The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, Vol. 3 [1776]

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, Vol. 3 [1776] The Online Library of Liberty A Project Of Liberty Fund, Inc. Edward Gibbon, The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, vol. 3 [1776] The Online Library Of Liberty This E-Book (PDF format) is published by Liberty Fund, Inc., a private, non-profit, educational foundation established in 1960 to encourage study of the ideal of a society of free and responsible individuals. 2010 was the 50th anniversary year of the founding of Liberty Fund. It is part of the Online Library of Liberty web site http://oll.libertyfund.org, which was established in 2004 in order to further the educational goals of Liberty Fund, Inc. To find out more about the author or title, to use the site's powerful search engine, to see other titles in other formats (HTML, facsimile PDF), or to make use of the hundreds of essays, educational aids, and study guides, please visit the OLL web site. This title is also part of the Portable Library of Liberty DVD which contains over 1,000 books and quotes about liberty and power, and is available free of charge upon request. The cuneiform inscription that appears in the logo and serves as a design element in all Liberty Fund books and web sites is the earliest-known written appearance of the word “freedom” (amagi), or “liberty.” It is taken from a clay document written about 2300 B.C. in the Sumerian city-state of Lagash, in present day Iraq. To find out more about Liberty Fund, Inc., or the Online Library of Liberty Project, please contact the Director at [email protected]. LIBERTY FUND, INC. 8335 Allison Pointe Trail, Suite 300 Indianapolis, Indiana 46250-1684 Online Library of Liberty: The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, vol. 3 Edition Used: The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, ed. J.B. Bury with an Introduction by W.E.H. Lecky (New York: Fred de Fau and Co., 1906), in 12 vols. Vol. 3. Author: Edward Gibbon Editor: John Bagnell Bury Introduction: William Edward Hartpole Lecky About This Title: The third volume of a 12 volume set of Gibbon’s magesterial history of the end of the Roman Empire, one of the greatest works of history written during the Enlightenment. PLL v6.0 (generated September, 2011) 2 http://oll.libertyfund.org/title/1367 Online Library of Liberty: The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, vol. 3 About Liberty Fund: Liberty Fund, Inc. is a private, educational foundation established to encourage the study of the ideal of a society of free and responsible individuals. Copyright Information: The text is in the public domain. Fair Use Statement: This material is put online to further the educational goals of Liberty Fund, Inc. Unless otherwise stated in the Copyright Information section above, this material may be used freely for educational and academic purposes. It may not be used in any way for profit. PLL v6.0 (generated September, 2011) 3 http://oll.libertyfund.org/title/1367 Online Library of Liberty: The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, vol. 3 Table Of Contents The Works of Edward Gibbon The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire Chapter Xvi Chapter Xvii Chapter Xviii Chapter Xix Chapter Xx Chapter Xxi Appendix Additional Notes By the Editor 1.: The Rescript of Antoninus Concerning the Christians — ( P. 30 ) 2.: Exile of Marcellus and Eusebius, Bishops of Rome — ( P. 77 ) 3.: Persecutions of the Christians In the First and Second Centuries, — ( C. Xvi .) 4.: Augusteum and Forum of Constantine — ( P. 104-106 ) 1 5.: The New Monarchy — ( C. Xvii .) 6.: Dioceses and Provinces — ( P. 126 Sqq. ) 7.: The Organisation of the Army Under the New System — ( P. 136 Sqq. ) 8.: Protectores and Domestici — ( P. 150 ) 9.: The Tragedy of Fausta and Crispus — ( P. 175 Sqq. ) 10.: Divisions of the Empire, 293 to 378 — ( P. 183 , 196 ) 11.: The Sarmatians — ( P. 186 ) 12.: Battle of Singara — ( P. 200 ) 13.: Sources and Chronology of Armenian History Under Trdat and His Successors — ( C. Xix .) 14.: Constantine and Christianity — ( C. Xx .) 15.: Ecclesiastical Geography — ( P. 314 ) PLL v6.0 (generated September, 2011) 4 http://oll.libertyfund.org/title/1367 Online Library of Liberty: The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, vol. 3 Nero. From a drawing by Jan Styka. PLL v6.0 (generated September, 2011) 5 http://oll.libertyfund.org/title/1367 Online Library of Liberty: The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, vol. 3 [Back to Table of Contents] THE WORKS OF EDWARD GIBBON HISTORY OF ROME VOLUME III new york FRED DeFAU & COMPANY publishers LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Nero . Frontispiece From a drawing by Jan Styka. St. Peter preaching in the Catacombs . page 10 From a drawing by Jan Styka. The Christian Martyrs . 30 From a drawing by Jan Styka. Plan of Constantinople . 100 Constantine’s Coronation at Rome . 306 From a painting by Raphael, in the Vatican. Baptistery of St. John, in the Lateran, built by Constantine . 350 From a photograph. PLL v6.0 (generated September, 2011) 6 http://oll.libertyfund.org/title/1367 Online Library of Liberty: The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, vol. 3 [Back to Table of Contents] THE HISTORY OF THE DECLINE AND FALL OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE CHAPTER XVI The Conduct of the Roman Government towards the Christians, from the Reign of Nero to that of Constantine If we seriously consider the purity of the Christian religion, the sanctity of its moral precepts, and the innocent as well as austere lives of the greater number of those who, during the first ages, embraced the faith of the gospel, we should naturally suppose that so benevolent a doctrine would have been received with due reverence, even by the unbelieving world; that the learned and the polite, however they might deride the miracles, would have esteemed the virtues of the new sect; and that the magistrates, instead of persecuting, would have protected an order of men who yielded the most passive obedience to the laws, though they declined the active cares of war and government. If, on the other hand, we recollect the universal toleration of Polytheism, as it was invariably maintained by the faith of the people, the incredulity of philosophers, and the policy of the Roman senate and emperors, we are at a loss to discover what new offence the Christians had committed, what new provocation could exasperate the mild indifference of antiquity, and what new motives could urge the Roman princes, who beheld, without concern, a thousand forms of religion subsisting in peace under their gentle sway, to inflict a severe punishment on any part of their subjects, who had chosen for themselves a singular, but an inoffensive, mode of faith and worship. The religious policy of the ancient world seems to have assumed a more stern and intolerant character, to oppose the progress of Christianity. About fourscore years after the death of Christ, his innocent disciples were punished with death, by the sentence of a proconsul of the most amiable and philosophic character, and, according to the laws of an emperor, distinguished by the wisdom and justice of his general administration. The apologies which were repeatedly addressed to the successors of Trajan, are filled with the most pathetic complaints, that the Christians, who obeyed the dictates, and solicited the liberty, of conscience, were alone, among all the subjects of the Roman empire, excluded from the common benefits of their auspicious government. The deaths of a few eminent martyrs have been recorded with care; and from the time that Christianity was invested with the supreme power, the governors of the church have been no less diligently employed in displaying the cruelty, than in imitating the conduct, of their Pagan adversaries. To separate (if it be possible) a few authentic, as well as interesting, facts, from an undigested mass of fiction and error, and to relate, in a clear and rational manner, the causes, the extent, the duration, and the most important circumstances of the persecutions to which the first Christians were exposed, is the design of the present Chapter. PLL v6.0 (generated September, 2011) 7 http://oll.libertyfund.org/title/1367 Online Library of Liberty: The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, vol. 3 The sectaries of a persecuted religion, depressed by fear, animated with resentment, and perhaps heated by enthusiasm, are seldom in a proper temper of mind calmly to investigate, or candidly to appreciate, the motives of their enemies, which often escape the impartial and discerning view even of those who are placed at a secure distance from the flames of persecution. A reason has been assigned for the conduct of the emperors towards the primitive Christians, which may appear the more specious and probable as it is drawn from the acknowledged genius of Polytheism. It has already been observed that the religious concord of the world was principally supported by the implicit assent and reverence which the nations of antiquity expressed for their respective traditions and ceremonies. It might therefore be expected that they would unite with indignation against any sect of people which should separate itself from the communion of mankind, and, claiming the exclusive possession of divine knowledge, should disdain every form of worship, except its own, as impious and idolatrous. The rights of toleration were held by mutual indulgence; they were justly forfeited by a refusal of the accustomed tribute. As the payment of this tribute was inflexibly refused by the Jews, and by them alone, the consideration of the treatment which they experienced from the Roman magistrates will serve to explain how far these speculations are justified by facts, and will lead us to discover the true causes of the persecution of Christianity.
Recommended publications
  • Book I. Title XXVII. Concerning the Office of the Praetor Prefect Of
    Book I. Title XXVII. Concerning the office of the Praetor Prefect of Africa and concerning the whole organization of that diocese. (De officio praefecti praetorio Africae et de omni eiusdem dioeceseos statu.) Headnote. Preliminary. For a better understanding of the following chapters in the Code, a brief outline of the organization of the Roman Empire may be given, but historical works will have to be consulted for greater details. The organization as contemplated in the Code was the one initiated by Diocletian and Constantine the Great in the latter part of the third and the beginning of the fourth century of the Christian era, and little need be said about the time previous to that. During the Republican period, Rome was governed mainly by two consuls, tow or more praetors (C. 1.39 and note), quaestors (financial officers and not to be confused with the imperial quaestor of the later period, mentioned at C. 1.30), aediles and a prefect of food supply. The provinces were governed by ex-consuls and ex- praetors sent to them by the Senate, and these governors, so sent, had their retinue of course. After the empire was established, the provinces were, for a time, divided into senatorial and imperial, the later consisting mainly of those in which an army was required. The senate continued to send out ex-consuls and ex-praetors, all called proconsuls, into the senatorial provinces. The proconsul was accompanied by a quaestor, who was a financial officer, and looked after the collection of the revenue, but who seems to have been largely subservient to the proconsul.
    [Show full text]
  • Eunuchs in the East, Men in the West? 147
    Eunuchs in the East, Men in the West? 147 Chapter 8 Eunuchs in the East, Men in the West? Dis/unity, Gender and Orientalism in the Fourth Century Shaun Tougher Introduction In the narrative of relations between East and West in the Roman Empire in the fourth century AD, the tensions between the eastern and western imperial courts at the end of the century loom large. The decision of Theodosius I to “split” the empire between his young sons Arcadius and Honorius (the teenage Arcadius in the east and the ten-year-old Honorius in the west) ushered in a period of intense hostility and competition between the courts, famously fo- cused on the figure of Stilicho.1 Stilicho, half-Vandal general and son-in-law of Theodosius I (Stilicho was married to Serena, Theodosius’ niece and adopted daughter), had been left as guardian of Honorius, but claimed guardianship of Arcadius too and concomitant authority over the east. In the political manoeu- vrings which followed the death of Theodosius I in 395, Stilicho was branded a public enemy by the eastern court. In the war of words between east and west a key figure was the (probably Alexandrian) poet Claudian, who acted as a ‘pro- pagandist’ (through panegyric and invective) for the western court, or rather Stilicho. Famously, Claudian wrote invectives on leading officials at the eastern court, namely Rufinus the praetorian prefect and Eutropius, the grand cham- berlain (praepositus sacri cubiculi), who was a eunuch. It is Claudian’s two at- tacks on Eutropius that are the inspiration and central focus of this paper which will examine the significance of the figure of the eunuch for the topic of the end of unity between east and west in the Roman Empire.
    [Show full text]
  • ROBERT BURNS and PASTORAL This Page Intentionally Left Blank Robert Burns and Pastoral
    ROBERT BURNS AND PASTORAL This page intentionally left blank Robert Burns and Pastoral Poetry and Improvement in Late Eighteenth-Century Scotland NIGEL LEASK 1 3 Great Clarendon Street, Oxford OX26DP Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide in Oxford New York Auckland Cape Town Dar es Salaam Hong Kong Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Nairobi New Delhi Shanghai Taipei Toronto With offices in Argentina Austria Brazil Chile Czech Republic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan Poland Portugal Singapore South Korea Switzerland Thailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries Published in the United States by Oxford University Press Inc., New York # Nigel Leask 2010 The moral rights of the author have been asserted Database right Oxford University Press (maker) First published 2010 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organization. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above You must not circulate this book in any other binding or cover and you must impose the same condition on any acquirer British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Data available Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Data available Typeset by SPI Publisher Services, Pondicherry, India Printed in Great Britain on acid-free paper by MPG Books Group, Bodmin and King’s Lynn ISBN 978–0–19–957261–8 13579108642 In Memory of Joseph Macleod (1903–84), poet and broadcaster This page intentionally left blank Acknowledgements This book has been of long gestation.
    [Show full text]
  • Life with Augustine
    Life with Augustine ...a course in his spirit and guidance for daily living By Edmond A. Maher ii Life with Augustine © 2002 Augustinian Press Australia Sydney, Australia. Acknowledgements: The author wishes to acknowledge and thank the following people: ► the Augustinian Province of Our Mother of Good Counsel, Australia, for support- ing this project, with special mention of Pat Fahey osa, Kevin Burman osa, Pat Codd osa and Peter Jones osa ► Laurence Mooney osa for assistance in editing ► Michael Morahan osa for formatting this 2nd Edition ► John Coles, Peter Gagan, Dr. Frank McGrath fms (Brisbane CEO), Benet Fonck ofm, Peter Keogh sfo for sharing their vast experience in adult education ► John Rotelle osa, for granting us permission to use his English translation of Tarcisius van Bavel’s work Augustine (full bibliography within) and for his scholarly advice Megan Atkins for her formatting suggestions in the 1st Edition, that have carried over into this the 2nd ► those generous people who have completed the 1st Edition and suggested valuable improvements, especially Kath Neehouse and friends at Villanova College, Brisbane Foreword 1 Dear Participant Saint Augustine of Hippo is a figure in our history who has appealed to the curiosity and imagination of many generations. He is well known for being both sinner and saint, for being a bishop yet also a fellow pilgrim on the journey to God. One of the most popular and attractive persons across many centuries, his influence on the church has continued to our current day. He is also renowned for his influ- ence in philosophy and psychology and even (in an indirect way) art, music and architecture.
    [Show full text]
  • Henryk Siemiradzki and the International Artistic Milieu
    ACCADEMIA POL ACCA DELLE SCIENZE DELLE SCIENZE POL ACCA ACCADEMIA BIBLIOTECA E CENTRO DI STUDI A ROMA E CENTRO BIBLIOTECA ACCADEMIA POLACCA DELLE SCIENZE BIBLIOTECA E CENTRO DI STUDI A ROMA CONFERENZE 145 HENRYK SIEMIRADZKI AND THE INTERNATIONAL ARTISTIC MILIEU FRANCESCO TOMMASINI, L’ITALIA E LA RINASCITA E LA RINASCITA L’ITALIA TOMMASINI, FRANCESCO IN ROME DELLA INDIPENDENTE POLONIA A CURA DI MARIA NITKA AGNIESZKA KLUCZEWSKA-WÓJCIK CONFERENZE 145 ACCADEMIA POLACCA DELLE SCIENZE BIBLIOTECA E CENTRO DI STUDI A ROMA ISSN 0239-8605 ROMA 2020 ISBN 978-83-956575-5-9 CONFERENZE 145 HENRYK SIEMIRADZKI AND THE INTERNATIONAL ARTISTIC MILIEU IN ROME ACCADEMIA POLACCA DELLE SCIENZE BIBLIOTECA E CENTRO DI STUDI A ROMA CONFERENZE 145 HENRYK SIEMIRADZKI AND THE INTERNATIONAL ARTISTIC MILIEU IN ROME A CURA DI MARIA NITKA AGNIESZKA KLUCZEWSKA-WÓJCIK. ROMA 2020 Pubblicato da AccademiaPolacca delle Scienze Bibliotecae Centro di Studi aRoma vicolo Doria, 2 (Palazzo Doria) 00187 Roma tel. +39 066792170 e-mail: [email protected] www.rzym.pan.pl Il convegno ideato dal Polish Institute of World Art Studies (Polski Instytut Studiów nad Sztuką Świata) nell’ambito del programma del Ministero della Scienza e dell’Istruzione Superiore della Repubblica di Polonia (Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education) “Narodowy Program Rozwoju Humanistyki” (National Programme for the Develop- ment of Humanities) - “Henryk Siemiradzki: Catalogue Raisonné of the Paintings” (“Tradition 1 a”, no. 0504/ nprh4/h1a/83/2015). Il convegno è stato organizzato con il supporto ed il contributo del National Institute of Polish Cultural Heritage POLONIKA (Narodowy Instytut Polskiego Dziedzictwa Kul- turowego za Granicą POLONIKA). Redazione: Maria Nitka, Agnieszka Kluczewska-Wójcik Recensione: Prof.
    [Show full text]
  • Rome of the Pilgrims and Pilgrimage to Rome
    58 CHAPTER 2 Rome of the pilgrims and pilgrimage to Rome 2.1 Introduction As noted, the sacred topography of early Christian Rome focused on different sites: the official Constantinian foundations and the more private intra-mural churches, the tituli, often developed and enlarged under the patronage of wealthy Roman families or popes. A third, essential category is that of the extra- mural places of worship, almost always associated with catacombs or sites of martyrdom. It is these that will be examined here, with a particular attention paid to the documented interaction with Anglo-Saxon pilgrims, providing insight to their visual experience of Rome. The phenomenon of pilgrims and pilgrimage to Rome was caused and constantly influenced by the attitude of the early-Christian faithful and the Church hierarchies towards the cult of saints and martyrs. Rome became the focal point of this tendency for a number of reasons, not least of which was the actual presence of so many shrines of the Apostles and martyrs of the early Church. Also important was the architectural manipulation of these tombs, sepulchres and relics by the early popes: obviously and in the first place this was a direct consequence of the increasing number of pilgrims interested in visiting the sites, but it seems also to have been an act of intentional propaganda to focus attention on certain shrines, at least from the time of Pope Damasus (366-84).1 The topographic and architectonic centre of the mass of early Christian Rome kept shifting and moving, shaped by the needs of visitors and ‒ at the same time ‒ directing these same needs towards specific monuments; the monuments themselves were often built or renovated following a programme rich in liturgical and political sub-text.
    [Show full text]
  • Global Economic Prospects and the Developing Countries
    Global Economic Prospects and the Developing Countries 2002 © 2001 The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank 1818 H Street, NW Washington, DC 20433 All rights reserved. 01 02 03 04 05—10 987654321 The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed here do not necessarily reflect the views of the Board of Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent. The World Bank cannot guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply on the part of the World Bank any judgment of the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. Rights and Permissions The material in this work is copyrighted. No part of this work may be reproduced or trans- mitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or inclusion in any information storage and retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the World Bank. The World Bank encourages dissemination of its work and will normally grant permission promptly. For permission to photocopy or reprint, please send a request with complete information to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA, telephone 978-750-8400, fax 978-750-4470, www.copyright.com All other queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to the Office of the Publisher, World Bank, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC
    [Show full text]
  • The Election of Primian and Its Consequences, Mid 390S
    chapter 3 The Election of Primian and Its Consequences, Mid 390s Whilst Augustine, as a young bishop in the mid-390s, was briskly acquiring sta- tus as a veteran anti-Donatist campaigner, history was presenting the Catholic side with an event that would define the internal dynamics of the Donatist Church in the 390s and early 400s, and this largely in a negative sense. This event was the ascension of Primian of Carthage,1 successor to the famed Dona- tist bishop, Parmenian. Primian would go on to serve as Donatist primate in a period of transition perhaps unmatched in the history of that Church. Under his tenure, he would oversee a decade (the 390s) in which Donatism would consolidate its hegemony, ecclesiastically and politically, almost making it the undisputed Church in Roman North Africa,2 much to the displeasure of Augus- tine and other nascent Catholic insurgents. But by the first decade of the fifth century, the Donatist Church had suf- fered a number of setbacks at the hands of Roman imperial authorities and also because of the proselytising efforts of the Catholics, essentially putting the Donatist Church in a defensive posture concerning its own existence. One therefore cannot help asking how this series of events transpired so quickly and how the Donatist fortunes reversed so rapidly. Was there a link between the leadership of Primian and the gradual eradication of Donatism as a struc- tured organisation distinguishable from the Catholics? To answer these questions, in this chapter I examine contemporary evi- dence that might shed light on the reception of Primian’s election as bishop of Carthage within the context of Augustine’s anti-Donatist campaign.
    [Show full text]
  • Peasant Identity and Class Relations in the Art of Stanisław Wyspiański*
    28 PEASANT IDENTITY AND CLASS RELATIONS Peasant Identity and Class Relations in the Art of Stanisław Wyspiański* by Weronika Malek-Lubawski Stanisław Wyspiański (1869–1907) was a painter, playwright, and leader of the Young Poland movement of artists who merged the national tradition of history painting with Symbolist visions and elements of Art Nouveau.1 He frequently tackled the theme of Polish class relations in his works, and he was so appreciated during his lifetime that the funeral after his premature death from syphilis turned into a national memorial parade.2 Wyspiańs- ki’s reputation persists into the twenty-first century in Poland, where high school students read his famous drama Wesele [The Wedding] (1901) as part of their general education curriculum, but he is not widely known outside his home country.3 This essay examines The Wedding and Wyspiański’s pastel, Self-Portrait with the Artist’s Wife (1904), in relation to nineteenth-cen- tury Polish sociohistorical discourse on class identity and Wyspiański’s own interclass marriage (Fig. 1). Inspired by the real-life nuptials of Wyspiański’s acquaintance, The Wedding narrates the union of an upper-class poet and a peasant woman in a ceremony that later becomes the stage for supernatu- ral events and patriotic ambitions. Self-Portrait with the Artist’s Wife depicts Wyspiański, an upper-class member of the intelligentsia, and his spouse, a peasant and former domestic servant, wearing costumes that deliberately confuse their class identities. One of Wyspiański's best-known works, it is also his only double portrait in which the artist himself appears.
    [Show full text]
  • Asia Minor in the Long Sixth Century. Current Research and Future Directions, Oxford: Oxbow Books 2019, in Sehepunkte 19 (2019), Nr
    Zitierhinweis Stephen Mitchell: Rezension von: Ine Jacobs / Hugh Elton (eds.): Asia Minor in the Long Sixth Century. Current Research and Future Directions, Oxford: Oxbow Books 2019, in sehepunkte 19 (2019), Nr. 12 [15.12.2019], URL:http://www.sehepunkte.de/2019/12/33508.html First published: http://www.sehepunkte.de/2019/12/33508.html copyright Dieser Beitrag kann vom Nutzer zu eigenen nicht-kommerziellen Zwecken heruntergeladen und/oder ausgedruckt werden. Darüber hinaus gehende Nutzungen sind ohne weitere Genehmigung der Rechteinhaber nur im Rahmen der gesetzlichen Schrankenbestimmungen (§§ 44a-63a UrhG) zulässig. sehepunkte 19 (2019), Nr. 12 Ine Jacobs / Hugh Elton (eds.): Asia Minor in the Long Sixth Century The origin of this collection of papers was a workshop held in Oxford in December 2016. It is dedicated to one of the co-organisers, the late Mark Whittow, a moving spirit in a new generation of British Byzantinists, who was tragically killed in a car accident a year later. Whittow's own presentation on environment, climate change and settlement was not available for publication, but the original nine contributions to the workshop have been expanded to thirteen, including a short survey of Constantinople (Jim Crow), substantial complementary papers on western and southern Asia Minor (respectively by Hugh Jeffreys and Angela Commito), on rural settlement around Sinope on the Black Sea coast (Owen Doonan), and a comparative approach to regional economic indicators in Lycia, Isauria-Cilicia and the northern region of Honorias and
    [Show full text]
  • Aspects of Iconography in Byzantine Cappadocia
    RESEARCH ARTICLE European Journal of Theology and Philosophy www.ej-theology.org Aspects of Iconography in Byzantine Cappadocia E. Ene D-Vasilescu ABSTRACT The main novelty my article brings concerns a particular iconographic motif: that known as the ‘trial by the water of reproach’. In the few cases Published Online: August 17, 2021 where this is rendered, usually only Mary is presented as undergoing this ISSN: 2736-5514 test, but in Cappadocian art Joseph is also subjected to it. DOI :10.24018/theology.2021.1.4.35 Additionally, to this visual topic, another one that is rarely depicted will be introduced and commented upon: that known as ‘Christ’s first bath’. E. Ene D-Vasilescu* I will provide a particular example: the fresco which constitutes part of (e-mail: elena.ene-yahoo.co.uk) the decoration that embellishes the walls of Karabaş Kilise/ ‘The Big Church’ in Soğanlı Valley, southern Cappadocia. *Corresponding Author A few images – one of them never published before – have been included within this publication. Keywords: Byzantium, Byzantine frescoes, Cappadocia, Constantine VII Porphyrogenetus. Karabaş church in the Soğanlı Valley, Phocas family, the Old and New Tokalı churches in Göreme. Cappadocians occupied a region from Mount Taurus (Fig. 1) I. INTRODUCTION to the vicinity of the Pontus Euxine (the Black Sea) [1]. The current piece is concerned with two rare visual motifs Therefore, the province was bordered in the south by the that can be found among other images which decorate Taurus Mountains that separate it from Cilicia to the east by churches established in Cappadocia under Byzantine rule.
    [Show full text]
  • Land Reform and the Hungarian Peasantry C. 1700-1848
    Land Reform and the Hungarian Peasantry c. 1700-1848 Robert William Benjamin Gray UCL Thesis submitted for a PhD in History, 2009 1 I, Robert William Benjamin Gray, confirm that the work presented in this thesis is my own. Where information has been derived from other sources, I confirm that this has been indicated in the thesis. 25th September 2009 2 Abstract This thesis examines the nature of lord-peasant relations in the final stages of Hungarian seigneurialism, dating roughly from 1700 to the emancipation of the peasantry in 1848. It investigates how the terms of the peasants’ relations with their lords, especially their obligations and the rights to the land they farmed, were established, both through written law and by customary practice. It also examines how the reforms of this period sought to redefine lord-peasant relations and rights to landed property. Under Maria Theresa land reform had been a means to protect the rural status quo and the livelihood of the peasantry: by the end of the 1840s it had become an integral part of a liberal reform movement aiming at the complete overhaul of Hungary’s ‘feudal’ social and economic system. In this period the status of the peasantry underpinned all attempts at reform. All reforms were claimed to be in the best interests of the peasantry, yet none stemmed from the peasants themselves. Conversely, the peasantry had means to voice their grievances through petitions and recourse to the courts, and took the opportunity provided by the reforms to reassert their rights and renegotiate the terms of their relations to their landlords.
    [Show full text]