of the link anthropology PhD), we are testing if summer, Nikki returned to Goma to train between stress and health and has broad epigenetic changes, which are inherited a team of collaborators at HEAL Africa implications for the increasing prevalence changes in gene expression that do not to conduct interviews, collect samples and of stress-related disorders in the US. Our affect the underlying DNA sequence, oversee the project over the long-term. This project takes a broad, interdisciplinary per- translate the impact of stress and trauma expanded collaboration has resulted in a spective that integrates human genetics, cul- to mothers into altered health outcomes fabulous, unprecedented set of samples and tural anthropology and sociology, biology in newborns. We are working in Goma, in data to address the long-term, possibly heri- and psychology, as well as political realities eastern Democratic Republic of Congo, table, effects of stress. Our HEAL Africa and public health policy. where ongoing civil war and the use of rape colleagues are collecting information on as a weapon has created one of the most Connie J. Mulligan is professor of anthro- stressful and traumatic environments for pology, associate director of the UF Genet- women on the planet. Through extensive ics Institute, and a Center for African Stud- ethnographic interviews, Nikki has de- ies affiliate. Her research is supported by a veloped culturally relevant measures of NSF grant from the Program in Biological maternal stress. We tested these data against Anthropology. The UF team for this project patterns of epigenetic variation detected includes Alyson Young and Lance Gravlee in DNA samples collected from mothers (anthropology) and Darlene Kertes (psy- and their newborns. Cutting-edge DNA chology). The HEAL Africa team includes sequencing techniques were used to gen- Luc Malemo Kalisya and Justin Paluku erate the largest epigenetic dataset ever on a Lussy, Felicien Maisha, Georgette Kanate, unique set of mother-newborn samples. Bernard Kitumaini, Bisho Malungule, Chan- Our first results from 25 tel Meba, and Anne Marie Rutega. mother-neonate dyads collected in 2010 were published last year (Mulligan et al. Epigenetics, 2012, 7:853-857). We showed that increased maternal stress was cor- related with increased methylation at the glucocorticoid receptor (NR3C1, associated

14 CENTER FOR AFRICAN STUDIES Research Report 2013–2014 FACULTY REPORTS

Islam, Ethnicity and Reformism in the Horn of Africa TERJE ØSTEBØ

Much of my research in 2013 has been devoted to three parallel projects. The first focused on pre- vious Islamic practices in Ethiopia, represented by jinn/spirit posses- sion cults – and encounters with contemporary Salafi reformism. Pointing to how such earlier practices have been discredited by the reformers, the project also demonstrated a certain degree of continuation in which conceptions of - and practices related to - spirits have been re-appropriated. The result of the project will be published in Contemporary Islam in 2014. The second project called “Claims for Authority” was about contestations of power among the leadership at the shrine of Sheikh Hussein in Bale, Ethiopia. This is one of the most important Muslim shrines in Ethiopia, and has for decades been ridden by intense power-struggles. My project analyzed this struggle, and demon- co-existence, and demonstrate how the communities in post-1991 Ethiopia, in- strated how different actors are utilizing historical dominance of Christianity as a cluding intra-religious dynamics within the and combining narratives we commonly political culture and state-ideology has pro- Muslim communities, Islam intersecting would label as either traditional or modern duced a lasting asymmetric relationship and with Ethiopian public and political spheres, in a way that makes it difficult to maintain consequently antagonistic attitudes between and Islam in Ethiopia in relation to the geo- a strict dichotomy between the two. The Christians and Muslims. political discourses in the wider Horn of result of this project will be published in Through my engagement in the Africa. Journal of Islamic Studies in 2014. International Law and Policy Institute My third and long-term project (Oslo, Norway) I have started working Terje Østebø is assistant professor in the has been on religion and ethnicity in the on the religious dimension in three major Center for African Studies and the Depart- Horn of Africa, focusing on the so-called research-projects: Ethiopia: Consolidating ment of Religion. Somali and Oromo liberation movements Peace, or Emerging New Conflicts?; struggling for various forms of autonomy Ethiopia’s Foreign Policy; and a project on for Ethiopian Somalis and Oromo. The aim conflict and mediation in Zanzibar. These of the research is to provide much-needed projects are funded by the Norwegian empirical knowledge and new perspec- Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Swedish tives on the nature and developments of Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and the US the Somali and Oromo ethno-nationalist State Department, respectively. movements in the southeastern parts of 2013 also saw the publication Ethiopia. It will also provide a more nu- of the book Muslim Ethiopia: The Christian anced understanding of inter-religious rela- Legacy, Identity Politics and Islamic Reformism tions in Ethiopia/Horn of Africa, in which edited together with Patrick Desplat I challenge the assumption that Ethiopia (Cologne University). The book focuses is a model for peaceful inter-religious on changes with regard to the Muslim

CENTER FOR AFRICAN STUDIES Research Report 2013–2014 15 Manuscripts Support Research on Wildlife Conservation DANIEL REBOUSSIN

University of Florida biology and conservation. Combined, almost 150 academics. They address topics including environmental science graduate archival document boxes contain nearly 100 hunting practices, community relations with students have the opportunity linear feet of gray literature reports, diaries, parks, overpopulation and herd culling, to study African anthropology, financial records, correspondence, govern- banning the international trade in ivory, geography, history, language, and ment documents, maps, ephemera, research controlling poaching, corrupt government politics. Many students apply an interdis- data, photographs, and digitized video. In practices, game ranching, fish farming, envi- ciplinary understanding to the community addition to providing materials essential ronmental degradation, and disease control. management of wildlife conservation in for research into the history of community More details on these collections are avail- Africa first in project teams and then as conservation strategies in Africa, these able online, with links to research finding graduate practitioners. Now an established related but distinct manuscript collections aids: http://web.uflib.ufl.edu/spec/afri- principle worldwide, the community man- document over 100 years of conservation canwildlife/ Also available there are links agement approach was first implemented law history in the British Empire, wildlife to selected digitized items: the Elephant by the Galana Game Management Scheme policy implementation across colonial Data Sheets project (currently transcribing in colonial Kenya and later expanded by the Africa, change in practices following biological data to machine readable format), Communal Areas Management Programme national independence, and impacts on and an extraordinary 40’ x 3.5’ hand drawn for Indigenous Resources (CAMPFIRE) animals (elephants, rhinoceroses, crocodiles, map of hippopotamus herds below the Nile in Zimbabwe. As African Studies librarian, and hippopotami) as observed by game River’s Murchison Falls, as counted from I have had the pleasure of supporting wardens, professional hunters, ranchers, and the air. teaching and research programs relating researchers. to wildlife conservation by facilitating the Included materials were au- Daniel A. Reboussin is African Studies acquisition, arrangement, and description thored by game and park officials, the US collections librarian at the UF George A. of several outstanding donations of rare Agency for International Development, Smathers Libraries and a Center for African and unique primary resources documenting non-government organizations such as Studies affiliate. Digitization of African these historic waypoints in sustainable wild- World Wildlife Fund, Food and Agriculture Studies Collections is supported by the life conservation. Organization of the UN, the Convention CAS Title VI grant in collaboration with UF The Graham and Brian Child African on International Trade in Endangered Digital Collections. Wildlife and Range Management Collection Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, details CAMPFIRE operations imple- International Union for Conservation of mented in communities across Zimbabwe. Nature, trade groups, consultants, and It reflects program growth through annual reports, educational and promotional materials, and subsequent external critiques. Researchers will find the Ian Parker Collection of East African Wildlife Conservation offers similar documentation of the implementa- tion and eventual failure of the Galana Scheme, along with even more extensive research materials on the ivory trade. The Records of the East African Professional Hunters Association offer a glimpse into the opera- tions of a private group that from 1934- 1974 was influential in the development of wildlife conservation practice, opposition to poaching, the creation of wildlife tourism, and in framing Kenya’s game laws. These are among the most sub- stantial and significant primary resources available on the history of African wildlife

16 CENTER FOR AFRICAN STUDIES Research Report 2013–2014 FACULTY REPORTS

Understanding and Tackling Health Disparities RICHARD RHEINGANS

Diarrhea is one of the leading the coverage of improved sanitation in disparities in child mortality associated with causes of child mortality globally, rural Tanzania. Our collaboration pro- unequal access to sanitation. resulting in almost a half million vides the ministry with data on changes Even when households make deaths in sub-Saharan Africa an- in sanitation behaviors, the barriers to improvements in water and sanitation, chil- nually. Simple interventions like clean change, and opportunities for improving dren often face poor conditions in schools. water, sanitation, hygiene, vaccination, and the effectiveness of intervention activi- Last year we completed a six year study timely treatment can effectively control it, ties. In particular, we focus on whether the of the impact and sustainability of school yet these interventions often do not reach campaign reaches the most vulnerable water, sanitation and hygiene in western those who need it the most. Over the past population and whether poorer households Kenya. Our publications this year showed year, my research group has continued that improvements in conditions can to work on a series of projects to reduce diarrheal incidence, reduce better understand these disparities, absenteeism, and improve gender their consequences, and potential parity in enrollment. However it also solutions. showed that these improvements can New vaccines have recently be difficult to sustain. The project been developed to control rota- included collaborators from CARE, virus diarrhea, which accounts for Great Lakes University of Kisumu, 40% of childhood diarrheal deaths. and Emory University. However such vaccines often do not reach those who need it the most. Richard Rheingans is associate We recently completed a project to professor in the Center for African better understand the disparities in Studies and the Department of access to routine vaccination and the Environmental and Global Health. resulting effect on the health gains His work is funded through grants from new vaccines, such as that for from the UK Department for Inter- rotavirus diarrhea. This work has national Development, PATH, and included a grant from the Bill and the Bill and Melinda Gates Founda- Melinda Gates Foundation to better tion. His research team includes PhD understand the determinants of vac- students John Anderson, Poulomy cination disparities in Nigeria, which Chakraborty, Ben Anderson, and has been presented to UNICEF and Jacob Atem. conferences. It also included a study of how disparities in risk and access to vaccination can limit the impact of new vaccines, resulting in publications benefit equally. This project is carried out in Vaccine and the Journal of Epidemiology and through SHARE (Sanitation and Hygiene Community Health. We are currently working Applied Research for Equity), a research with partners to use this information to in- consortium based at the London School of crease the emphasis on programs reaching Hygiene and Tropical Medicine and funded those who need it most. by the UK Department for International Water and sanitation are also Development. critical interventions to prevent diarrheal In collaboration with SHARE disease and malnutrition, as well as being we have also carried out research to better basic rights. Over the past year we began characterize sanitation related dispari- collaboration with the Ministry of Health ties at a global level. This has included a and Social Welfare in Tanzania to evaluate study of the methods for measuring theses their National Sanitation Campaign (NSC). disparities (published in Tropical Medicine The NSC is a long-term effort to increase and Hygiene) and another estimating the

CENTER FOR AFRICAN STUDIES Research Report 2013–2014 17 Africa at the Colonial Expositions: Representation through Visual Art VICTORIA ROVINE

I recently completed my book, and Nigeria, and the French Soudan (Mali), the most prominent media used to enhance African Fashion Global Style: and I plan to conduct research in each the African displays at these events. hey Clothing, Innovations, and Stories country as I pursue this project. Each of were included as industrial products that about Africa, which will be pub- these colonies was prominently featured at highlighted the important cotton produc- lished in fall 2014 by Indiana the expositions through objects as well as tion of the colonies, and, in the form of University Press. I’m very excited through the presence of colonial subjects European-made textiles for African con- about the book, in part because themselves, whose clothing and other body sumers, they celebrated Africa as a major I will be able to illustrate the adornments enhanced the presentation of market for French and British industries. work of a great many designers. the “exotic” colonies. Through archival re- My own expertise in African textiles makes The book will have ninety this element of the project a natural images, all in color. This exten- extension from my previous work. sive illustration program was made The architecture of the expositions, possible in part by a College Art which included many buildings built Association award, from the Millard expressly for these events, reflected Meiss Publication Fund. British and French responses to This past summer, with the indigenous architecture of their support from a Fine Arts Scholarship colonies. Enhancement Fund award, I initi- Last summer, I conducted ated a new research project. This research in Senegal’s Archives de work grows out of one aspect of my l’Afrique Occidental Français (1895- fashion research, focused on the in- 1959). I also worked in several tersection of African visual art and libraries, museums, and archives in European constructions of Africa France, including the Bibliothèque during the early twentieth century. National de France, the archives of I will address the two major colo- the Quai Branly, and the Archives nial powers in Africa, England and Nationales d’Outre-mer, located France, through the representation in Aix-en-Provence. In the UK, I of their African colonies at two worked in the National Archives key, hyper-visual events: the British and the British Library’s Asia, Empire Exhibition of 1924, and Pacific, and African Collection. France’s 1931 Exposition Coloniale I found hundreds of fascinating Internationale. These expositions, documents, some of which I will part of a history of colonial-era use to write my first paper on this events, were government-sponsored new research subject, which I will celebrations of French and British national search, investigation and analysis of public present at the Triennial Conference on achievements in a wide range of areas, in- and private collections that hold objects African Art in New York City this March. cluding promotion of the nations’ colonial created for/displayed at the expositions, endeavors. and through interviews with people who Victoria Rovine is associate professor of art The 1924 and 1931 events were have connections to the events through history and African studies. each the largest exposition of their respec- family members--such as the children of tive nations, and both made extensive use West Africans who participated in the of works of visual art from Africa (classi- expositions--I will piece together the stories fied as “craft” or “artisanat”) to encourage of specific objects, art forms, and people to public interest in the colonies and to assert describe the uses and misuses of visual arts the potential value of African forms as as a tool for colonial propaganda. sources of inspiration for British and I plan to make two key artistic French artists. In Africa, my focus is on the media the center of my investigation: tex- British colonies of the Gold Coast (Ghana) tiles and architecture. Textiles were among

18 CENTER FOR AFRICAN STUDIES Research Report 2013–2014 FACULTY REPORTS

Building Community Heritage Collaborations in Kagera, Tanzania PETER SCHMIDT

Since 2009, research in Kagera free from the direct gaze of German ad- Region of NW Tanzania has re- ministrators, it was his natural resting place sponded to successive requests following his suicide, widely attributed to by local communities to engage his public humiliation at the hands of the heritage preservation and de- first British administrator in 1916. velopment. These collaborative The Buchwankwanzi house at ventures began with research into Ibwera was the last intact structure of its the oral traditions of villages, a genre in the entire region. When our team research initiative that arose out visited the site in 2011, we found the royal of local needs and was conducted drums being eaten by termites and other regalia in various states of degradation. by local investigators. As Katuruka Christian beliefs. Before Christianity, the A report submitted to government and village developed a clear agenda for pres- relics preserved in the Buchwankwanzi were to the royal clan asked if a collaborative ervation of its heritage, so too did a plan held in the highest regard and we used in effort might help to preserve and curate emerge for the development of a heritage monthly New Moon ceremonies of renewal these irreplaceable relics. The royal clan tourism destination to generate income for involving Bacwezi spirit mediums and other responded that it did not want the artifacts the exhibit multiple heritage sites. Over the religious functionaries. As Christians today, removed for safe keeping and treatment years the developmental program expanded the clan elders privilege their beliefs about and that they would repair or replace the to include archaeological excavations in the dangers of engaging objects within a house to preserve them. Two years later, Katuruka to expose ancient iron smelting “Bacwezi domain” over the huge historical upon another visit to the site with a senior furnaces, thus enhancing the impact of importance of these objects. This conun- Haya scholar and cultural expert, we found exhibits during heritage tours. drum was at last resolved when in a last the house unrepaired and overgrown with Shortly after the Katuruka initia- minute effort we contacted the land owner vines, the mud walls collapsing, and cor- tive, community heritage projects took and royal princess, sharing our concern and rugated iron sheets missing from the roof. root in other parts of the region, the most asking for her cooperation to remove the Relics formerly present were missing and notable of which was the restoration of objects. Her response was immediate and the drums had been reduced to three by ter- Kanazi Palace--a grand edifice built by unequivocal, authorizing us to remove mite action. Upon moving the drums, out the German colonial government for its them with her son’s assistance, thanking dropped the skull of Kahigi II. Knowledge primary client among the local Bakama or us profusely for our assistance to resolve a of his presence within the Buchwankwanzi kings. An initiative taken by the royal Hinda long simmering frustration with her uncles had been kept a well concealed secret, as clan and the former sitting king, the Kanazi and siblings over their preservation. And, otherwise knowledgeable Hinda elders Palace now features a small museum that so it came to pass that with the collabora- remain unaware of its presence, though presents exhibits about the past kings and tion of a royal family member and the his father Rugomora Ibale was similarly about the archaeological investigations Tanzania government, the objects were treated--having his head removed and the that occurred at Kanazi Palace in 2011 and removed for curation and safe-keeping until skull preserved in a Buchwankwanzi. His 2012. Gradually our attention turned to a better venue can be found for their long- skull is now on display at a small museum in other important heritage sites in the region. term preservation and use for educational Kamachumu to the south. One important site, burial estate of King purposes. Kahigi II who was the original occupant Our heritage preservation efforts thrust us into the midst of an ethical co- of Kanazi Palace, hosts the last remaining Peter Schmidt is professor of anthropol- nundrum: given that we employ a collabora- Buchwankwanzi house in the region. Once ogy and former director of the Center for tive approach that valorizes initiatives taken a common feature in highly venerated royal African Studies. burial locales in former palace compounds, by local communities and key community these specialized houses had significant members, how could we advocate the ritual importance. King Kahigi’s burial removal and preservation of these precious occurred in a traditional palace compound objects without the concurrence and coop- in Ibwera, 12 km West of Kanazi, not the eration of the royal clan? European-styled palace at Kanazi. Used by This heritage dilemma arises out Kahigi as a retreat and common residence of the replacement of traditional values by

CENTER FOR AFRICAN STUDIES Research Report 2013–2014 19 Documentation of Baga Mandori: an Endangered Language of Guinea FRANK SEIDEL

and Kalagba located within the prefecture Baga language) is not considered a national of Boké with the additional possibility of language and thus it is, to my knowledge, further villages situated closer to Guinea- neither part of any government or NGO Bissau and even in Guinea-Bissau itself. initiative for alphabetisation, nor is it part Neighbouring languages include, among of any school curricula, nor is it used in the others, Landuma, Balanta, Nalu, Peul (Fula) media. This state of affairs has already led and other Baga varieties. Overshadowing to the disappearance of Baga languages, this situation is Soso, the dominant lingua such as Baga Kaloum, and to the endan- franca of the Guinea littoral, with speakers germent of any Baga varieties still spoken, also in Guinea-Bissau and Sierra Leone some of which are reported to only feature and to which Baga Mandori speakers are a few remaining speakers (Baga Koba, Baga In the coming two years I will starting to shift. Finally, French has to be Sobané). document the language Baga factored into this multilingual situation even In a 1996 New York Times article, Mandori, an under-documented if the fluency rate is low. The community Holland Cotter remarked that despite the Atlantic language spoken on the speaking Baga Mandori is said to number international prominence the Baga cultures Guinean littoral. The work on Baga will approximately 4000 speakers although had gained due to the popularity of the be similar to the work I have done on Nalu, I suspect the actual number to be much Nimba (D’mba) mask that iconically rep- a neighbouring language, during the past lower. resented African art, the people, language, years at the Center for African Studies. The Baga culture, religion, and and culture behind the art still remain purpose of the project is to create a digital languages have been under considerable little known. Seventeen years later Cotter’s archive on Baga Mandori containing an- pressure from the outside for a long time comments are still valid and this project notated audio-visual material, a grammatical and exist in an environment where being hopes to make a dent into the lack of Baga sketch, and a trilingual, Baga-English- Baga is/was often viewed as pagan and linguistic documentation. French dictionary. backward by outsiders. This includes the Baga Mandori belongs to the political and religious dominance emanating Atlantic (Niger-Congo phylum) group of from the Fouta Djallon, the expansion of languages, or the langues sénégalo-guinéennes as Mande languages (notably Soso) and cul- they are sometimes referred to in French tures, and the “paranationalist” politics after sources, and it is spoken on the northern independence. In response to this, every littoral of Guinea-Conakry in the Basse- Baga society has already undergone critical Côte region. It represents the northernmost changes to their culture. One illustrative variant of a cluster of languages (or dia- example of this is the iconoclastic ‘Jihad’ lects) generally called Baga which are (from by Asekou Sayon (Yaasekou Sayong) which north to south: Baga Mandori, Baga Sitemu, happened shortly prior to independence Baga Sobané, Baga Kakissa (also Baga and succeeded in destroying a considerable Marara), Baga Koba, and Baga Kaloum, amount of Baga (and other coastal groups’) Frank Seidel is a post-doctoral fellow in all of which are or were spoken – some of ritual objects and sacred sites. The adverse the Center for African Studies. His current these varieties are already extinct – in the attitude towards being Baga, combined research project is funded by the National Republic of Guinea. This group of lan- with the rise of Soso since independence Endowment for the Humanities. guages is, together with Landuma, related as a language of the political center to the Temne language of Sierra Leone and Conakry, has led to a general situation are part of the Mel cluster of languages. where Soso presents a prestigious alterna- According to available publica- tive means of communication for Baga tions and my own experience of the re- speakers. This contributes considerably to search area, speakers of Baga Mandori live the language shift from Baga to Soso. A in a heterogeneous ethnic and linguistic en- point that severely aggravates this situa- vironment. Baga Mandori is predominately tion is the inexistent administrative support spoken in the area around the mouth of the for Baga Mandori. Baga Mandori (or any river Kogon, namely the districts of Dobaly

20 CENTER FOR AFRICAN STUDIES Research Report 2013–2014 FACULTY REPORTS

Women’s Collective Action in Agricultural Markets RENATA SERRA

empowerment, however, are less stark; and causation links more difficult to infer. While women members of groups appear to be more economically empowered in some aspects, the reverse is true in others. Moreover, there does not seem to be much difference between women group members and non-group members in terms of their ability to control assets and property within the household. This calls for further research. With other team members, we have thus written a follow-up research proposal for which we hope to obtain funding some- times in 2014. The objective is to gather more and better quantitative and qualitative Since 2012 I have been absorbed country reports plus an overall comparative data, and adopt more appropriate research by a new line of research, which report. To enhance collaboration during methods, to investigate higher levels ques- explores the extent to which the writing process, Sally Baden visited tions that have remained unaddressed. African women farmers can gain the Center for African Studies during Fall These include exploring the interaction from participating in agricultural 2012. between women’s role in agricultural mar- markets through collective action Fieldwork in the last phase had kets and gender issues within the household – defined as any action by a group focused on one sub-sector in each country: (intra-household bargaining); and analyze of people intended to promote honey in Ethiopia, Shea butter in Mali and the relationship (and causality link) be- the group’s interests. Collective vegetables in Tanzania. These sectors were tween women’s market involvement and action, both as formal cooperatives and chosen due to their market potential, their empowerment. informal groups (self-help groups, rotating large or increasing presence of women Since the end of the research, savings and credit associations, etc.), holds small-scale farmers, and high incidence we have been disseminating the research substantial promise for enhancing women’s of collective action groups. The quantita- results. I made a presentation at the First productivity, access to markets, bargaining tive data included a survey of individual International Conference on Sustainable power and economic empowerment. women farmers, both members of groups Development Practice, held at Columbia I joined in the last phase of an and non-members; and a survey of groups. University and jointly organized by exciting collaborative research project man- The quantitative research component was the Global Association of Master’s in aged by Oxfam UK (with Thalia Kidder as complemented by qualitative data collec- Development Practice Programs (MDP) project manager and Sally Baden as research tion and analysis, stakeholder workshops, and the UN Sustainable Development manager), titled “Researching Women’s national and regional seminars, intense blog Solutions Network (SDSN). Final reports Collective Action (RWCA): Empowering postings, debates and exchanges on the wiki and other outputs from the RCWA project Women in Agricultural Markets in sub- page. are available from http://womenscollective- Saharan Africa.” Covering three countries The research found that women action.com. (Ethiopia, Mali and Tanzania), the aim of members of collective action groups derive the research (2009-12) was to investigate the significantly higher economic benefits Renata Serra is lecturer in the Center for role of collective action in enabling women than comparable women non-members, African Studies. smallholders to enhance their income, in terms of higher sales, greater produc- improve access to markets, and become tivity or better price. Women members of more economically empowered. My role groups are also better able to overcome as research adviser was to help the team constraints to market access than women carry out a quantitative analysis of the data non-members, for instance have better already collected, and contribute to three access to credit. The findings on women’s

CENTER FOR AFRICAN STUDIES Research Report 2013–2014 21 The Arts and Health in East-Central Africa JILL SONKE

The UF Center for Arts in brought together 120 government leaders the Kigali Independent University and Medicine’s “AIM for Africa” initia- and arts and health professionals from six the Rwanda Arts in Healthcare Initiative. tive engages the arts to address African countries: Burundi, DRC, Kenya, I led the training program at the Kigali health in African communities. As Rwanda, Tanzania, and Uganda. The two- Independent University in October of 2012 a part of this initiative over the past year, day meeting presented effective programs for over 50 students and professionals from I have continued to research the use of that use the arts to enhance individual and Rwanda and DRC. the arts in health practices in east-central community health, improve health lit- Following the program, the Africa, and have developed local networks eracy, and provide new vocational skills to regional leaders envisioned the develop- and training programs in the region. Over people whose lives are affected by illness ment of a revenue-generating annual arts the past four years, my research has identi- and disability. Attendees discovered and and health training program in east-central fied widespread and highly innovative ap- shared resources, collected best practices, Africa that would draw participants from plications of the arts in health programs by and learned how to implement and sustain around the globe to learn how to use organizations in the region. These organiza- programs. Government officials developed the arts to improve health in developing tions expressed the need to bring program an understanding of the arts and health as a communities. Over the past year, with professionals together, along with govern- formal discipline, and participated in plan- support from the UF Warrington College ment officials, to formally discuss the arts ning for its future. of Business and in partnership with our and health. The forum resulted in the forma- East-Central Africa leaders, I developed a As a result, in May 2011, the tion of national arts and health networks business plan, and began a train-the-trainer Center for Arts in Medicine, in partnership in three countries, and identified a need program for the local leaders. The initia- with the Global Alliance for Arts & Health for more in-depth education and training tive was joined by Makerere University in and the Rwanda Red Cross, hosted the two- opportunities in the region. Thus, the Kampala, Uganda, where the first annual day “East–Central Africa Arts & Health 2012 Arts in Healthcare for East-Central Arts in Healthcare for Global Communities Forum” in Kigali, Rwanda. With sup- Africa Training Program was planned in Intensive Training Program will be port from Johnson & Johnson, the forum partnership with the University of Goma, launched, featuring local trainers, in May of 2014. For more information, see www.arts. ufl.edu/cam/aimForAfrica.aspx

Jill Sonke is Director of the UF Center for Arts in Medicine and current 2013-14 chair of the CAS Advisory Council. The AIM for Africa program has been supported by the Florida Division of Cultural Affairs, John- son & Johnson, the UF Center for World Arts, the UF Center for African Studies, the Global Alliance for Arts & Health, the Rwanda Red Cross, and the Kigali Indepen- dent University.

22 CENTER FOR AFRICAN STUDIES Research Report 2013–2014 FACULTY REPORTS US Africa Policy and the Changing Global System: the EU–China–US “Triangle” of Relations and Hungary ISTVÁN TARRÓSY

In our era of global anxieties there In my research, from an IR Africa, and separately, across sub-Saharan is a tendency in Europe to see the point of view, I look at the rise of “new,” Africa. Naturally, as a member state, the rise of emerging powers (among emerging powers and the dynamics of the first system of reference for Hungary is which China gets first and fore- “interpolar” global scene, in particular, that of the EU, but as far as the big(ger) most mention) as something that when I think of the competition and powers are concerned, on the level of world challenges the geopolitical, geo- cooperation among China, India, Japan, the politics, the other major point of refer- strategic positions of the techno- USA, the European Union and others on ence is still the United States (Magyarics, logically and economically more African soil. Since 2009 my research interest 2004). As a consequence, it is important for developed North (West). In today’s has been centered on Afro–Asian rela- Hungary, too, to learn about and under- world of transnational IR and cobweb-like tions in world politics. I have looked at this stand the policy considerations of the US interdependent and interconnected interac- closely in Tanzania, Kenya and the DRC, for Africa and the changing global order, tions, North–South relations are seem- as well as Japan and China - and written on too. My research can also be useful for ingly being overarched and “superseded by Sino-African and Japanese-African relations. articulating the proper Hungarian response. South–East, even, Africa–East, alliances” During my Fulbright year at the UF Center (Shaw, 2010). for African Studies I am investigating the Africa is undoubtedly on the implications these intensifying relations rise, offering numerous opportunities, but have for the US, and how these new dy- African states still struggle with managing namics will affect US-African relationships, themselves, and the question is ever so both in general terms, as well as on bilateral important: can development be driven from grounds, and even in a triangular framework within, and can the involvement of external of European Union–US–China linkages in forces/stakeholders reach the level of the a pursuit for African “friendships.” individuals and their communities so that The research project I foster there will be lasting “society-wide repercus- concentrates on the US administrations and sions” (Hyden, 1989)? their refined (redefined) foreign policies to- wards Africa since 1993, with a close eye on István Tarrósy is assistant professor of po- the EU-US Trans-Atlantic alliance, and how litical science and international studies as the EU-China-Africa trilateral scheme (en- well as director of the Africa Research Cen- couraged by the EU) is evaluated from the ter at University of Pecs, Hungary. He is a US, in particular, as Chinese engagement in 2013-14 Fulbright Visiting Research Scholar Africa “presents a potential alternative to at the UF Center for African Studies. His the existing Western (Northern) develop- project is also supported by the Hungarian mental model in Africa” (Liu, 2011). This is Eötvös Postdoctoral Fellowship and the a relevant and growingly important foreign Campus Hungary program. policy consideration for Hungary and in a broader context, for Central and Eastern European countries. As for my home country, evident consequences are already traced in for- eign policy decisions. After the Hungarian Presidency of the Council of the European Union in the first half of 2011, the Ministry for Foreign Affairs published a new for- eign policy strategy devoting chapters on countries and regions of the Global South, including ideas for involvement in Northern

CENTER FOR AFRICAN STUDIES Research Report 2013–2014 23 Political Reform, Social Change, and Stability in the Sahel LEONARDO VILLALÓN

effects of institutional reform on social Collectively, our efforts to date change, in an iterative process of “micro- have led us to an initial observation that will transitions” that cumulatively build to be key to shaping the project as we move potentially more substantial transformations forward. In each of the six countries, the in state capacity, and that hence shape the interactive processes of institutional reform prospects for stability or instability. and social change that have been carried out As with virtually all of Africa, the in the name of democratization had led to Sahelian states were directly affected by the a proposed grouping of the six countries intense pressures for political reform in the into three pairs on the basis of an observed name of “democracy” of the early 1990s. outcome on the democracy dimension in While their initial responses were quite the two decades from 1991-2011: Senegal The overarching goal of this large varied, all were obliged to undertake sig- and Mali (democracies); Chad and Burkina research project, funded by a gen- nificant liberalization, reflected primarily in Faso (electoral authoritarian regimes); and erous three-year grant from the reduced state capacity to shape and control Niger and Mauritania (unstable efforts Minerva Research Initiative, is to social forces. As a result, in all six countries at democratization). Our initial work has study the factors affecting polit- significant social transformations were shown that the processes and patterns of ical stability in a set of six African set in motion, and their political systems democratization do intersect with processes countries—Senegal, Mauritania, today are still being shaped by those forces. of building resilient state institutions, but in Mali, Burkina Faso, Niger, and The collapse of Mali, and the eventual complex ways that are in the end indepen- Chad—stretching across the arid French-led international intervention to dent of the outcome on the democracy di- Sahelian region of West Africa. attempt to restore the country’s territorial mension. Within each of our pairs, then, we Collectively they are among the least integrity, however, also set in motion new have identified one country where the two developed countries in the world, and dynamics affecting the entire region. decades of political debates on reform ap- they present some of the most significant Over the course of the first year pears to have strengthened state structures governance challenges anywhere. At the of the project, the research team, led by the and another where it has not done so, de- same time, several have been in many ways PI and including three Ph.D. students in spite similarities in terms of the democracy laboratories for democracy in the Muslim political science, devoted considerable time variable. Current efforts are aimed at trying world, and all have experimented in recent attempting to understand the causes and the to understand the processes that produce years with reforming institutions in the consequences of the Malian collapse, and these varied results and the variables we name of democracy. Unfortunately, devel- to developing a framework for comparative need to consider in trying to build a broader opments in the region in the past few years, analysis of the six countries. Our weekly understanding of these processes. Our including the actions of Al-Qaeda in the “Sahel Seminar” served as a forum for fieldwork protocols are being prepared with Islamic Maghreb (AQIM), and especially regular discussion and debate on developing the goal of ensuring that we are well placed the consequences of the collapse of the events. Other activities included sponsoring to offer strong answers to this important Qaddafi regime in Libya, placed signifi- invited speakers and experts, hosting a question. cant pressures on these states. In the time semester-long visiting scholar from Chad, between the submission of the research and organizing a conference on the politics Leonardo Villalón is professor of political proposal and the initiation of the project, of institutional reform in the region fea- science and African studies. He is former the region was rocked by the overthrow of turing scholars from all six countries. In ad- director of the Center for African Studies the government in Mali and the subsequent dition, scoping trips by each team member and is currently Dean of the UF Interna- displacement of state authority in the north to two or three of the Sahelian countries tional Center. He serves as principle inves- of the country by an assortment of Islamist in summer 2013 provided a basis for the tigator on the Minerva Initiative grant and jihadi groups. more extensive fieldwork to be carried out coordinator of the Sahel Research Group. While these events pointed to starting in 2014. We presented our initial the high degree of salience of the research findings at the 2013 meeting of the African topic, they also necessitated some refine- Studies Association, in a panel entitled: ment of our analytic framework. Our goal “Reconfiguring the Sahel: The Regional is to examine the interactive and reciprocal Effects of the Mali Crisis.”

24 CENTER FOR AFRICAN STUDIES Research Report 2013–2014 FACULTY REPORTS

Mobile Soldiers, Porous States: The Un-National Liberation of Southern Africa LUISE WHITE

they fought for the Portuguese and then the Rhodesian police. One paper detailed the MPLA. Zimbabwe had two guerrilla the very gentle treatment of South African armies fighting for its liberation from white, prisoners of war in Angola, while another minority rule: ZANLA in Mozambique and depicted the apartheid era police unit ZIPRA in Zambia; Zimbabweans entered whose covert actions took place across the Zambia via refugee camps in Botswana. entire region. There was also paper on the ZIPRA’s army in Zambia was larger than Katangans and their circuitous history and Zambia’s own, and it may have provided convoluted movements fighting in Angola. more support for the government than the Six of these papers are being prepared for a Zambian army did, while the government cluster of articles to appear in the Journal of of Mozambique, itself a former guerrilla Southern African Studies. movement, found it as difficult to con- vince ZANLA to stop fighting in 1979 as Luise White is professor of history and CAS it had been to get them to start in 1974. affiliate faculty. FRELIMO supported and tried to arrange international funding for a third Zimbabwe guerrilla army in 1977. In 2011, I began to plan a small workshop where scholars could meet and talk about this. With Miles Larmer, then of the University of Sheffield, I organized For several years I was all but a small workshop to be held at Sheffield obsessed with the situation of – equidistant between North America and armies in exile in Southern Africa. Africa – and was able to pay everyone’s ac- Starting in the 1960s, the armies commodation with funds from the Center of the national liberation move- for African Studies matched by the UF ments of Southern Africa tended Office of Research. At the end of March, to be based in, and fight from, 2013, ten scholars – two from the US, five nations other than the ones from Africa, two from the UK, and one they were struggling to liberate. from Europe –arrived the day before the Southern Africa reveals regional system in biggest snow storm to hit Sheffield in a which national liberation was conducted decade. With the aid of some excellent in a closed circuit of acronyms and camps photographers among us, we trekked to (guerrilla and refugee) that may have our conference venue and spent two days strained ideas about nations and citizenship in extraordinary discussion. All the papers from the start. The best example is perhaps complicated the questions of what exile Umkhonto wa Sizwe (MK), the ANC’s and proxy armies meant. There were several army in exile, which never entered South papers on borders – one on negotiating Africa as a fighting force. It did however the crossing the border from what was fight in Angola, where it was based, for then Rhodesia to Botswana, and two on the ruling party, the MPLA, in its long how the disputed border between Namibia civil war. Because of the disputed border and Angola created relations between and between northern Namibia and Angola, within guerrilla armies. There were three many freedom fighters went from the papers on training camps, one on SWAPO’s MPLA to UNITA to SWAPO. There were camp in Tanzania in the 1960s, another on the Katangans, a group of soldiers who had MK’s camp in Angola in the 1970s, and one been Moise Tshombe’s personal guard in on a ZAPU camp in Zambia where the man Katanga and fled to Angola in 1962 where in charge of security had defected from

CENTER FOR AFRICAN STUDIES Research Report 2013–2014 25 Environmental Risk, Human-Animal Health Systems, and the Socioecology of Maternal and Child Health in African Pastoral Communities ALYSON YOUNG

My research in 2013 has been de- meeting entitled, “Maternal Perceptions of Senegal between 1968-1972. Sahelian Africa voted to a diverse set of projects Breastmilk Quality, Breastfeeding Decisions, is expected to experience a 4°C average rise centered on environmental risk, and Child Growth Among Agropastoral in temperature and 20% decline in rainfall human-animal health systems, and Datoga. “This paper uses longitudinal data over the next 100 years. The impacts of maternal and child health African collected among mother-infant dyads in these changes are most likely to affect the pastoral populations. Essential to Tanzania to explore the effect that maternal health and nutrition of women and children this research has been a focus on how perceptions of breastmilk quality have in poor households, particularly in areas responses to environmental uncertainty on patterns of mother-infant interaction, of northern Senegal where women take shape caregiver-infant interactions and child breastfeeding decisions, and child growth. primary care of livestock and often ensure health among Datoga agropastoralists in I’m currently in the process of revising up to 80% of agricultural production. northern Tanzania and the mechanisms that the paper for submission to the American The goal of our proposed project link pastoral livelihood strategies to patterns Journal of Human Biology. is to develop and consolidate a long-term of human and animal health in eastern and The LCC-CRSP series report, partnership between UF, the Ministry of western Africa. “The Nexus of Gender and Nutrition: A Health, and the Ministry of Agriculture to Ongoing research on perceptions Literature Review” came out in early 2013 investigate key issues that affect the sustain- of environmental risk, human-livestock as an outcome of collaborations with Sarah ability of livestock systems and health of disease interactions and water quality McKune, Sandra Russo, and a LCC-CRSP animal and human populations in changing among Datoga in Tanzania (initially funded workshop on livestock sustainability and environments. The project specifically by a UF Humanities Enhancement Grant) climate change held in Senegal in 2012. The proposes to: 1) estimate seasonal changes recently culminated in a paper entitled, report discusses the interaction between in prevalence of gastrointestinal parasite “Global Convergence in Ethnotheories of climate change, gender and nutritional burdens and nutrition among small ru- Water and Disease” that appeared in Global outcomes among African pastoral com- minants, women, and children in three com- Public Health. The paper uses data from nine munities. The report was produced with sig- munities of northern Senegal; 2) compare different sites across the world, including nificant help from Therese D’Auria Ryley, the efficacy of different forage types for Tanzania, to examine cross-cultural percep- a graduate student in anthropology and reducing parasite infections and improving tions of waterborne infection and their rela- current FLAS fellow in Wolof. nutritional status of small stock; and 3) tion to public health messaging. Finally, I’m involved in a proposed interdis- identify whether there are specific sociode- I also presented a paper at the ciplinary project in northern Senegal that mographic or economic factors, such as American Anthropology Association annual examines the interaction between seasonal changes in livelihoods or household pro- environmental fluctuation, parasitic infec- duction activities that impact the prevalence tion, and human and animal health patterns of gastrointestinal parasites and nutritional in five rural communities along the Senegal health of community members. Funding River. The proposed project brings together status for the project under the Feed the a team of researchers from the College Future Innovation Lab initiative is pending, of Liberal Arts and Sciences (Alyson however Dr. Hernandez and colleagues Young), College of Agriculture (Adegabola received a seed grant from the College of Adegosan), and the College of Veterinary Veterinary Medicine for collection of pilot Medicine (Jorge Hernandez, Sarah Reuss, data to move the project forwards. and Heather Walden) as well as members of the Senegalese Ministry of Agriculture Alyson Young is assistant professor of and Ministry of Health. Senegal, like many anthropology and affiliate faculty in the places in Africa, has suffered significantly Center for African Studies. and disproportionately from the local ef- fects of global climate change. In fact, the term “desertification” took hold in the aca- demic literature as a result of the drought in

26 CENTER FOR AFRICAN STUDIES Research Report 2013–2014 STUDENT REPORTS

The Influence of an Agricultural Mosaic on Small Mammals and Their Ecosystem Services KAREN BAILEY

This summer I began field re- varied landscape configurations to sample disease analyses. In this way, I can begin search for my dissertation project ecosystem health in the region. to understand how the landscape and land on small mammals in southern Having categorized the landscape, cover influence small mammal diversity Africa. The goal of the dissertation re- I aimed to understand ecosystem health (a proxy for ecosystem health) and small search is to understand how different land using small mammals as a proxy. Small mammal parasite load (which has implica- use practices and patterns in an agricultural mammals include rodents (mice, rats, voles, tions for disease spread to humans). I also landscape alter small mammal communities gerbils) and shrews. They are ideal study piloted experiments to understand how and how those alterations influence human species because they are widely distributed small mammal roles as seed dispersers and and environmental health. Agriculture ac- seed predators vary with land cover. counts for over 40% of the earth’s land use. I will return to the region in The dominance of agriculture has created Spring 2014 in order to account for landscapes with interspersed patches of seasonal variation and will replicate the highly cultivated land, grasslands, urban research in 2015 as well. Further, I will and suburban areas, and forests. This has conduct interviews and surveys with land led to declines in biodiversity, decreases in owners and farmers to determine manage- water and soil quality, habitat fragmentation, ment of small mammals and perceptions and declines in ecosystem health. Healthy of overall ecosystem health which will be ecosystems provide services including helpful in future land management plans. food, timber, pollination, nutrient cycling, stability, and water purification and small Karen Bailey is a PhD student in wildlife mammals can play an important role in ecology and conservation. This project maintaining these services. Changing land funded by the Gates Millennium Scholars use patterns have the potential to drasti- Foundation, the Center for African Studies, cally alter and inhibit these roles. I sought the Office of Research, and the Depart- to understand how continued land use ment of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation. change will influence ecosystem health in terms of small mammal ecosystem services. This research was conducted primarily in Swaziland, with one site in South Africa and is particularly important in a developing in all land use types and they play important nation, where a significant portion of the ecological roles, exploit a wide variety of population is directly dependent on the resources, and are important prey spe- land. cies, herbivores, disease vectors, and seed While agricultural intensification predators. Research was conducted during and population growth are often followed the summer and fall of 2013 in several of by declines in biodiversity, some research the dominant land use types in Swaziland. suggests agricultural landscapes may retain These included sugarcane plantations, or increase diversity and ecosytem health. which are an important commercial crop, The configuration and pattern of the sur- protected areas and nature reserves, ranches rounding landscape may influence this. I and grazing land, and homesteads with sub- began my research by using satellite imagery sistence agriculture. Using Sherman traps and remote sensing techniques to catego- (small collapsible traps), small mammals rize land use and land cover in Swaziland were trapped all over the Swazi lowveld. and parts of South Africa. In doing so, I I obtained data on abundance and spe- was able to look at historic changes in land cies richness and collected blood, fecal, use and land cover and select sites with and tissue samples to conduct genetic and

CENTER FOR AFRICAN STUDIES Research Report 2013–2014 27 Coalition Politics and the Evolution of Electoral Systems in Francophone Africa MAMADOU BODIAN

During summer 2013, I was able to travel to Senegal, Mali and Niger for my pre-dissertation research. The initial purpose of this research was to collect empirical data on elections and electoral systems in order to write a well- informed dissertation proposal. My focus on the origin and change of electoral systems is informed by the empirical puzzle that a number of French African countries which were under the same electoral system during the colonial period chose different electoral systems during the “authoritarian rule” (after the 1960s) and throughout the democratic period (after the 1990s). For instance, Mali has continued to use the two-round majority-runoff formula inherited from the colonial administration while Senegal has shifted from a pure proportional represen- tation system in 1978 to a mixed electoral system since 1983. Niger has been using a proportional representation system since meant to help to build an inductive theory threats. These domestic impacts of the 1991. Whether the initial electoral system is of the origin and change of electoral sys- Malian crisis in Senegal were developed maintained or change largely depended how tems in Francophone Africa and better pre- more broadly in a paper I presented in a actors and groups mobilize in the process pare my dissertation fieldwork. As I move panel at the African Studies Association of institutional design. The purpose of forward with my dissertation proposal, I am (ASA) annual meeting in November 2013 in my research is to examine how coalition paying a close attention to the patterns of Baltimore, Maryland. politics account for the divergence in pat- coalition-making and the process through terns of electoral systems in three countries which they affect the evolution and change Mamadou Bodian is a PhD student in politi- (Senegal, Mali and Niger) that share many of electoral systems. cal science. Funding provided by the UF background conditions. In addition my pre-dissertation Office of Research, the Center for African I largely spent summer 2013 doing fieldwork, I have also followed the con- Studies, and the Minerva Research Initia- archival work and collecting both published sequence of the Malian crisis of 2012 in tive. and unpublished documents on elections Senegal. In fact, not only has this crisis and electoral systems. I was able to conduct threatened the sovereignty of the Malian semi-structural interviews with key actors state from an assault led by a Tuareg rebel- working on electoral issues in order to lion connected to Islamists affiliated with gauge the trajectory of electoral systems in Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb, it also Mali, Niger, and Senegal since the colonial have far-reaching effects in West Africa period. These actors include civil servants, and the Sahel. In Senegal, it has fueled leaders of political parties, journalists, civil two domestic concerns. The first effect is society activists, and academics. I was also economic and is related to the disruption fortunate be in Mali a few weeks before the of the terms of trade between Senegal July 2013 presidential campaign. I was able and Mali that began during the first five to follow the debates on the new arrange- months of the crisis. The second is relative ments of electoral system during the transi- to the national security of Senegal. Perhaps, tion. The data I collected were primarily the main worry is associated with Islamist

28 CENTER FOR AFRICAN STUDIES Research Report 2013–2014 STUDENT REPORTS

Situational Analysis of Communities Bordering Sabie Game Park in Mozambique LEANDRA CLOUGH

Human-wildlife conflict is miti- gated by the fence, although it still occurs. The most common issue is loss of crops from wild pigs, elephants, and hippos. Livestock losses from leopard, lion, or crocodile occur annually and human life is reportedly threatened by buffalo, elephant, or predators on occasion. These conflicts combined with the loss of access to the park itself have led many community mem- bers to be unsupportive of conservation. It is likely that receiving financial benefits from SGP would compensate the costs and improve attitudes toward conservation. This shared interest in wildlife can lead to fewer illegal activities in a region where rhino poaching is prevalent. People in this region are primarily livestock owners and subsistence farmers I spent the summer of 2013 compiled into a typed report in Tsonga (the that are heavily reliant on the environment working on a pilot project for local language) with digitized maps and re- for their own survival. Natural resource governance in community-based turned to the communities for use in future extraction includes firewood, timber, rocks, natural resource management planning. thatching grass, fish, game meat, wild- (CBNRM) conducted by the Mozambique achieved indepen- fruits, medicinal plants, and edible insects. Southern African Wildlife College. dence from Portugal in 1974 and soon after, Additionally, adequate land and water are The primary goals of CBNRM in these the country experienced a long and violent needed for crop and livestock production. projects are to improve conservation and civil war. As a result of the fighting, many ecause employment is low, cash is primarily reduce poverty.To assist with monitoring people fled the region. Those that stayed obtained from selling livestock or charcoal. and evaluation of this project, I conducted were forced to seek shelter in the moun- The heavy reliance on natural resources can a situational analysis to gather baseline tains and caves along the border between lead to environmental degradation and in- data on four communities bordering Sabie Mozambique and South Africa. The civil creased vulnerability of locals. Income from Game Park (SGP) in Mozambique, a private war ended in 1992 and many people began wildlife can increase household economic reserve that operates hunting safaris. SGP returning to their former homes. When standing and potentially reduce the threat borders Kruger National Park in South SGP was created in 2000, some of these of environmental degradation. Africa and is part of the Greater Limpopo people were forced to relocate yet again The results from this initial assess- Trans-Frontier Conservation Area. This from where they had settled inside the new ment can be used to guide the development area is of great importance for conserva- park borders. The completion of a large of the pilot project in this region and to tion of ecosystems and charismatic species electric fence around the game park has monitor its effectiveness. Before and after such as lion, elephant, leopard, buffalo, and eliminated communal access to ances- comparison studies can be conducted to rhino. tral graves and water sources that are of see if conservation attitudes improve and My research included household particular importance in the dry season. In poverty is reduced in these communities as livelihood surveys, informal interviews, and exchange for the land, communities were anticipated. situational analysis workshops. The work- promised new water sources, schools, and shops consisted of participatory methods clinics. To date, some, but not all of these Leandra Clough is a second–year student for developing a historical timeline, helps/ promises have been fulfilled. As a result, in the Masters of Sustainable Development hindrances in the development of the vil- many community members expressed ani- Practice Program. Support for this project lage, needs assessment, resource use, and mosity toward the park which has created provided by MDP/Center for African Stud- community mapping. The results were mostly costs and few benefits for them. ies and Southern African Wildlife College.

CENTER FOR AFRICAN STUDIES Research Report 2013–2014 29 Fate and Transport of Phosphorus Fertilizer and Pesticides in a Northern Nigerian Soil NASIRU DANMOWA

he assisted in organizing labor for the pesticide degradation in the laboratory at work which facilitated and eased the entire UF. exercise. All samples collected were packed Sampling was done by digging five using the minimum guidelines contained in soil profile pits in each of the previously the USDA permit before delivering to the identified sampling units (making a total shipping company for onward shipment to of 15 soil profiles), describing them in the the University of Florida. field, collecting relevant soil samples from each soil horizon in each soil profile (using Nasiru Danmowa is a PhD student in the standard criteria) and storing them for Department of Soil and Water Sciences. onward shipment to UF. Sites for digging Funding for this project is from the UF Of- the pits were selected randomly within a soil fice of Research and the Center for African unit, while maintaining a distance of at least Studies. 300m between profile pits. Samples were also collected from surface soils (0-15cm and 15-30cm) around each profile pit (total of 12 samples per pit area and 60 per soil My summer 2013 travel grant was unit). The samples will be used to study for the purpose of collecting soils samples for areas where cowpea, sorghum and millet are grown in Northern Nigeria. Initially, I planned to cover ten states in Northern Nigeria, but due to political unrest, my supervisory committee decided I should select an area that is important in production of these crops from any accessible states and do more intensive work. It was in this light that I chose to select Tulluwa, an area in Sokoto State. Before proceeding for the sampling, a permit for importing soil samples into the U.S. was obtained from the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) by my major advisor. The main purpose of the research was to collect soil samples from an important producing area of the aforemen- tioned crops and use the samples to assess the fertility status of the soils as well study as the fate and transport of fertilizers and pesticides used during the production of these crops. Obtaining permission was facili- tated by Usmanu Danfodiyo University. Soon after receiving the request, and upon learning that the samples were going to be shipped to the University of Florida for analysis, the District Head of the vil- lage was very excited - so much so that

30 CENTER FOR AFRICAN STUDIES Research Report 2013–2014 STUDENT REPORTS

Ethiopian Archaeology and the Archives JUSTIN DUNNAVANT

oral histories related to African-American blend my interests in historical archaeology life in Gainesville and the greater North and African history. It is my belief that Florida area. We recently received the 2013 a better understanding of Ethiopian Stetson Kennedy Vox Populi (“Voice of slavery will expand our knowledge of the the People”) Award for achievements in East African slave trade and contribute using oral histories as a means of furthering to a more holistic understanding of what social justice. Over the past three years archaeologist Charles Orser has described we have been exploring themes of racial as a “truly global perspectives on the violence, dispossession, education and African diaspora.” community. For summer 2013 I was awarded In 2014 I will be traveling to Justin Dunnavant is a PhD student in a FLAS fellowship to study Ethiopia with Professor Steven Brandt anthropology and FLAS fellow (Amharic, Amharic in preparation for my and several undergraduate students to summer 2013 and 2013-14). proposed dissertation research conduct archaeology in the southwestern studying slavery and archaeology Ethiopian highlands at the Mochena in Ethiopia. I had to travel to Boston Borago Rockshelter. In collaboration with University to attend the summer course students from Addis Ababa University, and, to my surprise, discovered that I was Wolaita Sodo University and University of the only student enrolled! With no prior Cologne, we will explore human behavioral background in Amharic, the intensive patterns associated with early human one-on-one classes with Dr. Telahun migrations. Home to the source of the Gebrehiwot helped me advance from Blue Nile, Axumite Kingdom, and one of beginning to intermediate proficiency in the the oldest continually written languages in language. the world, Ethiopia—and the wider Horn While in Boston I also conducted of Africa—is a region rich with historical archival research at Harvard University significance and archaeological potential. and University of Massachusetts-Amherst While in Ethiopia I hope to also take the on the life and legacy of Dr. William Leo opportunity to locate a dissertation site and Hansberry. Although not widely known in begin formulating research questions that the field of archaeology, Hansberry was the first African American archaeologist to study African archaeology and taught courses on ancient African civilizations at Howard University from the 1922 to 1959. He was also the first scholar to be awarded the African Research Award from the Haile Selassie Prize Trust and taught a number of prominent leaders, including Nigeria’s first president, Nnamdi Azikwe. I recently submitted an article outlining Hansberry’s teaching pedagogy and wider contributions to African archaeology for publication in the November 2014 issue of The Archaeologi- cal Review. In addition to my research in archaeology, I also work closely with the Samuel Proctor Oral History Program’s African American History Project collecting

CENTER FOR AFRICAN STUDIES Research Report 2013–2014 31 Processes of Democratization in the Sahel DANIEL EIZENGA

Over the course of summer 2013, I conducted more than thirty inter- views with state, civil society and political party elites in Senegal, Burkina Faso, and Chad to pre- pare my dissertation proposal. In addition to the interviews I preformed this past summer, I was able to set up a network of contacts in each country. These net- works will serve as the foundation of my future dissertation research in 2014. My dis- sertation project investigates how different regimes in the Francophone Sahel respond to pressures for political liberalization and how these responses affect political stability and state-society relations. I approach this question by analyzing three intersecting domains: civil-military relations, civil-society organizations, and political institutions. This study of democratizing processes—or their absence—utilizes a comparative framework between the contemporary regimes of Senegal, Chad, and Burkina Faso in order to ruling party without fear of reprisal. These include discussions and presenta- examine their differences and similarities. The political trajectory of Senegal tions at the regular meetings of the Islam in In Burkina Faso and Chad, diverges from the electoral authoritarian Africa working group, weekly Barazas from ruling parties led transitions to multi-party regimes of Chad and Burkina Faso. Steady outside speakers, and SASA lunches for electoral systems during the 1990s. Despite and incremental processes of political graduate student research reports. these changes, both ruling parties remained liberalization since independence have in power and both presidents have won all contributed to significant democratic gains subsequent electoral contests by modifying in Senegal. During the first four decades constitutional term limits. In Burkina Faso, of independence these processes occurred this occurred in conjunction with limited under the guidance of a dominant political levels of political liberalization which al- party, but over the last three presidential lowed social organizations—such as the elections there have been two turnovers of press, religious associations, and non-gov- power and many configurations of political ernmental organizations—to expand their parties to form the majority and opposi- activities and influence over society and tion coalitions in parliament. By analyzing politics. In Chad, civil society organizations these processes in comparison to those in were included in the transition process, but Burkina Faso and Chad, my dissertation in contrast, the regime was able to negotiate hopes to establish which strategies pursued Dan Eizenga is a PhD candidate in political the process of transition without under- by elites at the institutional level encourage science and a former FLAS fellow (Arabic, going significant liberalization. Interviews or inhibit political liberalization and why. 2010-2012). Funding for his pre-dissertation preformed during the summer of 2013 Multiple FLAS awards to study research was provided by the UF Office of helped to substantiate this similarity in Modern Standard Arabic contributed to my Research, the Center for African Studies, ruling-party entrenchment, but difference in ability to engage with Muslim populations the Department of Political Science, and level of political openness by gathering evi- in each country as well as read the Arabic the Minerva Research Initiative. dence that civil society associations in Chad press in Chad. Finally, CAS also continues had been coopted by the state whereas in to offer support through an invaluable Burkina Faso many organizations actively community of scholars and several oppor- protest against policies advanced by the tunities for my professional development.

32 CENTER FOR AFRICAN STUDIES Research Report 2013–2014 STUDENT REPORTS

Woven History: Raffia Cloth in the Kongo CARLEE FORBES

Kongo people in the 19th-20th centuries. For example, I identified a connection between Kongo cosmology and the interwoven matrices of the geometric patterns. Past scholarship focuses on the simple cross- patterns, but I have taken this further to reveal that the patterns are complex manifestations of the Kongo belief of the connectedness between the world of the living and the world of the dead. Therefore, by using these designs, the textiles signify important spiritual connections. Just as em- broidered raffia textiles served as indicators of status, they also showed the important spiritual affirmation of the Mani. The Mani derives his power from the spirits. Thus, the textiles served as indicators of status and spirituality. The funeral mats, I found, serve an identical purpose. Whether through geometric or figurative motifs—all aspects continually serve as symbols of power and spirituality. This research project grew out of my involvement in the “Kongo across the Waters” exhibition—a collaborative project between the Royal Museum for Central Africa (RMCA) in Tervuren, Belgium, and the Samuel P. Harn Museum of Art. Curators Susan Cooksey, Robin Poynor, and Hein Vanhee, encouraged my specific research on Kongo textiles as a part of the exhibition and publication. This led to a research trip to the RMCA in the summer of 2012 to view objects and archives. In this trip, I viewed many examples of these textiles and was able to use the accompa- nying collections data. This research became the basis The Kongo have historically used featured intricate geometric designs and for my Master’s thesis and is included in the raffia-made products to serve as were used by the Kongo king, or Mani, as “Kongo across the Waters” catalog and ex- signifiers of status and spirituality. a status symbol. However, little attention hibition didactics. I was also able to present My research investigates the long history of has been given to the spectacular raffia my findings at the 32nd annual Florida State raffia products, beginning with its impor- mats used during funerary practices of the University Graduate Symposium in Art tance in the Kongo Kingdom (16th-18th Kongo in the 19th-20th centuries. These mats History, and a version of my paper will centuries), and continuing in the practices are larger in size and feature both geometric appear in Athanor in summer 2014. of Kongo peoples in the 19th-20th centuries. and figurative designs. Past scholarly attention to raffia products My research explores continuities Carlee Forbes is a PhD student in the focuses on small, intricately embroidered of use and pattern between the embroi- School of Art and Art History and a curato- and embellished raffia textiles. These small dered raffia textiles of the Kongo Kingdom rial assistant at the Samuel P. Harn Museum textiles (about the size of a placemat) with the raffia mats produced by the of Art.

CENTER FOR AFRICAN STUDIES Research Report 2013–2014 33 Zanzibar: The Nine-Hour Revolution ANN LEE GRIMSTAD

interviews with people who played a role previously unknown wife of Ugandan Field in the revolution, and informal discus- Marshall John Okello, who was the initial sions at a local baraza. I have asked open- face and voice of the Zanzibar Revolution. ended questions about the individual’s role Therefore, after Zanzibar, I am heading to a in planning and implementation, as well remote village in northern Uganda to meet as specific questions addressing various this wife, as well as other friends of Okello, rumors and theories about the revolu- to find out more about this revolutionary tion. Finally, I am inquiring about the leader whose desire for power got him identity of the different actors as well as unceremoniously deported from Zanzibar the reasons revolutionaries give for why only two months after the Revolution. they participated in the revolution. I have The opposing narratives of the spoken with one of the last living members Revolution that are regularly debated in I arrived in Zanzibar, Tanzania, in of the “Committee of 14,” the group of blogs and barazas each entail factual details June 2013 to conduct my dis- mostly vibarua (day laborers) who have been as well as conspiratorial imaginings. In my sertation field research through credited with leading the revolution as well dissertation, I will deconstruct the nar- February 2014. My dissertation as a former policeman who researched and ratives, situating and analyzing both the aims to provide a multifaceted wrote a report in 1980 on the Revolution actualities and the roots of the conspiracies. micro history of a short slice of for Aboud Jumbe, the second President At this juncture, it seems that what actu- time surrounding the January of Zanzibar. Equally ground-breaking are ally happened was that there were many 1964 Zanzibar Revolution. This conversations with several of the Comrades separate plans that came together at the revolution has fostered many conflicting of the Umma Party who had received last minute, with various groups of people accounts but no single coherent tactical military training in Cuba in 1962, and who joining in when it began to appear that the analysis of what transpired. It is still so formed the beret-wearing group of rebels government was actually toppled with much politically sensitive that, at first, many saying “Vanceremos!” in the early days of the more speed and ease than almost anyone Zanzibaris said it would be difficult to get Revolution. Their attire and use of Spanish imagined was possible. people to talk. Having visited Zanzibar led to inaccurate western media coverage countless times over the last twenty plus which speculated that the revolution was Ann Lee Grimstad is a doctoral candidate years, I was fortunate to tap into long- Cuban-sponsored and led. in history. Research funding provided by a standing networks in order to connect Finally, I have also been part of a Fulbright-Hays Doctoral Dissertation Re- with relevant historical figures, many of local baraza with an unusual political mix- search Abroad fellowship. whom have not previously told their stories. ture of people, including a former member Even my location ties in to my topic, as my of the Police Mobile Force whose armory rooftop flat overlooks the Malindi Police was attacked as the first target of the Post, the site of the last skirmish of the Revolution, as well as a Principle Secretary Revolution. in the current government. Additionally, My methodology has included ar- through an archival newspaper article chival work at numerous archives, intensive and contacts in Uganda, I have located a

34 CENTER FOR AFRICAN STUDIES Research Report 2013–2014 STUDENT REPORTS

Democratization and Colonial Legacies in Nigeria EMILY HAUSER

Nigeria has experienced a tumul- tuous regime history - undergoing civil war, multiple regime transi- tions, and facing violent insurrec- tions in the far south and north and episodic violence in Middle Belt. The central question of my re- search is why has Nigeria seen so many regime changes, both military coups and democratic transitions? What particular challenges does the country’s history with variations of indirect rule present for post- colonial democratic institution-building? This past summer, I spent six weeks conducting pre-dissertation research concerning colonialism in Nigeria at the UK National Archives. This pre-disserta- tion research allowed me to piece together administrative and political decisions from the top-level perspective of the British co- lonial administration. Some influential deci- sions include the 1914 amalgamation of the Northern and Southern Protectorates, Lord Lugard’s initiation of policies of indirect rule and their subsequent variations across sub-national units, top-down administrative designed to ameliorate challenges associated during my dissertation research. decisions to establish administrative regions, with politically salient cleavages, decisions and the increasing autonomy granted about political institutional designs made Emily Hauser is a doctoral candidate in to these units from the 1940s through during the colonial era remain influential political science and former FLAS fellow Independence in 1960. This research in- and often hotly contested. For example, a (Hausa, summer 2012 & 2013). Funding for cluded an analysis of Nigerian Government number of conferences have been sched- her research was provided by the UF Office Gazettes, Original Correspondence, uled in the upcoming year to reflect on the of Research, the Center for African Studies, Colonial Reports, Native Administration centennial of the 1914 amalgamation of the and Department of Political Science. policies, Blue Books of Statistics, and North and South. Nigeria’s unity and ef- Administrative Maps. I used these resources forts to consolidate democratic institutions to begin tracing the evolution of colonial are crucial contemporary issues. period political and administrative systems, This research in the UK National integration of Nigerians into these, and Archives provided a solid footing for changes in the cleavage structures among continued dissertation research in the domestic groups. Continued research will Nigerian National Archives next year. I was explore how these political developments able to identify gaps in colonial administra- affect democratic consolidation in the tive record which should be available via country. national, regional and local documentation Though the Nigerian polity of events and policies in Nigeria. While has since 1960 undergone a number of conducting research in the UK, I also spent administrative, political and constitutional several days a week studying intermediate/ changes, including moving from a three- advanced Hausa at the School of Oriental region federation to 36 states, replacing a and African Studies (SOAS) with Hausa parliamentary system with a presidential linguist, Dr. Philip Jaggar. I hope to use this one, and a series of constitutional changes language knowledge in the field next year

CENTER FOR AFRICAN STUDIES Research Report 2013–2014 35 The Legacies of Democratic Experiments in Africa: Ghana’s Democratic Trajectory in Comparative Perspective NICHOLAS KNOWLTON

identified factors. In other words, while domestic and international conditions struc- tured the sets of choices for leaders during and following each democratic opening, each leader’s perceived chances of maxi- mizing their authority—whether democrati- cally or otherwise—ultimately determined whether a given country would proceed More than two decades have in Africa. How is it that Ghana, a country along a democratic or non-democratic passed since the end of the Cold possessing many conditions unfavorable trajectory. War, yet in many ways the world to democracy at the time of its democratic During my eight months of field continues to experience its con- opening—including questionable inaugural research in Ghana, I have collected data sequences. As many countries, including elections, a dominating presidential system, through elite interviews among a variety of those in Africa, lost support from their and an uneven playing field between gov- in-country experts within academia, govern- previous Soviet allies, and as future financial ernment and opposition parties—neverthe- ment, and civil society, as well as through assistance became further conditional upon less managed to follow a steadfast path of local archival and academic resources. measures of good governance and democ- democratization? Whereas all other coun- Through these processes I have obtained racy, many regimes were compelled to both tries with similar inaugural conditions have the necessary information and data for my liberalize and democratize in order to sur- since produced widely recognized systems research that not only serves to identify the vive. Within Africa, such conditions were all of mixed, or otherwise non-democratic factors accounting for Ghana’s particular the more significant, as many regimes were rule, what factors explain why Ghana took a trajectory of democracy, but additionally confronted with poor economic condi- different path? serves to test the comparability of such tions held over from the previous decade. In answering this puzzle, my factors against the experiences of the As a result of the increased difficulty of project investigates Ghana’s political history twenty-seven other countries included in maintaining an authoritarian status quo, no after the Cold War and argues for the case this dissertation. fewer than twenty-eight African countries of Ghana as indicative of a larger phe- undertook “experiments” with democracy nomenon when explaining contemporary Nicholas Knowlton is a PhD candidate in during the critical period between 1990 and democracy in Africa. In positing Ghana as political science. Funding for his disserta- 1994. a paradigmatic example of a “democratic tion field research, including foreign lan- However, in spite of the demo- trajectory,” the insights gathered from this guage training in Twi, was provided by the cratic upsurge, instances of coups, crises, analysis promise to assist in explaining the David L Boren Fellowship Program. and institutional stagnation continued to variation of regimes occurring in Africa challenge the democratic gains made during after the Cold War. In short, my project the inaugural period. By 2009, only half assesses for variation among three factors of the states previously experiencing such present at the time of each country’s demo- democratic openings could still be listed as cratic opening: strength of political opposi- nominally democratic, while only six could tion, relative state power, and foreign aid. be widely considered as liberal democracies. Furthermore, this research also considers As comparisons of these coun- executive decision-making and the manner tries’ democratic paths reveal a striking in which leaders of these democratizing disparity between aspirations and outcomes countries chose to either tolerate demo- of democracy, such comparisons also cratic expansion (such as acknowledging reveal the puzzling case of one country the structural challenges to maintaining experiencing an inauspicious democratic authoritarian rule) or to repress democratic transition, yet maintaining what many demands through noting their privileged would regard as a liberal democratic state position with respect to the previously

36 CENTER FOR AFRICAN STUDIES Research Report 2013–2014 STUDENT REPORTS

Investigating Gender Equity within Climate Information Services: Insights from Kenya CHESNEY MCOMBER

Changes in climate are posing many challenges for poor farmers in developing countries. Among those farmers most vulnerable to the environmental and economic shocks associated with climate change are women. Gender differ- ences in agricultural responsibili- ties as well as access and control of resources present obstacles to adaptation and, thus, enhances women’s vulnerability to climate change. With limited resources to respond to and recover from environ- mental shocks, farmers are dependent upon accurate and timely climate informa- tion to maximize their crop production in the new reality of changing temperatures and rainfall patterns. Those with access to climate information are better equipped to respond and adapt to the changing climate. associates, and graduate students (Sandra information. The qualitative data col- Unfortunately, not all farmers have equal Russo, Sarah McKune, Wendy-lin Bartels, lected from farmer focus groups provided access to climate information. Despite Amy Panikowski, Smrittee Panta and important information as to why climate recent initiatives by international donors as myself). Our goal was to locate the gender information has not been equally attainable well as national level policy makers to pro- gaps, by which women were excluded from for all. Focus group discussions led to an mote the dissemination of climate informa- the flows of climate information, and exploration of not only gender inequity but tion through Information Communication identify entry points minimize inequities social inequity more broadly. Institutional Technologies (ICTs), it is unclear that these limiting women’s ability to access and utilize interviews revealed gaps in communica- initiatives have been beneficial to the most climate information. The research consisted tion between various stakeholders within vulnerable farmers. This summer, I was able of several interviews at the institutional Agromet as well as an absence of feedback to conduct a study in Kenya seeking to ex- level, exploring a particular climate infor- loops which would allow for multi-level plore these climate impacts and adaptation mation program called Agromet, which was communication and assessment of climate strategies with a focus on the communica- facilitated by CCAFS and implemented information services from various stake- tion of climate information to farmers. The by a local agricultural research institute in holders. Ultimately, in analyzing where overall purpose of this summer research Nairobi over the course of the past year. inequities or areas of social marginalization was to understand social inclusivity and Among those interviewed were representa- occur at each stage of the communication vulnerability within climate information tives from the Ministry of Environment, transmission (from creation, to packaging, services. the Kenyan Meteorological Department, to delivery and utilization), we were able to This summer research was part of the Kenyan Agricultural Research Institute, identify where development policies could a broader project analyzing social inequity the Ministry of Agriculture, and from local be useful in improving gender equity within within climate information services under radio stations. We also conducted focus climate information services. the CGIAR’s research program for Climate groups with farmers from Makuene, located Change and Food Security (CCAFS), in the eastern province of Kenya. Chesney McOmber is a PhD student in building upon previous research conducted Remedying gender inequities first political science and former FLAS fellow in South Asia in February and led by a requires understanding in what ways those (Swahili, 2010-12). team of UF faculty, post-doctoral research inequities become obstacles to accessing

CENTER FOR AFRICAN STUDIES Research Report 2013–2014 37 Supporting Democracy: Preparing Malawi for 2014 ANNA K. MWABA

My current research analyzes of stakeholders, funding challenges for countries in the region. But the reality, as I the role of regional international particular projects, and perceptions of the observed, suggests a degree of profession- organizations in encouraging international community on the part of the alization and autonomy that warrants closer democratic consolidation in their citizenry. analysis. member states. Free and fair elec- During my time at the UNDP, I This experience allowed me to tions are central to the strength- realized that the number of participants make connections with those involved in ening of democracy, especially in election assistance and election obser- the electoral process, ranging from mem- for developing countries. As a result, vation has steadily risen over the years. bers of the donor community to those election assistance has been a continued Specifically, more regional organizations, being trained to handle voter registration. I priority for international organizations over hope to return to monitor the elections in the last two decades. Good governance is May 2014 and use this experience to further necessary for addressing other develop- investigate the effect of election monitoring ment concerns, specifically, the improve- in ensuring the freedom and fairness of the ment of health, education and financial electoral process. Being able to assess if sectors. However, the question that remains there is any variation amongst the different is whether or not these organizations have districts will help in answering this question. actually had an influence on the level of Going into their fifth multiparty election, democracy in these countries and how. Malawi allows for closer examination of the This past summer, as pre-disser- effect of external actors on the democrati- tation research, I interned with the United zation process. I am hoping that this case Nations Development Programme’s Malawi will allow for a better understanding of the Country Office (UNDP) and was placed relationship between regional international on the Electoral Assistance Project. The organizations and domestic politics in aim of this project is to provide technical Africa. expertise and financial support to the duty-bearers of democracy in Malawi for Anna Kapambwe Mwaba is a PhD student the years 2013-2016, mainly the Malawi in political science. This research was Electoral Commission (MEC) and the supported by a Madelyn M. Lockhart Pre- Center for Multiparty Democracy (CMD). dissertation Travel Grant, the UF Office of This timeframe allows for the develop- Research, the Department of Political Sci- ment of programs prior to an election and like the African Union and Southern ence, and the Center for African Studies. opportunities for the strengthening of the African Development Community, in the institutional capacity of these domestic case of Malawi, are sending in technical organizations. For example, during my time assistants, offering workshops for electoral there I was involved in the electoral budget commissions and creating opportunities for finalization, meetings between political electoral commissioners to monitor other parties as they debated proposed changes elections in the region. These activities are to the Political Parties Act and the manage- in addition to having observers present ment of civic and voter education - done in at the elections. This development high- partnership with the European Union (EU), lights the importance of understanding the National Democratic Institute (NDI), and role of these regional actors and if their National Initiative for Civic Education in increased participation is enhancing the Malawi (NICE). I was also exposed to many legitimacy of the electoral process. Current of the challenges that come with preparing research does not isolate their effect, as for elections, such as communication issues they are often considered to be ineffective that arise when dealing with a large number or mere instruments of the more powerful

38 CENTER FOR AFRICAN STUDIES Research Report 2013–2014 STUDENT REPORTS The Use of Insults/Intemperate Language in Political Discourse in Ghana: a Critical Discourse Analysis EMMANUEL A. OFORI

The focus of my research hinges ‘shaming politicians project’ and promised of insults in the media, and the potentially on the realization of insults in to release some of their data to me. In addi- serious social implications of insults. Ghanaian political discussions tion, I established contacts with the Ghana and its social implications. In Media Commission (GMC), Ghana News Emmanuel Amo Ofori is a PhD student in recent years, politics in Ghana has Agency (GNA), and Ghana Independent linguistics and graduate teaching assistant become characterized by per- Broadcasters Association (GIBA), and for Akan/Twi. This research was supported sonal attacks, vilifications, bick- some private newspapers, such as The Daily by the Jeanne & Hunt Davis Travel Fund, ering, and insults. There have been Guide, The Informer and The Democrat. the UF Office of Research, and the Center calls from civil societies, leaders of political The most fascinating of all, is that, I visited for African Studies. parties, chiefs, opinion leaders, and the clergy to put a stop to this alien practice, which is infiltrating into Ghanaian political discourse. Various attempts have been made to stop the politics of insults in Ghana. This is spearheaded by Media Foundation for West Africa (MFWA) that releases a weekly report to the general public shaming politicians who are involved in politics of insults. If a country could go to the extent of shaming politicians involved in politics of insults then it shows how deeply the issue of intemperate language has taken an entrenched position in Ghanaian political discussions. Insults in politics have reached an all time high in recent political discus- sions, a phenomenon that is not Ghanaian. This prompts the question when and how did the political arena in Ghana became a space for insults and counter insults? Many the Parliament House of Ghana and inter- have attributed this infamous development acted with some members of Parliament to to the proliferation of broadcast media get their take on politics of insults. and believe to have a major role to play in This trip undoubtedly has had a the recent surge of insults. This research significant impact on my Ph.D. disserta- therefore seeks to analyze the recent de- tion. It has given me a needed direction and velopment of insults in Ghanaian political focus. Some of the topics and areas that I discussions. will be exploring in my dissertation are 1) My summer 2013 research trip tracing political discourse in Ghana from to Ghana offered me the opportunity to independence to the era of ‘pink sheets’; collate preliminary data for this research. I 2) inter-party political insults; 3) intra-party collected data from both radio and televi- political insults; and 4) insults between sion stations, and newspapers. I also got and among politicians and others-religious the opportunity to interact with the Deputy leaders, media, civil society, and chiefs. I will Director of Media Foundation for West also discuss how critical discourse analysis Africa (MFWA), Mr. Sulemana Braimah, exposes inequalities of insults in public who updated me on the progress of political discourse in Ghana, naturalization

CENTER FOR AFRICAN STUDIES Research Report 2013–2014 39 Woven Livelihoods: Women Crafters and Protected Areas in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa AMY PANIKOWSKI

From late April through June, I continued my fieldwork on the east coast of South Africa working with Zulu women and crafting materials. Every May, the iSimangaliso Wetland Park and Umlalazi Nature Reserve (every other May) allow women to harvest Juncus kraussii, a high quality reed mainly used for crafting bridal sleeping mats and traditional beer strainers. These items are valued in Zulu culture for their utilitarian properties as well as their cultural heritage. I interviewed individual crafters and crafting groups, most of which were women, about their harvesting and use of J. kraussii. Gaining insight into this economic oppor- tunity for a vulnerable population contrib- utes to the limited social research in and around these protected areas. In addition to on the financial, emotional, and physical ceremonies. My final stop was to interview this harvest, I also interviewed women who responsibilities of sustaining those in the women around Mbongolwane Wetland. I J. kraussii harvest iKhwani, which is like household unit. As a result, the need to quickly got a sense of how harvesting from but found in open-access wetlands within find alternative economic opportunities is this wetland works – seemingly no rules KwaZulu-Natal. I focused my research on greater in this population and can compro- on harvesting by community members and Mbongolwane Wetland, near Eshowe. mise their ability to support conservation those who come from afar. In South Africa, women head of protected areas. After spending time in these areas, almost half of all households because of First, I traveled to Umlalazi I have a better grasp of the interactions historical patterns of patriarchy, apartheid, Nature Reserve at Mtunzini where I had the between the protected areas, open-access macro-economic conditions, and HIV/ opportunity to meet with the community areas, and interacting community mem- AIDS. Economic opportunities for women outreach manager. UNR was not harvesting bers. I hope my dissertation will uncover are often limited and there is constant this year because not enough salt had issues relevant to protected areas managers, turnover in small business enterprises be- washed over the reserve which results in policymakers and practitioners who intend cause of HIV/AIDS and a reduced number less of the reed. The adjacent communities to work with crafter groups to improve of younger women with adequate skill and their authorities work with the reserve their capacity. My experience meeting sets. Further, older women tend to be the to determine the management of the reed these crafters reinforced my desire to work primary caregivers for the sick and for their harvest. Next, I traveled to St. Lucia, the with people living around and/or utilizing orphaned grandchildren or even take on tourist town and entry point into the iSi- resources in protected areas. other orphans in the community. Female- mangaliso Wetland Park, South Africa’s first headed households are more likely to take World Heritage Site. Here, the organization Amy Panikowski is a doctoral candidate of the harvest is much more rigid and any in geography. Funding provided by the Zulu may have access to harvest. The tent UF Office of Research and the Center for communities for the women were across African Studies. the road from one of the gate entrances, out of sight of the main road leading to the town. Women will pay 55Rand/day to enter and harvest as much as they can carry. The harvesting areas are much bigger here and the size of the reeds enables women to make the large mats for wedding

40 CENTER FOR AFRICAN STUDIES Research Report 2013–2014 STUDENT REPORTS

“We Have Always Been Fashionable” – The Significance of Fashion in Accra, Ghana (1953-2013) CHRISTOPHER RICHARDS

After spending six months in designs, my dissertation chronicles the and Aya Morrison, exploring how this Accra, Ghana during 2012, I have presence, and absence, of Accra’s fashion younger generation of designers has col- had the privilege of writing and culture throughout the subsequent decades. lectively reinvigorated wax print fabric researching my dissertation for Due to the ephemeral and capricious nature as a preferred material for contemporary the past academic year, with a of fashion, I have chosen to rely on the Ghanaian fashion. Just as the designs of completion date set for Spring recollections of individuals, augmented by Chez Julie encapsulated elite Ghanaians’ 2014. My dissertation has dramatically newspaper articles, to document the ebbs desires to express their cosmopolitan, yet shifted in focus since its initial inception, and flows of Accra’s fashion. I highlight distinctly Ghanaian identities, by blending broadening in scope to include the earliest the careers of several established designers, wax print fabric with European silhouettes, documentation of Accra’s fashion culture Accra’s contemporary designers are able as recorded in the popular newspapers The to invoke similar sentiments for a younger Daily Graphic and The Sunday Mirror. As my generation. My dissertation ultimately at- dissertation will establish, a vibrant and tests to the paramount role of fashion in complex fashion culture existed in Accra by Accra and its ability to serve as an indicator 1953, consisting of two, co-existing spheres of important cultural, social, and political of fashion: one focused on imported, shifts. European fashions, the other on distinctly In addition to completing my Ghanaian fashions. Both spheres of fashion dissertation, I have continued my collabora- were enthusiastically documented and tion with the Samuel P. Harn Museum of debated in The Daily Graphic and The Sunday Art, developing an exhibition based on my Mirror, with contributors tracking the latest dissertation research. The exhibition, Kabas trends in both European and Ghanaian and Couture: Contemporary Ghanaian Fashion, fashion. One particularly fascinating will include garments from Juliana Norteye example chronicled the rise and fall of an and an assortment of garments from expressive style of kaba, known locally as Accra’s emerging designers. The exhibition “the Jaguar.” is scheduled to open in Spring 2015. Following Ghana’s independence, a third sphere of fashion emerged, mani- Christopher Richards is a PhD candidate in fested by garments that were European in art history and a former FLAS fellow style, but Ghanaian in their material. The in- (Akan/Twi, 2010-2012). He is currently troduction of this third category of hybrid funded by a School of Art & Art History fashions is evidenced by the creations of Alumni Fellowship. fashion designer Juliana Norteye, known popularly by her clothing label, “Chez such as Kofi Ansah and Joyce Ababio, who Julie.” Norteye trained as a fashion designer were part of a generation of Ghanaians in Paris during the late 1950s, returning who revitalized Accra’s fashion culture to Accra in 1961. Norteye created gar- during the 1990s. Ansah was educated at ments that transformed established styles the Chelsea School of Art and returned of Ghanaian dress and indigenous textiles to Ghana in 1992, unveiling his ground- into garments that reflected the desire of breaking “Blue Zone” collection in Accra. Accra’s elite to assert their cosmopolitan, The collection consisted of denim gar- yet distinctly Ghanaian identities. One ments printed with a botanical pattern of her most significant garments, which derived from the archives of the British wax Norteye referred to as the “Akwadzan,” print company, ABC Textiles. transformed the dress practice of wearing a My dissertation concludes with wrapped cloth into a tailored garment that a survey of Accra’s emerging fashion could easily be slipped over one’s head. designers, including the brands Christie Following Norteye’s innovative Brown, Ajepomaa Design Gallery, PISTIS,

CENTER FOR AFRICAN STUDIES Research Report 2013–2014 41 The Life and Death of Medieval Ethiopian Priests: a Bioarchaeological and Osteological Investigation of Mummies from Caves in Northern Ethiopia ABIYOT SEIFU

communities they presided over. Previously ancient settlement such as archaeological unknown to scientists, the YK and MT remains large granaries, mummified bodies, mummies were interred sometime between and faunal remains are scattered inside the the 12th and 16th centuries according to cave. local oral traditions and limited mones- I hope to return to Ethiopia in tary documents. Therefore, they offer an summer 2014 to continue my research: unprecedented opportunity to conduct sys- Who specifically were these mummi- tematic inventories and detailed bioarchaeo- fied clergies? What roles did they play in logical, DNA, osteological and forensic Ethiopian society before they died? Were analyses of Ethiopian mummies. all priests mummified, and if not why were The primary input for my dis- only some selected? Who and why were the sertation is generated from the preparation adults and children interred with the clergy? of site map, inventories of the mummies, What specific methods were used in the osteometric measurements of 56 skulls, mummification process and who performed archaeological excavation in Debre Guad them? Sellasse cave monastery, deciphered geez I am hoping the results of this texts wrapped around the mummies, and research will shed considerable light on the and oral traditions. Preliminary result of historical archaeology of medieval Ethiopia, the nonmetric signatures extracted from the and especially the role of EOC priests skulls in YK indicates that the mummified in medieval society. It will create a first- remains might have African ancestral origin, of-its-kind database for future studies of as opposed to the legendary oral traditions, Ethiopian historic mummies and skeletons. In the summer 2013, I was able to which claim most of the remains were came The study will also help Ethiopian agencies travel to Yemirhane Kirstos (YK) from Europe and Middle East. to nominate Yemirhane Kirstos monastery and Melke Tsedik (MT) in Ethiopia I was also able to conduct archae- as a World Heritage Site. for three months field research. ological survey of three sites namely MT, During an archaeological survey, I dis- Debre Guad Sellasse, and Tseha Michael. Abiyot Seifu is a doctoral candidate in covered thousands of remarkably well- Dr. Steven Brandt (UF Anthropology) was anthropology. Funding for this research preserved mummified bodies of priests able to accompany me to the first cave was provided by the UF Graduate School, and other unidentified individuals inside monastery, where we had to walk down the Department of Anthropology, the Of- the medieval cave monasteries of YK and 836 curved stairs to reach to the bottom fice of Research, and the Center for African MT in Ethiopia. Scholars have long known of the hill, where the cave monastery is Studies. that clergy were purposely mummified and found. The MT cave serves as a depository laid to rest since the 4th century CE, but for hundreds of previously unreported and who these mummified individuals were, extremely well preserved mummified bodies why they were selected for mummification, of priests. what roles they played in Ethiopian society, I was able to carry out archaeolog- and what specific methods were used in ical test excavation in Debre Guad Sellasse the mummification process, are virtually cave monastery mainly due to the expan- unknown. This is due to: 1) the absence of sion process. It provides the opportunity to scientific studies of previously discovered see the primary orientation of the graves, mummies; 2) very limited archaeological and spatial arrangement of the tombs and excavations of medieval sites; 3) an over- mummies. Tseha Michael was the largest dependence by historians upon the heavily and deepest cave in the area formed along biased writings of the Royal Chronicles; the Jamma escarpment. Unknown people and 4) lack of detailed research on the used this cave in the past. Evidence of oral traditions of clergy and the farming

42 CENTER FOR AFRICAN STUDIES Research Report 2013–2014 STUDENT REPORTS

Adapting Hospital Outreach to Direct Village Needs In Kitgum, Uganda DANIEL STIRLING

My Master of Sustainable Development summer practicum was spent in Kitgum District, Northern Uganda. The flat, dense shrub land was green with the summer rains. This is the area where the now infamous Joseph Kony led the LRA in a 20 year war against the Ugandan government, trapping Acholi communities in the middle. Villagers have only returned to their lands in the last five years and some only as re- cently as two months ago have been able to afford the move from the satellite Internally Displaced Peoples Camps (IDPCs). Many Acholi villages are painstak- ingly reclaiming neglected crop lands with only hand hoes and a few ox-drawn plows. Sorghum, millet, peanuts and a local bitter superintendent of the hospital. My research project proposals for the foundation that green called “bo” are the main staples. was directly aimed at providing information include selling subsidized mosquito nets Those who have been back longer also earn to identify the community needs defining a during the hospital’s vaccine campaigns and income from cotton, sesame, cassava and new village outreach program staffed by the creating/training in-village nutrition experts. teak wood cash crops. Protein comes from hospital and sponsored by the foundation. Both programs are designed to rely on the a robust supply of chickens, pigeons, goats I surveyed and lived in six villages within hospital’s expert workers and create village and occasionally one of the cattle. Wealthier the St. Joseph catchment area specifically ownership of their own health outcomes. households have pigs, ducks and turkey. chosen for the lack of past NGO inter- Decades spent in IDPCs have Earthen bricks fired in handmade kilns vention. I designed the survey instrument greatly spread preventable disease knowl- are a steady cottage industry during these utilizing Focus on Opportunity, Access edge and health seeking behaviors across rebuilding years. and Motivation (FOAM) methodologies the entire region. The Ugandan government I worked with St. Joseph’s often used in water and sanitation surveys and the international community have pro- Hospital, a non-profit hospital serving and expanding them to malarial, diarrheal vided multiple borehole wells in each village the Kitgum district and surrounding areas and maternal health issues. Getting to the providing easier access to relatively clean as far as South Sudan (www.sjhkitgum. hospital is no easy task as it can take a full ground water. Years of fallow fields have org) and the Dr. Grau Albert Valencian day walk or a week’s income for taxi fare. made the harvests bountiful. These points Community Foundation, a Spanish NGO Indeed, many people sleep on the concrete are praised by the local leaders for the bet- founded after the death of the first medical hospital patios to be close to loved ones or terment of their communities but agricul- before making the next day’s journey home. tural profits come slow as reclaiming fertile The village level knowledge of land can take years. This will not be easy health risks and preventative measures work but the people of Kitgum District are is strong in most areas, which will allow not looking for a handout rather a helping us to tailor future education programs hand up as they rebuild their communities. at specific knowledge gaps. My research identified access to and affordability of Daniel Stirling is a second year student in life saving goods such as mosquito nets, the Masters Degree in Sustainable Develop- water cleansing tablets and oral rehydra- ment Program. Funding provided by the tion packets as a much larger problem than MacArthur Foundation. health knowledge. I am now developing

CENTER FOR AFRICAN STUDIES Research Report 2013–2014 43 Human Health Risks Linked to Irrigation with Treated Wastewater and Analysis of Gender Roles in Agriculture in Oued Souhil, Tunisia RAINA S. ZANTOUT

Improving the quality of treated precautionary measures were discussed. wastewater as well as access to A survey conducted at the end of this and availability of agricultural workshop showed that all participants un- extension services could benefit derstood the health risks, and 89% of them farmers’ health in Tunisia. Farmers would begin to use boots and gloves while in the Oued Souhil region of northeastern irrigating. Follow-up surveys are recom- Tunisia have been irrigating with treated mended for 2014 in order to determine the wastewater since the 1970s. The majority long-term impact of this workshop. of these farmers use treated wastewater Gender roles in agriculture were because of its availability; rainwater is also addressed through baseline surveys unreliable, and ground water is considered and the focus group discussion, which contaminated. Wide-ranging literature has was hosted only for women. Not surpris- illustrated that treated wastewater presents ingly, undocumented and unpaid female human health risks that impact farmers, agricultural and household labor were their families and consumers at varying observed. Daily time poverty for women levels. Farmers are especially at risk for con- in this region ranged from 30 minutes to tracting illnesses due to their direct contact five hours and consisted mainly of col- with the water. In the first ever research of lecting drinking water and hand-washing its kind in Tunisia, baseline surveys and a laundry. Many women lacked access to focus group discussion were carried out to motorized modes of transportation, relying assess farmers’ knowledge of human health instead on walking and cycling everywhere. wastewater treatment. Some farmers re- risks linked to irrigation with treated waste- Transportation and other time constraints ported concern about the associated animal water in Oued Souhil. The culmination of limit women’s access to agricultural exten- health risks. Ultimately, best wastewater this research was a health and hygiene edu- sion services. treatment, together with the use of precau- cation and awareness workshop. It is critical Many women, however, acquired tionary measures and agricultural extension to note that, at the time of this research, their farmland through either inheritance services, could minimize health risks for “treated wastewater” in Oued Souhil still or purchase, suggesting no limitations on farmers. I give many thanks to the farmers appeared brown and had a foul smell. their land rights. Additionally, many farmers in the Oued Souhil region of Tunisia, The preliminary results of data reported a high degree of female decision- without whom this research would have collected reveal that 31% of farmers do making power in the household, including been impossible. not associate any health risks with treated input to manage the family budget. These wastewater. Farmers who reported an as- preliminary results indicate that while Raina Zantout is a second-year student sociated health risk primarily mentioned Tunisian women still battle issues related to in the Master of Sustainable Develop- skin infections. Knowledge of risk for skin time, information, and employment, they ment Practice program and a FLAS fellow infections was acquired through either first- do enjoy land rights and a higher degree (Arabic, 2013-14). Funding for this project hand experience or word-of-mouth. There of decision-making than most other Arab provided by the MacArthur Foundation. appear to be no extension services available nations. The implications of this data for farmers advising them about the human were presented at the Comparative and health risks associated with treated waste- International Education Society confer- water. Due to several reasons, including ence in October 2013, and can be used lack of knowledge about health risks, the to support other reports that suggest the majority of farmers reported not using any importance of incorporating gender roles in precautionary measures while irrigating (i.e. development programs in the Middle East boots, gloves and long pants). and North Africa. During the workshop, farmers’ The preliminary results of this health risks alongside recommended research also suggest the need for improved

44 CENTER FOR AFRICAN STUDIES Research Report 2013–2014 COLLABORATIVE REPORTS

Research for “Kongo across the Waters” Exhibition and Publication SUSAN COOKSEY, ROBIN POYNOR, HEIN VANHEE & CARLEE FORBES

On October 22, 2013, the exhibi- tion “Kongo across the Waters,” opened at the Harn Museum of Art. From October 2012 to October 2013, Robin Poynor, Susan Cooksey and Hein Vanhee (Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren Belgium) and Carlee Forbes, (UF doctoral student in Art History) continued their re- search on Kongo art and culture and its influence on America for the exhibition and accompanying publication by the same title. Poynor worked intensively with scholars in Louisiana, exploring the Kongo roots of Voudou and American music. Poynor’s work with Ryan Gray, an archaeologist at the University of New Orleans, resulted in his essay on a rosary belonging to a Central Kongo cosmograms. She also interviewed Harn Museum was also able to secure African man whose remains were excavated coiled grass basketmakers who continue a an additional venue for the exhibition at in the oldest cemetery in New Orleans, 300 year tradition linked to Kongo basket- the Jimmy Carter Presidential Museum dating to the 18th century. A re-interment making and worked with Dale Rosengarten in Atlanta, Georgia from May through ceremony for the remains will occur in con- of the College of Charleston whose work September 2014. Afterwards, the exhibi- junction with the travel of the exhibition to focuses on African roots of Gullah baskets. tion will travel to the Princeton University the New Orleans Museum of Art in 2015. Hein Vanhee made three visits Museum of Art and then to the New The rosary is also on display in the exhibi- to Gainesville in 2012-13 in preparation Orleans Museum of Art, completing its tion. Poynor also traveled to New Orleans for the installation of the exhibition and tour in May 2015. The curators have also in September 2013 to produce a film continued research for the book. Together, planned the annual Gwendolen M. Carter investigating musical traditions with ethno- the curators looked at African American Conference for February 21- 22, 2014 that musicologist Freddi Williams-Evans. For cemeteries, yard shows, carving traditions expanded on the theme of the exhibi- another section of the film, Susan Cooksey and ceramics. In Belgium, Vanhee mined tion by exploring Kongo influences in the worked with filmmaker Houston Wells and archives in the Royal Museum for Central Caribbean and South America. University of Florida students who direct Africa and worked with other scholars to and participate in the Florida Invitational investigate the histories of objects in the Research by the curators was supported by Step Show. The film is currently on view in collection, find archival images from the the Office of the Provost, the International the exhibition. Carlee Forbes did research 19th and early 20th century. He located music Center, the Center for African Studies, the on textiles and ivories for the publication clips from Kongo that visitors can hear in College of Fine Arts, the School of Art and and exhibition didactics. She also helped the exhibition as they view related musical Art History, and contributions from private with exhibition design including the compo- instruments. Vanhee delved into Kongo donors. sition of a photographic montage based on commerce and cultural exchanges in Africa her research on African American art. and the Atlantic world, along with historian In fall 2013, Cooksey travelled to Jelmer Vos (Old Dominion University). Charleston, SC to investigate archaeological Their co-authored article appears in the artifacts from the site of Dean Hall planta- publication. tion that have cross marks linking them to Rebecca Nagy, director of the

CENTER FOR AFRICAN STUDIES Research Report 2013–2014 45 African Languages Initiative (AFLI) Domestic Intensive Summer Program 2013 AKINTUNDE AKINYEMI, CHARLES BWENGE & JAMES ESSEGBEY

The Center for African Studies humanitarian, and national security.” were Boren-funded and 12 were Foreign (CAS) in collaboration with The AFLI program is designed Language & Area Studies (FLAS)-funded. the Department of Languages, to focus on two main levels of proficiency, We extend our sincere appreciation to all Literatures, & Cultures (LLC) at that is, enabling students at ACTFL’s novice institutions that enabled these students to the University of Florida hosted level (ILR 0/0+) to move to the interme- achieve their educational goals. We were the AFLI Domestic Intensive diate level (ILR 1/1+) and those at inter- also lucky to have a dynamic and profes- summer program for the third mediate level to advanced level (ILR 2/2+). sional team of 10 instructors from various time on behalf of the Institute In this regard, it prepares Boren scholars/ institutions including University of Georgia, of International Education (IIE). fellows for an overseas immersion fall Michigan State University, University of Structured as an 8-week intensive language semester and other students for advanced Mississippi, and University of Wisconsin. program, the program successfully ran from training at their home institutions. Boren’s In addition to the 4-hour morning June 6 to August 2 of 2013 under the co-di- overseas program includes a semester classroom instruction (Monday-Friday), rectorship of Dr. Akintunde Akinyemi and abroad of training in a critical African students participated in practicing their Dr. Charles Bwenge. As was in the previous language, a life-changing cultural exposure, languages at the 2-hour afternoon con- two summers, the 2013 AFLI program and real-world business experience. The versational sessions (Monday – Thursday) was another success story regarding the overseas component focuses on enabling which were facilitated by native speakers. UF mission that has long recognized and participants to reach further proficiency in Also, language groups participated in turn diligently addressed the need for foreign the chosen African language. A total of six in preparing and serving meals for every language education by establishing strong languages were offered in the AFLI 2013. Wednesday’s dinner - popularly known as foreign language programs which matches These included Akan/Twi (beginning), “Africa Eats Night.” It was pleasing to see well with the AFLI’s central mission: “to Hausa (beginning & intermediate), Swahili high levels of enthusiasm, motivation, and assist Americans acquire high proficiency (beginning & intermediate), Wolof (begin- spirit of cooperation and umoja from all in specific African languages in order to ning), Yoruba (beginning & intermediate) participants: students, instructors, conver- strengthen the United States’ intellectual and Zulu (beginning & intermediate). The sational facilitators, host families (Saturday and economic competitiveness and enhance program attracted 36 students from various visitations), and CAS staff. Indeed, every international cooperation for economic, universities across the country, 24 of whom participant played their part well and in the end it was another success story. We thank them all.

Akintunde Akinyemi is associate professor in the Department of Languages, Litera- tures, and Cultures (LLC) and CAS affiliate faculty. Charles Bwenge is senior lecturer & Coordinator, UF Program in African Languages. James Essegbey is associate professor in LLC and CAS affiliate faculty.

46 CENTER FOR AFRICAN STUDIES Research Report 2013–2014 COLLABORATIVE REPORTS

Sub-Saharan Africa Business Environment Report (SABER) ANITA SPRING, ROBERT ROLFE, LEVY ODERA, YANG JIAO & FLETCHER CROWE

In May 2013, Dr. Spring pre- road, railways, ports, and airports construc- website so that readers can provide data for sented the preliminary release tion, as well as joint ventures for airlines. countries of which they are knowledgeable. of SABER, 2012-13 at the Plenary New statistical tables and data Session of the International have been added on total values of imports SABER 2012-13 is online at Academy of African Business and and exports by commodity with U. S. and http://warrington.ufl.edu/ciber/publica- Development in Accra Ghana. China; health data; telecommunications tions/saber.asp and http://web.africa.ufl. SABER 2012-13 is the second volume and internet bandwidth, democracy indices, edu/ in the series that provides business in- and stock exchanges indices. In response to formation at a ready glance for the 19 outside reviewers, a Summary of Business Anita Spring is professor emeritus of an- largest economies in Sub-Saharan Africa. Culture has been added covering greet- thropology at University of Florida. Robert Each Regional Summary and Country ings, business meetings, titles and business Rolfe is professor of international business Report highlight current features using cards, time, communication, bargaining and at University of South Carolina. Funding six topics: Political Stability, Economic negotiation, gift giving, women and gender for this project is by USED Title VI grants Growth, Trade and Agriculture, Foreign issues, tipping, personal space, eye contact, through the Center for African Studies and Direct Investment (FDI), Doing Business, business dress code, and practices to avoid. the Centers for International Business Edu- Business Culture and Stock Markets, A series of tables have been developed cation and Research (CIBER) at Warrington Infrastructure (Construction, Energy, using the literature and personal experi- College of Business (UF) and the Moore Telecommunications, etc.), and Health and ences of SABER’s authors and colleagues. School of Business (USC). Social Aspects. Influences on countries and The tables will subsequently be put on the sub-regions from domestic and interna- tional entities, companies, investors, and governments are evaluated. Appendix A provides a comprehensive statistical index with quantitative and qualitative tables that have been constructed by Dr. Spring and Levy Odera on FDI and trade, political and legal aspects, agricultural and commodity production and sales, ease of doing busi- ness rankings, financial markets, and social, gender, health, and education variables. These data help to discern and evaluate the implications of business deals, FDI, imports and exports, business enablers and constraints, and political stability, as well as development assistance and busi- ness investments by African, Chinese, American, European, and other countries and businesses. What is new in SABER 2012- 2013? Although SABER 2011 contained information on China’s FDI, SABER 2012- 2013 has examined the subject in greater depth in terms of exports and imports to African countries, as well as in terms of in- frastructure contracts for building construc- tion (housing, stadiums, government build- ings, and offices) energy (electricity and wind power), mining, telecommunications,

CENTER FOR AFRICAN STUDIES Research Report 2013–2014 47 AFRICAN STUDIES QUARTERLY

FOUNDATION

The Center for African Studies founded the African Studies Quarterly (ASQ) in 1997 to promote research on Africa beyond that undertaken by University of Florida faculty and graduate students. It is an interdis- ciplinary, fully refereed, online open access journal dedicated to publishing the finest scholarship relating to the African continent. ASQ invites the submissions of original manuscripts on full range of topics related to Africa in all areas. To qualify for consideration, submissions must meet the scholarship standards within the appropriate discipline and be of interest to an interdisciplinary readership. As an electronic journal, we welcome submissions that are of a time-sensitive nature.

ASQ undertakes two kinds of publications. Most issues contain articles from a wide range of authors on diverse topics, as in Volumes 13 & 14:

• Ethiopia’s Role in South Sudan’s March to Independence, 1955-1991 • Hip Hop as Social Commentary in Accra and Dar es Salaam • Securing Reform? Power Sharing and Civil-Security Relations in Kenya and Zimbabwe • Becoming Local Citizens: Senegalese Female Migrants and Agrarian Clientelism in The Gambia • Sons of the Soil and Conquerors Who Came on Foot: The Historical Construction of a West African Border Region

ASQ also publishes “At Issue” commentaries as well as special issues that focus on a specific theme, as with volume 11/2&3 guest edited by Ilda Lindell of Stockholm University titled “Between Exit and Voice: Infor- mality and the Spaces of Popular Agency.”

REVIEW PROCESS

An internal editorial committee - composed of graduate students in African Studies across a wide range of disciplines - conducts the internal review of submitted manuscripts that are original and not submitted or accepted for publication elsewhere. Final publication depends on the quality of the manuscript and the associated external peer review process. For submission guidelines, matters related to the ASQ style, how to contact the ASQ, and other issues, potential authors should consult the ASQ website: www.africa.ufl.edu/asq or contact the managing editor: [email protected]

48 CENTER FOR AFRICAN STUDIES Research Report 2013–2014 FLAS FELLOWSHIPS

ACADEMIC YEAR & SUMMER FOREIGN LANGUAGE AND AREA STUDIES FELLOWSHIPS

The University of Florida’s Center for African Studies anticipates awarding Foreign Language and Area Studies (FLAS) Fellowships for the academic year. These fellowships are funded by the U.S. Department of Education (USED) under Title VI of the U.S. Higher Education Act and are awarded to students combining graduate work in any academic discipline with African area and language studies.

Fellowships are offered for any one of the regularly taught languages (Akan, Amharic, Arabic, Portuguese, Swahili, Wolof, Yoruba, and Zulu) as well as for other African languages for which instruction can be arranged.

Academic year fellowships provide a stipend of $15,000 and cover the cost of tuition and fees (12 credits per semester). Applicants must be a citizen or permanent resident of the United States and be admitted to a graduate program at the University of Florida.

Summer fellowships provide students with an opportunity to undertake intensive African language study in any USED approved program. Summer fellowships cover tuition at the host institution and provide a stipend of $2,500.

For more information, including application deadlines, please visit www. africa.ufl.edu/graduatestudies/flas.

CENTER FOR AFRICAN STUDIES Research Report 2013–2014 49 THANKS TO OUR DONORS

MADELYN M. LOCKHART JEANNE & HUNT DAVIS Graduate Research Award Graduate Research Award In 2004, Dr. Madelyn Lockhart, In 2004, Dr. R. Hunt Davis, professor emeritus of economics professor emeritus in History and and a former Dean of the Graduate a former director of the Center School, established an endowment for African Studies, and his wife, to support an annual award for Jeanne, established an endowment graduate students doing pre- to support graduate students doing dissertation research in Africa. pre-dissertation research in Africa.

African Studies Faculty & Alumni Pre-Dissertation Award The generous contributions from Jeanne & The African Studies Faculty & Alumni Pre- The Center would like to thank the fol- Hunt Davis and Dr. Lockhart has made it Dissertation Award now has over $20,000 lowing individuals who have contributed possible for the Center to provide support in commitments and is moving toward the to our various funds in the past year (with for graduate students each summer doing goal of $30,000, which will provide more an extra special thanks to those who are fieldwork in Africa. In an effort to expand support for graduate students. Please see the working to build the Faculty & Alumni Pre- our capability for supporting graduate following page for more information about Dissertation Fund). students, Dr. Davis has taken the lead in this fund and how you can contribute. helping CAS work toward establishing an additional endowment.

ANONYMOUS MUSSA IDRIS DANIEL REBOUSSIN

JOE K. AMOAKO AGNES LESLIE SANDRA L. RUSSO

CHARLES BWENGE MICHAEL LESLIE RENATA SERRA

PAUL A. CHADIK FIONA MCLAUGHLIN JANE SOUTHWORTH

SUSAN COOKSEY CONNIE J. MULLIGAN LEONARDO A. VILLALON

ABRAHAM C. GOLDMAN SUSAN O’BRIEN LUISE S. WHITE

BARBARA MCDADE-GORDON TERJE OSTEBO

50 CENTER FOR AFRICAN STUDIES Research Report 2013–2014 CONTRIBUTE TO GRADUATE STUDENT RESEARCH ON AFRICA AT UF

FUNDS FOR GRADUATE STUDENTS TO TRAVEL AND CARRY OUT RESEARCH IN AFRICA ARE IN VERY SHORT SUPPLY, ESPECIALLY IN THESE TRYING ECONOMIC TIMES!

Beyond their training at UF, field research in Africa is absolutely essential for students to write the kinds of dissertations on which they will be able to base successful careers, whether in academia, government, NGOs, or the private sector. The major dissertation research awards for Africa are limited in number and increasingly competitive. In order for Ph.D. candidates to be competitive for these awards they must demonstrate a strong familiarity with the proposed field site and the capability to carry out the proposed work.

As a result, preliminary summer research trips to lay the groundwork for dissertation fieldwork are invaluable for making students competitive for national awards for dissertation funding. Helping our students launch their professional careers in this way is one of our top priorities at the Center for African Studies.

The Center for African Studies has recently established a fund with the goal of creating an endowment of at least $30,000, so as to generate the revenue for an annual award to help a student carry out pre-dissertation research in Africa. If you would like to make a contribution to this fund, we (and future generations of UF Africanist students!) would be very grateful. For instruc- tions, please visit our website:

http://africa.ufl.edu/about/make-a-gift/

If you are a UF employee and would like to contribute via payroll deduction, please contact CAS for assistance.

If you have any questions or would like more information—please contact Abraham Goldman (CAS director) at [email protected] or 352-392-2183

CENTER FOR AFRICAN STUDIES Research Report 2013–2014 51 THE CENTER WOULD LIKE TO THANK

Anna Mwaba for coordinating this project, the students and faculty who contributed reports and photographs, and Luca Brunozzi for the design and layout of this report. Cover photos by Chesney McOmber and Amy Panikowski.

52 CENTER FOR AFRICAN STUDIES Research Report 2013–2014 CENTER FOR AFRICAN STUDIES 427 Grinter Hall PO Box 115560 Gainesville, Florida 32611-5560 352-392-2183 352-392-2435 (FAX) www.africa.ufl.edu