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An Historical Analysis of Awankaru Sounds with a New'perspective

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An Historical Analysis of Awankaru Sounds with a New'perspective An historical analysis of Awankaru Sounds with a new'perspective Thorough investigation into Indo-Aryan, Arabic-Persian and European elements. New theories, bold assertions, interesting suggestions. + H/1RDEV BAHRI Publishers BHARA*IS?RESS PRAKASHAN, DARBHANOA ROAD, ALLAHABAD—2. B^ffg |MM } (INDIA). $ ol e^ Distributors ¥ lLOKBHAifATif 15A—Mahatma Gandhi | margj I'MM 1_ J I Allahabad—1 Rsl^O. Prof Dr. H Pri D"^namSrnghSbab V.G *05. Sector 16 SikhiscD t-'tattdi<tarh \ ] la! [With special reference to Awankari] HARDEV BAHRI M.A., M.O.L., PH.D., D.LITT., SHASTRI * r ALLAHABAD EHflRflTI PRESS PUBLICATIONS DARBHANGA ROAD. Copyright, 1962 ^ Lahndi Phonology [Part II of the Thesis approved by the Punjab University, Lahore*. for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, 1944]' Sole Distributors: LOKBHARATI 15-A, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Allahabad—1. PRINTED IN INDIA BY THE BHARATI PRESS, DARBHANGA ROAD 'ALLAHABAD—2, i CONTENTS CONTENTS A WORD • iv CHART OF PHONETIC SYMBOLS AND PRONUNCIATION LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS USED vii INTRODUCTION ? ' ;" ix PHONOLOGY OF I-A. ELEMENT I* Preservations * ' II. Extinctions 13 III. Modifications IV# General^ Problems in Modifications 15$ V. Phonetic Semantic Modifications VI. Extensions (including History of Final Sounds) • VII. Onomatopoetic Formations 101 VIII. Agents of Change 11? '.]"•' IX. Possibilities (including Obscurities & Deshis of the Dialect) 14a : PHONOLOGY OF FOREIGN ELEMENT i X. Persian Element 155 XI. English Element 193 BIBLIOGRAPHY ' 209 INDEX OF LAHNDI WORDS AND SOUNDS 212 INDEX OF SOURCE SOUNDS 234 > INDEX OF SUBJECTS 237 # A WORD The present work is a part of the thesis submitted to the Punjab University, Lahore, in 1941 ^and approved for the degree -of Doctor of Philosophy in the Oriental Faculty. It is now being published without any alteration or addition, except that the two parts—the descriptive and the historical—have been separated'into two volumes, viz. Part I—Lahndi Phonetics If ' Part II—Lahndi Phonology. In preparing this thesis I was guided and helped by my revered Guru, Dr. Siddheshwar Varma, to whom I shall always remain indebted. In fact, it is he who initiated me into the science of language. Himself a Lahndi speaker and philologist, he has been usefully critical and constructive in his suggestions. ; * I am also grateful to my teacher Dr. A. G. Woolner (died 1936), Principal of the University Oriental College, and Dean and Vice- Chancellor of the Punjab University, and to Dr. B. D. Jain (died 1952), Head of the Hindi Department, Punjab University, for their valuable help and encouragement in the field of linguistic research. ^ ! , KURUKSHETRA : HARDEV BAHRI 16th July, 1962. Head of Hindi Department • Kurukshetra University. CHART OF PHONETIC SYMBOLS AND PRONUNCIATION : A High-falling tone on thepreceding vowel, as in la% to take down, kiAl, to ease oneself by force. / Rising tone, see p. xx. v Low rising tone, see p. xv-xvi. Nasalization of the .preceding vowel, as in Jio", akhesa". is derived from the following, develops into the following. I root-form. ' the minute over a vowel shows the lengthening; and separately, indicates that the following syllable is stressed. 9 unstressed a, as in 'abound*. * A,a short a, as in 'bud'. a,«, long and open a, as in 'all'. a! Front open vowel, as in csat\ I Back open vowel, opener than o. I T ][Note that these are distinguished from ai, ai, ai, ai, au, a^ au, a&, which are diphthongs]. b voiced bilabial plosive, as in 'bat'. c unvoiced palato-alveolar fricative, as in 'church*. * d voiced dental plosive, as in 'the'. d retroflex d, as in 'dull'. [bh, ch, dh, and dh are the aspirated forms as in bhira* brother, chole, grams, dhuf, dust, dhol, drum]. e half-open front vowel, as ins*ate». ' * £ labiodental, as in 'fate' ;4n loanwords. l g voiced guttural, as in 'go*. [gh is aspirated form of g, as in ghin, take]. G voiced uvular, as in Arabic ; in 'loanwords. h glottal as in 'hat*. H uvular: in Arabo-Persian. 1 half close short front vowel, as in *bid i close long front vowel, as in 'me', j semi-vowel, as in 'yes*; in Non-Lahndi words! J voiced palato-alveolar, as in 'joke' , Jatuk, child LAHNDI PHONOLOGY I Ic unvoiced guttural, as in 'kite'. I I [aspirated forms of J and kare Jh and kh, as in JhAlla, khed, play]. , • • - . 4h as in loch', shown in Persian words, = x. 1 alveolar lateral, as in 'look*. fm bilabial nasal, as in 'moon'. n alveolar nasal, as in 'noon9. krit guttural nasal, shown in Skt. words. n" palatal nasal, shown in Skt. words. an retroflex nasal, as in bhain, sister. <© half open back round vowel, as in 'nose'. p ; voiceless bilabial, as in 'pull'. [ph is aspirated form of p, as»in phat, wound.] |,«q uvular k; in Arabo-Persian. I r alveolar rolled consonant, as in 'rat'. I y retroflex r, as in chor, leave. « alveolar fricative, as in 'sit'. sh post-alveolar fricative, as in 'she'. Ls retroflex s in Skt., and alveolar in Persian words. I It voiceless dental, as in French 'table'. 1 •1 retroflex t, as in topi, cap. v [th & th are aspirated forms, as in thali, plate, and Afh, ei T dental Arabo-Persian, sound. « short close„back vowel, as in 'book'. ^k long half-close back vowel, as in 'boot'. v labio-dental voiced semi-vowel, as in 'very'. x • =kh above, as in rAxut, hide. y semivowel, as in 'yes*; in Skt. or foreign words. z voiced form of s, as in 'zebra'. [The various Arabo-Persian forms of z have been narrated]. c s= Arabic ain (post-glottal plosive). ? s=Arabo-Persiajj ham&, is a glide* i LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS USED Ace. accusative n. noun adj. adjective N.E. North East Amg. Ardhamagadhi NI., NIA New Indo-Aryan Ap., Apa, Apabhramsha nom. nominative Ar., Arab. Arabic no. number Ass., Assam. Assamese obi. oblique case Aw., Awan. Awankari OIA Old Indo-Aryan B., Beng. Bengali onom. onomatopoetic cf. compa re P- page . chap. chapter P. Pakhri (Introduc­ Dera. Derawdh tion), Punjabi JE. Exception (in chap. Pa. Pali in) Per. Persian 'e.g. for example PI, PIA Primitive Indo- Eng. English Aryan etc. et cetra Pk., Pkt Prakrit ff. followings pi. plural G., Guj. Gujrati pp. pages H. Hindi PP. Past participle IA. Indo-Aryan P.S.M. Phonetic Semantic IE. Indo-European Modification i.e. that is %• R. Reshi Inst* Instrumental S. Sindhi Jm. Jain Magadhi Santh. Santhah L. Lahndi sing. singular XSI Linguistic Survey of Sk., Skt Sanskrit India tbh. tadbhava \ M.A. Master of Arts tsm. tatsama Mar. I Ma rathi v. verb Masc. masculine viz, namely Md. I Munda voc. vocative MI., MIA. Medieval Indo- vol. volume Aryan W. Wanadihi Mon. Monkhraer W.P. West Punjabi f I Punj East( Ravi into! with inth i» * v f 1. 4*-„ 5 *> GENERAL INTRODUCTION* [ Lahndi Lahndi is a modern Indo-Aryan language spoken in the West Punjab (now in Pakistan). In the east it gradually merges into* Eastern Punjabi in the tract between the rivers Chenab and the- Ravi. In the west it? blends into Pashto dialects and in the north; some forms of Dardic i guages I the th it mixes with Balochi and in the south with Sindhi and Raiasth Excep the east, the boundaries of Lahndi are pretty well-marked CH/MA Map showing the locale of Lahndi- The p ocket towai ds of Afgh speaking area is the Lahndi tract. CUtT#ALl Map showing the boundaries of Lahndi* / £AST£*N The single letters indicate main dialects \ PUNJABI to which reference has been made in the following eight pages. [A] pocket is ther Awankari area. RAT AS THAN* SiNDM* XAHNDI PHONOLOGY * Although Sir George Grierson has rightly excluded a par c of "Montgomery and Gujranwala and whole of Lahore and Sialkot "Districts) from the Lahndi tract, the time is not far off when these areas will be totally affected by Lahndi dialects lying to their west. The migration of population since the partition of India and the formation of West Pakistan into a single unit are some of the factors which are bound to shift the eastern boundary of Lahndi- to the I political border. For centuries, it has been noted, eastern Punjabi has pushed Lahndi further to the west, but the^events since 1947 have not only stopped that encroachment by eastern Punjabi, but -given Lahndi a chance to retrieve its position in the eastern districts of West Pakistan which has now no communication with the, Indian tracts where eastern Punjabi is vastly spoken. Grierson has distinguished three forms of Lahndi—Southern Stan­ dard, North-Western and North-Eastern. The southern dialects (Shahpun, Jhangi, Multani, Derawali, Thah, etc.) are spoken in the regions south of the Salt Range including the districts of Shah- pur, Jhang, Lyallpur, Montgomery, Sheikhupura, Gujrat, Multan, Bahawalpur, MuzafFargarh, Dera^ Ghazi Khan and Mianwali. The number of speakers is about five million. The North-Western dialects (Hindko, Sohain, Dhanoci, etc.) are spoken in the Districts of Dera Ismail Khan, Bannu, Kohat, Attock, Jhelum, Peshawar and Hazara. The number of speakers is about one million. The North-Eastern Dialects (Pothowan, Chibah, Awankan, Ghebi, etc.) are spoken by about two million people in the districts of Rawalpindi, Hazara, Attock, Shahpur and Poonch (in Kashmir). Awankdn is the,dialect with which the present treatise is mainly •concerned. *i •. I ft . The Awans The Awans are an important tribe whose origin is still a mystery. Their own story is that they are of Arab origin, being descended from Qutub Shah Qadri Alwi*, and through him from Ali, the Prophet's son-in-law. At first they were called Alwis, i.e.
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