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digital literacy

movement

e - learning building modern society

ITdesk.info – project of e-education

with open access

human

rights to e - inclusion education and information

open access

Web Browsing and

Notes

Main title:

ITdesk.info – project of computer e-education with open access

Subtitle:

Web Browsing and Communication, notes

Expert reviwer:

Supreet Kaur

Translator:

Gorana Celebic

Proofreading:

Ana Dzaja

Cover:

Silvija Bunic

Publisher:

Open Society for Idea Exchange (ODRAZI), Zagreb

ISBN:

978-953-7908-18-8

Place and year of publication:

Zagreb, 2011.

Copyright:

Feel free to copy, print, and further distribute this publication entirely or partly, including to the purpose of organized education, whether in public or private educational organizations, but exclusively for noncommercial purposes (i.e. free of charge to end users using this publication) and with attribution of the source (source: www.ITdesk.info - project of computer e-education with open access). Derivative works without prior approval of the copyright holder (NGO Open Society for Idea Exchange) are not permitted.

Permission may be granted through the following address: [email protected] ITdesk.info – project of computer e-education with open access

Preface

Today’s society is shaped by sudden growth and development of the information technology (IT) resulting with its great dependency on the knowledge and competence of individuals from the IT area. Although this dependency is growing day by day, the human right to education and information is not extended to the IT area. Problems that are affecting society as a whole are emerging, creating gaps and distancing people from the main reason and motivation for advancement-opportunity. Being a computer illiterate person today means being a person who is unable to participate in modern society, and a person without opportunity; and despite the acknowledged necessity and benefits of inclusive computer literacy from institutions like the European Commission, UNESCO, OECD, there are still groups of people having difficulties accessing basic computer education viz. persons with disabilities, persons with learning difficulties, migrant workers, unemployed persons, persons that live in remote (rural) areas where IT education is not accessible.

These notes, combined with other materials published on ITdesk.info, represent our effort and contribution to promotion of the human right to education and information considering IT area. We hope that this education will help you master basic computer skills and with that hope we wish you to learn as much as you can thus becoming an active member of modern IT society.

Sincerely yours,

ITdesk.info team

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DEFINITIONS AND TERMS

• – set of millions of worldwide connected into a network with the purpose of exchanging data among users • WWW - – one of the services on the Internet which we use to browse web (set of HTML documents connected with ) • HTTP – Transfer Protocol – protocol (set of rules) that allows transmission of information published on the Web • URL – Uniform Resource Locator - Web address of a particular object (Web pages, images, or Word or PDF document) published on the Internet • FTP – – protocol that allows data transfer between computers over the Internet • or link - part of the text or on a ; when we activate a hyperlink (click on it), it takes us to: o another part within the same web page o another

• Web address elements – for example http://www.google.hr o http: - protocol (rules of transmission) o www – a type of service available on the Internet o – a domain name (computer) o .hr – top–level domain (ccTLD - Country code top-level domain)

• Domain: - electronic identification on the Internet o commercial (.com, .net, .biz) . international (.hr, .si, .it, .de…) o non-commercial (.edu, .mil, .gov)

• o (program) which allows us to browse web pages o the most widely used: , , , • Web o contains content categorization of many Web pages o after one enters the desired term, search engine will search the Web and display results (web pages, images, documents) that are the most relevant for the entered term o www.google.com , www.pogodak.hr , www.yahoo.com, www.bing.com

• Cookie - text file stored on our computer by web page to facilitate communication between your computer and the website’s • - a folder on the hard disk which stores all objects visited on the Web o provides: - faster re-loading of pages - reading web pages in offline mode (while not connected to the Internet) • Internet Service Provider (ISP) – a company that provides Internet access for its users (T- Com, Carnet...)

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• Really Simple Syndication (RSS) – facilitates the possibility of information (news, blog entries, etc.) transfer published on a web page in a standardized manner (usually the title, a sentence or two of the article, a link to a page that contains the whole article). Subscribing to site’s RSS feed allows users to receive updates from that website without going to the site itself • Podcast - Digital files containing audio or recording

SAFETY • access to some sites is granted only to the users who have the necessary username and password • identifying a secure web place: web address begins with „“; look out for the lock in the • Digital Certificate - converts data into a code to protect it from abuse (credit card number, for example) • - protection – a way to convert data into a format such that the person with a way to unlock it can read it, others cant. . Used by most email service providers to ensure protection of over the internet. • Malware: Computer virus, Worm, Trojan horse, • Spyware – a spy program installed to the computer over the Internet used to send our private information to the author o It is recommended that you install an anti-spyware program such as Ad-aware, Spybot Search & Destroy • downloading files from the Internet has its risks, therefore it is recommended to: o share files only with the people you know and trust o use up-to-date o do not open e-mail attachments received from unknown sources • dangers of leaving (personal) data on the internet o sharing your e-mail address on the Web exposes you to spam o possible theft of credit card numbers used for Internet purchase • dangers related to online activities are: inadvertent disclosure of personal data, threats or annoyance, predators attacks • programs that allow parental control through: o monitoring visited , o web browsing restrictions, o setting limits to video games, and o limiting the time spent using the computer • Firewall o program that controls and protects the ports, allowing only authorized attempts to enter o Windows Firewall was first released as a part of Windows XP Service Pack 2 (SP2)

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USING A WEB BROWSER ()

• installed browsers are listed in the Start , to start one needs to left-click on the program icon • it is opened in the with the following elements:

1. Sizing buttons – minimize, maximize, close the window 2. Title bar – web page title and the name of the program (IE8) 3. Menus:

o File o View o Tools o Edit o Favorites o Help

4. Address bar 5. Command bar o some commands are hidden, clicking an arrow to it opens extra options o grayed out commands are currently unavailable o three-dot commands have a sequence of further commands 6. Scrollbar 7. Status bar - shows the loading percentage of web page

• Home Page = first page loaded by the Internet browser when you click on opening the application o setting the homepage: click on the arrow to the right of the Home and select the option Add or Change Home page from drop down menu

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o another way to set the homepage: select Internet Options from Tools menu > on the General , in the Home page text box, type web page address > Apply > OK

• activating a hyperlink o when you move your mouse pointer over a hyperlink, it changes to a pointing hand o left-click to open a hyperlink (to another place on the same page or another website) o hyperlinks (can be text or images) are highlighted to stand out from the rest of the content, usually underlined, bold or colored

• moving to the previous or next page o using Back and Forward button, we are moving through pages that have already been opened in the same window • stopping further web page loading o left-click the Stop button • refreshing a web page o left-click the Refresh button • Help provides help topics and explanations that are related to the browser • view web page in a new window: right-click the hyperlink to display the menu, then select Open in New Window

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• displaying web page in a new tab: right-click the hyperlink to display the context menu, then select option Open in New Tab • quick access to the previously visited Web pages o left-click on the arrow on the right side of address bar to open a drop down menu o History button – view the History of web pages you have visited • deleting browsing history: left-click on the arrow next to the Safety button to open drop down menu, choose Delete browsing history option, select the items you want to delete, left-click on Delete button • showing/hiding : open the View menu, point at Toolbars and click on you want to show/hide (check mark is displayed if toolbar is selected for showing) • showing/hiding images on Web pages: left-click on the arrow next to the Tools button to open drop down menu, choose Internet options, select the Advanced tab and scroll to the section, check or uncheck Show Picture option

Favorites

• sites that are visited frequently can be labeled and organized in folders (there is no need for typing their address over again) • a web page: open the Favorites menu and select Add to Favorite, then click on the Add button • display a bookmarked Web page: left-click on the Favorite button on the toolbar, click on the required bookmark • deleting a bookmark – left-click on the Favorite button on the toolbar, right-click on the bookmark, select Delete command from context menu • create a bookmark folder o organize your Favorites – store bookmarks in folders according to subject (category)

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o open the Favorites menu and select Organize Favorites; click on the New Folder button, type in folder name and press Enter key • add web pages to bookmark folder o : press and hold down the left mouse button on bookmark, drag it to desired bookmark folder, drop it by releasing the mouse button – bookmarked page is moved to a folder • deleting a bookmark folder o open the Favorites menu and select Organize Favorites, select folder you want to delete and press Delete button

USING THE WEB

Completing web forms on the Internet • moving through text boxes – using Tab key or left-click on the Text Input field • press Submit button to confirm the text entry

Browsing the web using search engines • type in keywords, the search engine will show a list of matching results (hits) • the most popular search engines: o Google http://www.google.hr o Bing http://www.bing.com o Yahoo http://www.yahoo.com o MSN http://www.msn.com

• entering terms into the search engines o if the term has more than one word, it is important how you enter it: . White house – search by separate words . “White House” – search the exact phrase that is within the “” over the internet o for more efficient use of search engines is to enter fewer words that precisely describe what you need • search a web based encyclopedia (e.g. ) and/or dictionary (e.g. Thesaurus)

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• use advanced search features to refine a search: by exact phrase, excluding words, by date, by file type, etc.

WEB OUTPUTS

• copy a text, image, URL from a web page to a document: 1. select text or image 2. right-click on the selected (text or image) then choose Copy from context menu 3. run a program in which you want to insert a copy (e.g. Microsoft Paint, OpenOffice Writer, Microsoft Word) 4. right-click and choose Paste from context menu 5. For images, you can right click, and select “Save Image as”. It will save the image to where you want it to be saved on the computer

• save a web page to a location on a drive o File > Save As > type in the file name (File name box) > select the file type (Save As type) • download files to a location on a drive o right-click on a hyperlink (image, text..) and choose Save Target As from context menu

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Prepare and print

• prepare a web page for printing: on the File menu, click Print Preview • change print settings: click Page Setup on the File menu o change paper size: Size o change paper orientation: portrait (vertical) or landscape (horizontal) o change margins: by entering numeric values for left, right, top and bottom

• Print Options: select Print on the File menu

o Page range o Number of copies

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ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATION

 SMS - Short Messaging Service – communication service that allows sending short text messages (up to 160 characters) over the phone  there are services on the Internet that offer - real time communication, knowing whether contacts are online, low cost, ability to transfer files:

o Instant Messaging – (IM) - Google Talk (now called Google Hangouts), Yahoo! Messenger o Voice over Internet Protocol –(VoIP) – allows transfer of voice communication over the Internet, in most cases - free computer to computer phone calls and cheaper phone calls from computer to and landline

Virtual community

 social networking websites: Facebook, Bebo, ; MySpace, LinkedIn, Nexopia, Hi5, Tagged, XING, Orkut etc.  Internet forums – Forum.hr, Net.hr, Download.hr, Index.hr etc.  chat rooms  multiplayer games: Anarchy Online, Guild Wars, World of Warcraft etc.

E-mail

 transfer of textual messages, through which documents from any program can be sent, except the executive programs (extension: .exe)  structure of the e-mail address: name, @ symbol and a domain name (name of the computer on the Internet where mail will be delivered to the recipient), for example ivana.majic@.com , [email protected]  e-mail advantages: fast (instant) delivery, low cost, flexibility of using mail account on websites  netiquette (network etiquette): use precise and short message titles, check your e-mail so you can respond quickly, check spelling and grammar, do not use capital letters (seen as an equivalent of speaking loudly).  leaving your e-mail address on the Internet increases the possibility of getting unsolicited mail (spam). Be careful about which websites you give your email address to to avoid spam.  when you're opening messages or attachments to messages from unknown sources you are exposing your computer to virus infection; it is necessary to have antivirus program installed  – type of fraud where false web sites attempt to acquire confidential information (credit card numbers, user data, passwords, etc.), usually an identical copy of a well-known bank's webpage  digital signature - ensures that the message hasn't been changed on its way from the sender to the receiver and guarantees the identity of the sender

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Using e-mail ()

 run the program using icon

 Standard window elements: Title bar, Menu bar, Toolbar, Status bar

Folders

 used for storing and organizing items  creating a new folder: File -> New - > Folder; type in a folder name and choose content of the folder, press OK button  can be moved, deleted, copied, renamed: right-click the folder to open context menu

Working with e-mail

Sending an e-mail

 create a new e-mail: click on the New icon (if you are in Inbox, Outbox, Sent items or Deleted items)  enter an e-mail address: type it in or choose it from contacts list by clicking the To button  CC (Carbon Copy): sending a copy of a message to secondary recipients – visible to other recipients  BCC (Blind Carbon Copy): sending a copy of a message to secondary recipients – hidden from other recipients. This means, that the people you send out the email to wont be able to see the other people you’ve sent the email.  Subject – state briefly and clearly what it is about (netiquette)  Accounts – if there are multiple accounts, choose an account from which you are going to send the e-mail

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 Insert: a possibility to attach files and/or insert images or hyperlinks into the message  quickly insert a file and item (object) from Outlook using a paperclip icon  it is recommended that you compress large attachments using WinZip, WinRar or similar programs

Mail format

 before sending an e-mail, set the mail format: open the Tools menu, select Options, select Mail Format o HTML o – without formatting, faster sending and receiving o Rich Text – supports additional formatting  signatures – we can add a permanent signature  spelling – we can set the language for which Outlook will do the spell check  save a draft of an e-mail: if you want to continue with formatting and sending the message later – close the message window and save changes when the dialogue box appears; message is saved in drafts

The process of sending e-mail

 possibility of sending messages with low or high priority  when you have finished the editing, press Send button, the message goes to Outbox o the messages from the Outbox are automatically sent after a period of time which is set in Tools, Options, Mail Setup, Send/Receive, or o manually – when we press Send/Receive button on the Toolbar  after the message is sent, it goes to Sent items

Working with Inbox

 after pressing the Send/Receive button, messages from Outbox are sent to recipients and new messages from server are coming to Inbox  unread messages are highlighted with a bold font  all messages can be sorted in ascending or descending order based on few categories: left- click on column header – all messages in that folder are sorted according to the selected criteria (Title, From...)

Saving, moving, deleting messages

 select: using the Shift key for selecting multiple messages that are in a row and the Ctrl key for multiple messages which are not consecutive  move: drag and drop - press and hold down the left mouse button on a message, drag it to desired folder, drop it by releasing the mouse button – message is moved to a folder  delete: select the message and press the Delete key  save a message: select Save As on the File menu, type in the name and select the location where you want to save the message

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 saving a file attachment: double-click on the attachment, select Save (make sure that message comes from a known source – opening an attachment increases the risk of virus infections)  recover deleted messages: deleted messages go to the Deleted Items folder; open Deleted Items folder, right-click on the desired message and select Move to folder to recover them  empty the Deleted Items folder: right-click on the Deleted Items folder, select Empty Deleted Items folder on the context menu

Replying and forwarding messages

 replying to a message: Reply button– prefix “Re:“ is added to the title of the message as well as to the title of the received message  forwarding a message: Forward button, prefix “Fw:“ is added to the title of the message  Outlook automatically puts the original message text in the replied or forwarded message. To turn it off: Tools -> Options -> E-mail Options, then choose "Do not include original message"  forwarding a message retains attachments; replying to a message automatically removes the attachment  flagging a message – further actions with the message are expected  marking messages as unread: right-click the message, select Mark as unread  show/hide a toolbar: View menu, select Toolbars option (Toolbars that are marked with a check mark are displayed)

Adding new contacts:

 adding a contact from Inbox: right-click the sender's e-mail address, select Add to Outlook Contacts in the context menu  creating a new contact while operating in Contacts: double-click an empty space, press the New button or press a Ctrl + N

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 editing a contact: double-click the contact, edit contact information, press Save & Close button  deleting a contact: select a contact (left-click), press Delete button  setting different types of views in Contacts panel (in the Navigation panel – on the left side of the window)  sending a message to a contact: right-click the contact, select Create new message to contact in the context menu

Distribution list

 multiple contacts in one unified list  create a new distribution list: on the File menu, select New -> Distribution list; type in the list name and click Select members button to add contacts, then press Save & Close button

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These notes are intended for learning in conjunction with materials published on the following :

*Handbook: www.itdesk.info/handbook_web_browsing_and_communication.pdf

*Video-materials for learning that show how to use web browsers and communicate via e-mail:  www.itdesk.info/en/internet-and-e-mail-web-browsing-and-communication-1/  www.itdesk.info/en/internet-and-e-mail-web-browsing-and-communication-2/  www.itdesk.info/en/microsoft-outlook-web-browsing-and-communication-1/  www.itdesk.info/en/microsoft-outlook-web-browsing-and-communication-2/ .

*Sample exam: www.itdesk.info/sample exam/sample exam module 7.pdf

*Solutions for this sample exam: www.itdesk.info/en/exam-solution-module-7/

*Quiz for self-evaluation: www.itdesk.info/en/web-browsing-communication-quiz/

(to open the link contained within PDF document, just press the left mouse button on one of the above links. Web page that a link points to will open in a browser which is installed on your computer.)

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Terms of use:

Website http://www.ITdesk.info/ was launched by a nongovernmental organization "Open Society for the Idea Exchange“ in order to actively promote human right to free access to information and human right to education.

Feel free to copy and distribute this document, provided that you do not change anything in it!

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These sites contain links to other web sites or resources. ITdesk.info team is not responsible for the text and / or advertising content or products that are on these sites / resources provided, as is not responsible for any content that is available through them, nor the possibility of the in accuracy of the content. Use links at your own risk. Also, ITdesk.info team does not guarantee:

- that the content on this web site free from error or suitable for any purpose, - that these web sites or web services will function without error or interruption, - would be appropriate for your needs, - that implementing such content will not violate patents, copyrights, trademark or other rights of any third party.

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Please note that all mentioned software, in this or other documents published on ITdesk.info, is stated only for educational or exemplary purposes and that we, in any case or manner, do not prefer these software over the other, similar software mentioned or not mentioned in materials. Any statement that would suggest that we prefer some software over the other, mentioned or not mentioned in materials, will be considered as false statement. Our direct and unconditional support have only open source software that allows users to become digitally literate, use computer and participate in the modern information society without barriers.

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- project of computer e-education with open access

Publisher: Open Society for Idea Exchange (ODRAZI), Zagreb ITdesk.info is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution- Non-commercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 Croatia License 16/15 ISBN: 978-953-7908-18-8 WEB BROWSERS

Page 1 INTRODUCTION • A Web browser acts as an interface between the user and • Software application that resides on a computer and is used to locate and display Web pages. • Web user access information from web servers, through a program called browser. • A web browser is a software application for retrieving, presenting, and traversing information resources on the World Wide Web

Page 2 FEATURES

• All major web browsers allow the user to open multiple information resources at the same time, either in different browser windows or in different tabs of the same window • A refresh and stop buttons for refreshing and stopping the loading of current documents • Home button that gets you to your home page • Major browsers also include pop-up blockers to prevent unwanted windows from "popping up" without the user's consent Page 3 COMPONENTS OF WEB BROWSER 1. • this includes the address bar, back/forward button , bookmarking menu etc

2. Rendering Engine • Rendering, that is display of the requested contents on the browser screen. • By default the rendering engine can display HTML and XML documents and images

Page 4 HISTROY

• The history of the Web browser dates back in to the late 1980s, when a variety of technologies laid the foundation for the first Web browser, WorldWideWeb, by Tim Berners-Lee in 1991. • Microsoft responded with its browser Internet Explorer in 1995 initiating the industry's first browser war • Opera first appeared in 1996; although it have only 2% browser usage share as of April 2010, it has a substantial share of the fast-growing mobile phone Web browser market, being preinstalled on over 40 million phones. • In 1998, launched Mozilla

Page 5 TYPES OF WEB BROWSER • • Internet Explorer • AOL Explorer • Internet Explorer • Elinks for Mac • Arlington Kiosk • • • Links • Epiphany • • • • • • iCab • Mozilla • K-Meleon • Mozilla Firefox • KioWare • Netscape • SeaMonkey • OmniWeb • • Opera Page 6 WORLD WIDE WEB

• WorldWideWeb was the first web browser. When it was written, WorldWideWeb was the only way to view the Web • It was capable of displaying basic style sheets, downloading and opening any file type supported by the NeXT system, browsing newsgroups, and spellchecking. At first, images were displayed in separate windows, until NeXTSTEP's Text class supported Image objects.

Page 7 MOZILLA FIREFOX

• The Firefox Web Browser is the faster, more secure, and fully customizable way to the web • Mozilla is a global community dedicated to building free, open source products like the award winning Firefox web browser and Thunderbird email software. Mozilla Firefox Page 8 MOSIAC • Mosaic was developed at the National Center for Supercomputing Applications(NCSA) at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign beginning in late 1992. NCSA released the browser in 1993, and officially discontinued development and support on January 7, 1997. • Mosaic was also the first browser to display images inline with text instead of displaying images in a separate window Page 9

• Netscape Navigator and Netscape are the names for the proprietary web browser popular in the • It was the flagship product of the Netscape Corporation and the dominant web browser in terms of usage share, although by 2002 its usage had almost disappeared

Page 10 WINDOWS INTERNET EXPLORER

• Windows Internet Explorer (formerly Microsoft Internet Explorer), is a series of graphical web browsers developed by Microsoft and included as part of the line of operating systems starting in 1995

Page 11 OPERA

• Opera is a web browser and developed by Opera Software. • The browser handles common Internet-related tasks such as displaying web sites, sending and receiving e-mail messages, managing contacts, chatting on IRC downloading files via BitTorrent, and reading web feeds. • Opera is offered free of charge for personal computers and mobile phones. Page 12 SAFARI

• Safari is a graphical web browser developed by Apple and included as part of the Mac OS X . • on the company's Mac OS X operating system, it became Apple's default browser

Page 13 GOOGLE CHROME

• Google Chrome is a web browser developed by Google that uses the WebKit layout engine and application framework • It was first released as a beta version for Microsoft Windows on 2 September 2008, and the public stable release was on 11 December 2008.

Page 14 Printing a Web Page

• Make sure the page you want to print is displayed in the browser window. • Select Print from the File menu to open the Print box. • Ready the printer and click the Print button.

Page 15 Saving a Web Page

• You can save a Web page by clicking the Save As option in the File menu. • Options for saving a Web page: – Web Page, complete – HTML code – Web page text

Page 16 Printing a Web Page

• Make sure the page you want to print is displayed in the browser window. • Select Print from the File menu to open the Print dialog box. • Ready the printer and click the Print button.

Page 17 Saving a Web Page

Page 18 Saving a Web Page Graphic

• Open the Web page containing the graphic you wish to display. • Right-click the graphic and select Save Picture As from the shortcut menu. • Navigate to where you want to save the picture, save the filename if necessary, and click the Save button.

Page 19 Saving a Web Page Graphic

Page 20 Internet Cookies

'Internet Cookies'

 A cookie, also known as an HTTP cookie, web cookie, or browser cookie.

What is an 'Internet Cookies' ?  A cookie is a TEXT object send by web server to a browser or on your hard drive.  The main purpose of a cookie is to identify users and remember stateful information (such as items in a shopping cart) or to save site login information for you

WHO CAN SEE THE COOKIES?

 Only the server that put the cookie on your hard drive.  Larger sites can set a domain attribute for other servers in the same sub domain

What Do 'Cookies Look Like' ?

eg. google.com/search

Where does the term "Cookie" come from?

 Cookies for the internet were originally developed in 1995 by the Netscape Communications Corporation. The word "cookie" comes from "magic cookie,"  A computer science term for a piece of information shared between co-operating pieces of software. So where does "magic cookie" come from? Some say it comes from the computer games of the late 80's & early 90's. Eating Magic Cookies in the game would give the player special

powers Types Of Cookies

1.Session Cookies: Stored in memory Valid for one session. One session means time between opening and closing of your browser. As the browser store in memory this cookies also stored in memory. As the browser goes out of memory the cookies also deleted.

2. Persistent Cookies: Stored in hard drive  They are Stored for more than one browser session. Hence they are stored in hard drive.  Persistent cookies stay with your browser even after you've exited it.  The next time you open your browser and access the website that placed the cookie on your browser, it will find the cookie still there.

 They are actually very helpful. 3. Secure Https:  They are only useful when you are transferring data via https (secure) protocol.  Used for secure transmission of information. Like bank transaction.  Ensuring that the cookie is always encrypted when transmitting from client to server.  This makes the cookie less likely to be exposed to cookie theft.

4. Http Only

 Can be used only via HTTP protocol.  Restrict acces from other non-HTTP .  Suppose I have a http only cookies so it can not be accesed by non http script like script.  They are much more secure than other cookies.

6. Third Party Cookies

 This cookies generate from first party.  They just track you and expose your privacy.  A Web site that is not the site you are visiting.  For example, if the Web site you are on using third-party advertising those third-party advertising Web sites may use a cookie to track your Web habits for marketing purposes.

7. Super or Zombi Cookie

 Most Dangerous cookies.  Some cookies are automatically recreated after a user has deleted them; these are called zombie cookies

Other Attributes Of Cookies

 Name , Value , Expiry of the cookie  Path , Domain the cookie is good for  Need for a secure connection to use the cookie  Whether or not the cookie can be accessed through other means than HTTP (i.e., JavaScript)

Uses

1. Session management:  Cookies may be used to maintain data related to the user during navigation, possibly across multiple visits.  Eg. You are buying online so it keep track of the things which you buy.

2. Personalize  Keep track of your preferences on any website.  Suppose Theme,Layout etc

3. Tracking  Done by third party website.  Track you moving one site to another.  Or with in the website.

Hence the cookie get lots of data.

But here we have a solution A web server typically sends a cookie containing a unique session identifier.

Limitations

Disadvantages

Delete Chrome Cookies

 Cilck on the side bar in chrome.  Now click on Settings option.  In 'Privacy' click on Content Settings.  Here you will found Cookies Section. Now click on 'All Cookies site data'.  You will found all the cookies stored in your chrome. Now you can delete by your choice either one or all. Delete Firefox Cookies

 Please not there are some variations depending on your operating system and if you wish to delete a single cookie or all cookies from Firefox. Step one  At the top of the Firefox window, click on the Firefox button (Tools menu in Windows XP) and then click Options.

 Select the Privacy Panel and set the Firefox will: option to Use custom settings for history Delete Firefox Cookies Conti..

Step two  Now click on the button labelled Show Cookies… and a the Cookies window will appear. Step three  In the Search: field, type the name of the site whose cookies you want to remove. The cookies that match your search will be displayed. You can now select the cookie(s) in the list to be removed and click Remove Cookie button. Text Based Browsers

Charlotte Web Browser (for VM/CMS) /W3 Links ELinks Lynx (and derivatives ALynx and DosLynx) Net-Tamer WebbIE

Page 44 MOBILE BROWSERS

• Mobile Browsers A , also called a micro browser, minibrowser or wireless internet browser(WIB), is a web browser designed for use on a such as a mobile phone or PDA. • , offered free of charge, is designed primarily for mobile phones, but also for and personal digital assistants.

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