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Kapadokya Kaya Kiliseleri'nde Hz. Isa Mucizelerinin Ikonografisi

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Kapadokya Kaya Kiliseleri'nde Hz. Isa Mucizelerinin Ikonografisi T.C. SAKARYA ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ KAPADOKYA KAYA KİLİSELERİ’NDE HZ. İSA MUCİZELERİNİN İKONOGRAFİSİ YÜKSEK LİSANS TEZİ Göksevi AYHAN ATAK Enstitü Anabilim Dalı: Sanat Tarihi Tez Danışmanı: Dr. Öğr. Üyesi Gülsen TEZCAN KAYA MAYIS – 2019 ÖNSÖZ Hz. İsa’nın gerçekleştirdiği mucizeler, Hıristiyanlık inancında ve İncillerde önemi bir yer tutmaktadır. Meryem’in mucizevî hamileliği ile birlikte başlayan ve İsa’nın kutsal varlığının en önemli kanıtı olan mucizelere, Hırsitiyan İkonografisi’nde sıklıkla yer verilmiştir. Kapadokya Bölgesi’nin zengin duvar resimleri her dönem ilgi çekmiş ve farklı çalışmalara konu olmuştur. Bölgede, Hz. İsa mucizelerini konu alan tasvirlerin ikonografisi, tezimizin konusunu oluşturmaktadır. Çalışmam süresince, sabrı ve güler yüzüyle yol gösteren değerli danışmanım Dr. Öğr. Üyesi Gülsen TEZCAN KAYA’ya teşekkür ederim. Yüksek lisans eğitimim sürecinde bilgi ve desteklerini esirgemeyen değerli hocalarım Dr. Öğr. Üyesi Tülin ÇORUHLU, Doç. Dr. Ela TAŞ, Prof. Dr. Hamza GÜNDOĞDU ve Arş. Gör. Rümeysa Işık YAYLA’ya teşekkür borçluyum. Çalışma sürecinde ulaşamadığım yayınların temin edilmesinde yardımcı olan arkadaşım Öğr. Gör. İlknur GÜLTEKİN’e, gerekli bilgi ve fotoğrafların sağlamasında yardımlarını esirgemeyen Nevşehir Müze Müdürüğü çalışanı Osman RÜZGAR’a, Göreme Açık Hava Müzesi çalışanları Savaş GÜVEN ve Erdal GÖKSU’ya teşekkürlerimi sunarım. Son olarak, eğitim hayatım süresinde maddi ve manevi desteklerini esirgemeyen sevgili eşim Erkan ATAK’a ve ailemin değerli fertlerine sonsuz teşekkürler… Göksevi AYHAN ATAK 28/05/2019 İÇİNDEKİLER KISALTMALAR ............................................................................................................ v TABLO LİSTESİ ........................................................................................................... vi ÇİZİM LİSTESİ ............................................................................................................ vii FOTOĞRAF LİSTESİ .................................................................................................. ix ÖZET ............................................................................................................................. xvi ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................. xvii GİRİŞ ............................................................................................................................... 1 Araştırmanın Konusu ............................................................................................ 1 Araştırmanın Önemi .............................................................................................. 1 Araştırmanın Amacı .............................................................................................. 1 Araştırmanın Yöntemi ........................................................................................... 1 Araştırmada Yararlanılan Kaynaklar..................................................................... 3 BÖLÜM 1: KANONİK VE APOKRİF İNCİLLERDE HZ. İSA ............................... 6 1.1. Hz. İsa’nın Hayatı .......................................................................................... 7 1.2. Hz. İsa’nın Mucizeleri .................................................................................. 16 1.2.1. Çocukluk Dönemi Mucizeleri ............................................................ 18 1.2.2. Yetişkinlik Dönemi Mucizeleri .......................................................... 24 BÖLÜM 2: KAPADOKYA BÖLGESİ ....................................................................... 41 2.1. Kapadokya Bölgesi’nin Coğrafyası ve Tarihçesi ......................................... 41 2.2. Kapadokya Bölgesi Kiliseleri ve Duvar Resimlerinin Gelişimi .................. 48 BÖLÜM 3: KAPADOKYA KAYA KİLİSELERİ’NDE HZ. İSA’NIN MUCİZE SAHNELERİ ................................................................................................................. 52 3.1. İkonoklast Dönem Öncesi (550- 726) Kaya Kiliseleri’nde Mucize Sahneleri ............................................................................................................................. 52 3.1.1. Mavrucan (Güzelöz) Haç Kilise ......................................................... 52 3.1.1.1. Kana Düğünü - Suyun Şaraba Çevrilmesi ............................. 53 3.1.1.2. Ekmek ve Balıkların Çoğaltılması ......................................... 53 3.1.1.3. Siloam Havuzu’nda Doğuştan Körün İyileştirilmesi ............. 54 3.1.1.4. İki Körün İyileştirilmesi ........................................................ 54 3.1.1.5. Kurumuş (Felçli) Elin İyileştirilmesi ..................................... 54 3.1.1.6. Lazarus’un Dirilişi ................................................................. 54 i 3.2. Arkaik Dönem (850-950) Kaya Kiliseleri’nde Mucize Sahneleri ............... 55 3.2.1. Ürgüp, Aziz Theodore, Pancarlık Kilisesi ......................................... 55 3.2.1.1. Kana Düğünü - Suyun Şaraba Çevrilmesi ............................. 56 3.2.1.2. Ekmek ve Balıkların Çoğaltılması ......................................... 57 3.2.1.3. Cine Tutulmuş Adamın İyileştirilmesi .................................. 57 3.2.1.4. Cüzzamlının İyileştirilmesi .................................................... 58 3.2.1.5. Kanamalının İyileştirilmesi ................................................... 58 3.2.1.6. Jairus’un Kızının Dirilişi ....................................................... 59 3.2.1.7. İsa’nın Fırtınayı Durdurması ................................................. 59 3.2.2. Göreme, No. 7, Tokalı I, Eski Tokalı Kilise ...................................... 60 3.2.2.1. Kana Düğünü - Suyun Şaraba Çevrilmesi ............................. 61 3.2.2.2. Ekmek ve Balıkların Çoğaltılması ......................................... 61 3.2.2.3. Siloam Havuzu’nda Doğuştan Körün İyileştirilmesi ............. 62 3.2.2.4. Lazarus’un Dirilişi ................................................................. 62 3.2.3. Güllüdere, No. 4, Ayvalı Kilise.......................................................... 62 3.2.3.1. Lazarus’un Dirilişi ................................................................. 63 3.2.4. Göreme, No. 1, El Nazar Kilisesi ....................................................... 64 3.2.4.1. Lazarus’un Dirilişi ................................................................. 65 3.3. Geçiş Dönemi (950-1020) Kaya Kiliseleri’nde Mucize Sahneleri .............. 65 3.3.1. Göreme, No.29, Kılıçlar Kilisesi ........................................................ 65 3.3.1.1. Siloam Havuzu’nda Doğuştan Körün İyileştirilmesi ............. 66 3.3.1.2. Lazarus’un Dirilişi ................................................................. 66 3.3.2. Çavuşin, Güvercinlik Kilisesi, Nikeforos Fokas Kilisesi ................... 67 3.3.2.1. Siloam Havuzu’nda Doğuştan Körün İyileştirilmesi ............. 68 3.3.2.2. Lazarus’un Dirilişi ................................................................. 68 3.3.3. Göreme, No.7, Tokalı II, Yeni Tokalı Kilise ..................................... 69 3.3.3.1. Kana Düğünü - Suyun Şaraba Çevrilmesi ............................. 71 3.3.3.2. İki Körün İyileştirilmesi ........................................................ 71 3.3.3.3. Cüzzamlının İyileştirilmesi .................................................... 71 3.3.3.4. Kurumuş Elin İyileştirilmesi .................................................. 71 3.3.3.5. Vücudu Su Toplayan Hastanın İyileştirilmesi ....................... 72 3.3.3.6. Saray Memurunun Oğlunun İyileştirilmesi ........................... 72 3.3.3.7. Jairus’un Kızının Dirilişi ....................................................... 72 ii 3.3.3.8. Kötürümün (Felçlinin) İyileştirilmesi .................................... 72 3.3.3.9. Lazarus’un Dirilişi ................................................................. 73 3.3.4. Belisırma, Bahattin Samanlığı Kilisesi .............................................. 73 3.3.4.1. Lazarus’un Dirilişi ................................................................. 74 3.4. Orta Bizans Dönemi (1020-1130) Kaya Kiliseleri’nde Mucize Sahneleri .. 74 3.4.1. Göreme, No. 19, Elmalı Kilise ........................................................... 74 3.4.1.1. Lazarus’un Dirilişi ................................................................. 75 3.4.2. Göreme, No. 22, Çarıklı Kilise .......................................................... 76 3.4.2.1. Lazarus’un Dirilişi ................................................................. 77 3.4.3. Göreme, No. 23, Karanlık Kilise ....................................................... 77 3.4.3.1. Lazarus’un Dirilişi ................................................................. 78 3.5. Geç Dönem (12. Yüzyıl Sonrası) Kaya Kiliseleri’nde Mucize Sahneleri .... 78 3.5.1. Ürgüp Cemil Köyü, Keşlik Manastırı, Archangelios Kilisesi ............ 78 3.5.1.1. Beytesta Havuzunda Kötürümün (Felçlinin) İyileştirilmesi .. 79 3.5.1.2. Lazarus’un Dirilişi ................................................................. 80 3.5.2. Ürgüp, Aziz Vasilios Kilisesi ............................................................. 80 3.5.2.1. Lazarus’un Dirilişi ................................................................. 81 BÖLÜM 4: KATALOG ................................................................................................ 82 BÖLÜM 5: KAPADOKYA BÖLGESİ’NDEKİ MUCİZE SAHNELERİNİN İKONOGRAFİK DEĞERLENDİRMESİ ...............................................................
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