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Reexaming Heresy: the Donatists Historical Perspectives: Santa Clara University Undergraduate Journal of History, Series II Volume 11 Article 9 2006 Reexaming Heresy: The onD atists Emily C. Elrod Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarcommons.scu.edu/historical-perspectives Part of the History Commons Recommended Citation Elrod, Emily C. (2006) "Reexaming Heresy: The onD atists," Historical Perspectives: Santa Clara University Undergraduate Journal of History, Series II: Vol. 11 , Article 9. Available at: http://scholarcommons.scu.edu/historical-perspectives/vol11/iss1/9 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals at Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Historical Perspectives: Santa Clara University Undergraduate Journal of History, Series II by an authorized editor of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Elrod: Reexaming Heresy 42 Historical Perspectives March 2006 Reexamining Heresy 43 Reexamining Heresy: The Donatists sure to bear upon the clergy,” so as “to render the laity leaderless, and . bring about general apostasy.”5 The clergy were to hand over Scriptures to the authori- Emily C. Elrod ties to be burnt, an act of desecration that became On the first day of June in A.D. 411, Carthage, two known by the Donatists as the sin of traditio. Bishops hostile groups of Christians faced off in the summer who committed this sin had no spiritual power and heat to settle their differences. They met at the mas- 1 became known as traditores; Mensurius, the Bishop of sive Baths of Gargilius (Thermae Gargilianiae). On Carthage who died in 311, stood accused of traditio. 6 one side of the baths stood 284 Donatist bishops and Upon his death, Caecilian filled the vacancy. He was on the other side 286 orthodox Christian bishops 2 unpopular among many Christians due to his opposi- gathered. Both sets of bishop claimed for their tion to the popular cult of the martyrs. Rumors of his authority the doctrines of St. Cyprian and the creed alleged cruelty towards the martyrs of Abitina in 304 that each professed hardly differed from the other. Yet circulated before his consecration.7 His enemies then since 312, they had oppressed each other with a accused one of his consecrating bishops, Felix of violence that only the arrival of Islam in the area 3 Apthungi, of having committed the sin of traditio. around Carthage in A.D. 698 could diffuse. For the Secundus, the bishop of Tigisis and primate of orthodox Christians, the Council of Carthage ought to Numidia, endorsed this accusation largely because of have ended the confrontation; for the Donatists, it an injury to his pride and status at the time of became just one more battle in their hundred-year 4 Mensurius’s consecration, to which he had not re- struggle to resist centralization by the Roman state. ceived an invitation.8 It was thus declared by the The division between the orthodox Christians and bishops of the province of Numidia that Mensurius Donatists began during the Persecution of Diocletian had not been truly consecrated. Majorinus, a member (303-05). Diocletian had hoped to avoid extreme of the faction opposing Mensurius, took his place, but measures to suppress the Church “by bringing pres- 5 Gerald Bonner, St. Augustine of Hippo: Life and 1 Brent D. Shaw, “African Christianity: Disputes, Definitions, Controversies (Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1963), 28. and ‘Donatists’” in Orthodoxy and Heresy in Religious 6 Bonner, St. Augustine, 28-29. Many clergy avoided this sin Movements: Discipline and Dissent, ed. Malcom R. Greenshields by handing heretical books over to the authorities. In a letter to and Tomas Robinson (Lewistown, New York: Edwin Mellen P, Secundus (bishop of Tigisis and primate of Numidia), Mensuris 1992), 6. wrote how he had given heretical books over to the authorities to 2 Peter Brown, “Religious Dissent in the Later Roman be burned instead of Scripture. Empire: the Case of North Africa,” History, XLVII, (1963): 289. 7W. H. C. Frend, The Donatist Church (Oxford: Clarendon P, 3 Allan D. Fitzgerald, ed., Augustine Through the Ages: an 1952), 17; Maureen A. Tilley, The Bible in Christian North Africa: Encyclopedia (Grand Rapids, Michigan: William B. Eerdmans The Donatist World (Minneapolis: Fortress P, 1997), 9. Publishing, 1999), 285. 8 Bonner, St. Augustine, 30. 4 Shaw, “African Christianity,” 19. Published by Scholar Commons, 2006 1 Historical Perspectives: Santa Clara University Undergraduate Journal of History, Series II, Vol. 11 [2006], Art. 9 42 Historical Perspectives March 2006 Reexamining Heresy 43 Reexamining Heresy: The Donatists sure to bear upon the clergy,” so as “to render the laity leaderless, and . bring about general apostasy.”5 The clergy were to hand over Scriptures to the authori- Emily C. Elrod ties to be burnt, an act of desecration that became On the first day of June in A.D. 411, Carthage, two known by the Donatists as the sin of traditio. Bishops hostile groups of Christians faced off in the summer who committed this sin had no spiritual power and heat to settle their differences. They met at the mas- 1 became known as traditores; Mensurius, the Bishop of sive Baths of Gargilius (Thermae Gargilianiae). On Carthage who died in 311, stood accused of traditio. 6 one side of the baths stood 284 Donatist bishops and Upon his death, Caecilian filled the vacancy. He was on the other side 286 orthodox Christian bishops 2 unpopular among many Christians due to his opposi- gathered. Both sets of bishop claimed for their tion to the popular cult of the martyrs. Rumors of his authority the doctrines of St. Cyprian and the creed alleged cruelty towards the martyrs of Abitina in 304 that each professed hardly differed from the other. Yet circulated before his consecration.7 His enemies then since 312, they had oppressed each other with a accused one of his consecrating bishops, Felix of violence that only the arrival of Islam in the area 3 Apthungi, of having committed the sin of traditio. around Carthage in A.D. 698 could diffuse. For the Secundus, the bishop of Tigisis and primate of orthodox Christians, the Council of Carthage ought to Numidia, endorsed this accusation largely because of have ended the confrontation; for the Donatists, it an injury to his pride and status at the time of became just one more battle in their hundred-year 4 Mensurius’s consecration, to which he had not re- struggle to resist centralization by the Roman state. ceived an invitation.8 It was thus declared by the The division between the orthodox Christians and bishops of the province of Numidia that Mensurius Donatists began during the Persecution of Diocletian had not been truly consecrated. Majorinus, a member (303-05). Diocletian had hoped to avoid extreme of the faction opposing Mensurius, took his place, but measures to suppress the Church “by bringing pres- 5 Gerald Bonner, St. Augustine of Hippo: Life and 1 Brent D. Shaw, “African Christianity: Disputes, Definitions, Controversies (Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1963), 28. and ‘Donatists’” in Orthodoxy and Heresy in Religious 6 Bonner, St. Augustine, 28-29. Many clergy avoided this sin Movements: Discipline and Dissent, ed. Malcom R. Greenshields by handing heretical books over to the authorities. In a letter to and Tomas Robinson (Lewistown, New York: Edwin Mellen P, Secundus (bishop of Tigisis and primate of Numidia), Mensuris 1992), 6. wrote how he had given heretical books over to the authorities to 2 Peter Brown, “Religious Dissent in the Later Roman be burned instead of Scripture. Empire: the Case of North Africa,” History, XLVII, (1963): 289. 7W. H. C. Frend, The Donatist Church (Oxford: Clarendon P, 3 Allan D. Fitzgerald, ed., Augustine Through the Ages: an 1952), 17; Maureen A. Tilley, The Bible in Christian North Africa: Encyclopedia (Grand Rapids, Michigan: William B. Eerdmans The Donatist World (Minneapolis: Fortress P, 1997), 9. Publishing, 1999), 285. 8 Bonner, St. Augustine, 30. 4 Shaw, “African Christianity,” 19. http://scholarcommons.scu.edu/historical-perspectives/vol11/iss1/9 2 Elrod: Reexaming Heresy 44 Historical Perspectives March 2006 Reexamining Heresy 45 in 313, shortly after his consecration, he died.9 we are nourished, by her spirit we are quickened.’”13 Donatus of Casae Nigrae succeeded to the office and In a paradoxical turn of events, this bishop who had gave his name to the emerging controversy over persistently preached on the importance of unity traditio.10 would later become the principal authority for a Both the Donatist and orthodox Christian churches schismatic church.14 claimed Cyprian (d. 258), who was later made a saint, The problems that afflicted Donatists in the early to as their inspiration and appealed to his life and his mid-fourth century were not of their own making but writings. Cyprian had been concerned with the rather the effect of Emperor Constantine’s actions. Christians who had fallen away from the Church in the With the proclamation of the Edict of Milan (313), time of the Decian persecution of 250 to 251 and Constantine made Christianity a legal form of worship sacrificed to the pagan gods.11 These people were in the Roman Empire. He was the first of the emper- known as the lapsi. Cyprian accepted rebaptism of the ors in the words of an orthodox Christian admirer, to lapsi or any apostate who returned to the communion “[repudiate] errors . [and acknowledge] . the of the Church. After a suitable length of time, the majesty of the unique God.”15 He considered himself penitent could receive communion.12 In 255-6, the head of the church he had legalized and he hoped Cyprian defended this view against Stephen, Bishop of his position as a Christian Emperor would help unify Rome, who demanded that he follow the Roman his empire, just as former pagan emperors considered custom of one baptism.
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