Kappadokia Kralliği Ve Roma-Bizans Dönemi
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CILICIA: the FIRST CHRISTIAN CHURCHES in ANATOLIA1 Mark Wilson
CILICIA: THE FIRST CHRISTIAN CHURCHES IN ANATOLIA1 Mark Wilson Summary This article explores the origin of the Christian church in Anatolia. While individual believers undoubtedly entered Anatolia during the 30s after the day of Pentecost (Acts 2:9–10), the book of Acts suggests that it was not until the following decade that the first church was organized. For it was at Antioch, the capital of the Roman province of Syria, that the first Christians appeared (Acts 11:20–26). Yet two obscure references in Acts point to the organization of churches in Cilicia at an earlier date. Among the addressees of the letter drafted by the Jerusalem council were the churches in Cilicia (Acts 15:23). Later Paul visited these same churches at the beginning of his second ministry journey (Acts 15:41). Paul’s relationship to these churches points to this apostle as their founder. Since his home was the Cilician city of Tarsus, to which he returned after his conversion (Gal. 1:21; Acts 9:30), Paul was apparently active in church planting during his so-called ‘silent years’. The core of these churches undoubtedly consisted of Diaspora Jews who, like Paul’s family, lived in the region. Jews from Cilicia were members of a Synagogue of the Freedmen in Jerusalem, to which Paul was associated during his time in Jerusalem (Acts 6:9). Antiochus IV (175–164 BC) hellenized and urbanized Cilicia during his reign; the Romans around 39 BC added Cilicia Pedias to the province of Syria. Four cities along with Tarsus, located along or near the Pilgrim Road that transects Anatolia, constitute the most likely sites for the Cilician churches. -
Artaxerxes II
Artaxerxes II John Shannahan BAncHist (Hons) (Macquarie University) Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Department of Ancient History, Macquarie University. May, 2015. ii Contents List of Illustrations v Abstract ix Declaration xi Acknowledgements xiii Abbreviations and Conventions xv Introduction 1 CHAPTER 1 THE EARLY REIGN OF ARTAXERXES II The Birth of Artaxerxes to Cyrus’ Challenge 15 The Revolt of Cyrus 41 Observations on the Egyptians at Cunaxa 53 Royal Tactics at Cunaxa 61 The Repercussions of the Revolt 78 CHAPTER 2 399-390: COMBATING THE GREEKS Responses to Thibron, Dercylidas, and Agesilaus 87 The Role of Athens and the Persian Fleet 116 Evagoras the Opportunist and Carian Commanders 135 Artaxerxes’ First Invasion of Egypt: 392/1-390/89? 144 CHAPTER 3 389-380: THE KING’S PEACE AND CYPRUS The King’s Peace (387/6): Purpose and Influence 161 The Chronology of the 380s 172 CHAPTER 4 NUMISMATIC EXPRESSIONS OF SOLIDARITY Coinage in the Reign of Artaxerxes 197 The Baal/Figure in the Winged Disc Staters of Tiribazus 202 Catalogue 203 Date 212 Interpretation 214 Significance 223 Numismatic Iconography and Egyptian Independence 225 Four Comments on Achaemenid Motifs in 227 Philistian Coins iii The Figure in the Winged Disc in Samaria 232 The Pertinence of the Political Situation 241 CHAPTER 5 379-370: EGYPT Planning for the Second Invasion of Egypt 245 Pharnabazus’ Invasion of Egypt and Aftermath 259 CHAPTER 6 THE END OF THE REIGN Destabilisation in the West 267 The Nature of the Evidence 267 Summary of Current Analyses 268 Reconciliation 269 Court Intrigue and the End of Artaxerxes’ Reign 295 Conclusion: Artaxerxes the Diplomat 301 Bibliography 309 Dies 333 Issus 333 Mallus 335 Soli 337 Tarsus 338 Unknown 339 Figures 341 iv List of Illustrations MAP Map 1 Map of the Persian Empire xviii-xix Brosius, The Persians, 54-55 DIES Issus O1 Künker 174 (2010) 403 333 O2 Lanz 125 (2005) 426 333 O3 CNG 200 (2008) 63 333 O4 Künker 143 (2008) 233 333 R1 Babelon, Traité 2, pl. -
Hadrian and the Greek East
HADRIAN AND THE GREEK EAST: IMPERIAL POLICY AND COMMUNICATION DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of the Ohio State University By Demetrios Kritsotakis, B.A, M.A. * * * * * The Ohio State University 2008 Dissertation Committee: Approved by Professor Fritz Graf, Adviser Professor Tom Hawkins ____________________________ Professor Anthony Kaldellis Adviser Greek and Latin Graduate Program Copyright by Demetrios Kritsotakis 2008 ABSTRACT The Roman Emperor Hadrian pursued a policy of unification of the vast Empire. After his accession, he abandoned the expansionist policy of his predecessor Trajan and focused on securing the frontiers of the empire and on maintaining its stability. Of the utmost importance was the further integration and participation in his program of the peoples of the Greek East, especially of the Greek mainland and Asia Minor. Hadrian now invited them to become active members of the empire. By his lengthy travels and benefactions to the people of the region and by the creation of the Panhellenion, Hadrian attempted to create a second center of the Empire. Rome, in the West, was the first center; now a second one, in the East, would draw together the Greek people on both sides of the Aegean Sea. Thus he could accelerate the unification of the empire by focusing on its two most important elements, Romans and Greeks. Hadrian channeled his intentions in a number of ways, including the use of specific iconographical types on the coinage of his reign and religious language and themes in his interactions with the Greeks. In both cases it becomes evident that the Greeks not only understood his messages, but they also reacted in a positive way. -
Ortaçağ Anadolu Ticaret Yolları Yrd. Doç. Dr.Adnan ESKİKURT
Muğla Sıtkı Koçman Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, Sayı 33, 2014 Güz, 15-40 Ortaçağ Anadolu Ticaret Yolları Yrd. Doç. Dr.Adnan ESKİKURT İstanbul Medeniyet Üniversitesi, Edebiyat Fakültesi, Tarih Bölümü [email protected] Özet Anadolu yarımadasını kat eden ticaret yollarının gelişimi Ortaçağ genelinde devam etmiştir. Bu durum, ticaret ve vergi gelirlerinin sürekliliğini garantileme arzusundaki siyasal iktidarların istikrara önem vermelerinin bir sonucudur. İmkânlarını muhafaza etmek için de sık sık askerî seferler tertip etmişlerdir. Ekseriyeti uzak ülkelerle irtibatlı, gelişmiş ve detaylı güzergâhların meydana gelişi ağırlıkla bu şartlar altında mümkün olmuştur. Anahtar Kelimeler: Ortaçağ, Anadolu, Yollar, Ticaret Middle Ages Anatolia Trade Routes Abstract The development of the trade roads passing through Anatolian Peninsula continued throughout the Middle Ages. This was a result of the stability considered important by the political powers aiming to guarantee the continuity of the trade and tax revenues. They also arranged military expeditions over and over again to protect their opportunities. The occurrence of the developed and detailed routes, the majority of which were connected with distant countries, had been possible mainly under these conditions. Keywords: Middle Ages, Anatolia, Roads, Trade Dâhilinde İpek yolunun yarımada güzergâhının da yer aldığı Anadolu ticaret yolları, Doğu Roma döneminden itibaren birbirini izleyen siyasî, ekonomik ve askerî gelişmelerin tesirinde kalmıştır. Bu durum hükümet merkezleri -
Diversidades Espirituales Y Religiosas En Quito, Ecuador
El museo: escenario para el diálogo intercultural-espiritual Diversidades espirituales y religiosas en Quito, Ecuador Una mirada desde la etnografía colaborativa María Amelia Viteri • Michael Hill • Julie L. Williams • Flavio Carrera Belén Arellano • María Fernanda Cartagena • Paula Castells • Patricia Celi • Sergei Landazuri Vladimir Obando • María del Carmen Ordóñez • Sol Palacios • Mateo Ponce • Alegría Portilla Lorena Rojas • Estefanía Silva • Felipe Simas • Sara Tillería • Paulina Vega Ortiz • Cristina Yépez PRÓLOGO | 1 Diversidades espirituales y religiosas en Quito, Ecuador Una mirada desde la etnografía colaborativa María Amelia Viteri • Michael Hill • Julie L. Williams • Flavio Carrera Belén Arellano • María Fernanda Cartagena • Paula Castells • Patricia Celi • Sergei Landazuri Vladimir Obando • María del Carmen Ordóñez • Sol Palacios • Mateo Ponce • Alegría Portilla Lorena Rojas • Estefanía Silva • Felipe Simas • Sara Tillería • Paulina Vega Ortiz • Cristina Yépez USFQ PRESS Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ Campus Cumbayá USFQ, Quito 170901, Ecuador USFQ PRESS es el departamento editorial de la Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ. Fomentamos la misión de la universidad al diseminar el conocimiento para formar, educar, investigar y servir a la comunidad dentro de la filosofía de las Artes Liberales. Diversidades espirituales y religiosas en Quito, Ecuador: Una mirada desde la etnografía colaborativa Autores: María Amelia Viteri1, Michael Hill1, Julie L. Williams1, Flavio Carrera1 Belén Arellano1, María Fernanda Cartagena2, Paula Castells1, Patricia Celi1, Sergei Landazuri1, Vladimir Obando1, María del Carmen Ordóñez1, Sol Palacios1, Mateo Ponce1, Alegría Portilla1, Lorena Rojas1, Estefanía Silva1, Felipe Simas1, Sara Tillería1, Paulina Vega Ortiz3, Cristina Yépez4 1Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Quito, Ecuador, 2Museo de Arte Precolombino Casa del Alabado, Quito, Ecuador, 3Museo de la Ciudad, Quito, Ecuador, 4McGill University, Montreal, Canadá Editores: María Amelia Viteri, Michael Hill, Julie L. -
Civic Responses to the Rise and Fall of Sol Elagabal in the Roman Empire
EMPIRE OF THE SUN? CIVIC RESPONSES TO THE RISE AND FALL OF SOL ELAGABAL IN THE ROMAN EMPIRE Martijn Icks During its long and turbulent history, the city of Rome witnessed many changes in its religious institutions and traditions. For many centuries, these came to pass under the benevolent eye of Iupiter Optimus Maximus, the city‟s supreme deity since time immemorial. Not until the fourth century AD would Iupiter finally loose this position to the monotheistic, omnipotent God of Christianity. However, the power of the thunder god had been challenged before. The first deity who temporarily conquered his throne was Sol Invictus Elagabal, a local sun god from the Syrian town of Emesa. This unlikely usurper was the personal god of the emperor Marcus Aurelius Antoninus, whose short-lived reign lasted from 218 to 222 AD, and who has been nicknamed Elagabalus for his affiliation with Elagabal. Even before his rise to power, Elagabalus served as Elagabal‟s high priest. The deity was worshipped in the form of a conical black stone, a so-called baitylos or “house of god”, which resided in a big temple in Emesa. Elagabalus, at that time a fourteen-year-old boy, performed ritual dances in honour of his god. By doing so, he drew the attention of Roman soldiers who were stationed near the town. They proclaimed the boy emperor under the false pretense that he was a bastard son of emperor Caracalla (211-217 AD). Elagabalus won sufficient military support, defeated the reigning emperor and thus gained the throne. He installed himself in Rome and took his god with him. -
ROUTES and COMMUNICATIONS in LATE ROMAN and BYZANTINE ANATOLIA (Ca
ROUTES AND COMMUNICATIONS IN LATE ROMAN AND BYZANTINE ANATOLIA (ca. 4TH-9TH CENTURIES A.D.) A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES OF MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY BY TÜLİN KAYA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN THE DEPARTMENT OF SETTLEMENT ARCHAEOLOGY JULY 2020 Approval of the Graduate School of Social Sciences Prof. Dr. Yaşar KONDAKÇI Director I certify that this thesis satisfies all the requirements as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Prof. Dr. D. Burcu ERCİYAS Head of Department This is to certify that we have read this thesis and that in our opinion it is fully adequate, in scope and quality, as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Assoc. Prof. Dr. Lale ÖZGENEL Supervisor Examining Committee Members Prof. Dr. Suna GÜVEN (METU, ARCH) Assoc. Prof. Dr. Lale ÖZGENEL (METU, ARCH) Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ufuk SERİN (METU, ARCH) Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ayşe F. EROL (Hacı Bayram Veli Uni., Arkeoloji) Assist. Prof. Dr. Emine SÖKMEN (Hitit Uni., Arkeoloji) I hereby declare that all information in this document has been obtained and presented in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct. I also declare that, as required by these rules and conduct, I have fully cited and referenced all material and results that are not original to this work. Name, Last name : Tülin Kaya Signature : iii ABSTRACT ROUTES AND COMMUNICATIONS IN LATE ROMAN AND BYZANTINE ANATOLIA (ca. 4TH-9TH CENTURIES A.D.) Kaya, Tülin Ph.D., Department of Settlement Archaeology Supervisor : Assoc. Prof. Dr. -
Archaeology and Urban Settlement in Late Roman and Byzantine Anatolia Edited by John Haldon , Hugh Elton , James Newhard Index More Information
Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-47115-2 — Archaeology and Urban Settlement in Late Roman and Byzantine Anatolia Edited by John Haldon , Hugh Elton , James Newhard Index More Information 369 Index Avkat, Beyözü, and Euchaïta have not been indexed f = i gure, t = table A b a n t , 3 7 , 3 8 , 4 0 Amorium, 269 Abbasids, 156 anagnōstēs (reader), 286 , 290 , 291 , 296 , 311 Acıçay River, 30 Anastasiopolis, 149 Adata, 235 Anastasius (emperor), 17 , 22 , 23 , 63 , 185 , 188 , A d a t e p e , 3 8 189 , 192 , 196 , 202 , 207 , 208 , 209 , 214 , 221 , Aegean Sea, 27 , 28 222 , 222n55 , 222n55 , 224 , 271 , 291 , 293 Aght’amar, 213 , 214n15 Anatolides- Taurides (tectonic unit), 25 , 26 Agricola from Gazacene, 20 Anatolikon (theme), 101 agricultural produce/ output, 30 , 32 , 34 , 36 , 38 , Anazarba, 235 40 , 49 , 96 , 97 , 98 , 100 , 104 , 105 , 106 , 107 , Anazarbos. See Anazarba 107t5.1 , 109 , 110 , 113 , 114 , 123 , 125 , 127 , Anderson, J.G.C., 73 , 81 , 89 , 90 , 102 , 105 , 106 , 128 , 128n79 , 129 , 131 , 132 , 147 , 148 , 149 , 185 , 186 , 187 , 193 , 195 , 203 , 204 , 205 , 206 , 150 , 151n93 , 152 , 152n96 , 153 , 155n119 , 208 159 , 161n143 , 162 , 175 , 211 , 226 , 227 , Andrapa. See N e a p o l i s 249 , 276 Androna, 156 A h l a t . See Chliat animal husbandry/ herding, 9 , 36 , 38 , 39 , 40 , Ahmetsaray, 193 41 , 88 , 98 , 100 , 104 , 110 , 113 , 114 , 115 , 118 , Aizanoi, 301 123 , 132 , 148 , 149 , 150 , 155 , 159 , 165 Akören, 83n73 , 193 Ankara/Ankyra, 9 , 10 , 12 , 14 , 23 , 26 , 44 , 82 , Akroinon, 245 89 , 149 , 186 , -
The Expansion of Christianity: a Gazetteer of Its First Three Centuries
THE EXPANSION OF CHRISTIANITY SUPPLEMENTS TO VIGILIAE CHRISTIANAE Formerly Philosophia Patrum TEXTS AND STUDIES OF EARLY CHRISTIAN LIFE AND LANGUAGE EDITORS J. DEN BOEFT — J. VAN OORT — W.L. PETERSEN D.T. RUNIA — C. SCHOLTEN — J.C.M. VAN WINDEN VOLUME LXIX THE EXPANSION OF CHRISTIANITY A GAZETTEER OF ITS FIRST THREE CENTURIES BY RODERIC L. MULLEN BRILL LEIDEN • BOSTON 2004 This book is printed on acid-free paper. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Mullen, Roderic L. The expansion of Christianity : a gazetteer of its first three centuries / Roderic L. Mullen. p. cm. — (Supplements to Vigiliae Christianae, ISSN 0920-623X ; v. 69) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 90-04-13135-3 (alk. paper) 1. Church history—Primitive and early church, ca. 30-600. I. Title. II. Series. BR165.M96 2003 270.1—dc22 2003065171 ISSN 0920-623X ISBN 90 04 13135 3 © Copyright 2004 by Koninklijke Brill nv, Leiden, The Netherlands All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Brill provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910 Danvers, MA 01923, USA. Fees are subject to change. printed in the netherlands For Anya This page intentionally left blank CONTENTS Preface ........................................................................................ ix Introduction ................................................................................ 1 PART ONE CHRISTIAN COMMUNITIES IN ASIA BEFORE 325 C.E. Palestine ..................................................................................... -
2006/07 By-Laws, Rules & List of Correspondents
2006/07 BOARD OF DIRECTORS as of January 1, 2006 Chairman Paul Sa Standard Shipping, Inc. THE AMERICAN CLUB Deputy James P. Sweeney Penn Maritime Inc. BY-LAWS, RULES & Chairman Vassilios Bacolitsas Sea Pioneer Shipping Corp. LIST OF CORRESPONDENTS Lawrence J. Bowles Nourse & Bowles, LLP Calvin W.S. Cheng Eastmark Associates, Inc. Keith Denholm Pacific Carriers Limited Kenneth T. Engstrom International Shipping Partners Samuel A. Giberga Hornbeck Offshore Operators, LLC George D. Gourdomichalis Free Bulkers S.A. Robert A. Guthans R G Company, LLC Chih-Chien Hsu Eddie Steamship Company, Ltd. Markos K. Marinakis Marinakis Chartering Inc. Hariklia N. Moundreas Good Faith Shipping Company S.A. Michael L. Murley Martin Resource Mgmt. Corp. Martin C. Recchuite Victor S. Restis Enterprises Shipping & Trading S.A. Steven T. Scalzo Foss Maritime Company George Vakirtzis Polembros Shipping Limited Jonathan C. Wales Reinauer Transportation Companies J. Arnold Witte Donjon Marine Co., Inc. Servet Yardimci Yardimci Group Secretary Joseph E. M. Hughes Manager SHIPOWNERS CLAIMS BUREAU, INC. 60 Broad Street – 37th Floor New York, New York 10004 U.S.A. Tel: +1.212.847.4500 Fax: +1.212.847.4599 Website: www.american-club.com SHIPOWNERS CLAIMS BUREAU (UK) LTD. PACIFIC MARINE ASSOCIATES, INC. London Liaison Office 100 Webster Street, Suite 300 3rd Floor, Latham House Oakland, CA 94607 U.S.A. 16 Minories Tel: +1.510.452.1186 London EC3N 1AX U.K. Fax: +1.510.452.1267 Tel: + 44.20.7709.1390 Fax: + 44.20.7709.1399 Claims Fax: + 44.20.7709.1350 SHIPOWNERS CLAIMS BUREAU (HELLAS) INC. 51 Akti Miaouli – 4th Floor Piraeus 185 36 Greece Tel: +30.210.429.4990/1/2/3 Fax: +30.210.429.4187/88 E-mail: [email protected] 1 MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK) CLAIMS – FREIGHT, DEMURRAGE & DEFENSE (NEW YORK) DIRECT LINE AFTER HOURS DIRECT LINE AFTER HOURS JOSEPH E.M. -
Pauline and Other Studies
PAULINE AND OTHER STUDIES IN EARLY CHRISTIAN HISTORY BY W. M. RAM SAY, HoN. D.C.L., ETC. PROF~~SOR OF HUMANITY IN THE UNIVERSITY OF ABERDEEN HODDER AND STOUGHTON LONDON MCMVI VI THE PERMANENCE OF RELIGION AT HOLY PLACES IN WESTERN ASIA II Tomb of a Christian Virgin of the Third Cent).lry (see p. 298). VI THE PERMANENCE OF RELIGION AT HOLY PLACES IN WESTERN ASIA IN the preceding article in this volume, describing the origin of the Ephesian cult of the Mother of God, the permanent attachment of religious awe to special localities was briefly mentioned. In that cult we found a survival or revival of the old paganism of Ephesus, viz., the worship of the Virgin Mother of Artemis. The persistence of those ancient be liefs and rites at the chief centres of paganism exercised so pro found an influence on the history of Christianity in Asia Minor, that it is well to give a more detailed account of the facts, though even this account can only be a brief survey of a few examples selected almost by chance out of the in numerable cases which occur in all parts of the country. I shall take as the foundation of this article a paper read to the Oriental Congress held at London in autumn, 1902, and buried in the Transactions of the Congress, developing and improving the ideas expressed in that paper, and enlarging the number of examples. The strength of the old pagan beliefs did not escape the attention of the Apostle Paul; and his views on the subject affected his action as a missionary in the cities of Asia Minor; and can be traced in his letters. -
From the Rosen Collection
LYCIA 565 Lycia, Uncertain Dynast (c.525-480 B.C.), Silver Stater, 9.48g. Forepart of a winged boar to left, ΦO[I] below. Rev. Patterned incuse square, divided into eight irregular segments (Vismara II, 45, pl. VI (these dies); SNG Keckman 425 (these dies); SNG von Aulock 4048; J. Spier, ‘The Demirler, Lycia Hoard’, Coin Hoards IX, 37, pl. 2; BMC -). Good very fine and rare. $ 3,500 Ex Spink Numismatic Circular, Volume XCIV, Number 10, London, December 1986, 8134 From The Rosen Collection 566 Lycia, Uncertain Dynast (c.500-440 B.C.), Silver Stater, 9.30g, . Bearded sea-serpent to left. Rev. Bearded sea-serpent to left, within a dotted square border within an incuse square (Rosen 708 (this coin); cf. Hess - Leu 49 (1971), lot 233). Toned, very fine, a fascinating mythical type and of the highest rarity. $ 7,000 This coin published in ‘Early Greek Coins from the Collection of Jonathan P. Rosen’, N. Waggoner, ACNAC 5, 1983, p. 45-6, illustrated on pl. 26. Ex Frank Sternberg, Auction VIII, Zurich, 16 & 17 November 1978, lot 141 Ex Jonathan P. Rosen Collection, Monnaies et Médailles SA, Auction 72, Basel, 6 October 1987, lot 348 An Exceptional Stater of Lycia 567 Lycia, Uncertain Dynast (c.500-440 B.C.), Silver Stater, 9.30g, . Sphinx seated to left, raising its right foreleg. Rev. Crab, within an incuse (cf. Vismara II, pl. VI, 51 (for reverse) & 52 (for obverse); SNG von Aulock 8467; cf. Rosen 704). Lightly toned, good very fine, an attractive and well-struck example, very rare.