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Information to Users INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter free, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality o f this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely afreet reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. IBgher quality 6” x 9” black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. UMI A Bell & Howell Infonnation Company 300 North Zed> Road, Ann Arbor MI 48106-1346 USA 313/761-4700 800/521-0600 MUSEUMS, GALLERIES, ART SITES, VIRTUAL CURATING AND THE WORLD WIDE WEB DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Markus Kruse, B.F.A., M.A. ***** The Ohio State University 1998 Dissertation Committee: Dr. Robert Arnold, Adviser Approved by Dr. Wayne Carlson Dr. Midori Kitagawa DeLeon Adviser Professor Emeritus Charles Csuri Department of Art Education DMI Number: 9822332 UMI Microform 9822332 Copyright 1998, by UMI Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. UMI 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, MI 48103 Copyright by Markus Kruse 1998 ABSTRACT Since the explosion of the World Wide Web (WWW) in the mid 1990's commercial, non-commercial galleries and individual artists have embraced this medium more readily than museums. Museums have been slow in accepting this medium for presenting online exhibitions, visual communication and marketing because of their lack of understanding, financial resources and Intellectual Property issues. Individual artists on the other hand have propelled this medium to higher levels by creating virtual art galleries, individual artist sites, artist collectives and WWW specific works of art. A historical analysis of the creation of the Internet and WWW precedes an introduction of how museums, art galleries and artists have approached this new medium to present visual arts information. This is followed by an analysis that discusses issues of virtual curating and their relationship to the traditional museum, gallery and art object. Legal hurdles such as Intellectual Property laws and limitations to publishing on the WWW are explored. Curatorial issues are found to be important when presenting an exhibition in the traditional as well as virtual environment. The lack of acceptance of the WWW exhibition environment by the traditional arts establishment has dampened the possibilities this medium offers to further advance the visual arts via this medium. The future will require ii reinterpretation of the visual arts via this medium as a new form of aesthetic commimication. The study concludes that the successful departure from mimicking the traditional print media through interactive elements will lead us to establish a global form of the visual arts that is not controlled by a few members of the traditional arts establishment. The artist, gallery and museum will push the current technological and aesthetic standards, interpretations and rules in order to take advantage of the WWW. Today's local and national laws will need to be reinterpreted on a global level to further internationalize the arts. Due to the early stage of development of the arts via the WWW curatorial standards should remain flexible to accommodate future WWW developments. Ill For Dr. Wolfgang Kruse, Ina Kruse and Jodi Melfi IV ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I thank my parents Dr. Wolfgang and Mrs. Ina Kruse for their support. It is with great appreciation and honor that I extend my gratitude to my wife Jodi Melfi for her dedication and constant support during this project. I am also greatly indebted to my committee chairman Dr. Robert Arnold and all members of the committee. My sincere thanks to all my friends that have helped and encouraged me with this project. VITA January 12, 1966 .............................Bom - Hagen, Germany 1989 ....................................................B.F.A., Wittenberg University 1992 ................................................... M.A. The Ohio State University Art Education/Administration PUBLICATIONS World Wide Web Publication 1. Kruse, M. (1994-1998). World Wide Arts Resources. URL: http://\wvar.com FIELD OF STUDY. Major Field: Art Education VI TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Abstract ..................................................................................................................................... ii Dedication .................................................................................................................................iv Acknowledgments ........................................................................................................................v V ita .............................................................................................................................................. vi List of Figures ........................................................................................................................ ix Chapters: 1. Introduction .......................................................................................................................1 I. I Background to the Problem ...................................................................1 1.2 Research Statement ........................................................................................... 9 1.3 Review of Related Literature ..............................................................................9 1.4 Purpose .................................................................................................................10 1.5 Overview............................................................................................................ 10 2. History of the Intem et/W W W ...................................................................................... 12 2.1 Origins of the Internet .......................................................................................12 2.2 History of the WWW........................................................................................ 20 3. Exhibitions on the WWW .............................................................................................36 3.1 Origins of Exhibitions ...................................................................................... 36 3.2 Salon Exhibitions ...............................................................................................38 3.3 Twentieth Century Exhibitions ..................................................................... 40 3.4 The Arts on the WWW ....................................................................................43 3.4.1 Museums on the W W W .....................................................................49 3.4.2 Virtual M useum s ................................................................................56 3.4.3 Art Galleries on the W W W .............................................................. 60 3.4.4 Virtual G alleries ..................................................................................64 3.4.5 Mixed Type Exhibitions ...................................................................66 3.4.6 Artists Sites .........................................................................................67 3.4.7 Virtual Artists Collectives ................................................................ 69 vii 3.4.8 Other Arts Sites ................................................................................... 71 4. Virtual Curating on the WWW .................................................................................... 73 4.1 Background ........................................................................................................ 73 4.2 Possibilities for Curators, Museums and Educators ....................................79 5. Intellectual Property ........................................................................................................93 5.1 Background ........................................................................................................ 93 5.2 Copyright and Electronic Media ..................................................................... 94 5.3 Information Infrastructure Task Force ............................................................ 95 5.4 Fair Usage ........................................................................................................ 101 5.5 Derivative U sa g e ..............................................................................................105 5.6
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