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World Wide Web Informationsdienste im Internet World Wide Web Diese Reisen durch's Internet sollen jetzt auch viel Wissenschaftler, die an gemeinsamen Projekten ar- komfortabler geworden sein - und teurer. Man reist beiten, sind oft über die ganze Welt verstreut. Mitar- jetzt mit Mosaic. Gopher kennt kaum noch einer (?). beiter, Studenten, Gast-Wissenschaftler wechseln Was mein Nachbar bei seiner letzten Reise so alles zwischen den Forschungszentren, bleiben aber Mit- gesehen hat ... glieder dieser verteilten Arbeitsgruppen. Dazu kommt Anstelle einer Vorrede hier ein Auszug aus den Noti- die Vielfalt der Hard- und Software. Wer den Ar- zen jenes ,Datenreisenden’: beitsort wechselte, mußte mit neuen Rechnernamen, Paßworten, Terminalemulationen, Kommandos usw. W3 Search Engines zurechtkommen (Sie kennen das?). Für eine effekti- World Wide Web FAQ vere Zusammenarbeit wurde deshalb dringend ein The Best of WWW Contest System benötigt, das orts- und rechnerunabhängig Oldenburg Archie Gateway den Zugang zu Informationen und deren Austausch HypArt - The Project vereinfacht. Linux Software Map Dieses System heißt heute World Wide Web, hat sich Studienberatung für das Lehramt sehr schnell über das gesamte Internet verbreitet und Lernen und Lehren im WWW ist inzwischen einer der wichtigsten Informations- Yoga für alle dienste. Esperanto HyperCourse Dieser Artikel sollen allen „Newbies“ (Lektion1: Shoemaker-Levy 9/Jupiter Collision Internet-Sprachgebrauch) einen Überblick verschaf- Libraries via Internet fen und mit einer kurzen Beschreibung des Mosaic- German News - Jahresübersicht Clients für Windows zu einem einfachen Start ver- Kino in und um Berlin helfen. Känguruh - Uni Mitfahrzentrale GNN Digital Drive-In: Internet Movie of the Week The Trojan Room Coffee Machine Wichtige Begriffe Dokument, Objekt Die Beispiele vermitteln nur eine geringe Ahnung steht im folgenden als Sammelbegriff für die davon, welche Vielfalt und welche Menge an Infor- verschiedenen Arten von Informationen, die von mationen jedem Internet-Nutzer zur Verfügung steht W3-Servern angeboten werden (Text, Hypertext, und wieviel Nutzen er daraus ziehen könnte, wenn es Sprache, Musik, Grafiken, Filme, etc.). gelänge, die Suche nach Informationen zu einem bestimmten Thema und den Zugang dazu zu verein- Hypertext: fachen. Gleichzeitig wird auch klar, wie schnell man entsteht durch Verknüpfung einfacher (linearer) sich in diesem riesigen Netz verlieren und verzetteln Texte untereinander über Querverweise. Diese → kann. Links verzweigen auf andere Stellen innerhalb Das World Wide Web (WWW, auch W3, W3 oder desselben Textes bzw. auf einen anderen Text. einfach Web - web: Gespinst, Gewebe) ist der bisher Bsp.: Im Januar 1993 stellte M. Andreesen vom wohl gelungenste Versuch, die riesigen Informa- NCSA den WWW-Client Mosaic vor. tionsressourcen des Internet zu erschließen, d.h. auf verschiedenste „Dokumente“ (Texte, Grafiken, Mu- Die Links in diesem Beispiel könnten z.B auf eine sik- und Film-Sequenzen usw.), die auf unter- Kurzbiografie von M.Andreesen, die Titelseite schiedlichen Hardware- und Betriebssystem- des NCSA-WWW-Servers und eine Kurzbe- Plattformen gespeichert sind, mit einem Werkzeug schreibung für den Mosaic-Client verweisen. zuzugreifen. Eingeschlossen ist die Möglichkeit, Informationen können besser und flexibler Dokumente zum gleichen Thema zusammenzufassen, vermittelt werden: sie zusätzlich unter anderen Gesichtspunkten zu - je nach Wissensstand und Interesse kann der gruppieren und Verknüpfungen zwischen ihnen her- Leser einzelnen Verzweigungen nachgehen, um zustellen (sie jedoch an ihrem Ursprungsort zu belas- zusätzliche Informationen zu erhalten, oder dar- sen, damit sie dort aktualisiert werden können!). über hinweglesen. Schritte zur Verwirklichung der alten Träume von - größere Informationsmengen werden über- einer universellen Wissensbasis der Menschheit und schaubarer, die Netztbelastung sinkt, da nur vom freien Zugang zu Informationen? Gelingt es mit noch Teile von Dokumenten angefordert wer- WWW auch, die Ressourcen besser zu strukturieren? RZ-Mitteilungen Nr. 8, Oktober 1994 23 Informationsdienste im Internet den, während früher stets der gesamte Text ü- Verweise), nicht aber sein Layout. Die Art und bertragen werden mußte. Weise der Darstellung ist dann abhängig von den - der Autor kann das Dokument so strukturieren, Möglichkeiten des WWW-Clients, der den Zei- daß dem Leser sowohl ein „Lesepfad“ ange- lenumbruch, die Auswahl geeigneter Schriftarten, boten wird, als auch die selbstbestimmte Erar- Einrückungen usw. übernimmt (die Darstel- beitung des Textes zur Auswahl steht (z.B. bei lungsmöglichkeiten eines fensterorientierten X11- Kursen). Clients wie → Mosaic sind natürlich wesentlich Die Hilfetexte unter Windows sind ebenfalls ein umfangreicher als bei Lynx (→ Clients), dessen Beispiel für Hypertext. Darstellungsmöglichkeiten von den Fähigkeiten Links, Hyperlinks: des ASCII-Terminals abhängen. auch Anker (Anchor) genannt, sind Verweise auf Es gibt Werkzeuge zur Erstellung von HTML- eine andere Stelle im gleichen Dokument oder auf Dokumenten und zur Umwandlung anderer Text- ein anderes Dokument, beim Mosaic-Client z.B. formate in das HTML-Format (z.B. PostScript, durch andere Farbgebung (blau) und/oder Un- LaTeX, Word für Windows nach HTML und um- terstreichung hervorgehoben. gekehrt). Viele davon sind wie die Sprache selbst noch im Entwicklungsstadium, für mittlere An- Hypermedia: forderungen aber schon benutzbar. Ausdehnung des Hypertextbegriffs auf andere Medien wie Film, Musik, Grafik usw., die zu- Home Page sätzlich in Dokumente einbezogen werden. die Titelseite jedes WWW-Servers; Browser (to browse: schmökern, betrachten): URLs (Uniform Resource Locators): [BL93URL] Im W3-Umfeld wird dieser Begriff gleichbedeu- Sie können als eine Ausdehnung des Filenamen- tend für Client verwendet. Browser sind einerseits konzeptes auf das Netz aufgefaßt werden. Dateien ,Betrachter’ für Hypermedia-Dokumente, ande- und Verzeichnisse können sich auf einem beliebi- rerseits Nutzeroberflächen für den Zugang zu In- gen Rechner im Netz befinden, durch unterschied- formationsdiensten im Internet. Sie ‘sprechen’ liche Dienste bereitgestellt werden (z.B. FTP, nicht nur das eigene → HTTP-Protokoll, sondern Gopher, ..). Auch auf komplexere Datenstrukturen können auch mit News-, FTP- , Gopher- und wie das Ergebnis einer Datenbank-Abfrage, eines WAIS-Servern kommunizieren, um von ihnen In- finger- oder archie-Kommandos kann über URLs formationen abzurufen. Gateways existieren zu verwiesen werden. [Andr93U] Sie ermöglichen weiteren Diensten, wie Archie und Finger. Zur damit eine weltweit eindeutige Identifizierung Wiedergabe einiger Dokumenttypen (PostScript, und Adressierung der vielgestaltigen Internet- Filme u.a) startet der Browser externe Program- Ressourcen in einer einheitlichen Syntax. me. Ein URL besteht aus einem allgemeinen Teil mit der Protokollspezifikation (Zugriffsmethode zu HTTP: Hypertext Transfer Protokoll [BL93HT] diesem Objekt, z.B. http) und einem speziellen Client-Server-Protokoll für die Kommunikation Teil, der den Rechner (IP-Adresse oder Host- im WWW, setzt auf TCP/IP auf. Das Protokoll ist name), eine Portnummer (falls sie von der Stan- für kurze Antwortzeiten entworfen: der Client dard-Portnummer dieses Protokolls abweicht) und baut eine TCP-Verbindung zum WWW-Server weitere Angaben enthält, die das Objekt in einer auf und schickt ihm die Anforderung für ein be- protokollspezifischen Syntax bezeichnen. Beide stimmtes Dokument. Der Server beantwortet die Teile sind durch einen Doppelpunkt und zwei Anforderung und beendet anschließend die Ver- Schrägstriche getrennt: bindung. Die aktuelle Version ist HTTP 1.0. Die zugriffsmethode :// rechner [:port] / pfad / dokument umfangreichen Möglichkeiten dieses Protokolls werden noch nicht ausgenutzt, da in den z.Z. ver- einige Beispiele dazu: fügbaren Clients und Servern nur ein geringer Teil des Protokolls implementiert ist. HTTP be- • File URLs nutzt standardmäßig Port 80. die Datei url.ps im Verzeichnis pub/infosystems/www/docs auf dem anonymen FTP- HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) Server ftp.rz.hu-berlin.de: ist die Sprache, in der Hypertext-Dokumente für file://ftp.rz.hu-berlin.de/pub/infosystems/www/docs/ das WWW geschrieben werden. Sie basiert auf url.ps SGML (Standard Generalized Markup Language), das Verzeichnis /pub/windows auf diesem Rechner: einem Standard zur Definition strukturierter Do- ftp://ftp.rz.hu-berlin.de/pub/windows kumententypen (ISO 8879, 1986). Der HTML- (ftp: und file: können gleichbedeutend verwendet Standard ist noch in Arbeit [BLC93], [Ragg93], in werden) Vorbereitung ist HTML 3.0. [iX 94/7] Die Spra- che beschreibt nur die logische Struktur eines Do- kumentes (Absätze, Überschriften, Aufzählungen, 24 RZ-Mitteilungen Nr. 8, Oktober 1994 Informationsdienste im Internet • Gopher URLs terstreichung, Anpassung an die Fenstergröße, etc.). eine Pressemitteilung auf dem Gopher-Server go- Auch einfachere Clients, wie Lynx, nutzen einige pher.rz.hu-berlin.de: dieser Möglichkeiten. Gopher-Clients können ASCII- gopher://gopher.rz.hu-berlin.de/00/prmit/pr23-6.txt Texte nur in der gleichen (festen) Formatierung wie- dergeben, in der sie auf dem Server gespeichert sind, • News URLs verschiedene Fonts, Schriftauszeichnungen usw. gibt der Name der News-Gruppe und die Message-ID es nicht. Dafür ist der Aufwand für das Schreiben identifizieren einen Artikel eindeutig, der Rechner- eines HTML-Dokuments entsprechend höher. name kann entfallen; Illustrationen in Textdokumenten (Inline-Grafiken) die
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