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Bundu Dia Kongo P a g e | I BUNDU DIA KONGO, UNE RESURGENCE DES MESSIANISMES ET DE L’ALLIANCE DES BAKONGO ? Godefroid Muzalia Kihangu --- Thèse présentée en vue de l’obtention du grade de Docteur en Sciences Politiques --- Promoteur: Prof. Dr. Koen Vlassenroot Composition du Jury Prof. Dr. Arnaut Karel Prof. Dr. Jean Omasombo Tchonda Prof. Dr. Koen Vlassenroot Prof. Dr. Filip De Boeck Prof. Dr. Ruddy Doom Prof.Dr. Sami Zemni Année Universitaire 2010 – 2011, Universiteit Gent, België P a g e | II A ma compagne Aimée Mapendo, A Immaculée-Keren, Augustin et Bénédicte. P a g e | III REMERCIEMENTS Je voudrais, avant toute chose, exprimer ma profonde gratitude à tous ceux qui ont contribué à l’aboutissement heureux de ce projet de recherche. Mes remerciements s’adressent à la Coopération Technique Belge qui a financé ma formation depuis l’année universitaire 2003 - 2004. Ma profonde gratitude s’adresse également à l’Université de Gand, et plus particulièrement au Conflit Research Group et au Third World Studies Center qui, en plus du cadre scientifique qu’ils m’ont offert, ont financé les trois derniers mois de ma formation doctorale. Mention spéciale au Professeur Docteur Koen Vlassenroot, promoteur de cette thèse. C’était pour moi un très grand plaisir de travailler sous sa supervision. Ses remarques pertinentes et ses encouragements répétés m’ont permis de franchir une étape importante dans l’analyse des données de terrain. A travers lui, je tiens à remercier tous ceux qui ont lu l’un ou l’autre chapitre de mon manuscrit. Je pense aux professeurs Timothy Raeymaekers, Barnabé Mulyumba Wa Mamba, Germain Mulowayi Kayemba et Stanislas Bucyalimwe Mararo. Mes remerciements s’adressent aussi au Comité de Gestion de l’ISP-Bukavu, particulièrement aux professeurs Boniface Kaningini et Muke Zihisire, et aux Chefs de Travaux Jacques Usungo et Rigobert Birhembano. En concédant que je sois momentanément installé à Kinshasa au lieu de Bukavu, siège de notre institution, ils m’ont assuré non seulement des conditions sécuritaires plus ou moins acceptables sur un terrain accidenté, mais aussi l’accès facile à la province du Bas-Congo où était centré l’essentielle de mes investigations. Chapeau bas aux adeptes de B.D.K. qui ont accepté de mettre à ma disposition les informations nécessaires à une période où, traqués par la Police Nationale Congolaise, ils avaient des raisons fondées de se mettre à l’abri de ma recherche. Je pense particulièrement à monsieur Makindombe, à Ne Kizaza, à l’Assistant Dilubemzi, à Ne Makanda, à Yaya Nsimba et à tous ceux qui ont requis l’anonymat pour les raisons déjà évoquées. Qu’ils trouvent ici l’expression de ma reconnaissance. P a g e | IV Une pensée particulière pour Els Lecoutere, Koen Vanrumste, Jeroen, Miguel, Gillian, Kristof Titeca, Keren Bûcher, Anne Walraet, Véronique Van Vlierbege, Koenraad Bogaer, Elie Zihindula Mushengezi, Nos Changa, Justin Macumu et Mama Kaza. Leur amitié a rendu très agréable mon séjour en Belgique. Chez eux, ça sera toujours chez moi. Ma reconnaissance s’adresse également aux familles Zinda Munda, Galva Mpangu Nkanu, Jacques et Georges Kulimushi, Bashige Runiga, Kyalondawa et Mauris. Leur assistance morale restera longtemps gravée dans ma mémoire. Enfin, aux familles Muzalia et Balemba Tabaro, et particulièrement à Sylvie Ciza Balemba et Crispin Muzalia, je voudrais transmettre cette sagesse me léguée par feu Papa Aloys Muzalia Wakyebwa : « Tubibu u tukuzya wa mulume » (L’homme se forge par la peine). C’est grâce à lui, qu’avec mon « œil de cyclope », je suis parvenue à découvrir les « multiples faces » d’une médaille ! Godefroid Muzalia Kihangu Gand, le 27 janvier 2011 P a g e | V SIGLES ET ABREVIATIONS A.F.D.L. : Alliance des Forces Démocratiques pour la Libération du Congo/Zaïre A.G.I. : Accord Global et Inclusif A.I.C. : Association Internationale du Congo A.R.C. : Alliance pour le Renouveau au Congo Abako : Alliance des Bakongo A.B.F.M.S. : American Baptist Foreign Missionary Society ALCO : Alliance des Congolais A.M.E.C. : American Methodist Episcopal Church A.M.P. : Alliance de la Majorité Présidentielle A.N. : Assemblée Nationale A.N.R. : Agence Nationale des Renseignements Asbl : Association sans but lucratif B.D.K. : Bundu dia Kongo B.D.M. : Bundu dia Mayala BNO : Bureau National des Opérations C.A.C. : Confédération d’Afrique Centrale CCTV. : Canal Congo Télévision C.E.A.C : Communauté Évangélique de l’Alliance au Congo C.E.C. : Communauté Évangélique du Congo C.E.I. : Commission Électorale Indépendante CEREA : Centre d’Échange et de Regroupement Africain C.F.L. : Compagnie de Chemin de Fer C.I.A.T. : Comité International d’Accompagnement de la Transition C.N.D.P. : Congrès National pour la Défense des Peuples CNKI : Comité National du Kivu C.N.S. : Conférence Nationale Souveraine Congo-Pax : Parti pour la Paix au Congo C.S.K. : Comité Spécial du Katanga D.A.I.P.N. : Domaine Agro-industriel Présidentiel de la Nsele D.I.C. : Dialogue Intercongolais D.C.F. : Démocratie Chrétienne Fédéraliste E.C.C. : Église du Christ au Congo E.H.E.S.S. : Éditions des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales E.I.C. : État Indépendant du Congo E.I.K. : État Indépendant du Kongo P a g e | VI E.J.C.S.K. : L’Église de Jésus-Christ sur la terre par le prophète Simon Kimbangu ENAF : Église des Noirs en Afrique E.U.A.C. : États-Unis d’Afrique Centrale F.A.R. : Forces Armées Rwandaises F.D.D. : Front pour la Défense de la Démocratie F.L.E.C. : Front de Libération de l’Enclave de Cabinda F.L.N.A. : Front National de Libération de l’Angola G.R. : Groupe du Royaume L.R.A. : Armée de résistance du Seigneur M.D.D. : Mouvement pour la Démocratie et le Développement M.L.C. : Mouvement de Libération du Congo M.N.C. : Mouvement National Congolais M.N.C. /K. : Mouvement National Congolais/ Kalonji M.O.N.U.C. : Mission des Nations Unies au Congo M.P.L.A. : Mouvement Populaire de Libération de l’Angola M.P.R. : Mouvement Populaire de la Révolution N.M.R. : Nouveau Mouvement Religieux N.R.A. : National Resistance Army O.N.G. : Organisation Non Gouvernementale O.N.G.D. : Organisation Non Gouvernementale de Développement PALU : Parti Lumumbiste Unifié P.A.N.U. : Parti de l’Alliance Nationale pour l’Unité P.C.N. : Police Nationale Congolaise P.I.R. : Police d’Intervention Rapide P.N.C. : Police Nationale Congolaise P.P.R.D. : Parti du Peuple pour la Reconstruction et la Démocratie R.F.C. : République Fédérale du Congo R.C.D. : Rassemblement Congolais pour la Démocratie RENACO : Regroupement des Nationalistes Congolais RLTV : Radio Lisanga Télévision R.T.A. : Religion Traditionnelle Africaine R.U.K. : Royaume d’Union Kongo SOCOPETROL : Société Pétrolière du Congo T.G.I. /Mb : Tribunal des Grandes Instances de Mbaza-Ngungu U.C.D.A. : Armée Démocratique Unie d’Ouganda UDEMO : Union des Mobutistes U.D.I. : Union des Démocrates Indépendants P a g e | VII U.D.P.S. : Union pour la Démocratie et le Progrès Social U.D.R : Union pour la Défense de la République UFERI : Union des Fédéralistes et Républicains Indépendants U.N. : Union pour la Nation U.N.I.T.A. : Union Nationale pour l’Indépendance Totale de l’Angola U.R.A.C. : Union des Républiques d’Afrique Centrale U.S.O.R. : Union Sacré de l’Opposition Radicale USORAL : Union Sacré de l’Opposition Radicale et Alliés V.S.S. : Voix des Sans Voix P a g e | IX TABLE DES MATIERES REMERCIEMENTS III SIGLES ET ABREVIATIONS V TABLE DES MATIERES IX PROLOGUE 1 Carte n°1 : Tentative de reconstitution de l’Espace Kongo 6 INTRODUCTION GÉNÉRALE 10 0.1. Contexte 12 0.2. Problématique et hypothèses de travail 25 0.3. Pourquoi une étude sur B.D.K. ? 26 0.4. Travaux réalisés sur B.D.K. 28 0.5. Milieu d’étude 29 Tableau n° 1: Structure administrative du Bas-Congo 31 Carte n° 2 : La province du Bas-Congo plus la ville de Kinshasa 32 0.6. Méthodologie et difficultés rencontrées 34 0.7. Sources utilisées 37 0.8. Contenu de la thèse 38 CHAPITRE I. CADRE CONCEPTUEL ET THEORIQUE 41 1.1. Circonscription de quelques concepts clés 41 Figure n° 1. Conscience ethnique et conscience nationales 55 1.2. Théories sur les mouvements messianiques 66 1.3. Messianisme et théorie du chaos 80 1.4. La rumeur comme stratégie de mobilisation 86 Conclusion partielle 89 CHAPITRE II. DYNAMIQUE DE REFORMULATION MESSIANIQUE AU BAS-CONGO 92 2.1. Messianismes pré-antoniens et antonien 93 2.2. Le tandem kimbanguisme – Abako 104 2.3. Le mpadisme : une préfiguration de B.D.K. 108 2.4. De l’antonisme à l’ENAF : constances et ruptures 113 Conclusion partielle 123 P a g e | X CHAPITRE III. NAISSANCE, STRUCTURES ET METHODES DE RECRUTEMENT DE B.D.K. 125 3.1. Biographie de Ne Muanda Nsemi 125 3.2. Naissance, objectifs et quête de personnalité civile 136 Tableau n° 2 : Ressemblances entre l’ABAKO et B.D.K. 144 3.3. Structures de B.D.K. 147 Figure n° 3 : Structure de Bundu dia Kongo 149 Figure n° 4 : Le drapeau et le logos de BDM 153 Figure. N° 5 : Mikengi des B.D.K. 155 Figure n°6 : Le drapeau de B.D.K. 157 3.4. Méthodes de recrutement et stratégies d’action politique 162 Conclusion partielle 170 CHAPITRE IV. LES FONDEMENTS SYNCRETIQUES DE BUNDU DIA KONGO 172 4.1. Le Livre Saint de B.D.K. 173 Tableau n° 3 : Quelques dates « oubliées » de l'histoire de Bena Kongo » 178 Carte n° 3 : Les Migrations des Bena Kongo 179 4.2.
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