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Home , Doara, Honorias, Karbala (Cappadocia), Korama, Koron (Cappadocia), Mokissos

Map 63 Ancyra Compiled by S. Mitchell, 1997

Introduction

The map covers the southern and eastern parts of , the treeless central Anatolian plateau (known as the Axylon), northern and the western part of . It includes three major cities: in the north-east; Ancyra in the north-west; and Caesarea in the south-east. Pteria, an enormous though short-lived Median city, founded by Alyattes c. 585 B.C. but destroyed by virtually within a generation, has now been convincingly identified with the vast Iron Age site on Dağ. Ancyra and Caesarea, by contrast, developed and flourished in Roman times and have remained major centers up to the present. The western part of the map covers the central Anatolian basin from eastern to the Salt Lake (Tatta Lacus). This of villages and large estates (Mitchell 1993 I, 149-58 with map) was explored above all by W.M. Ramsay, W.M. Calder and their associates (MAMA 1 and 7; Mitchell 1982); the inscriptions which they discovered contribute a substantial proportion of the toponyms located here. The ecology and geography of the region are the subject of H. Wenzel’s brilliant monograph, Die Steppe als Lebensraum (1937). The drainage systems in the south-east are internal, leading to the Salt Lake. The extent of this shallow lake is immensely variable, depending on the season and current rainfall levels. The eastern part of the map belongs to the basin of the R. Halys. Cappadocia, noted for its churches and cave refuges, came into its own in and the Byzantine period. Most of its famous Byzantine sites are first attested by sources of the middle and later Byzantine periods, but three major centers of that date (Malakopea, , Salanda) are marked because they have yielded some evidence for occupation in Late Antiquity. Much of the region west of Caesarea was occupied by a Greek-speaking population up to the beginning of the twentieth century, and the ancient toponymy has survived in modern place names. Apart from inscriptions and modern survivals of ancient toponymy, the principal information about the region’s topography comes from , Pliny, and the itineraries. Strabo and Pliny, drawing on Hellenistic or early imperial sources, provide (inadequate) evidence for the settlements and regional divisions of central before the construction of a road network during the . An understanding of the Roman and Late Roman topography depends on a grasp of how the Roman road system functioned. Major contributions to this understanding have been made by Calder in MAMA 7, Ballance (1958), French (1974; 1981) and Hild (1977), but numerous uncertainties remain to be clarified. Many places listed in Ptolemy, some of them repeated in the confused itineraries of TabPeut, have yet to be located. The routes followed by the ancient roads can often be fixed with more confidence than the location of the road stations along them. My policy has been to indicate the approximate locations of these road stations, even when a site has yet to be firmly identified. Two systematic attempts to reconstruct the ancient topography of central Anatolia have been published, by W. Ruge in his entries for RE, and by TIB. When Ruge wrote his articles, most of the locations were unknown. His discussions have therefore now usually been superseded by the corresponding entries in TIB Kappadokien (1981), Galatien (1984), Paphlagonien (1996) and Phrygien (1990), all of which incorporate the results of much recent field work. They are accordingly preferred as standard references in the Directory. MAP 63 ANCYRA 977

Directory All place names are in

Abbreviations

TIB Galatien K. Belke, Tabula Imperii Byzantini 4, Galatien und Lykaonien, DenkWien 172, 1984 TIB Kappadokien F. Hild and M. Restle, Tabula Imperii Byzantini 2, Kappadokien (Kappadokia, , und ), DenkWien 149, 1981 TIB Paphlagonien K. Belke, Tabula Imperii Byzantini 9, Paphlagonien und , DenkWien 249, 1996 TIB Phrygien K. Belke and N. Mersich, Tabula Imperii Byzantini 7, Phrygien und Pisidien,DenkWien211, 1990

Names

Grid Name Period Modern Name / Location Reference

C2 Aliassum L probably at Avşar French 1981, 31, 115; TIB Galatien 120-21 B1 Ancyra HRL Ankara RE Ankyra 1; TIB Galatien 126-30 F4 Andabalis RL Yeniköy, formerly Eski TIB Kappadokien 140-41 Andaval A3 *Andeira R near Sarıkaya MAMA 7.373 D2 Andraka/ R/ Keles Hüyük French 1981, 30; TIB Galatien 126 Andrapa L Ptol. 5.6.11 B1 *Androna R probably at Topaklı Mitchell 1982.230 § Andros R Ptol. 5.4.5; TIB Galatien 236 §Aneros R § Androsia R Ptol. 5.4.7 C4 *Anzoulada L probably at Oğuzeli TIB Galatien 131 B2 *Area R Canımana Mitchell 1982.295 E2 Aquae Saravenae L Kırşehir TIB Kappadokien 143-44 A4 *Aralla R Atlandı? TIB Galatien 135-36 G3 Archalla See Map 64 G3 Argaeus M. See Map 64 E4 Arg(ai)os M. L Hasan Dağ RE Argos 6; TIB Kappadokien 136-38, 149 § Argeiopolis M. L E3 Argustana L Yeniyuva, formerly French 1981, 30 Nurgüz E4 Arianzos L probably at Sivrihisar TIB Kappadokien 150-51 E3 Asiana/ R/ perhaps at Göstesin TIB Kappadokien 250-52 Osiena L C2 Aspona RL Sarıhüyük TIB Galatien 135 A2 Axylon H Haymana district RE Axylos H1 Azapbaşlı See Map 64

A2 Bagrum L Yüzükbaşı? RE; Calder 1957 Fd F4 [*Balbissa] L Yaylaköy, formerly Valisa TIB Kappadokien 156 A4 [Bardaetta] L Sarayönü TIB Phrygien 205 G2 Basilika Therma L Terzili Hamam TIB Kappadokien 156-57 C1 Bolecasgus R Yeşildere Yaylası? TIB Galatien 104-105 E4 Borissos L perhaps Sofular, formerly TIB Kappadokien 159 Sorsovu B3 Bulduk RL village site TIB Galatien 148

B4 Caballucome L perhaps at Kulak Murat TIB Galatien 149 Han E4 Caena L perhaps at Uluören TIB Kappadokien 160; Schneider 1996, 20 Caesarea = Mazaka A2 Çanakçı H Galatian stronghold, Mitchell 1982, 27 possibly Cuballum E4 Cappadocia See Map 64 E1 Cappadox? fl. See Map 86 978 MAP 63 ANCYRA

Grid Name Period Modern Name / Location Reference

B1 Cenaxis Palus L Macun Çiftlik? near French 1981, 31; TIB Galatien 151 Etimesgut D2 Cham(m)anene HRL TIB Kappadokien 163 B3 Cıhanbeylı RL estate center MAMA I, xvi; VII, xxii-xxvii F4 Chusa L probably at Yazıköy French 1981, 30 Claudia Archelais = Garsaura Claudiolaodicea = Laodikeia (Katakekaumene) Col. Claudia Archelais = Garsaura C4 Comitanassus L Ortakuyu TIB Galatien 153 Congussus = Kongoustos F1 Corniaspa RL E TIB Kappadokien 215-16

F4 Dasmenda/ R/ Ovacık, formerly TIB Kappadokien 170 [Dasmendron] L Semendre Dilimnia = Delemna F4 Diokaisareia RL Til, formerly Kaysar TIB Kappadokien 171 B1 Delemna/ L/ Gölçük? TIB Galatien 158 Dilimnia L E4 L Duvarlı TIB Kappadokien 171

D1 Ecobrogis/ R/ area of Sorsovus TIB Galatien 104-105 Eccobriga L B3 Ekdaumaua/ R/ Çeşmelisebil RE; TIB Galatien 166 Egdava L § Gdanmaa L G4 Enehil RL necropolis, churches TIB Kappadokien 174 G2 Euaissa L perhaps at Yoğunhisar TIB Kappadokien 176 Eusebeia = Mazaka

Foroba? =

B1 Galatia HRL central Minor RE C2 Galea L near Büyük Bıyık TIB Galatien 165 B1 Gallograecia HRL Galatia RE Gallograeci E4 Garsaura/ H/ Aksaray TIB Kappadokien 207 Col. Claudia Archelais/ R/ L D4 Garsauria R TIB Kappadokien 207 § Garsauritis A1 Girmeç HL Galatian and Byzantine TIB Galatien 169 stronghold B1 Gorbeus HRL SE Oğulbey TIB Galatien 171 B2 Güzelce Kale HRL Galatian and Byzantine TIB Galatien 172-73 stronghold

F3 [Hagios Prokopios] L Ürgüp TIB Kappadokien 263 C1 Halys fl. See Map 87 B1 Hisarlıkaya H Galatian fortress Mitchell 1982, 26

E4 Iustinianoupolis/ L/ Vıranşehir TIB Kappadokien 238-39 L Iustinianoupolis Nova = Kamoulianai

G3 Kamoulianai/ RL/ probably Emmiler near TIB Kappadokien 197-98 Iustinianoupolis Nova L Kemer G3 Kampai? RL perhaps at Boğazköprü RE; French 1974 E4 Kanotala L Ayaşlı, formerly Genedala TIB Kappadokien 198 MAP 63 ANCYRA 979

Grid Name Period Modern Name / Location Reference

E2 Karakurthamamı HRL settlement with hot TIB Kappadokien 199-200 springs E4 L Güzelyurt, formerly TIB Kappadokien 200-201 Gelveri H4 Karmalas? fl. See Map 67 E4 Keçikalesi HRL also known as Çukurkent; TIB Kappadokien 167; Schneider 1996, 20 stronghold, possibly ancient Argos? A3 *Keissia R Kolu Kisa MAMA 1.302 B2 Kerpiç RL TIB Galatien 188 H2 Kerpiç See Map 64 A4 *Kindyria RL Demiroluk, formerly TIB Phrygien 302 Kındıras C2 Kinna RL Karahamzılı TIB Galatien 189 Koloneia = Garsaura B4 Kongoustos/ R/ Altınekin? TIB Galatien 153 Congussus L F3 Korama L Göreme TIB Kappadokien 209-15 G4 [Korama] L Gereme Yayla TIB Kappadokien 215 E4 [] L Çömlekçi (Korunun TIB Kappadokien 216 bucağı and başı occur nearby) D4 Koropassos R Akhan TIB Galatien 194 G4 Kyzistra RL Zengibar Kalesi TIB Kappadokien 219-22

A4 Laodikeia HRL/ Ladik TIB Phrygien 327-28 (Katakekaumene)/ R Claudiolaodicea F4 Limnai L Gölçük TIB Kappadokien 222 C4 Lycaonia See Map 66

C1 Magaba/ R/ perhaps Elma Dağ RE Mordiacus M. L H3 Makelle See Map 64 F4 Malakopea L , formerly TIB Kappadokien 227 Melegübü E4 [Malandasa] L Ovalıbağ, formerly TIB Kappadokien 228 Karamelendiz F4 Mataza L Maziköy, formerly TIB Kappadokien 230 Madazi F3 [Matiane] L Avcılar, formerly Maçan TIB Kappadokien 231 G3 Mazaka See Map 64 G3 Mazaka/ See Map 64 Eusebeia/ Caesarea H3 Melas fl. See Map 64 A1 Modicus M. L Abdüssalam Dağ TIB Galatien 207-208 Mokissos = Iustinianoupolis E4 Momasson L Gökçe, formerly TIB Kappadokien 239 Mamasun Mordiacus M. = Magaba M. E3 Mo(u)rimene R Halys valley from Nys(s)a TIB Kappadokien 246 to Ouenasa H3 Moutalaske See Map 64 A2 Myrikion/ L/ Yeşilyurt, formerly TIB Galatien 208-209 Therma L Kadıköy regio

E4 Nandianulus/ R/ Nenezigözü RE; TIB Kappadokien 244-45 Nazianzos L § Nadiandos Neroassos = 980 MAP 63 ANCYRA

Grid Name Period Modern Name / Location Reference

D3 Nitazi/ R/ near Kabakülak French 1981, 32 Nitalis L E4 Nora/ HR/ possibly Gelin Tepe RE 2; TIB Kappadokien 245-46; Neroassos HRL cf. Schneider 1996, 15-19 § Nanassos R Ptol. 5.6.13 D3 Nys(s)a RL Harmandalı TIB Kappadokien 246-48

B4 Obizene R area of Laodikeia RE (Katakekaumene) and G3 Ochras R Kalkancık Hüyük? French 1974, 146 A1 M. HR Çile Dağ K. Strobel B2 *Orbana RL Karacaören TIB Galatien 210-11 B1 Orsologiakos/ RL Deliler Çiftliği ItMiller 660; French 1981, 30; TIB Galatien Rosolodiacus 219 Osiena=Asiana F3 Ouenasa RL TIB Kappadokien 302 A3 Ouetissos/ RL/ near Beşikli TIB Galatien 242 Ouetiston/ R/ Vetissus L D3 Ozzala/ R/ near Üzengilik (contra S. Mitchell Ozizala L RE) §‘Iogola’

A1 Papira R W Balıkuyumcu ItMiller 659; Mitchell 1982, map D2 Parnassos HRL Değirmenyolu, formerly TIB Kappadokien 252-53 Parlasan B3 Pegella L Azak? TIB Galatien 212 C4 Perta RL Gimir TIB Galatien 213 H3 Phlabianai See Map 64 B3 *Pillitokome R 3 miles W Insuyu MAMA 7.529 A4 *Pithoi L probably Kadınhan TIB Phrygien 362-63 B2 *Plomma R Atkafası Anderson 1899, 124 A4 Praedia Quadratiana R near Laodikeia MAMA 1.24 (Katakekaumene) A3 Proseilemmene R W Tuz Göl Strobel 1994, 56 G1 Pteria A Kerkenes Dağ Summers 1997

Rosolodiacus = Orsologiakos H2 Rümdiğin See Map 64

G3 Saccasena R Süksün TIB Kappadokien 267 F2 Sacoena R perhaps at Kurubel Hüyük French 1974, 146 D3 Sadagolthina L perhaps at Karamollausağı TIB Kappadokien 268 E4 Salambriai/ R/ Kepez Tepe TIB Kappadokien 269 Salaberina L F3 Salanda L Salanda TIB Kappadokien 270 E2 Saraouene R around Kırşehir TIB Kappadokien 143 D1 Sarmalius R perhaps near Kırıkkale TIB Galatien 104-105 F4 RL Hasanköy TIB Kappadokien 272-73 B4 *Senzousa L Toprakkale TIB Galatien 223 G1 Sibora/ See Map 64 Foroba? H3 Skandos See Map 64 H1 Skylax fl. See Map 87 F2 R perhaps Kuşaklı Hüyük French 1974, 146 F4 Soandos RL Soğanlı TIB Kappadokien 282-85 F4 [Sobesos] L Şahinefendi, formerly TIB Kappadokien 285 Suveş

Tabia = Taouion MAP 63 ANCYRA 981

Grid Name Period Modern Name / Location Reference

F3 [Tamisos] L Taşkınpaşa Köy, formerly TIB Kappadokien 290 Damsa F1 Taouion/ R/ Büyük Nefes TIB Galatien 229-30 Tabia L C3 Tatta L. R Tuz Göl RE; TIB Galatien 230-31 B1 Tectosages HR around and S Ancyra Mitchell 1993 I, 54 Therma=Myrikion E1 Therma R Yerköy Kaplıca? French 1974, 146 E4 Tibernene L around Arianzos TIB Kappadokien 295 A1 Tolistoagioi/ R/ W and NW Ancyra Mitchell 1993 I, 55-57 Tolistobogioi HRL F2 Topaklı HRL TIB Kappadokien 297 E1 Trokmoi HRL around Taouion Mitchell 1993 I, 51-53

D4 Ubinnaca L Malır Hüyük? TIB Galatien 240

Vetissus = Ouetissos F4 Villa Palmati L near Andabalis TIB Kappadokien 140-41

B2 Yaraşlı ARL TIB Galatien 243; Summers 1992 F4 Yarhisar RL TIB Kappadokien 304-305

F4 Zeila HL Özlüce, formerly Zile TIB Kappadokien 307 B4 *Zemruta R probably at TIB Galatien 246 Zulmandarhanı, (15th century Solmanda) A4 *Zizima R Sizma TIB Phrygien 421 F3 Zoropassos R perhaps Arapsun TIB Kappadokien 308-309

Bridges

Grid Location Period Reference

C2 Kesik Köprü L TIB Kappadokien 205 G3 Çokgözköprü L TIB Kappadokien 166-67

Mine

Grid Location Period Material Reference

A4 near *Zizima RL Cn TIB Phrygien 421

Roads

Itinerary Period Reference

Ancyra → Papyra → Map 62 RL Mitchell 1982, map; TIB Galatien 105-106 Map 86 → Ancyra → Aspona → Garsaura → Andabilis RL French 1981; TIB Galatien 95-97; Schneider 1996, 23 Ancyra → Bolecasgus → Taouion RL Mitchell 1982, map; TIB Galatien 104-105 Ancyra → Kongoustos → Caballucome → Map 66 RL TIB Galatien 108; D. French Orsolodiakos → Aquae Saravenae → Topaklı RL TIB Galatien 106-107; S. Mitchell *Pithoi? → Laodikeia (Katakekaumene) → Map 66 HRL TIB Phrygien 149-50, 155 Laodikeia (Katakekaumene) → *Pithoi? → NW R TIB Phrygien 150-51 982 MAP 63 ANCYRA

Itinerary Period Reference

Bagrum → Salambriai → Map 66 RL MAMA I, xvi; VII, xxii; Ballance 1958 Andabalis → Garsaura → Comitanassus → Map 66 RL Ballance 1958; French 1976; TIB Galatien 103 Andabilis → Mazaka RL TIB Kappadokien map Taouion → Soanda → Mazaka RL French 1974 Roads E Mazaka and Taouion RL S. Mitchell; T.B. Mitford Andrapa → Nys(s)a → Ouenasa → Mazaka HRL S. Mitchell Taouion → Aquae Saravenae → Mazaka RL French 1974 Taouion → Sibora → Euaissa RL S. Mitchell Taouion → Euaissa → Mazaka RL Hild 1977

Unlocated Toponyms

Name Period Probable Location Reference

*(...)pykena R near Ouetissos MAMA 7.486

Agrizama R settlement on Tectosagan territory Ptol. 5.4.6 Alassenses R people in Galatia Pliny, NH 5.147 Ambitouti H Galatian tribe Pliny, NH 5.146

Comenses R people in Galatia Pliny, NH 5.147 Cuballum H Galatian fortress, probably SE RE , perhaps at Çanakçı

Diktis R settlement on Tectosagan territory Ptol. 5.4.6 Didienses R people in Galatia Pliny, NH 5.147 Doudou(s)a R settlement on Trokmian territory Ptol. 5.4.7 Drynemeton H Galatian religious centre Strabo 12.5.1

Earsos L E Ouestene TIB Kappadokien 302 Euagina/ L/ E or S Taouion Ptol. 5.4.7; RE Euagena; TIB Galatien 39 Phoubagina R (n. 4)

Gadasena R settlement in Cham(m)anene Ptol. 5.6.11 Garmias/ RL road station S Ancyra Ptol. 5.468; ItMiller 661 ‘Karima’

Imrougarene R ethnic, near Laodikeia MAMA 1.2 (Katakekaumene)

Karissa R settlement in Trokmian territory Ptol. 5.4.7 Kelosina L E Earsos TIB Kappadokien 302 Kik[.]os R village near Ouetissos MAMA 7.374 Klaudiopolis R settlement in Trokmian territory, Ptol. 5.4.7 but probably misplaced Klintene R ethnic from Proseilemmene MAMA 7.475 Kouesseus L ethnic, probably of Lycaonian MAMA 1.170 village Kristenos L village near Gdanmaa MAMA 1.339

Landosia R settlement in Tectosagan territory Ptol. 5.4.6 Laskoria/ R/ settlement in Trokmian territory Ptol. 5.4.7; ItMiller 673 Lassora L Louloumnenos R ethnic from Proseilemmene MAMA 7.441

Mithridation H Trokmian stronghold Strabo 12.5.2 Moustilia R settlement near Caesarea Ptol. 5.6.14

Odog(r)a R settlement in Cham(m)anene Ptol. 5.6.11 Olenos R settlement in Tectosagan territory Ptol. 5.4.6 Ouadata R settlement in Cham(m)anene Ptol. 5.6.11 MAP 63 ANCYRA 983

Name Period Probable Location Reference

Ouanota L on R. Halys, in NW Cappadocia RE Vanota Ouestene L on R. Halys, E Nys(s)a TIB Kappadokien 302 Ouinzela R settlement on Tectosagan territory Ptol. 5.4.6 Oukena/ R settlement on Trokmian territory Ptol. 5.4.7 Oukaina

Petenissos L bishopric of Galatia Salutaris RE; TIB Galatien 216 Phreata R settlement in Garsauritis Ptol. 5.6.13 Posdala H Trokmian stronghold Strabo 12.5.1

Rastia R settlement in Trokmian territory Ptol. 5.4.7

Saralius/ RL/ road station between Taouion and Ptol. 5.4.9; French 1974, 147; TIB Galatien Saralos R Caesarea, perhaps in 39 (n. 4) Cham(m)anene Scanatus R between Sebasteia and Caesarea, RE Mourimene? S(e)iva RL road station, perhaps N Caesarea French 1974 Silandene R ethnic near Laodikeia MAMA 1.2 (Katakekaumene) Stabiu L road station W Taouion ItMiller 673

Tetradion R settlement in Obizene Ptol. 5.4.8 Tetrapyrgia R settlement in Garsauritis Ptol. 5.6.13 Timoniacenses R people in Galatia, probably Strobel 1994, 48-49 towards Toutobodiaci H?R Galatian tribe Pliny, NH 5.146

Voturi H Galatian tribe Pliny, NH 5.146

Zama RL road station between Taouion and French 1974, 147 Caesarea, perhaps in Cham(m)anene

Bibliography

Anderson 1899 French 1981 J.G.C. Anderson, “Explorations in Galatia cis D.H. French, Roman roads and milestones of Asia Halym,” JHS 19 (1899) 52-134, 280-318. Minor I: the Pilgrim’s Road, British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara Monograph 3, BAR Ballance 1958 International series 105, Oxford, 1981. M.H. Ballance, “Roman roads in Lycaonia,” AnatSt 8 (1958) 223-34. Hild 1977 F. Hild, Das Byzantinische Strassensystem in Calder 1957 Kappadokien, DenkWien 131, Vienna, 1977. W.M. Calder, “Note on A classical map of Asia Minor,” British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara Mitchell 1982 1957, Anatolian Studies Suppl. to vol. 7. S. Mitchell, Regional epigraphic catalogues of Asia Minor II: the Ankara district, the inscriptions of French 1974 North Galatia, British Institute of Archaeology at D.H. French, “A study of Roman roads in Anatolia: Ankara Monograph 4, BAR International Series 135, principles and methods,” AnatSt 24 (1974) 143-49. Oxford, 1982. French 1976 Mitchell 1993 D.H. French, “Roads and sites in Lycaonia,” in S. Mitchell, Anatolia: land, men and gods in Asia H. von Aulock (ed.), Münzen und Städte Lykaoniens, Minor,2vols.,Oxford,1993. IstMitt 16, pp. 91-95, Tübingen, 1976. 984 MAP 63 ANCYRA

Schneider 1996 Summers 1997 E.E. Schneider, “Classical Sites in Anatolia: 1994 G.D. Summers, “The identification of the Iron Age Archaeological Survey in Cappadocia,” XIII city on Kerkenes Dağ in central Anatolia,” JNES 56 Araştırma Sonuçları Toplantısı 1 (1996) 15-33. (1997) 81-94. Strobel 1994 Wenzel 1937 K. Strobel, “Galatien und seine Grenzregionen,” in H. Wenzel, Forschungen in Inneranatolien II. Die E. Schwertheim (ed.), Forschungen in Galatien,Asia Steppe als Lebensraum, Schriften des Minor Studien 12, pp. 29-65, Bonn, 1994. Geographischen Instituts der Universität Kiel 7.3, 1937. Summers 1992 G.D. Summers, “An aerial survey of Çevre Kale, Yaraşlı,” AnatSt 42 (1992) 179-206.